Document Rj5axBY7wZmxQp3DEreQRN0y7

MINER 19 \- ' Prepared by the staff of the BUREAU OF MINES ALLAN F. MATTHEWS, Editor JOHN HOZIK, Assistant Editor N49774 [ Lead By Richard H. Mote and Edith E. den Hartog GENERAL SUMMARY I110 TRANSITION in lend supply from insullicicncy In abundance Taccompanied By fulling prices highlighted (.lie domestic lend in dustry in 1949. Noteworthy also was the consumers' cautious Buying and general lack of confidence in price, stability that resulted in purchases of quantities .substantially smaller than actual needs and an 18-pcrcent reduction in consumers' inventories riming flic year. Some stability was rendered the lead market By the Govern ment through purchase during the year of substantial tonnages of pig lead for the National Stockpile. Contributing to the expanded supply was the high level of imports prevailing in 1949, which resulted in accumulation of nearly 400,000 tons of lead from foreign sources, the largest annual tonnage imported in the peacetime history of the United States. Although labor strikes continued to exact a toll in reduced output of lead at mines and smelters, the total loss of production was not as great as in 1948. Total mine output advanced 5 percent in 1949, and production of refined lead at primary refineries rose 22 percent to the highest level since 1942. Lead from secondary sources con tinued for the fourth year to be a greater source, of supply than pro duction from domestic mines. Over-all consumption of primary, antimonial, and secondary lead in the United States in 1949 declined 10 percent from 1948. Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United Stales, 1940-44 (average) and 1945-49, in short tons 1 (aI9\cI0ra-IgTo) 1U45 19-16 1947 1918 1919 ProdiF'urrocomtmionfdoooremfigreensftiniocereodsrijwatrmia/nin:dbiarsybea,lsebenudbl:luiollnio--n., 18361..808X75 '38570,, 0r,5:i0r, 20 131.,38X008 38510., 001 33607., 421831 40712,.484899 Total ........................ ....... 353201,,087525 i3-6n3., 0r,3H95 830328,,170877 - 5IT111,.907100 510006,, 067911 T41727,.313883 Imports (general): Lend in ores und matte................ 285I1K371,,,,25ii'o5l1)n.861' 230,3138 > 118.0)1225 >701,,0-10058 M l.1 258368 1715,.5583181 '501.,572532 ' 276637,, 09T11181i367l 2180027.,, 832987769399 Consumption of primary and secondary 1,021,329 J, 051. 602 950, 470 1. 172.000 1, 133,895 957,074 PrNicoews (Yceonrtks: per pound): WMionreldpsrmodeullcetriopnroodfurcetcioovneorafbloleadle.n..d............ 1, 711573.06,10...O00H110!!7j 1, 3293300C..18...03050511000 i i, 3134516.88.2.0..150K17151' 381M11.55.2..26027t7 '1,443,001 11, 3498208i1s1.,7..,4U7mIM\H1f 1, 47203I119S,0.29..0.03o9080n50 * JCevisod figure. 1 'Phis report deals primarily with the snu'IUng, refining. and consuming phases of the industry. For details of mining operations, see various Statu chapters of this volume. 970 LEAD DOMESTIC PRODUC Statistics on lead output may be prepare refinery basis. Mine-production data com content in ore. and concentrates and adjus losses in smelting are, a closer measure of and are. most accurate for showing the production. Pig-lead output, as reported presents a more, precise figure of actual l only in a general way (be. source of crude and refinery output generally differs from the lag between mine, shipments and smel concentrates. MINE PRODUCTIO Domestic mine, output of recoverable le compared with 1948 and was the large reflected the response'to the incentive of the early part of the year and also fewer due. to labor-management disputes, such shut down the largo lead mines in Sou months in 1948 at an estimated loss of 25, ward trend in lead price which began in Ma May resulted in some mine closings and r large lead-producing properties but failed gain in output recorded during the early January, production during the first half consistently over the 1,123-ton average d year. Production dining the latter half sharply, and the daily output through N the annual average. The daily product 21 percent above the. low point of the, yea only 90 percent of the March rate, which .Production in II of the 22 lead-produci the rates established in 1948, and in some record high outputs were recorded. In A far greater than in any other year in the not since 1917 have California mines prod recovered in 1949. Colorado lead outpu since, 1927 and in Nevada the 1949 prod any year since 1930. Similar but less spe lished in the Mid-Continent region, whe exceeded that of every year since 1942; 8-year high; and Missouri mines closely a Of the, total lead produced at United percent on mo from the output of 25 prop to rank first among the States in the p Southeastern Missouri district continued ducing area, supplying 31 percent of t As in the past, the St. Joseph Lead Co., pr put from its Bonne Terre, Desloge, Fed and Lend wood mine groups in St. Franc La Motto mine in Madison County. Ea 672 MINIvHALS yiGAUHOOK, 1 0-1! mill; the five have a combined daily capacity of about 28,800 tons of ore. The St. Louis Smelting it Refining Division, National Lead Co., operated continuously its Madison lead-copper mine and 1,200-ton all flotation mill at Fred cricktown; the, output, of both lead and copper concentral.cs showed a large increase over 1948. The Catberine- Fleming mine was operated by Lin; Turk City Consolidated Mines Co. from January to March and by the. Krederickl.own Lead Co. the re mainder of tin!year. In Jefferson County the Krede.rie.ktown Lead Co. operated the leased Valle Mine property during January and February and 1 week in May. Load production in the Tri-State district gained despite curtail ments in rate, of ore output and shut-downs caused by falling metal prices. On March 5 the weekly quoted price of lead concentrates at Joplin, Mo., was $200.92 a ton, and in (lie slightly more lhan 2 months that, followed the quotation dropped without interruption to $148.GO on May 28. About .00 of the mines shut down, and most of the other 70 curtailed production. Output of lead concentrates in June was .`14 percent under March production. During July the market price advanced to $189,.91 but the monthly production was the lowest of the year, as the mines and mills of the Eagle-l'ieher Mining & Smelting Co. were shut down by a work stoppage from July 1 to August 7, and other mines shipping to the company's Central mill could not operate during this period. The. live leading Tri-State lead-producing companies in 1949, in order of output, were: JCaglePichcr Mining & Smelting Co., Nellie B. Mining Co., Federal Mining & Smelting Co., National Lead Co. St. Louis Smelling A Refining Division, and the W. M. & W. Mining Co. The Tri-State district produced 8 percent of the total domestic lead output in 1949. Mine production of recoverable lead in the combined Wrslern Slates dropped 4 percent from 1948. In 1949 lead mines in flic region con tributed 59 percent of the total domestic production compared with 05 percent in 1948. Idaho was again the largest producer of lead in the Western States and second only to Missouri in the United States. In 1949, 94 percent of the Idaho total lend came from the Coeur d'Alene region. Six properties in the State produced 04 percent of the total lead, 77 percent of which canto from zin<:-lciul ore and old tailings. Lead production in Utah in 1949 declined 5 percent from the 1948 output-. Because, of a reduced workweek early in May, followed by stoppages late in June at three of the large lead producers and serious curtailment at the, fourth in the Park City region, product ion of load for the year declined substantially at the propert ies of the New Park Mining Co., Park Utah Consolidated Mines C'o., Silver King Coalition Mines Co., and Pacific Bridge Co. The Calumet mine in the Rush Valley district also produced less lead than in 1948. These losses were compensated in part by increases in lead yield from the United Slates & Lark group, Chief Consolidated Mining Co. property, Butterfield group, Card ill mine, and the. Hidden Treasure mine, and the return to production of the New Park Mining Co. property on September 15. Tho United Slates & Lark property of the United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. in the West Mountain (Bing ham) district remained first among the State lead producers. Of the State total lead in 1949, 92 percent was recovered from zinc-lead ore. The output of lead in Arizona in 1949 was far greater than in any LEAD previous year in the State's history. Contin and zinc-lead mines throughout 1949 resulted 38,508 tons of recoverable lead, a gain of 3,0 output in 1948. The Copper Queen mine of at Bisbee, with an increase, of 23 percent in lea by' far the largest producer of haul in Arizona were the St. Anthony property at Tiger, the S Mining Smelling Co.) .south of Tucson, Humboldt, and the Flux-Janiiar.v-Norton More than 92 percent of tho lead output in 1 zinc-lead ore and the rest largely from lead o Although the sharp drop in base-metal price mines to close in 1949, the State output of lea successive, year and was the highest since producing mines, in order of rank, were the Vi Resurrection at Lcndvillo, Treasury Tunn Miguel County, Smuggler Union at Tclluri Red Cliff. Zinc-lead ore yielded G5 percent during the year. Load production in Mont percent from the 1948 figure. As in most ot drop in output was largely the result of dec which forced closing of some smaller prope curtailed activity at other operations. At the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. a 5-day wo early in June, underground mining was redu lead dump ore ceased, and work on the Gr temporarily suspended. In mid-November were resumed. The four leading lead produ percent of the State lead in 1949, were the Bu at Butte, the Emma mine at Butte, the Mike and the Jack Waite mine in Sanders Cou Nevada mines in 1949 surpassed the 1948 pr reach tlic highest level since 1936. The County, accounted for 62 percent of the lea in 1949; the leading properties were- The Pi tin; Combined Metals Reduction Co., the Ely Ely Valley Mines, Ine.., and the Prince mine o Mining Co. Important producers in additio district included the Copper Canyon Mini mine, Battle. Mountain district, Lander C Yellow Pine mine, Yellow Pino district, Clark & Ilullinger, Cleveland mine, Delano distr California mine production of recoverable 1949, a 1.3-pcrco.nt gain over 1948 and the h record output in 1917. The Anaconda Cop group of mines in the Coso district, Inyo Co State's leading producer of lead. The pro July, August, and part of September owin prices in the second quarter of the year. Ot operated in California in 1949 included Ana also in the Coso district, the Defense and Modoc district of Inyo County, and the Coro Afterthought mine in the Cow Creek dis 074 MINKKAJ.S VKAHBOOK. 19'M) Duspilo a work stoppage. most of the year nt the. (inm<iview mine. of 1.1 u\ American Zinc., Lead <$t Smell.in*.: (!o. in I,In* Mrl.nlim* district, Tiormully the tttal.c/s largest lead producer, lend output in Washington in 1041) was only 10 percent under the. 1048 figure. Tim Bonanza mine in lSIc v o iis County and the property of the JY.nd Oreille Mines & Metals Co. in the Mainline district reported substantial increases in lead yield. Production dropped at tin* Deep Creek mine in Stevens County. The above four properties supplied 07 percent of the. State lead in 1949, and of the total lead 04 percent was derived from zinclcad ore and nearly all the remainder from lead ore. The mine production of lead in New Mexico, the bulk of which comes from mines yielding chiefly zinc, declined .`{0 percent from 1948. The larger producers in 1949 were the American Smelting & liefining Co. Ground Hog and United States Smelling, Refining <& Mining Co. Bayard groups in the Central district and the. Kelly group (Ameiie.au Smelting & Refining Co.) and Lynchburg (S. S. JChiyor) in the Mag dalena district. Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1940 -44 (average) and 1945-49, by States, in short tons State 1940-44 (average) 1945 1040 J947 1913 1949 Western States and Alaska: Alaska....................... ......................................... Arizona...................................................... . California.......................................................... Colorado................................................... .... Idaho................................................................... Montana........................................................... Nevada........................... :................................. New Mexico.............................................. <>reKM . ........ ..................................... Texas................................................................... Utah.................................................................... M ashmplon..................................................... 420 14.822 4.378 14, HU2 100.729 18. 755 0, 770 5, 217 2r, 117 (50. 9`i`J 4.431 Total............................................................... 237,;{ West Central States: Arkansas........................................................... Kansas............................................................. Missouri.......................................................... Oklahoma......................................................... 14 10, 170.420 20, 54!) Totnl............. . ............................................ 210.881 States cast of the Mississippi Kivcr: Illinois ............................................................ . Koulucky......................................................... Now > ork............................. ........... . T(.`iuu`S.Si!ii .......................................... .. ... Virginia.............................................................. Wisconsin....... ................................................. 2, 0 1-8 277 2. Illl 207 2, 878 Total.......................................... .................... 8, 407 Grand total.................................................. 457, (M0 1! 22, -807 7, 221 17,044 08. 447 0. 09!) 0. 275 7. 002 1 40,817 3,802 3 ISl,152 1 7.370 170,575 12. 004 190,010 3. 005 m 802 51 4, 213 1, 770 If), 00!) 3!K), 831 115 23,030 !), 923 17.030 59. 087 8, 80 7. 175 4, 899 2 47 30.711 2, 9S7 105, 002 2 0, 415 130,112 13,097 159,250 3, 805 95 1,073 1 25 4.381 1, 588 1 1. 127 335,475 204 23. 500 10,080 1H, 000 73.014 10. 10.8 7, 101 , 383 12 78 49, (HIS 5, 359 221,357 IS 7. 28a 132,210 14.2-89 153,838 2, 325 214 1. 190 22 3. Hn3 1, 100 0, 020 381.221 329 29, H90 9. IN) 25, 143 MS, 511 is.-m 0. 777 7. 053 7 170 55, 050 N7 252, 151. 22 8, 380 102. 288 10. 91S 127.614 3. 095 210 1.231 4, 703 801 10, 700 390, 470 51 3.3, 508 10,318 20,853 79.299 17.900 10,020 4, 052 12 132 53,072 0,417 213.000 1 9.772 127,522 19,858 157. 153 3,821 187 1,317 257 3,313 857 9. 755 WX 008 Mine production of lead in States east of the Mississippi River came from properties in Illinois, Kentucky, New York, Tennessee, Virginia, and Wisconsin and totaled 9,755 tons, a drop of 9 percent from the 1948 output. Reduced production from the Anstinville mine of the New Jersey Zinc Co. in Virginia accounted for most of the decrease. The principal lead producers in this region were the New LEA!) Jersey Zinc Co. of Virginia, Ozark-Mahoning St. Joseph Lend Co. in New York, and th Northern Illinois. Lead was also recover Oregon. Smith Dakota, and Texas. Virtual produced in Alaska in 1949 was recovered Riverside mine, near Ilydor in the Southeast Mine production of recoverable lead in the United S duced 1,000 tons or more during any year, 1940short tons Oislricl Slate 1040-44 (average) 10 Smif.liruslri m Missouri re- Missouri.................................. 70,032 173, eimi. ('nciir d'AImr rrgimi .... Malm........................................ 02. 848 03. 22, Imm). Tri-Slate (Joplin rcuion).. Kansas, southwestern 34, 703 23, Mjssmiri, Oklnhnmn. Warn-n Mlislirr)................. Arizona................. ................ . 1,337 0. Sum mil Vnllry (lllltfe)__ Montana................................. (*,217 2, 10.301 8. Old Hat..................................... 2,036 5, 7,043 4, 4,421 2. Upper San M irurl. .... Colorado............................. 1.684 1 California (l,endvilli;;___ .... do. ................. 3, 101 6, 1, 173 5 Pima (Mcrntas, Papapn, Arizona..................................... 600 2 Twin Huttos), 4, 145 3 204 025 Anstinville............................... Vlrpinia.................................... 2.660 1 4 Rush Valiev and Smeller Utah.......................................... 3,043 3 (Tonole Cminiy). Animas Kcillllrk V-SmillnTh llli- unis. r.dnmdn Krillm:k v, .'ioni.licrii mi. riols. 2,607 2. 238 2 2 Central....................................... New Mexico.......................... 3, 670 5 4, 227 2 JleddlesU'ii ............................ Montana................................. Upper Mississippi Vnllev. |mvn. northern Illinois, Wisconsin. I.010 1,044 3 2 16 Hod CMill................................... 1,713 liarshaw ............................ Arizona..................................... 4,302 1 Pioneer (Kirn) ............... Colorado ................................ 2,425 2 St. l.awrcniT ( 'o iiim y .... Nrw York.............................. 2,10) JJatllii Mmuifain ................. Nevada.................................... 70 112 145 Mnpdaleim ............................. New Mexico.......................... 859 1 Creedc. -................................... Colorado................................ Opliir......................................... (Hall.......................................... 431 2,048 J, ,501 1 Sneilels................ ........... Colorado................. ................. 321 Kaidir................... . ...... Montana.................................. 2,422 Kun-ka ....................... . .. Colorado................................ 21 41 37 Nnrihp'irl (A laddin) ... Washington......................... Uosliiij* Springs 1................. California.............................. HI c) 1 NTnl listed in order of mifpiit. * Bureau of Minus not at liberty to publish figures. The 25 lending lend-proclucing mines in t listed in the following table, yielded 66 per lend output; the 10 lending mines produced ing mines 35 percent. 676 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1949 , CL . Oo' 4o ^*3 O6 "6o"co^.-f^alGOdOCujwO^QOCO^-a^COCOQCi H UOu0a O O w c "nOW3 Tia3fl,'-_3j =0'rJ -aScgSo^aBCSB O- t 3 eotJwu^--1--g-*Z^i--aIS>I fSd-,f1tcs3*jf-w-~5b0*t3;f=-l-dmc.oL^VSjBCsyJvA`Jat--S/K*.5fw0ia-j^/-rSUi=,s.t3X*--^^--o23."33? a, 2 = 2 * c t 3 a:^, c. r>, 2 |3|35b ^11^5^1511 q h ^s F Stella gi be a '->r/).*-O> Mc ' ^|f|^tg|^ co^co ffl 4J3^> ft< W b-> V) < 'll 'H V) O U, o f/) it w -r{ < VJ C Ch CU si a I-r" 1 2s 'r* ! 3 = s - 1,3 ! : * ''r 2r....................~'3 1; ^ ~'? T3 r; tc: t=i: <O~ n3^00592--0>3j03OJO#C-=oScCcSo m- w^5 ' -r-'snjUJuZfljt-CL fl #n S 'S3 tn S-S 3 _ _ .. nc^sGaTsHodSH %Sl E ^ c ' L. O. ,.-O' i1-"'/oj'/j3r/jCOK-"ci-.M"--,ao)OiJO*Ke-GH4, * H *3U 2^_i ^ O Ui f'S^d Oj>'S a . t^-^.c3o : .s tCQ ' HgO-\og -- g C> 2syrt I53,SSOg-CgO"ua.m2 3|2r""` S /3^oow Sp:&S<f0th lOlCrCOO-"f4M' LEAD Detailed information on the production the. United Stat.cs may he. found in the cha with the mine production of gold, silver, c various States. Fiu u k f , l.-Mlno production of mcuvcnthln lend In the U Mine production of recoverable lead in the Unit in short tons Month 1918 1949 Jiuiunry ........................................ A |u 11 33. 246 :i2.M7' :ir., n'.i'.i :t.r>. 2<in 33,203 32. r.67 :m, 916 :i7, ii (> August..... Sc;pi.(unbf Ocl.ohr.1' Novcmlm 23* 122 29,K36 SMELTER AND REFINERY P Pig lead produced in the United States sources--domestic mine production, impo bullion, and secondary smelter output fr recovered at primary plants that treat o quantities of scrap and at secondary plan sively. Of the eight primary smelters States, only two (Selby, Calif., and Brad merchant lead. Tho other six plants (containing approximately 98 percent load quantities of impurities recovered from shipped to refineries in the Middle Wes recovery of the gold and silver and purif commercial requirements. Both primar plants may make refined lead or antimonia quantity of hard lead--such as battery smelters, the output from this type of o monial lead alloys. Statistics on the pro 678 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1949 alloys at secondary plants arc given in the. Secondary Lead section of this chapter. Of the 14 primary smelters and relinenes in operation in the. United States in 194!), all hut 1 consumed primary raw materials in the, Jorm of ores and concentrates. Luring the year these l.'i plants consumed 407,12H short tons (lead content) of this type, of material, 10 percent of which was of foreign origin. In 1948 these same plants treated 482,54.'! tons of ores and concentrates, 10 percent of which was foreign. ACTIVE LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES Primary lead smelters and relineries ope.ra.ting in the. United States in 1949 were as follows: California: Selby--Selby plant, American Smelling it Refining Co. (smelter anti refinery). ' Colorado: Lcarlvilln--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelting (smelter). ' Helming Co. Idaho: Uradle.y--Hunker Hill Smelter, Hunker Hill it Sullivan Mining ,t Concen trating Co. (smelter and refinery). Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Smelting At Helming Co. (smelter and refinery). Indiana: Kast Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc. (refinery). Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Kagle-Picher Co. (smelter and refinery). Missouri: Herculaneum--Herculaneum plant, St. Joseph Lead Co. (smelter and refinery). Mold,ami: I'.asl, I lelemi --Kast Helena plant, American Smelling (smelter). Refilling Co. Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha plant, American Smelling it Refilling Co. (refinery). New Jersey: Harbor--Perth Amboy plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). 'Texas: Kl Paso--El Paso plant, American Smelling & Refining Co. (smelter). Utah: " Midvale--Midvale plant, United States Smelting, Refining it Mining Co (smelter). ' Murray---Murray plant, American Smelting it Refining Co. (smeller).2 Tooele--Tooele plant, International Smelting it Refining Co. (smelter). REFINED LEAD Primary rcliiierius in the. United Stains in 1949 produced 500,508 short tons of refined lead, an increase of 22 percent over the 1948 output of 411 ,G4G tons. Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the United States, by sources, 1945-49, in short tons .Source Helmed !<:>< 1: From domestic ores and Ir is h bullion. J'rom foreign ores..................................... 1* rom foreign base bullion ...................... Total from primary sources............ I* rom scrap.................................................... 'Total refined lead .............................. Average sales price per pound. ............... I otal calculated value of primurv refined lead ................................................................... 1945 1916 1917 1918 1910 356, r>:i: 86, 932 MX 293,399 H. 790 98 381, UW 69,83S 63 339.413 60. 829 6, 162 461, 44U 71, 413 1, 476 4-13, AM.1) 18, .Vj5 33K. 197 8, 013 4 11,1110 16, 662 406. 694 1, 962 477,338 23,230 162. IP) $6. 0G I 3-16, 210 *0. 084 166, 672 $9. M3 411,616 $0. 179 SO. 153 $56.820,000 $120,130, 000 <1 15, GUO, GOO $150,810,000 1 Excludes value of refined lead produced from scrap at primary refineries. * Closed for lack of ore and other economic factors on October 1, 1949. LEAD Of llie 477,33S tons of primary lead pro ores and lmse bullion supplied 85 percent and base bullion 15 percent. In 1948 the origin and 17 percent foreign. The following table refined lend by sources and by country of orig tin' sources of lead from domestic ores are g tion section of ibis chapter. Refined primary lead produced in the United States, in short tons Source 1915 1910 J lomeslic ore arid base bullion......................... Foreign ore: Australia ....................................................... (-amnia................................................................ Europe................................................................. Mexico .............................................................. Smith Anierica................................................. Other foreign................................................... Tnl.nl........................................................ .. . Foreign base bullion: Mexico................................................................. South America ............................................... Other foreign ....................... Total.............................................................. 'Total foreign................................................. (hand total ................................................. 350, 535 203, 300 22, 087 11. 151 7, 531 6, 020 ...........2,050 25, 701 24.890 11,314 18, 830 K6, 932 44, 790 03 10 55 88 118 87. 050 443, 585 | 98 41,888 338, 197 ANT1MONIAL LEAD Anlimoninl lead output at primary re sharply from the record level establishxl creased at only one of the five primary pla whereas at the other plants declines of 50 to outputs were recorded. Distribution of the is shown in the. following table. The ave nntimoninl lead produced in 1949 advanced average content recorded since 1941. Alt an import,ant byproduct of the refining of derived from this source is only a small pa out put. The, major production is recover antimonial lead scrap at secondary smelter lead-smelling plants treating scrap material ized in the following section and discussed Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this volume GSO MINERALS YEARBOOK, I'J'I'J Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refineries in the United States, 1945-49 Year Produc tion (short tons) 194.1............. .............. llMfl..................... 1917................... 1940............................ 50. 4X0 41, J()2 Antimony content bend content hy difference (short tons) Short tons Percent From do From for mestic arc eign ore From scrap Total 4, ?4H 3, yxf 3,' 385 7.3 7, 20 II.190 r>. 7 29. Mil 2. Mil 9, H5{) 4, 620 42, 300 33. X.M] Mi, 4.511 19, 525 :2. 70S 52,347 47,195 81, M2 95, 004 38,017 SECONDARY LEAD Some scrap lead is treated at primary smelters and refineries, but the greater part is received at a large number of plants that treat secondary materials exclusively. Secondary lead is recovered in the foim of relined lead, antimonial lead, and other alloys. Kecovcry at primary and other plants in 1945-49 is shown in the following table. Secondary lead recovery in 1949 surpassed the domestic mine output of recoverable lead for the fourth successive year. Further details appear in the Secondary Metals--Nonfcrrous chapter of this volume. Secondary lead recovered in the United States. 1945-49, in short tons J015 19IC 1917 1918 1910 As refined metal; 18. 525 42, 598 8,913 05, 091 Total............................. 01. 12V 73.794 In nnlimoni-.il lead: At primary plants........................... At other plants................. 42, 3G0 151,713 33, 850 159,834 Total.................................................. In other alloys............................................ 194, 079 197,837 193, 084 ]20,399 Cirnnd total; Short tons.................... Value .................................. 303,939 892, 787 $40, 40X, 992 $05, 9H8, 210 95,' S I 3 r .......... ." 5(>, 450 205, 935 131,590 511, !)79 $149, 428,429 120, 951 131,903 49. 525 194,027 243,552 121,010 500. 071 $179, 025,418 23. 230 129, 306 152,020 32, 705 140, 037 172, 742 80,815 412, 183 $130, 249,828 LEAD PIGMENTS The principal lead pigments are litharge, white lead, red load, sublimed lead, leaded zinc: oxide, and orange, mineral. These, products are. manufactured for the most part from metal, but some ore and concentrates are converted directly to pigments. Details of the pro duction of lead pigments are given in the Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Sails chapter of this volume. CONSUMPTION AND USES Domestic lead consumption (including lead in lead ore used directly in the manufacture, of lead pigments and salts) totaled 957,674 short tons in 1949. Of the total consumed, 592,082 tons wore relined soft lead, 227/221 tons antimonial loud, 50,922 tons unmolted white scrap, 46,268 tons percentage metals, 15,976 tons copper-base scrap, 15,215 tons drosses and residues, and 9,390 tons from lead ores used directly LEAD in the manufacture of lead compounds. of the total lead consumed was used in products. Production of the three larg batt,cries, cable covering, and tetraethyl f of all the lead consumed in 1949. Batt total, cable covering 15 percent, and tet Consumption of lead in the United States in 1048 1010 dclal products: Ammunition ............................ Hearing metals.................... Ilrass and hrniw.a...................... Cable covering.......................... Calking lend ........................... Costing metals.......................... Collapsible tubes..................... Foil................................................. Pipes, traps, and bends........ Sheet lead.................................... Holder............................................ Slorago batteries (antfmo- Storagc batteries (oxides)... Tome metal................................ Typo metal................................. 4ft, 035 42. 094 V\, 239 171,054 31,473 8, 974 11,071 3. 203 39,843 31,559 71,025 2o.i, sno 150, 530 3,278 26,279 Total metal products... 8G8, 232 24, 111 29,189 14,040 144,340 34,044 12. 072 K. 092 2, 003 29, 8.58 27,144 G2,104 Pigmen Krd pigm Othe Chemi Misc 175,308 138,410 3.25C 20,695 Miscel 728,172 'Includes lead content of leaded xlnc oxide production. Consumption of lead in the United States 1 Month 1048 1040 1 February.................................. March .............. ...-- April........................................... July............................................. 07.451 02.451 102, Mil 95. <194 86, 203 89,847 75,726 01,769 78, 186 71,076 92,753 70,272 73, 200 75,005 Septe Octob Nnvem i Includes lead content of leaded tine oxldo production. Lead consumption in the United States in 194 material, in shor M isccllanonus.................................................................................................................... Unclassified................................................................................................... i Excludes tuns of lc:ul contained In leaded zinc oxld 943785--51-------44 682 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1949 STOCKS Producers' Stocks.--Load stocks, as reported by the. American Bureau of Metal Statistics, arc shown in the following table. Stocks of refined and antimonial load include metal held "by all primary refiners and by some of the refiners of secondary material who produce soft lead. According to monthly reports released by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, stocks of refined lead and anliinoiiial lead declined in^tlic first 2 months of the year to a low of 5G,I()I tons at the end of February. Inventories gained sharply to 53,422 tons during March and continued to advance through April May and Juno to the peak 1949 level of 90,307 tons on July 1. Stocks declined slightly during July and dropped sharply in August and September to 60,208 tons on October I. During the remainder of the year the inventories advanced steadily to 70,424 tons on December 31--a net gain of 82 percent from January 1. lead stocks at end of year at smelters and refineries in the United States, 1945-49, in short tons [American Jiurcau of Metal Statistics) Refined nig load. _____ Antimonial lead............. Total............... . Lead in base bullion-- At smelters and refineries___ . In transit to refineries.......................... In process at refineries.............. . Total................... .. J-.cod in oro and matte and in process at sinriters Grand tolul............ IMS 1046 1947 10(3 37, 581 7,283 41,867 40. 870 6,717 47, 587 1.3. 634 7, 604 21,328 29,950 , 501 38, 611 8,618 4,880 i.r>, 007 28.601 80,462 162,033 8, 4.53 4,011 16,012 29,406 111,836 188,820 7, 652 5,417 16, .328 20,427 "7,199 127,051 0, 607 4, 101 17, 030 .11,737 76, 37.3 146,754 1910 61,329 9,605 76,424 16,364 3, 606 15, 561 35.621 05, 481 201, 526 The Bureau of Mines annual survey of primary lead smelters and refiners indicated stocks of 29,048 tons (lead content) of refined lead at plants on January 1, 1949, and 60,826 tons on December 31, 1949. 1 rimary aiitiniouiul lead stocks at these same plants decreased from 9,258 short tons (lead content) at the beginning of 1949 to 8,192 tons at the end of the year. In terms of lead content, stocks of ore and concentrates at the operating primary smelters and refineries increased 40 percent--from 44,038 tons to 61,736 tons during the same period. The inventory of base bullion at refineries that receive base bullion as a raw material and at smelters that produce base bullion for ship ment to refineries totaled 7,743 tons at the. beginning of January and 7,897 tons at the end of December 1949. The revised figure for January 1, 1948, is 7,728 tons. Stocks of in-process base bullion or work lead at five combination smelter-refinery plants are not included in reports to the Bureau of Mines. No direct comparison can be made between these (lata and the figures of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics. Figures reported to the Bureau of Alines represent physical inventory at the plants, irrespective of ownership, and do not include material in process or in transit. l ead Consumers' Stocks.--Consumers' stocks cent during 1949. Inventories of refined l antimonial lead dropped 52 percent from th stocks, which on January 1, 1949, were 1 136,855 Urns on March 31 and thereafter d Ions oil December 31. Consumers' stocks of lead at the end of year, 1 in short tons 1 >11(0 Refined soft lead Unmcltcd Antimonial whllo lend scrap Percenta metals Dec. 31, 1917......... Dec. 31, 1948......... Dec. 31, 1949......... 51,619 02,977 04,542 22, 402 35,088 10,837 3,514 4,828 2, 957 6, 2 7,0 6,4 PRICES Tim two major markets for lead in th York and St. Louis; much of the lead prod prices normally based upon quotations in pension of trading on the London Meta 1930, the London market lias had no dire quotations, and the differential between prices lias remained 0.2 cent a pound, ail freight charges between the two points. The market price for common lead, N 21.50 cents a pound until March 8, when A scries of price reductions followed the reached a low of 12.00 cents on May 26. on July 8, and several additional increase at 15Jg cents on August 18. The price tr September 26 and leveled off at 12.00 ce it remained the balance of the year. The price of the British Ministry of Su (equivalent to 22.10 cents a pound) at t April 4 the price was reduced to 106 (1 June 10, and July 12, further reductions (14.73 cents), and 75 10s. (13.57 cents It was raised shortly thereafter to 81 (1 continued to advance in three successive cents) on August 9. In mid-September valued, and price quotations were suspe September 22 the sterling price was 122 15.25 cents a pound at the new $2.80 b (14.38 cents) was announced, effective O and 19 the price dropped to 111 (13. cents), respectively. A further decline to ' on November 23, at which level the quota of the year. 084 MINERALS YEAHROOK, 1940 Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and London, 1947-49, in cents per pound 1 LEAD Total lead imported into the United States in or and reclaimed, by countries, 1946 I 10-17 iy-i8 1019 Month St. Louis New York T,on- Sf. don 1 Louis New York Lou don 5 8l. Louis New York Lon don * Country (U. S. Department of Com 1016 January......................................... ! (`binary ...... .......................... March .... April ........................................... May ......................... ............... J l|ll<! ................... .. July ............... ... August.................. . .. . . September ................ ...... October . ............................. '<[ ' November........................... i December ................... 12. 76 Kl 01 I t. 77 M. H2 1 I.X2 14.82 M. 82 M. 82 I I. 82 M. 82 M.82 11.82 12. fill t:t in 11.06 i.r). no 15. 00 15. M 16. (HI 16. fH) 16. (HI 16. (HI IT on 16.00 12 68 12.68 12 68 16. 17 16. 17 JO. 17 16. 17 16. 17 16. 17 16. 17 16. 17 Hi 17 H. 82 M.K2 11.82 17.01 17. .12 17. 82 17. (id i:i. :*.2 io. :i2 lo. :i2 21. :i2 2).:i2 16. 00 16.00 16.00 17.21 17. 60 17. 60 17. HI l!>. 60 10.61) JO. 60 21.60 21.60 in 17 in it 16. J 7 16. 17 16. 17 16. 17 16. 17 16. 17 16. 17 20. 12 20. 12 20. 12 21.:i2 21 :V2 18, T\ I I. 90 n 67 11.86 i:j .:j o I f 80 H. 86 Id. 2d 12. :i:i 11.80 21.60 21.60 18.01 16. 16 IT 72 12. 00 l.T. 66 16.01 16.06 Id. 42 12. 62 ! 2. 00 22. 10 22.10 22. 10 10. 28 17,08 1 1.60 16. 60 16. 61 Id. 70 12. 70 12. 12 Ore and tnnltc; 2. 338 Argentina................................................................................. Australia.................................................................................. llnllvia....................................................................................... Cnrmda .................................................................................... Nowfonndland-Labrador................................................ 4,710 17.013 1,580 8.087 17.040 Chile........................................................................................... 2,330 Ounloimda............................................................................... M ex fco....................................................................................... ........... 007 M. 621 Other countries ................................................................... 201 Average............................ 14. 50 11.07 16. 27 17.87 JH.OI 17. 16 16. 18 16. do 16. 06 Total oro and inatto........................................................ 70,006 I St. ^lUis: Met.il Shuislics, ISfiO. p. .KI7. Now York: Mulal Shilisli.K, I'J.Ml, p. r,l)l. I.omlmi: K.tMJ Metal and Mineral Markets. * Cnnv(>r.sifm of Knglish i|iiolalions into American money biised on average. rates of exchange recorded by I'wkral Reserve board. * Das h bullion: Australia.................................................................................. Korea......................................................................................... Mexico....................................................................................... ............... 8 FOREIGN TRADE3 Tariff.--The import duty set by the Tariff Ac,t of 1930 on load bearing ores, flue dust, and mattes (load content) was l/( cents per pound and on lead bullion, pigs, bars, scrap lead, antimonial lead, type metal, babbitt metal, solder, and alloys not specifically provided for, 2% cents per pound. I11 accordance with the Mexican Trade Agreement of January 30, 1943, these rates were reduced to % cent and I'Ao cents per pound, respectively. In June 1948 these duties were suspended lor ] year by act of Congress. As the Congress took no action on a bill to extend the suspension beyond June 30, 1949, the expiration date, of the original legislation, the import duty of 1}(, cents a pound on pig lead and % cent u pound on lead in ores and con centrates was reinstated automatically on July 1, Imports.--Total imports of lead increased in 1949 to a record peace-time high but remained well below the wartime peak level estab lished in 1942. As in previous years, the greater part of the lead im ported was in the form of pigs and bars, 40 percent of which came from Mexico, 20 from Canada, 13 from Peru, 9 from Yugoslavia, 0 from Australia, and 0 from 17 other countries. Imports of lead in baso bullion, virtually all from Australia, were approximately one-third Lin; quantity imported in 1948. Receipts of lead in ore, concentrate, and matte, principally from Africa, Bolivia, Peru, Australia, New foundland, and Mexico, were the largest since 1940. ' ,'lfllr" ,m '"P'U-'S iUiil i:\porls ill'll l,y M. II. Price end K. O. Pegc, of the Huicou of Mines, Twin records of tno i;. 8. Department of (.oininercc. Figs and bars: 8 13,747 10,389 Peru ' yV 1 1 ........................................................................ 160,179 34,15 Reclaimed, scrap, etc.: 227, 40 1,47 1,37 M ex loo. ................................ ........................................ Netherlands............................................................................ Other countries..................................................................... 2, 84 300,32 1 Data Include lead Imported for Immcdlato consumption pl * Ho vised figure. iLess than 1 ton. "4 686 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1949 Lead imported for consumption in the United States, 1945-49, by classes 1 }U. 9. Department of Commerce} Year Lead In ores, flue dust, and unities, n. s. p. f Lend in b,-iso bullion Pigs and liars Short tons Value Short tons Vuluo Short tons Value Sheclx, pi|ii!, urn! stmt Short tons Value Not other wise speci Total valuo fied (value) ms. 1940. 1947. 1948. 1949. 70,126 $5.758, (505 20 * 28,256 *3,042,705 20 * 44,442 *8,561,174 1,758 33,932 8,350,507 10,022 121,848 34,397,026 1,133 $2, 242 227,311 2,302 *104,083 416,643 158,705 3,239,135 *244,002 374,054 272,437 $25, 280. 6.38 * 14.816,026 38.008,413 80,022, 770 80,048, 110 17 $2, 778 $.32, 516 $.31,312, 708 21 10. 251 21,517 * 18,089,803 67 42. 431 10.453 SO. 111,298 JSI 100,510 35,554 *100,908,922 108 101,081 20, 830 118, 054, 078 1 In addition fo quantities shown (value included in total values), ``ny.l-.Hiiu-d, scrap, do.," htiprirfod ns follows--1045: 2,843 tons, $235,810; 1046; Revised figures, 2,530 Ions, $196,132; PM7: 15.963 Ions, $3.072.15|; 1048-. Revised figure, 28,8',>7 tons, $8,MW, 128; I'.M'.I: M.005 tons, $1,003,971. Figures for 1915 |i) include load received hy the Oovummcnl and held in stockpiles. Revised flguro. Miscellaneous products, containing lead, imported for consumption in the United States, 1945-49 [If. 8. Department of dommerei'.j Year Jlabhilt motiil, solder, while mclal, and oilier combinations contain ing lead Type metal and untiinoniul lead Oross weight (short tons) Lead content (short tons) Value O ross weight (short tons) Lend content (short tons) Value 1945...................................................... 1046...................................................... 1047................................................. 1018...................................................... 1040...................................................... 1 Kovised figure. 143 157 ' 261 257 287 73 < 83 1 171 181 120 $101,132 211,122 > 208 185 213.611 40.3,000 20, MO 1.740 2, 406 1 11,732 5,8lil 24,730 1,401 2, 21!) I 13. 163 5, 207 $3,241,735 220,045 753.661 1 6,270,080 2, 255, DUO Exports.--Total exports of pig lead (excluding reexports of foreign refined lead) increased from 411 tons (revised figure) in I (J4H to 00!) tons in J040. Export restrictions imposed under the Export Control Act of 1940 remained in force throughout 1949. LEAD Lead pigs, bars, and anodes exported from the 1945-49, in short ton |U. S. Department of Comme DosUualim) 046 Countries: Argentina..................... .... nelgium-Luxcmbourg. nrazil .................................. COaimnaudl aZo..n..e...................................... Chile..................................... Chlimii n.............................. . Colombia................ .......... Cuba................................... Czechoslovakia............. Denmark......................... F,1 Salvador.................... Honduras........................ Ilonii Kmig.................... India............... ............. Madagascar........... ........ Mexico ............................ Netherlands................... Netherlands Antilles. Panama............................ Philippines................... Pnrl.ugal ..................... Saudi Arabia................. Turkey............................ II. S. S. U....................... Uruguay.......................... VcliezOrlu....................... Oilier countries............ Total. Continents: Nort luA meriea___ RoulnAmerlca......... Kurope......................... Asia................................ Africa amlOccania. Total: Short tons.. 4000 25 156 (*) 25173 22 66 2 75 89 *274 761 323 44 6 * 1,408 $210,377 i In addition 377 Ions of foreign lead were reexported lu 1945, 1948, and 86 tons in 1049. * Revised figure. * Less than 1 tun. WORLD REVIE Lend is produced in many countries, Mexico, Australia, and Canada---have, a quarters of the world output in recent ye accompanying tallies, which show world m by countries, 1943-49, insofar as statistic LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Lead and Zinc Pigments and more than adequate for all needs. The fore in part to the drop in general industrial ac midyear. 'I'llis decline was largely counterb Zinc Salts dustrial activity in the late months of 1949. Lead-pigment prices reached new peaks in tinued at top levels early in 19-19. Zinc-pigm By Helena M. Meyer and Alethea W. Mitchell very high dur ing the period. The break in m the spring and early summer of 1949 was acco for pigments. December prices for lead and * below those for January. Tig lead and lead GENERAL SUMMARY lowest levels in the second quarter of the y recovery in the third; resumption of the dow D19 peecrscocsohveenipnprstemiutfdmoeenbretyrrs<seildi.ovolioif.fl.sei nsapridieitlgipetmoodofer4tmn1.thtosepvT,eehlretmcheaeeedndnrtee,ta.scfno.wridenrearwszei(ni`hnsdsciliuhenspaltirleregpiaeamddsdee(np1dc1ti1lgsri;nuymea)esn:,tnrdienti,nsztzhirni1anec9nc4gcs9pheaidilgeitnsffromttprhueiegrZs,nmpyineeeicncan-"trtciDvs'hseeflllcoooycrwl,limodeawesbntee,dardlnetwdvotehezletrsihensearatt-,hmlsoteuhewleelpfoaesawtntettedleessorvhtnefips,lDsiminneocecefgneetmt1hsn9ebed4ere ments from 27 percent, for zinc oxide (lead-free) to 4(> percent, for Hie leaded variety ; they were. 20 and 7 percent, respectively, for zinc chlo ride and zinc sulfate. Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigments in 1940-44 (average) and 194 The following trends were noted among the industries that con sume large quantities of pigments: Automobile production, rose 17 percent to a new all-time peak; total value of construction put in place, 1940-44 (average) 1045 1040 noth private and public, exceeded $10 billion, surpassing the 1048 record by 3 percent; the. value of sales of paints, varnish, and lacquer materials, on the other hand, fell about 0 percent; consumption of natural rubber 8 percent and of the synthetic type 0 percent; and pro duction of synthetic rubber dropped 23 percent, indicating a more pro nounced decline, in need for pigments Hum consumption data showed. Production (shipments) 1 of principal pigments: White lead (dry ami in oill..............^*hr>rt tons.. Litharge....................... do____ Zinc oxide__________ do____ Leaded zinc oxide..do___ Lithopom:___ . . do___ 87,819 50, 351 110, 080 129, HiO 54, 127 MB. 51, no 47, 381 138, 798 127.955 62, 508 136, 161 * 66, 501 32, 526 133, 709 157,351 67, 071 147, 001 The relatively greater drop in pigments than in the level of aelivity in pigment-consuming industries may be explained by a reduction in inventories of pigments at consumers' plants. * Shipments of white lead (dry) dropped 41 percent and of the in-oil variety 40 percent, being the smallest bv far for both grades since con siderably before (he beginning of the present century ; total white, lead shipments anmimled to only 27 percent of I he aimiud average, for 30. Litharge shipments declined 22 percent in 10|!) and were the. smallest since 1043. Red-lead shipments decreased 10 percent, flic Value of products: All load pigments................. $41,4! 8. 000 $39. 015, ono $43, 595, 000 All zinc pigments................. 34,858,000 3G,644,000 44,195,000 Tola!...................................... 70, 270, 000 75, 089, 000 87, 790,000 Value per ton received by pro* duccrs: While lead (dry).................... Litharge......................... . Zinc oxide................................ Leaded zinc oxide................. Lilhopone................................ $154 162 142 Ml 125 75 $159 168 MB K1K 132 78 * $207 10 17 11 14 8 smallest decline of Hit' pigments covered by Ibis rcporl, and were. Hie lowest since. 1033. Lead-free zinc-oxide shipments dropped 27 percent and were smaller than in any year since 1042, when there were insnllieient. supplies of zinc, metal and scrap for numn fad ure of (lie Krench-proccss Ivpe. The labor strike beginning September 2(1 and continuing beyond the Foreipii trade: ' Lend plgmelil Valin: of exports............ Value of imports........... Zinc pigments: Value of exports............ Value of imports........... $1, 121, (HHI 8, 000 2, 521.000 17,00ft $1,427, (JIM) 8,009 2, 279, 000 <> Export balance.......... 3.017, 000 3, 698,000 $861,00 13,00 2,011,00 0, 00 3, 740, 00 end of 1049, at the I'almerton plant of Hie New Jersey Zinc Co., cur tailed both production and shipments of the leaded as well as the lead-five grades and likewise reduced tonnages of lilhopone. Leaded zinc-oxide shipments fell 4(1 percent and lilhopone 44 percent and were the. smallest since 1035 and 1921, respectively. 1 Keporled ns sales before 1915. 1 Data tor basic lead sulfate in 1946 Included under white lead; separately. 1 Excludes value of basic lead sulfate; llurimu of Mines not at lib ` Less than $500. The World Wav IT and early postwar situation of inadequate sup Production and shipments of compe plies of pig lead in relation to consumption requirements was reversed dropped somewhat from 1948, following the in 1949, when domestic production and peacetime peak imports con cessive annual peaks; except for 1948, both siderably exceeded demand. Supplies of zinc in 1949 likewise were 694 690 Ml NIC HALS YEARROOK, 1040 annual rates ever attained. At present the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish figures covering pigments of I his class. Highlights in the distribution of pigments and salts covered by this report are outlined in (he following discussion. .Shipments of litharge for the manufacture of chrome, pigments rose, 15 percent in J0-40 and made the only advance for pigments covered by this report. This rise, however, followed a. poor showing in I PIS, when it registered the .sharpest percentage drop among litharge uses. The. use of pigments in ceramics made, conspicuous gains after 1015, hut all types of pig ments used for (his purpose showed substantial losses In this field in 10-10. Ceramics--now I lie second largest use of litharge--established a new peak in J0-I.S hut dropped 33 percent in IP'IO, or proport innately more, than any ol her important use. Shipments of red lead to makers of ceramics fell more than any other class and amounted to less than one-lull f of t he 1018 tonnage. The use; of zinc oxide in ceramics estab lished three successive peaks in 104(1,104.7, and 1048 but, was reduced 43 percent in 104if as compared with 27 percent for total zinc-oxide ship ments. Zinc oxide and red lead shipped for paint manufacture fared better than other pigments shipped for this purpose, liubber look proportionately more lithopone in 1010 than in 10 IS and except for Fig u iib 1,--Trends in shipments of white pl^mcnta. iq io -40. LICAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND 1048 used more than in any year since 1941. and lithopone for coated fabrics were in co former falling proportionately more and o shipments of these, two classes of pigmen much less of both pigments in 1949, zincmuch higher percentage, than total shipment Zinc, sulfate made I lie. best, showing of I lie report, chiefly because of record-breaking s fael ure, I he gain being !1 percent: (dry basis) 1918. Thu iigricull ural use, which led all ot one-half as much as rayon in 1949. PRODUCTION The value, of lead and zinc pigments in 1 basic lead sullatc. which cannot be shown) w of 35 percent compared with a 32-percent total tonnage of (lie lead and zinc pigments and zinc pigments comprised 58 and 42 pe total value in 19-19 as in 1948. For many years, figures on sales were us as a better guide than production to activity Beginning with 1945, the base was changed with data compiled on Bureau of Mines Available information for 3945 (the year there was little difference between sales an In reporffhg tonnages of pigments, an att duplicat ion; one of the chief problems is t quently are blended to make another produ zinc, oxide, for example, arc. blended to ma in this instance the pigment weights appea named class only. Figments consumed b make products beyond those covered by th storage batteries, and other articles--are co LEAD PIGMENTS Shipments of lead pigments dropped 25 percent in value in 1949 as coin pared with 1 values received by producers for all but w slightly, explain the greater decrease in tot tity. (Shipments of basic lead sulfate, wh not at liberty to publish, are excluded from lead pigments covered by this report fell in lead, dry, dropping 41 percent, the in-oil v 22, and red lead 19. Quoted prices for lead pigments droppe year from the all-time peaks at the y values reported by producers fell 16 percen arge and 3 percent for white lead (dry), variety gained 1 percent. 943785--51 45 098 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1949 Production and shipments of lead pigments 1 in the United States, 1948-49 1048 1!H9 PJgnicnt Produc tion (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value 3 Total Average Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Short tons Value 1 Total A verago White lead: J)ry................. In oil3............ Rod lead..... .......... Litharge................. 25, 055 17,672 29, 698 169,489 26, 651 19,519 3d, 787 164, 775 $0, 643, 402 9, 129,237 12. 190.258 69, 952, 202 $363 468 396 387 15, 609 11, 187 26, 362 123, 157 15. 719 11,636 21. *60 121,062 $5, 520. 250 5, 604,207 8, 276. Kill 39, 262. 768 > Bureau <>f Mines nol ul liberty Id publish figures fur basic: trad siilfuii- (sublimed lead). 3 At plant, exeju.sivu of container. 3 Weight of while lead only hut value of paste. Lead pigments shipped 1 in the United States, 1910 -49, in short tons $351 473 333 324 Year Vhilo lead Dry In oil Total Basic lend sulfate (.sublimed lend) White | Blue Red Mid Orange mineral Litharge 1910................................ 1011......... ......................... 1912............................ 1913................................... 1914................................... 32, 237 25,834 26, 242 24.196 29,076 111.573 106,778 120,591 118.430 130,398 1916................................... 1916........ ......................... 1917.................................. 1018.................................. 1919.................................. 33,007 32.938 27,869 20,089 30,085 122,194 90. Oil 87.331 82. 799 V 109,005 1920................................... 1921.................................. 1922.................................. 1923................-................ 1924................................... 33.678 26.738 41,598 37,780 42, 622 1)2,017 143,545 153.393 125,087 144,872 1925................................... 1926......... -...................... 1927................................... 1928.............................. .. J029.................................. 43, 426 37,968 38.660 42,049 42, 159 120,479 111,845 119,026 111,923 101,872 1930.................................. 1931.................................. 1932................................... 1933.................................. 1034.................... ............ 32, 548 30. 922 19,946 24,628 22, 669 69, 592 66, 416 46, 728 48,351 56, J65 1935 ............................ 1930.................................. 1937.................................. 1039................................. 27.972 34, 775 32. 661 30, 009 68,859 83, 632 65, 552 70, 400 07, 920 1949..................... .. ._ 1911................................. 1042.................................. 1943.................................. 1044......... ........................ 30. 115 54, iS9 35.865 30, 525 46, 466 50, 447 5K.3II 47,774 36. 612 39, 260 1945.............................. .. 1946.................................. 1047.................................. 27.382 <41.802 39, 975 23,7*8 24,009 29,712 1949 .............................. 15) 719 11,636 143.810 132,612 146,833 142, 626 159,474 150,101 128, 979 115,20(1 102,888 139,000 145,695 170, 28.3 104,99! 162,873 187, 494 163.905 149,813 1.57,695 153,972 147,031 102,140 97, 368 66, 674 72, 982 78.731 on,83l 118.407 98,213 100, 2|3 98,429 80, 562 1I3.IXK) 8.3, 039 76. 167 85. 726 51,170 l 66. 501 08.787 27, 355 9.858 to,019 11,085 12/ 52 12,665 3 19,81)1 * 19,540 * 21. 120 * 17.635 * 18,697 13,304 10.977 8.231 7, 403 9,968 1,287 1.369 1,343 1,350 3 19. 435 * 23,03ft 3 25,178 3 30,069 32, 362 12,412 11,56S 13.765 11,919 14,572 928 4(i3 972 800 1,088 3 31,43) 21.805 30,509 38.U37 36,8)3 14,990 12,271 13,482 16,002 15, 580 1,090 1.236 1,061 1,234 1,231 41.069 42,550 39. 073 40.497 43, 021 10,308 8, 71X1 ft. 70S 7, 3'JO 6. 399 1, 219 896 549 625 668 32. 9)1 25.853 18. 880 2). 9X8 26.713 7,572 7.531 7,514 4,088 727 891 1, 108 771 850 28.776 81,890 33.931 30, I8.3 39, 976 5. 493 8. 739 7, 229 4. 752 5, 253 707 1,6.31 1, IMl 845 1,(180 42. 200 53.S3S 48, 369 53. 378 53,972 2.235 <) 0) (>> 1.000 (M (J) (J) i1) 47.381 32. 526 36. 064 24.860 3 676 3 766 3 515 3 131 420 (J) 0) <j> (J) (>) (>> 381 370 Old 331 810 813 70'J 459 678 856 282 212 231 284 252 218 206 127 131 187 216 128 79 281 280 123 23.742 25,100 20, 111 23,093 27,345 26,118 37,739 44,102 48,874 40, 739 02.329 41,009 58, 26! 75.167 71, 724 80, 46 82.540 91,055 8ft, 570 87,916 72, 578 63,800 58,096 61,193 US. 733 79. 030 86,216 83,902 89,518 89,811 122, 28(1 91,513 113,091 138, an 138.798 133. 799 167, 050 121,052 1 Reported as sales before 1945. * Small quantity of orange mineral included with red lead. * Orange mineral included with red lend. * Basic lead sulfate included with white lead (dry); Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figure. * Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figure. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND White Lead.--The downtrend in shipments dry and in-oil varieties, continued in 1949, and ties were tlie smallest by far since considerably the present century. The all-time record pri and 194H, due to stringent supplies of this raw factor in sharp extension of the downward mo Basic Lead Sulfate.--The Bureau of Mines is figures on basic lend sulfate for 194(5-49. Red Lead.--Bed-lead shipments fell 19 perc the smallest since 1989. Nonetheless, red lead of (he pigments covered by this report. Orange Mineral.--No shipments nor produ were icporlcil in 1947--'19. Litharge.--Shipments of litharge dropped were I he smallest since 1948. Shipments of were al a higher level (hail in any year befo highest of the pigments covered by this repor Lead Suboxide.--Battery manufacturers pro of black suboxide of lead for (heir own use in 1 20 percent below the high record established 1948. Black oxide production required 53,000 and (50,000 tons in both 1948 and 1947. ZINC PIGMENTS AND SA Shipments of zinc pigments declined 37 pe percent in value i#i 1949 as compared with 194 from an all-time peak. All pigments covere lead-free zinc oxide fell 27 percent, the lead lithopone 44 norcont. An increase in the av zinc oxide--the largest tonnage pigment--ac decline in total value than in total quantity. for lead pigments, dropped during 1949 from ing when the year began. Production and shipments of zinc pigments and salts 10-18 Pigment or salt Pro duc tion fshort tons) Short tons Shipments Value 1 Total A verago ( t Zinc oxide 3............................ 116. 565 Leaded zinc oxide 3........... 67. 480 Lilhopono............................. 151.005 Zinc chloride, 5(1 B.......... 67. 908 Zinc sulfate........................... 20,125 150,053 67,141 140,033 08, 701 21,513 $32,862,368 10,548.636 16, 135.076 4,717, 963 2,443.869 $218 245 115 CD 114 10 3 7 5 2 i Value nt plant, exclusive of coDtniDcr. } Zinc oxide containing 5 percent or more lead is classed as leaded teaded zinc oxide include a small quantity containing less iban 5 pe Zinc chloride shipments were 20 percent low to be the all-time record. The average valu 700 jvtin j c r .a LlS y e a r b o o k , mm 1040. Zinc sulfate shipments had a 7-pereenl drop--the smallest decline of the products covered by this report. The average value, re ceived by producers rose 4 percent in 1!M!>. Zinc pigments and salts shipped 1 in the United States, 1910-49, in short tons Year Zinc oxide Derided zinc oxide I,itllfi|i<]Ml! Zinc chin'1*it* (wr n.) Zinc sulfnlo 1910................................................................................ 1011................................................................................ 1912................................................................................ 1913............................................................... .. 1914................. ........................................................... 1915................................................................................ 1910................................................................................ 1917................................................................................ 1018............. . ........... ........... .............. .................... imti....... ............... 1020... ................... ................................................. 1921................................................................................ 1922............. .. ... ................... .................... 1921... ................... 1921. .. 1025............................................................................ 1920......... .................................................................... 1927............................................................................... 1928........................ ........................................................ 1930................................................................................ 1031 1932.................................. ............................ .............. 1934.............................................................................. 1935............. . 1030................................................................... 1937................................................................................ 1938.............................................................................. 1939................................................... .. ................. 19-10................................................................................ 1941.............................................................................. 1942...................................................................... .. 1944 .......................... . ......... . 1915............. 1940................................................................................ 1017................................................................................ 1948.............................................................................. 1949................................................................................ 58,481 03. 827 84. 002 75. 700 82. 809 109. 201 1(H). 339 107.580 KWI. 2H0 117,039 99.44-1 71.320 128, 405 120.987 131,470 151,354 110.923 151, 240 100, 904 ion, Oil 119,142 . 72, 250 08. 542 87, 088 99,097 114,052 79 129 114,552 113. 213 148. 833 99, 077 HO; 075 157. 851 100.771 150. 058 110. 132 0, 7(35 11.410 0,421 11,317 18,758 23.003 23, 450 20, 714 27, 591 30, 400 10. 103 19.013 23, WH 20,729 31. 750 23, 859 20 004 24' 223 27. 119 17. 279 14.305 22.808 20.500 29, 970 40; 343 38. 210 42,084 45,302 08, 920 48, 128 07 971 81. 459 07, 4-11 30, 722 12 055 10,K00 24,22(1 29. 085 32 819 40. 491 51,291 03 7)3 02,103 78. 305 89, 373 55 010 300 9H,199 109, 409 145,019 159. 931 170 991 2(H), 408 200.315 101 00ft 121, 007 140,831 145, 505 159.480 158 319 125 740 142, 759 151.802 137.320 142.1HI5 117 001 105 021 MO 033 78.38.5 (>> 3 59, 228 J 08 915 4! 027 42, 431 51,051 45. 019 47. 290 til Ml 45, 001) 29 013 23. 524 32 187 (') 0) (') 0) (> (') (') 52. 371 57 3 Hi 05, 521 08 701 55, 208 <>) 2, 703 * 3.072 3,295 5. 078 f>, 375 4.074 5,593 0,612 0,418 4.733 7, 454 0, 249 5. 290 4.252 7. 379 7.892 9. 721 10, 521 7, 757 10. 157 11,937 19. 201 11.331 15.040 17.150 20, 854 24.931 21,547 21.513 20,065 i Reported ns sales before 1945. * No canvass. 1 Figures represent production. 'Data not available. Zinc Oxide.--Production of lead-free, zinc oxide totaled 109,126 tons, or 2(i percent, less than for 1918. Lead-free, zinc, oxide, shipments dropped 27 percent, in 1949 and were the smallest since. 1942, when the output, was affected adversely by stringent supplies of zinc metal and scrap. Production in 1949 was curtailed by the labor strike begin ning September 26 ami lasting beyond the end of the year at the. Pa I me.rtou, I 'a., plant, of I lie. N e.w .1 ersey Zilie. (!o. Production of zinc oxide (lead-free) by processes, 1944-49, in percent of total Process .Revised figures. 1944 i 1945 i 1940 1 1947 1948 1940 77 77 75 76 10 15 17 17 15 7 8 8 10 9 100 1 (XI 100 100 100 71 17 12 100 LEAD AND ZJNC PIGMENTS AN Leaded Zinc Oxide.--The. I!) 19 production reported, by grades, as follows (comparison ;(l,|.'!-l (r>ff,!J|fi) tons of .">.r> pcmml. lead and tons of over 85 percent lead. The strike a of flic New .Jersey Zinc Co., already ment ion wise curtailed out put of l.lie. leaded variety. Leaded ziue oxide shipments fell 46 perce period, roughly coinciding with the beg through 1948, during which peak or nea tributed. The good performance during permitted by the fact that leaded zinc oxide so that inadequate supplies of metal and scr discussion did not. militate, against the man Lithopone.--Lithopone fared worse in ments covered by Ibis report. Shipmen smaller percentage than those, of leaded zinc since 1921 ami only 88 percent of the peak capacity for the manufacture of lithopone short tons in 1949, unchanged from 1948 an The lithopone statistics in this report are nary lithopone sold as such plus the ordina higii-stlength product. This method of pu the operations of one company that always high-strength product and lias been the on In 1949, as in 1948 and 1947, one company duced high-s^j ength lithopone. Consumpt the manufacture of titanated lithopone has port ions. The trend has been downward a peak--19,400 Ions--was used in 1937. In changed from the small total for 1948. T following table are included in the totals other tables. Titanated lithopone produced in the United Stat in its manufacture, 1940-44 (average) a Year Titnnnfcd lithnpono produced Ordinary lithopone used 1945 13, 210 11,180 . - 0. 2(H) 7, 800 1948......... 7, 500 0,350 1949.......... Zinc Sulfide.-- In 1949, as In several prec pany produced zinc sulfide; the Bureau o publish figures for this pigment. Zinc Chloride.--Zinc chloride shipments 20 percent in 1949 from 1948 (believed to h The figures shown here include the zinc ammonium and chromated zinc chloride p Zinc Sulfate.--Shipments of zinc sulfate the smallest decline in the products covere nages for 1948 and 1947, almost identical, time record established in 1946. 702 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1949 RAW MATERIALS USED Figures covering the raw materials used in making pigments and salts in 1949 and 1948 are shown in the accompanying tables. Lead pigments and zinc pigments and sails are manufactured from a variety of materials, in cl uding ore, refined mol a I, and such secondary materials as scrap. In 1949 roughly 94 (92 in 1948) percent of the lead in pigments was derived from pig lead and the. remainder from ore. Of the lead in ore used to make, leaded zinc oxide, about 6 (7) percent was from foreign sources. The proportion for zinc pigments in 1949 was 72 (7.4) percent, from ore. and concent rales, 8 (8) percent from slab zinc, and 20 (J9) percent, from secondary nialerials; about 18 (19) percent of the. ore used was foreign. The. following fables give the source of the melal used in manu facturing each pigment, and salt. Pig lead is employed exclusively, either directly or indirectly, in I he. manufacture, of white lead, litharge, red lead, and orange, mineral and is used also in the manufacture of basic lead sulfate. The. lead content of leaded zinc oxide made from basic lead sulfal.c, which in turn was made from pig lead, is credited to pig lead in the table. Zinc oxide is the only pigment in which con siderable slab zinc is used. Ore is employed in the manufacture of zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulfide, zinc sulfate, and basic lead sulfate. A substantial proportion of the zinc in lithopone (69 percent in 1949 and 64, in 194.8) and most of that, in zinc chloride (all in 1949 and 1948) made in the United States are derived from secondary material. For a number of years before the United States entered the recent World War, there had been a large increase in the quantity of secondary zinc used in the manufacture of zinc oxide. The scarcity of supplies of both metal and scrap caused the proportion of Ilie total oxide made by the French process, which uses only metal and scrap, to drop sharply in 1942 and to continue comparatively low in 1943-46, despite the fact that the percentage from metal and scrap rose in 1943 and continued upward almost without interruption in 1944-49. The production of zinc oxide from melal and scrap ac counted for the following percentages in relation to total production: 41 percent in 199,9, 16 percent in 1912, 19 percent in 1944,, 22 percent in 1944, 25 percent in 1945, 26 percent, in 1946, 28 percent in 1947, 26 percent in 1948, and 29 percent, m 1949. Lead content of lead and zinc pigments produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources, 1948 49, in short tons 1948 1919 Pigment head iu piiiiuo.iils produecd from-- Ore Domestic Foreign Pig lead Total lea-1 in pig ments Lead in pigment produecd from-- Ore 1 Jomcsllr Foreign Pig lead Total load in pig ments Leaded zinc oxide............. Total ........................ 16, 630 16, 639 26,5)2-1 148,038 1. 261 1,201 21)9, H73 35, 011 20. 924 J48,038 17, 000 227, 873 8.835 8, 836 21.504 23. 900 114,314 655 555 159,7)8 1 Excludes lend in bnsic lead sulfide, data for which bureau nf Mines not at lihnrl y i.o publish. 21. 504 23.900 114.3(4 9, 390 169,108 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Zinc content of zinc pigments and salts produced by sources, 1948-49, in sho 1048 Figment or salt '/iuc in pigments and salts produced from-- Ore 1 >nmcs- For lic eign Second ary ma 7,inc terial 1 Total zinc in Pipments and salts D Zinc oxide........................... 04, ftty) 21. 708 15, H5 lauded zinc, oxide ___ :*n. 4 72 2. mo Ltlhoponc........................... y, 741 1,065 8 15, 483 117, 250 33,088 IS, 775 20, 580 Total piginenl.s *.___ tor,, 003 25,380 15, 103 34, 268 17, 933 Zinc chloride.................... 14.906 14, 905 Zinc sulfate......... ............ . "" 2," boo '"ini' ""36' 3,016 6,113 " 1 These figures are higher than those shown in the report on Seco Include zine reeovend fmru byproduct, sludges, residues, etc., not * Excludes 7.inc sulfitJi*, dalu for which bureau of Mines riot at lib CONSUMPTION AND LEAD PIGMENTS White Lead,--A large part of the shipmen was not classified as to (destination; as a con is shown as going to paint manufacturers. 90-plus percent^ietually was used to make p of while lead to makers of ceramics decline not much more than half of Ihe tonnage for Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) shipm (average) and 1945-49, in sh Imhislry 19I0--44 (average.) 1 1945 104f * Unclassified........... .................... .... Total..................... ............... 70. 400 2. 187 f. 220 87,819 40, 418 830 3, 013 51, 170 60, 94 1, 30 4, 10 00, 60 i Kcparted ns stilus. > I Tala for basic loud .sulfate included with whilo lead; Dureauo/M Basic Lead Sulfate.--A distribution of bas by uses lias not been available for publica when 3,009 short tons went to the paint indus industry, and 686 tons to other industries. lead sulfate are also used as an intermediate ture of leaded zinc oxide. Such quantities h this chapter scries under leaded zinc oxid sulfate. Red Lead.--Storage batteries, regularly lead, took 49 percent of the total shipped in tionately more than paints, second in impo 704 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 9 had been gaining, had the sharpest drop, falling to less than half of the 1948 tonnage. According to a recent study ' by the Battcllo. Memorial Institute for the American Iron and Steel Institute, red lead appears to he. out standing for enclosed structural members in sieel-housing const.ruc tion. Some', 01 kinds of paint, systems were, studied during the test. In one phase of the. testing, one painted panel was damaged by scratching it. lengthwise through the paint, film l.o base, metal. In the ease of damaged fi 1 ins exposed to immersion in water, "only System C (red lead) offered protection to the bare steel in the damaged zone. In fact, for (he, majority of the other systems, continued exposure, would have, resulted in actual perforation of the base metal in this area in a relatively short period of time." Distribution of red-lead shipments, by industries, 1940-44 (average) and 1945-49, in short tons Industry. 1940-44 (average) ' IMS 1040 1947 1048 1949 Storage batteries........................... Paints................................................. Ceramics........................................... Other.................................................. Totnl............. .................... . 26,890 18, 6SH 1, am 3. 734 50,351 26, 726 16.438 626 3, 592 47,331 19,116 9.318 1,228 2,865 32.526 20, R3 11.362 977 2. 842 36,064 14.864 10. 803 1.276 3, 795 30, 787 12,163 0, 634 603 2, 400 24,860 i Reported as sales. Orange Mineral.--No shipments of orange mineral have been reported since 1040, when 78 short tons went, to (Ire ink industry, 18 tons to the color-pigment, industry, and 27 tons to other- industries. Litharge,--Storage batteries took 04 percent, of the. lithar ge shipped in 1949 and 05 percent in 1948. Ceramics dropped proportionately more, than other uses and accounted for II percent of the 1949 total, compared with 10 percent. The iiiainifactlire of chrome pigments was the only use that, increased in 1949, rising 15 percent.; this use took 7 percent of (hr; total, compared with 5 percent, in I!) 18. Chr ome pigments had the sharpest percentage drop in Oil refining and Distribution of litharge shipments, by industries, 1940-44 (average) and 1945-49, in short tons Industry 1910-44 (average) 1 1945 1940 1947 1948 1949 Storage batteries............................ Ceramics........................................... Chrome pigments......................... Oil refining................................ . Insecticides..................................... Varnish............................................. Rubber................. ............................. Floor coverings.............................. Other.................................................. Total...................................... 51,821 12.426 9, 402 5,846 19.293 .3,207 3, 269 325 5, 337 110,086 70, 981 11,511 11.394 6. 419 18.061 2, 752 1.86-1 115 6. 701 I3S.708 75, 836 13, 166 10,877 6, 682 11,269 3, 302 2, K1J J06 7,410 133,799 111,810 18, 360 9, 228 7. B8H 7,288 4, 268 2, 205 111 6, 042 107,050 100.645 19.979 7. 455 7, 248 6.033 4.424 2, 835 152 6. 001 151.775 77. 163 J3.299 8, 557 5, 720 5,363 4,230 1,398 62 5, 214 121,052 1 Reported us sales. 1 Pray, H. A., and Peoples, R. S., No. 31 of n series entitled "Contributions to the Metallurgy of Slot*!" : Ah*. in Am. Metal Market, vnl. 54, No. 204, Oct. 21, 1040, p. 7. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN insecticides maintained their same relative 1948, taking 5 and 4 percent, respectively, o nish took 4 compared with 9 percent. Rubb coverings had the greatest percentage drops half of ( lie 1948 quantities. Lead Suboxide.--Storage-battery manufac from pig lead a black suboxide. of lead, whi for litharge. As previously noted, produ short tons, a fifth less than in the peak year 1 ZINC PIGMENTS AND S Zinc Oxide.--As usual, tire manufacture half of the zinc, oxide shipped--53 percen 55 percent in 194.8--indicating a slightly important use. than in the total distribute paint decreased only 2 percent in 1949 an drop in zinc oxide shipments than any of of zinc oxide for ceramics had established years ended in 1948. This use, coated fab coverings had declined considerably above or 43, 45, and 4.0 percent, respectively. Distribution of zinc oxide shipments, by indus 1945-49, in short ton Industry 1940-44 (average)1 1045 194G Ceramics..... ............................ Coaled fabrics ami l.-.\lil-s *.... } 68,308 26. 709 4.918 0,633 9.807 12, 065 120,100 03,447 28.014 5. 086 12, 177 2.053 17, I7H / { 127. 055 83,77 34,78 9. 0 10,02 2,848 17.3 167, 8 * Repmlrd as salt's. 1 Includes the following tonnages for rayon: 1040--0,503; 1947--7 Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Leaded zinc oxide i in the manufacture of paint, and 98 percen were reported to he for this purpose. Distribution of leaded zinc oxide shipments, by ind 1945-49, in short ton Industry 1940-44 (average)1 Total....................................... 52, 678 33 1,416 54,127 < Reported as sales. 1945 58,852 200 3,546 62,508 1946 64,8 1 2, 9 67,9 700 MINEIIALS YEAHBOOK, LEAD AND ZINC FIGMENTS AN Lithopone.--Paints, varnish, and lacquers regularly take, close, to Research in connection with flame-proo three-quarters of (he total lithopone sold, fn 1040, 72 percent- of ship rized :i recently, 'l'lie. article, gives an evalu ments was for painls, etc., compared willi 75 peree.nl. in 1018 and 82 resin-type treated fabrics. One chemical c pei'ccnt in 1047. Painls, c.I<., took 4(5 perce.nt less lifhopone in 1049 zinc chloride and another, zinc oxide. than in 1048 and amonnlcd to less than half of the totals for 1047 Zinc Sulfate.--Rayon, Lite chief use for and 1946. Coated fabrics and textiles fell only 22 percent in 1949 j years, established a new peak in 1949, ris and moved into second place as users of lithopone, replacing floor 1 over Ihe previous high in 1948. Shipme coverings, which dropped 40 percent. Consumption for rubber was poses--(he lop use in 194(5 when it was a 28 percent, below 1048 but was higher than in every oilier year since to less than half of the quantity for rayon 1941. The. use of lithopone by paper makers rose from .'5.080 Ions in from 1948 and 5(5 percent, from 1946. C 1045 to 4,814 in 1048 but dropped lo less (ban hal f of I he la 11 er qua ill ity agents dropped 29 and 45 percent, respe in 1949. Print ing ink made, the best showing of | he, uses of lithopone, fallen even more sharply from tonnages with a drop of only 18 percent in 1040; 508 tons were shipped for this the. lal-ler compared favorably with year purpose compared with 727 ill 1018, 720 in 1017, 880 in 1916, 8(51 in the. apparent, decline in importance of zinc 1945, and 1,21(5 in 1944. One manufacturer regularly includes ton simply he a result of more precise data on nages for ink as not separable from those sold for paint, but the trary lo the. trend for most oilier uses, pain foregoing tonnages compare totals for identical companies. Exports | rose substantially in 1949. This use, drop are. included mainly with "Ollier," but at least one. company classifies 1919 increase marked resumption of the 19 part of its exports according to end use. Distribution of lithopone shipments, by industries, 1940-44 (average) and . 1945-49, in short tons Distribution of zinc sulfate shipments, by indu 1945-49, in short ton Industry 19-10--44 filVITilgf*) 1 .......rtiinls, varnishes, and lacquers Floor coverings and icxlilcs___ Total______________________ m.:rJ8 17. 271 i. or.7 15.310 148.878 104.5 J0`.: 1.5,821 U77 0, 905 nr,, io i 1940 123. 279 13. 107 1.607 0. <M8 147,18)1 I ill 7 m.san 17. -100 D, r, io ICO, 024 1018 101. ill 211. KMJ 4, 102 10, 541 140, 0:i:i HMD Mi. l-ifi 12. 082 5. 002 78,335 > Reported as sales. * Includes a Quantity, not separable, used for printing ink. Zinc Chloride.--Statistics on. the use and distribution of zinc chloride are not available. Studies of the. effectiveness of zinc chloride, and other chemicals in the treatment of mine timbers were summarized 2 recently. The report stated: Industry IIM0-I4 (aver age) * 1943 1040 GlOSS Gross Gross Dry Gro weight weight weight basis wei Ravon............................................... Agriculture................................... . Chemicals ..................................... Flotation reagents....................... Paintsfiml varnish processing. Ohio................................................... Elect rogalvnnizing................... Textile d veing -,uul |irint inp .. Other................................................. 4, 41)2 A. 300 2. 0W) 001 1.723 040 307 '.12 1.401 0.720 o. mr, 2. 017 1, 232 580 200 2 33 f.34 1,993 7, 034 10,810 2. 2M 1,084 174 511 488 332 1,418 5,883 8. I7R 1, 488 043 151 335 315 491 043 8,2 7.8 2. 1 1, 1 6 2 1,3 Total..................................... 15.055 20,854 24.931 18.427 21.5 1 Reported ns stiles. In a service test of maple timbers treated by the lint- and cnld-batli method and installed in main lmnliigeways of the Athens mine of the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., Negaiinee, Mich., zinc ehloride-trented timbers had an average useful life 1 of KLM years; horax-lrealed limbers, 11.Z years; and sodium llnorido-lreated timbers, 7.7 years. IJntreaLcd timbers used as controls laid an average useful life of 3.8 years. Although it was intended in this experiment to compare Ihe relative effec tiveness of zinc ehlorido, luo ax, and sodium fluoride, Ihe wide varial ions in ubsorpl ions and penetml ions obtained with Ihe throe chemicals invalidate such comparison. The zinc chloride nbsnrplions were about as desired, Imt. the absorp tions of borax and .sodium lliuu-iilc ((`specially ihe laltcrl were too low. Although retention of these two chemicals wns low, the timbers treated with them, as well as those trented willi zinc chloride, proved to lie longer-lived and more economical than the untreated timbers used in the test. 3 Crnwfnrrt, F. S.. nml Wlrkn. It. At.. A Test of Treated Timbers In a Mine at Negaunee, Mich.: Bureau of Mines Itent. of Investigations 4C22, 1950, C r>p. PRICES Total and average values received by p pigments and zinc salts are given in the ta report. Following two successive years new peaks in average values for lead pigme dropped in 1949; the declines ranged fro and litharge to 3 percent for white lead ( likewise were at peaks for many years and for all time in the 2 years, but, except f unlike those for lead pigments in 1949 and values of both types dropped substantially smaller tonnages involved. The small ga 'Church. James M., Little, Robt. W., and Copp Resistant Fabrics; Ind. and Eng. Cbetn.. vol. 42, No. 3 70S MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1010 values probably indicate that sales during the year were greater at the higher part of the price range. There were, substantial drops in average quoted prices for learl pigments in 1040 from the all-time, peaks established in 1018, and those for zinc pigments in general followed the same pattern. Jn most, instances lead-pigment prices were at their lowest levels in June, made, noteworthy recovery in the next several months,'and returned to or close to midyear low points in December. Zinc-pigment quotations reached their lowest levels a little later in the year and after recov eries similar to those for the lead group resumed down trends but ended the year a little above the year's lowest figures. Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts at New York (or delivered in the East), 1946-49, in cents per pound [Oil, Faint and Drug Reporter] Product 1940 1047 1948 1919 Whim lend (basic. lead carbonate), dry, nwlols, barrels..................... ...................... Basic lead sulfuto (sublimed lend;, loss limn (urtots, barrels................................................................ Red lead, drv, 05 percent or less, less than car- Orange mineral, American, small tots, barrels. Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrels ......... Zinc oxide: American process, lend free, bags, enrlnis... A merioun process, 5 to 115 percent loud, burre.|s, enrlots............................................................... French process, red seal, bags, carlots............ French process, green seal, hags, carlots____ French process, white seal, barrels, carlots.. Lithopone, ordinary, small lots, hags..................... Zinc sulfide, less limn carlots, lings, barrels......... Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks................... ........................... . Fused, drums .... ................. ............................. Zinc sulfate, crystals, barrels...................................... X. 25 t:t. 7f 7.50-13.50 9. 50-10. 00 12. OO-IX. 2.5 X. 00 14. 75 7.25- 9.00 7.25-10.75 8. 50-10. 25 9.00-10.57 0. 75-12.00 4. 50- 5. 25 8.50-10. no 2. 50 5. OO- 0. 50 3. 05- 4. 40 i:i,75 10.110 ` Mi. 00 22. 10 J3. 25-15.75 15. 75-21.25 15.75-18. 00 17.75 21. 00 13.75 17. 00 18. 00 25. 25 20. 50 27. lift 10. 00 24.25 y. oo-io. no 10.00 13.50 9.25-12.00 10. 25-11.25 10. 75-11.75 11.50-12.50 5. 25- 0. 25 10. 00-11.00 10.25-15.38 11. 20-14. To 11.75-15. 25 12. 50-10, on 0. 25- 0. 75 10. 75-M. 00 2.50 :t. (Mi 5.00 7.40 3. 05- 5. 00 3. 0(1 3. 75 0.25 7. !lll 4.55- f,.X5 i 14. 75 22. 10 14.25-21.25 15. 7.V 25. 25 18. 10 27.00 13.75 24.25 10.00-15.00 10.25-17.38 11.00-10. 75 11.75-17.25 12.50-18.00 0. 50- 0. 75 12.50-14.00 3. 25 0. 75- 8, 15 4.95- 6.85 1 Quotations for hags. FOREIGN TRADE 4 Imports of lead and zinc pigments arc insignificant, in relation to domestic shipments of the various items. Total value of lead-pigment entries, following a substantial percentage rise in 19-18, dropped 77 percent in 1949 to close to tire 1947 level. The declines were due to lower tonnages rather than to falling average values, despite the fact that prices were, substantially lower at. (he. end than at (be. begin ning of the year. Imports of zinc, pigments rose sharply in 1049 imt were scarcely one-third of the total value, of lead-pigments receipts. The, total value of exports of lead pigments gained and I lull of zinc pigments fell in 1949. Values of both classes were far in excess of corresponding imports but were small as compared with domestic shipments. Values of both imports and exports of the. lead and zinc compounds covered by the accompanying table dropped in 1949. In quantity as well as value, exports of lithopone and of zinc oxide * Figures on import's and exports compiled by M. TL Prion and E. D. Pace, of the Bureau of Mines, from records of the U. S. Department of Commerce. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND are the most important items in foreign tra ments ami zinc salts. Both classes dropped in 1949. Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead 1947-49 IU. S. Department of Commerc 4 Imports 1047 1048 Lcu<l pigments: White lead........................ Red lend............................. Litharge--........................ Other load pigments... Total............................... Zinc pigments: Zinc oxide.............. .......... I.ilhnjinnr.......................... Total................................ J.cud nnd zinc sails: Lend urseimio.................. Other lend compounds. Zinc chloride.................... Zjnc sulfate....................... Total........................ Grand total.................. $238 7,687 127,375 15,000 150, 300 $82,538 96,506 421,505 32, 089 G33,328 $ 1 30, 594 21 30,615 7, 301 7,361 20. 700 - ........... 448" ..... 10.867 10,397 37. 507 10.845 218,542 651,534 2 1 Data not strictly comparable to earlier years. 2 Data not available. Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption |U. S. Department of Comme Short tons ^ ! i Year White lead (basic enrhnnutc) Red lead Lead suhoxldo pi n 1915 ........................ ... 1946............................ ..... 19-17 .............................. 1048................................... 1949 ................................ 1 1 1 203 IG1 8 M 15 22 416 247 1,004 23 96 10 11 33 34 23 Less limn I ton. 710 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1919 Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1945-49 |U. S. Department of Commerce] Short tons Year Zinc oxide Dry Tn oil 1945.......................... 1946.......................... 1047............................ UH8............................ 1010......................... (0 41 117 27 239 Loss than 1 ton. (`) c) Lithopone Zinc .snlll do 0) (') in 12 o Zinc chloride Zinc sulfate Total value <121 IK., 806 415 20.528 295 17.-182 IKO 17. 758 120 ), 084 Lead pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1945-49 f U . S. I mparlltienl fjf ('.rmuiu'i'M'l Year Short tons White lead Basic lead sulfate Ret] lend Orange mineral Litharge Lend arsenal e value 1945............................ 1040........................... 1047............................ 1048............................ 1049............................ 4,079 010 8f>3 003 GOO 53 C) d o 1. 1*22 1.355 787 953 1,042 3 o (') (') o 2. 512 2. IN) 1,212 (ill 1,357 3. 170 1, 39K 1, 552 1, 019 430 $2.102, 548 I,1H1.872 1,032,143 1, 404, 001 1,343, 513 1 Figure not available. Zinc pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1945-49 fU. S. Department of Commerce) Year Short Ions Zinc I.itliooxide ponc To!,'il value 1 l Year Shor Urns Zilii' o.udo Id Miu pone Total value 1 1945................................. 1040......... ............... . 1047............. .. ............... 7,102 10, 055 19,082 9, 051 13, 052 $2, 554. 177 1048 . . . 2, 1111. 457 1 1949......................... 0, 551, 250 1 8, 012 21.015 5, 010 H, 400 $5. 228, 052 3, 420, 118 * Includes also in 1945: Zinc sulfide, $'25,31)9 073,175 pounds); zinc chloride, $93,5)90 fl,199,755 pounds); zinc sulfate, $02,119 (1,243,820 pounds); other zinc salts and compounds, $179,747 (750,108 pounds). JJc r Ili ning January 1, J946, none of the foregoing classes separately recorded. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND WORLD REVIEW Canada.--A report of the Dominion Burea published early m 1050 gave data on pigmen and varnish industry in Canada in 1947 an 1948 arc as follows (L947 figures for com Basic carbonate while lead (dry) 2,344 (3,2 bonate while lead in oil 717 (1,741) tons, ba (7) tons, red lead including orange mineral 300 (312) tons, zinc oxide (lead-free) 2,9 zinc oxide 2,096 (1,546) tons, lithopone ( J .1,851. (9,712) Ions, titanium dioxide 5,766 titanium dioxide pigments 8,791. (7,199) ton ments" 590 (710) tons. Canada's imports of lithopone, 14,787 and in 1948 and 1947, were large enough more t years. Imports of zinc white (zinc oxide) w respf'.ol ively. Imports of Iliexlher items give graph are very small, although titanium p separately in the report. According to U titanium dioxide and pigments, 19,787 tons in 1948 and 13,274 tons in 1947. Germany.--According to a recent article, of lithopone in all of Germany was about 100 of the industry being located in what after zone. The original capacity was said to bo v mum production could probably be obtained Sales of lilhoponc in the American-British decreased because of (he slowing of building of linseed oil. Exports, however, were, said largely to the Middle East, eastern Asia, th Scandinavia. United Kingdom.--Construction of an ad lithopone. was reported 7 begun at the Widn plant of I he Imperial Smelting Corp'., Ltd. * Brennan, .Tamos V,, Germany's Chemical Recovery : Ab Ind., vol. 34. No. 2. February 1050. p. 162. 6 Foreign Commerce Weekly, vol. 37, No. 5. Oct. 31. 1940, 7 Foreign Commerce Weekly, vol. 34, No. 10. Mar. 7, 1040 1224 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1919 (lie coi-ponilion was in process of liquidation early in U;>0 owing to (lie fact that, the grade of ore mined at ltoseland is too low to be profitable The Calco Chemical Division of Americani Cyanamid Co. continued to produce ilmenitc at Piney Kivcr, also in Nelson (.ounty. CONSUMPTION AND USES Consun.pl ion of ihne....... dropped 10 percent in IDlD and t hus failed (O establish a new peak lor the first lime, in < years; except lor 1;MB. Ibe rate, of use in ID 10 was at a higher level Ilian ever be foi e. 1 he manufacture of pigments, as usual, took 9!) percent of all dmemte consumed. In addition a high percentage of (lie rutile used was con sumed in the manufacture of pigments. Actually the material so used was a mixed product eonlai..... gallrred ilme.mle, leueoxene and rulile which in titanium dioxide eoiilenl. resembled rulile nioie closely Ilian i'lmenile. Thetolal tonnagesliown as rutile was 10 iierceiil above. ]'M8, lint, the quantity for customary rutile uses dropped in MU. Consumption of ilmenite and rutile in the United States, 1941 46 (total) and 1947-49, by poducts, in short tons Rulile Product Gross weight Ksilmntrd TIOjeon- lent rn?s it: 1 it Estimated TlO con*, lout 1911................. 1012................... 1913................. 1914................... 1915................. 1919__________ 1917 Pigments (manufactured tiianimn dioxide) 1 Welding-rod coalings 1.............................................. Alloys and enrlmlo..................................................... < ......................................................................... Miscellaneous............................................................... Tolul r.nnsinii|di(iii............. - -........................ 1918 Pigments (maimfacl.urrd titanium tlluxide) Wrldjng-rod nmtiiip.s 1............ . .. Alloys ami carliide...................................................... Miscellaneous.......................... .....................................- Total consumption................................... 1949 PiKininils (niniiiifcu-lilrecl lilaiiimii (liexiili*. \\ i Uling-rntl eoaiings 1................................................ Alloys and onrbide....................................................... Ceramics...................................................... -.................. Miscellaneous.................................................................. Total consumption.. 27/5. I or, 257. 535 302, 822 .mon 3SI. I7M 401. 2X1 473, 151 HI 5, 972 251 179. 521 150.900 1 HI. 412 I M2. 808 | 175,17. I 7. 5Xi 202. ] 218.231 I 71 2. 131 123 250. 859 ] fi. 351 lO.Uir, 17. Ml m x r:i n. 79i 7, mm : 5.986 9,052 16.451 13.837 9. Ill ...0.. 0TJ7TT0J 1 '' T i?5 , ............Kim 1. 131 1,050 102 95 31 31 7, L9J 7,083 558, Mf I 15 0.377 .............30 r.r,r. o ik i 207. 728 72 2. 591 ............. i7 300. 40S f-1 7, 885 9V2 175 J 1,218 0) 7, 289 889 166 > 1,144 10,230 j1-----<9,488 505, 132 11',5 4. l.hi!l 205, X51 .85 2, 037 ..........42 i ............. 2l' 510.908 I 208.IHH) ('') t; :ri9 ti'-tl in S -I. w; Ml. 8SS (>) 5,901 GI9 136 *4,204 10,863 i " Pii'menls" inrlutle all manufacturetl lilanium dioxide,. ccuuniisuinplinn i>( whirl' In weldm-'-nid tv itiiift l ?VT tone in 1917. I.33X Ions in I'.MS and UN2 Intis in I9U. ,, i llmrati of Mini's not til liherly In publish: Inn ires inrludrd i" Miscellaneous. * Revised fiRtires. Includes rulile used lo make piRinonls. BiSw ,irodiict containing altered Ilmenite. k-ncorei.c, and rutile. .re-l lo make eiamcntaaad mcigi. TITANIUM Titaii inini Pigments.--Product ion and shipme men s in UJO dropped somewhat from 1948, fo ment of five successive peaks-; except for 1948, b lughest annual rates ever attained. Figures on plied m confidence ami, consequently, are not giv stated, a mixed product, containing altered ilm rulile prodm-ed at a domestic mine was used Juanii I;ic! iir(M)f pi^monfs. Distribution of titanium pigments shipments, by indus of total Year Curd od fahrirsaijfl fviViThl'/NPuinK, Hour vunuslu'S. :i nd l;,c- fliunhuim iJIU'tS and full. Itasc) H'XllJf-: ('lih.lolli, shad*' chilli, ar tificial li'aflior. el.c.) ItuhhtT Paper P w u. o uc %if ? oo C oO O c** 6 P O 1935................. 1036................. 73.7 77 4 01 no 8 - 1937................. 70. 4 09 2. n 3. 5 3.8 3. 7 3. 7! 4,9, 1. 11 1038................. 1939................. 1940................. 194!................. 1942......... . 1913.......... 1014 ................ 1945................ IMG................. 1917............ 1948............... 70. 8 05 0 70. 9 fi'i q 70 t no 7 7'L u 7o. s 7` 1 7J 3 7V 0 r,;i. 70. | 71 0 73. i! 78. ii 71. 9 SI . 5 7 1 3 7<h 1 no !> 2.0 9. 3 3, ! 3. I' 2. fi 2. 4 2.U 2.U 2. 5: 3. 7l I. 5! 4.7 5. 3 5. 3 I. I 3. HI 3.11 3. ii 4 5. 9 3. 5, 3. 4 2. 7; 2. Xi 2.7i 1.9! 1.9 i. r 1.k : 2. 11 2. ! 1949................ 71.5 07. i r> 5.8 1.0'I 4.0 4.2 5.8 9.4 3. 2 3. h 7.0 10.6 3.0 0.4 0.8 4. ? 8.9 13. ] 3. 0 4.3 /. ! 11.1 3. 7 0.0 10.4 3. 5 0.2 0.2 1 5. 3 7. 0 I. I r,.7 0.5 (. 4 8.0 1.0 0. 7 0,3 2. 0 2. a 0.1 8.0 5. 5 7.8 2. ) 5. 4 7.4 :ui 3.0 0.0 0.0 Metal.---1 iianium mciul was produced on a Newport, Del., by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & successu e year. One pilot plant w as operated co imately ion pounds a day throughout (he year an of somewhat larger capacity went into product tiie year. Juirmii ol Mines produced metal at (h a week, except lor several brief interruptions. E of the output was in the form of powder, but a prod Hi: ion Was largely in (lie form of sponge. A product ion was under construction at Sayrcville, Lead Co. at the end of J01!) and began to produce potential uses oft Kamiim metal were recently disc indicated that although this relatively new me uglily desirable, properties has a promising fu today is too costly to warrant, the conclusion tha 04.3785--51 78 1220 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1040 universal applications and compete with stool, aluminum, :ind copper where those cheaper metals can function satisfactorily. Welding-Rod Coatings.--Production of I ilaniiim-coale.d welding rods was 154,000 short tons in 1949, a drop of 18 perron! from (lie 188,000 tons for 1018; 155,000 tons wore coaled in 1017, lOd.OOO in 1010, and 481,000 in 1945. Of I lie. 10 1!) tonnage, 5 1 percent w as coaled wifi) natural rutile, .`5.`1 percent willi ma mi fact ured lilaniimi dioxide, and nearly? percent each with holh varieties and will) ilnienile.. Other Uses.--Jn a recent article.1 it was pointed out (hat alkyl lilanatcs, derived from the. action of titanium tetrachloride on alco hols, are, very effective waterproofing agents. These, compounds, the titanium analogs of alkyl silicates, are, capable, of imparling a waterrepellent finish lo such diverse materials as paper, rollon, wool, rayon, nylon, silk, felt, and wood. An article5 6stated that, although the superior qualities of titanium dioxide as an opacificr have been known for many years, its commercial utilization as the major opacifying agent in porcelain enamels is a comparatively recent development. The development and physical properties of these enamels were discussed. The fact, that (he enamels are applied directly to the metal without the need of an intermediate ground coat was said to be an outstanding development. Another article0 discussed the standards and practices that permit application of titanium enamel to steel without the use of a ground coat. A development of increasing scie.nl i(ie and technical importance,, another article7 staled, was the. electromechanical effect exhibited by barium t itanate ceramics under the influence of a high electric polarizing field. Titan ate ceramics, the author said, have become an important raw ma terial for the manufacture of capacitors, ('Specially in certain types of high-voltage condensers, such as (hose used in tclevison sets. Titanium carbides were discussed in articles8 *a1p0pearing recently. Experiments were conducted on the preparation of metal-ceramic seals by use of brazing alloy and a flux of titanium hydride in an atmosphere of highly purified hydrogen.0 Efforts to form single crystals of rutile were described1" in recent literature. Synthetic rutile, for use as gem stones is an outgrowth of such investigations. STOCKS Inventories of ihnenite rose 83 percent in 194!) and were equivalent to 15 months' requirements at. the record rate of c.onsiimpl ion main tained in 1948; (hey were adequate, for 17 months at (he 1949 rate. 4 Spoor, Robt. J.t nnd Onr-mody, D. It., Organic Compounds of Titanium: Inti. Eng, <Minn.. vol. 4No. 2. F'bru:iry 1 fluft, pp. 251 - 233. 6 Npow.-or-KI roiiK, f. IT., nnd f'ntrick, fC'ibl. R, Tlhinhitn in hi Frinnit'ls: Ind. Eng. Chain., vol. 42. No. 2. February 1050. pp. 203-250. " Stuirfz, John C.. Ti/unium KmimrJ \o TilnnJum Xffp.l : Steel, vol. 12*1, No. 3, Jd ii. 17. 1 o-io. Pp. r>1-r,r nnl 90. 7 Ja(To. HiiiiM, Tilsumtc. Ceraiiiica for ICloeiromochnnlcnl Purposes : In<l. Mng. Chcm.. vol. -12. No. 2. February 1950, pp. 2<H-2C8. * itodmnnri. Jovn C., Cemented Titanium Carbide: Jour. Metals, vol. 1, No. 12, December 1919, pp. 5)87-993. Rose, Kenneth, Cemented Carbides: Materials & Methods, vol. 29, No. 2, February UNO. p p - 74-84. 17 Metal Progress, Brazing Metals to Nonmetnls: Vol. 57, No. 2, February 1950, pp. 201. 202 and 204. ` 10 Moore, Chits. II., Jr., Formation nnd Properties of Single Rutile Crystals of Synthetic Itulile : Min. Eng., vol. 1, No. 6,.June 1949, pp. 194-199. TITANIUM Rutile slocks rose IS percent in 1949 and would su the 14.19 rate of use lor 11 months. Stocks of titanium concentrates in the United States at end short tons J048 Jbnrnitc Uutlio llmenite (i mss wcit'lit Ksiiinn 1<`<1 TlO content (ivoss weight KxUm;i led TiOi content Gross w-cight E nm T co M j J112........... ...... Distributors 1.............. Consumers................... Total stocks.. :j. !IV 4. 4ii!l 522, 077 sun, fir,0 /, Mm 1,8(10 2fil), fi.r>9 25-1,108 i /, rm 4, 218 3, 493 1). 211 i, 309 3, 980 3, 255 8,040 10, 033 2. 478 683, 035 703,040 33 34 1 Includes iliiicnito nnd rutile content of mixed zfrconium-tilmiluiD concentra PRICES I he average E&MJ Metal and Mineral Markets qu on for ilmen.le containing 56-60 percent TiO,, f. o board, dropped from a range, of $18-$20, according tll year to $1C-$18 to ^l.i-IMi late in that month, and further to $14-$1 oi .November. There were no further changes in 1 wore given as nominal. Nominal quotations for r minimum 41-percent concentrate, after continuing pound for a number of years fell to 6-8 cents in yeiu- Ctn S 1,1 Muy 1!>49' aiKl ful'thel' t0 4-5 cents According (o (bo magazine Steel, quotations for fe unchanged throughout 1949, as follows: I'.'i-i-eilii,I,ill,,,. _I.mv.C,(Ti UO-ar, percent, Al 3.r, ti 4,, i MI;'XI'1..... 'VI' percei i1 maxiiiuim). Contract, M.40 por IIUIIII of coni,'line,I Ti; less ton $1.45. ( Ti 48-43 p less* ton"i 4f I'l'i-uent mnxnimm O 0.10 percent maximu mid 5! f' '' N,"~ilrn l'nlh< y- freight allowocl Fe,-rnt.lt.,,Im,i. Hmh-CnrOnn : (TI 15-18 percent, (J 0-8 r- h- Nimmrn Kails, N. Y., freight allowed of Mississippi Jtiver ami north of Baltimore and St Louis I'erroimanimn, Medium-Carbon: (Ti 17-21 percent, C 3- illowcr1' b- N",Bnrn Pn"R- N- Y - ot TiUn^in motabr 9Q-98 percent, was quoted at $5mid-September 1918 tilVouch September 1949, aft quoted for (lie remainder of the year at $5. / Manufactured titanium dioxide" (anatase), chalk nnd (rutile) nonchalking, in bags, cartels,.delivered (hi, J anil, and Drug Reporter throughout lie year a 21/2 cents a pound, respectively. BeginniMOctob W" 1278 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1949 Primary slab zinc produced in the United States, by States where smelted, 1940-44 (average) and 1944-49, in short tons Year Ar kan sas Idaho Illinois Mon tana Okla homa Penn syl vania Texas and West Vir ginia 1 To IbI Short tons Value 1940-44 (average).. 1944............................. 1945............................. 1048............................. 1947............................ 1948.......................... 1049............................. 37,649 31,360 29,391 18, 720 17,158 15, 686 17,310 38,874 36,562 33,110 34,832 41,801 42,064 41,854 165, 247 165,302 124,904 104,002 113.192 93,229 86,823 166, 286 224,301 179, 251 180,662 197,453 207,717 216. 578 96,881 107,364 100,116 104,126 128,398 137,844 167,660 210,716 206,316 200, 700 178,811 193, 524 171,276 166,020 104,504 107,058 91,081 101,110 110, 909 120,048 137,841 840,156 $135,034,000 860,302 140, 520,000 704, 501 131,504,493 728, 262 129,630,636 802, 495 171,894,429 787, 704 209, 860,33(1 614,782 202,391,8{9 i Includes Missouri, 1943-44 and 1947-49. j SECONDARY ZINC ., In addition to the redistilled secondary slab zinc (unallojmd) already reported herein, some remelted slab zinc is produced, and a large quantity of secondary zinc is recovered each year in the form of alloys, zinc dust, zinc pigments, and zinc salts. Additional information on secondary zinc is given.in the Secondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this volume. BYPRODUCT SULFURIC ACID Sulfuric acid made from the sulfur dioxide gases produced in roasting zinc blende (sphalerite) is an important byproduct of zinc smelting; To utilize a larger proportion of their acid-producing capacity, some plants also consume large quantities of native sulfur. The production of sulfuric acid at zinc-blende roasting plants decreased 20 percent in 1949. x Sulfuric acid (basis, 100 percent) made at zinc-blende roasting plants in the United States, 1945-49 Year Made from zinc blende 1 Made from native sulfur Short tons Valuo * Short ions Value * Short Ions Total ` M'f Total Average per ton 1946............. 1940............. 1947............. 1948..%____ 1949............. 010,038 544,520 698, 703 629, 478 476,932 $7,044,478 0.842,541 8,001,205 7, 478, 271 7,276,481 235, 594 Hid, 880 200, 104 233,099 130, 692 *3,003,003 2,021,090 3, 560,281 3, 202,201 1,992,423 K4G, 532 705,415 801, 807 762, 577 007,524 $11,008, OKI 8. 864, 237 11,557, 480 i0,770,532 9.268,904 $10.10 9.76 10.3 10.97' 'Mf: Includes acid from foreign blende, i At average of sales of 60* B. acid ZINC DUST IT 4i. 4 ip Zinc-dust production in 1949 dropped to the lowest level since 194$; Zinc powder and blue powder are hot included in the Bureau of Mines production totals; the zinc dust statistically reported is restricted ty commercial grades that comply with severe specifications as to per* centage of unoxidized metal, evenness of grading, and fineness of ZINC particles. The zinc content of the dust produced.in 94.97 to 99.70 percent and averaged 99.5 percent. S dust, which totaled 22,715 tons--2 percent of which countries--were slightly lower than production. Th sumed at manufacturers' plants (3 percent of output) the difference between production and shipments, wi producers' stocks decreased from 1,206 tons at the .tons at the close of the year. The average price of zinc dust shipped to dome 1949 was 13.56 cents a pound compared with 15.5 The raw materials used to manufacture zinc dust are Secondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this volum production is from zinc scrap (principally galvanizers' is recovered from zinc ore, slab zinc, and as a bj refining. M Zinc dust 1 produced in the United States, 1940-44 (avera Year Short tons Value Total Average per pound Year Sho tons 11994404--4.4..(.a.v.e..ra..g.e.).... 1946.......................... . I946_........................ . 24,093 26,611 25,877 28,674 $4,698. 765 6, 408, 244 6,227, 164 6,057,688 $0.098 . 102 .101 .106 1947. 1948. 1949. 30,60 32,21 22,77 * AH produced by distillation. ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS The principal zinc pigments are zinc oxide and lit principal salts are the chloride and sulfate. These pr factured from various zinc-bearing materials, inclu scrap, and residues. Details of the production of'z salts are given in the Lead and Zinc Pigments and Z of-this volume. ' ? ' CONSUMPTION AND USES . ' j According to reports from 610 plants, 711,841 t were put in process in 1949, a 13-percent drop from Receipts at consumers' plants in 1949 wero 696,732 parison of tho calculated figure of slab zinc availab ^nd the actual measured consumption since-1943 indi '*ge of the plant survey was approximately 96;perce ,ii Galvanizing continued to be the largest field of: z .although the quantity consumed was less than the i ! sumption in 1948 owing to the labor strike which1 occ steel industry during the latter part of 1949. Zinc-ba (lie castings, continued to be the second-largest'use ,88 in galvanizing, the quantity consumed in 1949 fell. ..the record high established in 1948. Consumption o manufacture of brass products dropped sharply,com a result of the abnormally large return ofibrass sc ?hich reduced requirements for primary metals, ^to percent less slab zinc in 1949 than.in.l94^*''U .;u