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992 CHAPTER 38 1958 Guide it will be much of the time, there will not be sufficient difference in pressure between the coil and the return line to obtain any lifting of the condensate. THE CONTROL OF WATER FLOW The capacity of a proportional valve for water service is not influenced by the supply water pressure but only by the pressure differential. This is so because water is incompressible and because the inlet pressure is not an important factor in the thermal capacity of a water system. If a certain water circuit has a total resistance of 30 psi at maximum flow, of which 1 psi is through the valve, the resistance of the rest of the circuit is 29 psi. When the valve is closed and there is no flow, the entire 30 psi resistance is across the valve. Thus the pressure drop across the valve in creased by a ratio of 30:1 as the valve closed. -This increase in pressure drop as the valve opening is decreased offsets partially the effect of closing the valve. It is obviously impracticable to design a water system such that there will be no increase in pressure drop across the valve as it closes. However, it is important to design the system, including the valve, in such a manner that the ratio of this increase in pressure drop as the valve closes is kept as low as possible. Thus, if the design pressure-drop across the valve is 5 psi instead of 1 psi, the ratio of increase is only 6:1 instead of 30:1 and the performance of the valve will be improved accordingly. This discussion assumes a circuit in which the entire flow is controlled by a single valve. The same reasoning will apply to the more complicated systems in volving a multiplicity of parallel circuits, each having a valve. In general it can be said that the pressure drop across a water valve at full flow should be a reasonable percentage of the resistance of the circuit in which the valve controls the flow. Due consideration should be given to any re sultant increase in pumping head and operating costs. -Consideration must also be given to the fact that-the-Btu release from the hot water coil does not vary in direct proportion to changes in flqw, i.e., as flow is reduced the water temperature drop through the coil in creases so that there is very little change in the total heat given off. Con versely, this is true for cold water coils. Considerable improvement in control valve operation is obtained where systems are designed for greater temperature drop and valves are selected at minimum practical size. Special designs of throttling plugs in valves may further improve control. Water circuits involving variable flow are subject to variable pressures in accordance with the pressure vs flow characteristic of the pump. On such circuits it is desirable to provide pressure control by means of a bypass connection around the pump. This bypass connection either has a springloaded relief valve, subject to the system pressure difference, or an auto matic control valve operated by a differential pressure controller. The total resistance through the bypass connection at full flow should be equal to the total system resistance. BIBLIOGRAPHY Automatic Control Terminology (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1954). An Introduction to the Theory of Control in Mechanical Engineering, by R- H- Macmillan (Cambridge University Press, 1951). Instrument and Control Manual for Operating Engineers, by Eugene W. F. Feller (McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1947). Automatic Control of Heating and Air Conditioning, by John E. Haines (McGraw- Hill Book Co., First Edition, 1953). Save Fuel for Victory (University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station Cir cular Series No. 47, p. 31). w Air Temperature Gradients in a Panel Heated Room, by J. M. Ayres and B. Levy (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 54, 1948, P. 131). CHAPTER 39 MOTORS AND MOTOR CONTROLS Fundamentals of Motor Selection; Alternating Current Motors, Types and Control Equipment; Motor Rating; Functions of Motor Control Equipment; Glossary of Motor Terms, Enclosures, Speed Classification and Mounting THE electric motor, available in many different types suitable for vari ous services, is now the most widely usedfoim of motive power. The equipment for starting, controlling and protecting these motors varies with the type and with the functions it is desired to attain. Motors are divided into two general classifications, alternating-current or direct-eurrent, depending on the power source to be used. FUNDAMENTALS OF MOTOR SELECTION The following characteristics of the power supply should be determined: (1) whether current is alternating or direct, (2) voltage, (3) alternating current phase, (4) alternating current frequency, (5) voltage regulation, (6) continuity of power. 1. A-C vs. D-C Systems. For most applications, a-c supply is satisfactory since suitable performance can usually be obtained with a-c motors and control. Where special characteristics, such as an extra wide speed range and severe accelerating or reversing duty are involved, conversion by means of motor generator sets, by rec tifiers, or in special cases by converters, may be justified. 2. Voltage. Standard conditions of voltage and frequency are the values listed onthename plate of the motor. Reasonable horsepower design limits are given in * PTM 1 Power lines are often given voltage ratings known as nominal system voltages which are numerically slightly different from the standardized motor voltages: 3. Phases. Three-phase power supply is most desirable, but only single phase is ottered for most residential and rural districts. 1. Frequency. Sixty-cycle systems predominate in the United States. - In foreign differ"t8' 50-cycle systems are common and nominal system voltages are frequently 5. Voltage Regulation. The voltage regulation of the power supply should be Kn01'TM i' order to select motors which will deliver sufficient torque even with the probable drop in voltage, to start and carry the load. All induction motor torques ana synchronous-motor starting and pull-in torques vary as the square of the voltage. 6. Continuity of Power. Dips in voltage from switching or other line disturbances may necessitate time-delay undervoltage protection, and, in case of synchronous- otors, high torque designs and resynchronizing control. Sustained low voltage may necessitate higher torque motors. following characteristics of the driven machine should be determined: U) mechanical arrangement including position of motor and shaft, portaDuity desired, drive connection, and space limitations; (2) speed range dened; (3) horsepower requirement; (4) torque; (5) inertia; and (6) frequency oi starting. mines^ W<kl,C Arrangement. Arrangement of the driven machine usually detergeneralt *1 2 -3ia* *5*o6nzonial or vertical motor is needed. Horizontal motors are more will one fv?l aple and less expensive; most grease-lubricated ball-bearing motors perate m either position. Fractional-horsepower waste-packed sleeve-bearing 993