Document RaX0G4eO3ydJOVdkQ8vZ7yewE

FILE NAME: Avondale (AVD) DATE: 197: DOC#: AVD DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: DZD^^ZZZDWZZ ZZW . , ' SHIPBUILDERS COUNCIL OF AMERICA WAT!:FlGATE SIX 1-lUNDFlED l WASl-llNGTON, . c. 2003? July 20, 1971 To: ACCIDENT PREVENTION C :)MMITTEE Subject: Mount Sin~i School of Medicine Proposed 11Recommended Practices Manual of Asbestos Handling in Shipbuilding and Repair" A revised draft of the proposed "Recommended Practices Manuel of Asbestos Handling in Shipbuilding and Repair 11, prepared by Dr. Duncan A. Holaday, Department of Community Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine is attached. The new draft includes recommendations submitted earlier by Council members through the ad hoc committee on which Mr. Harry Howard of Bethlehem Steel Corporatio:p serves as the Council's representative. As may be noted from Dr. Holaday's.::icovering letter, a further review of the proposed manual is desired, It is requested that such. comments as mem- bers of the committee may have on the revised draft be forwarded to Mr. Howard, Bethlehem Steel Corpora- tion, 701 East 3rd Street, Bethlehem, Pa. 18016 with copy to the Council by August 6. ~-Jt/. I L~: )Zlzt ,u,,,J Mereness Assistant to the President PLAINTIFF'S E j ;., ...' ... EXHIBIT -o- i - t; - - - - - - ~ SBCA 5047 0 1\ii OUN T SI NA I SCHOO L OF M E D l CI NE of Tiu City U~ivtrsity of New York FIFTH AVl:NUf: ,\~D 100TH STREl!T NEW YORK, N.Y. 100'.l!I Dtpartmtul <>i Comnw,uly 7,ltdidur ,'l OFFICE "' r->1,- ,..:.. T'- ..,f, .",.;:; ' To: M8mbers of Shipyard Manual Co!T'n1ittee From: Duncan A. Holaday and William B. Reitze ~ Enclosed is a revised rough draft of the proposed shipyard manual-0 ..\":,_ which incorporates suggestions and comments sent in by the commit- tee members.' We wish to exp-ress our thanks for your revievv of the original material and the suggestions which you made. Personally, . I consider this draft to be a considerable improv~ment over the - origincJl ver.sion. - Copies of the figures are not enclosed because our Xerox machine will not reproduce glossy photographs. However, the list of cap- tions v-1iil give you at least some ciues concerning the figures. If you have additional material, such as photographs, sketches or sug- gestions for figures which would improve t~is document, please let us have it. You will note t~ut the se~tion on ventilation is still blank. We have read the material in the pamphlet supplied by Bcthlehe111 but would appreciate any additional thoughts on how to use mechanical ventilation to control dust aboard ship. We would appreciate it if you could review this document and let us have your comments by August 15. As you probably know, an internationLJl symposium on safety and health in shipbuilding is beingheld in Hcls,inki August 30-Scptcmber 1, 1971. We .will be listening avidly for any helpful thoughts that arc presented at the conference and it would be helpful if we had your opinions of the manual to ~-~;, compare with what others present. , JJ,u, ,:,l' cZ- ~( 0.0.H: 1 kh Eric l . DRAFT 5/26/7 l I In t ro duct ion Much of the equipment installed in ships requires thonn.Jl insulJtion. Bcc.Jusc of its dcsiroblc and, in some cases~ indispensable, properties, asbestos is widely used as a component of insulating materials. Applying, removing or handling insulation can produce airborne dust which contaminates the workroom air. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious injury to those exposed. Many .studies have found ~hat cases o~ asbestosis, lung cancer and pleural and peritoneal mesothel ioma have occurred following exposure to airborne asbestos fibers .. Cases of asbestos diseases have been reported in men L who are not usually cor,_"sidered to be asbestos v,orkers. Pipefitters,_ steamfitters and welders and shot blasters, for examp1ei may re.'i1ove insulation in the course of their.v1ork. Members of these andother trades frequently work in the areas where insulation is be i 119 appl i ed or removed and thus a re potentially exposed to airborne asbestos dust. Dusts other than asbestos, such as some forms of diatomaceous earth, may also be important. Howeveri less is known of the hDzard which might be created by such exposures as occur in shipyard work. The general goal in all insulation work should be to maintain a clean environment. 2 . Although areas of responsibilities will differ from ycJrd to yard, one resp.onsible person. , 'perhaps the industrial hygienist or the safety officer, should meet with the job super.intenden. t cJnd the job forcmcJn. to survey the job before any work is started. The object of this survey would be to determine what dust problems might be created and the areas where they will be. This committee should then recommend procedures to -reduce dust exposures during the completion of the job. The committee report should be made available to the cost estimators as well as those concerned for the day-to-day work schedule. Controls will increase costs and contractors should be aware of the procedures which they will be required to follow. Oper;-ition:. which ~J.t~1wr,:1tc li'!rno nniounts of dust include: I. Hip-1H!l ul' u.ld i11,ul.1I iu11 2. Mix i nr, u ~ I.H~!i to~ 1110 r t~1 r 3. Cutting i nsu 1at ion n,a teri a 1 e i the r on s i te or in. fabrication shops. 4. Blocking or hamme~ing on block or pipe covering to seat mcJ te ri a 1 5. Warehousing -:-1nd storage of material 6. Clean-up and waste handling. Particular efforts should be made to control dust dis~ persion during these operations both to reduce peak exposures an~ to prevent general contamination of the atmosphere of the work area. ' , . 3 The following.sections of this manual discussin detail procedures which have been found useful in reducing atmospheric contamination by insulation dusts. These procedures h~ve been assembled from research of our Laboratory . and from several other sources, with major contributions made by the programs developed at the Puget Sound and tong Beach Naval Shipyards. II. Control of Asbestos-Containing Dusts by Use of Substitute Mater i a 1s Substitution of materials containing reduced proportions of asbestos or no asbestos at al 1, is becoming more common in ship construction. Before a material is substituted for asbestos, ~ertain points must be carefully consider-ed. From a ~ealth point of view, one must guard against that which has happened in other envi ronmcntal situations -- where in the desire to minimize useof ~ substance with some knov,m hc:iz.Jrd, :1n lllll"(~;l.ccl :.11b.1::1111;, h.i', ht'l'II ';t1l,:ai llll.t~d which 1.-111,r l.l1r11': A second considcr.;1tion must be: will 'the new mater'ial .meet engineering specifications and will it perform adequately under conditions of use. Materials containing reduced amounts of asbestos have been used in the following applications: 4 A. Fiber 91.Jss for blanket and pad filling Amosite blan~et covered with asbestos cloth i.G ~ stonciJ_rd mat''-rial for maldng valve Qnd flunge pads. Substitution of the proper grade.of fiber glass as a pad fil-ler not only reduces asbestos dust during fabrication and installation but als.o tends to lessen the problems during subsequent 11 rip-out 11 Asbestos / cloth ~hich has -been treated with a dust suppressant is available and its use should also be encouraged. B. PJJ>,1 '..n. '.~ ~1:J.1_IJJ....1 l.' 1,,rLh.J_n/J.....~U.! I,_ _r_t '.cit ~,_1_:}l.. .\~i}!(.-:~_l (l \ -- --- (..I..ll! I . ('II I_ Over tile years the manuf.Jcturers of calcium silicate materials have been steadily reducing the percentage of asbestos fiber in their material. Serious consideration should be given to those products containing lower amounts of asbestos fiber. Several British firms have introduced asbestos-free calcium silicate block and pipe covering. To date, however., this material has not been ~~equately evaluated in the United StDtes to determine how it wil I perform in use. 111. Reduction of Dust by Chc:inqes in Wor.k Methods In m~ny operations, chang~s In work pr~ctices will re- duce dust dispersion very signj ficantly. All of the pro- ' : 5 ..,. .... cedures discussed in this section have been utilized'and found to be effectJve. A. Mixing Asbestos Mortar This operation h~s usually be~n done at the job site. While the time spent in mixing is quite short, considerable dust is produced. A tested method of control is to mix the mortar dock' side and package the mixed mortar in several containers for transporta- tion to the job site. Mortar is availc:ible packaged in . ' nr 5t~V<~r,ll ~:ll.t~:-; pl,1~;tic bi1!f:i \,Jhic:h li:1Vt~ u ~f>C>l.11" Lhruu~Jli 'v'-Jliil'.11 ~/dl.l:r i:; i11Lruduct;d. ~~11rrieit11l. W,lltr _i::, aclclccl to uioi:::;ten llic niurtar; LJl'ter prcmixinu, th~ bag is opened and the remaining water added. The carton in which the bag is packag~d serves as a mixing box and waste c.ontainer. Either of these methods minimizes dust dispersion at the job site. One commercially available package is illustrated in Figure 1. B. Pre-cutt[ng pipe covering and block in the fabrication shop. Hand-cutting of pipe covering and block should be kept to an absqlute minimum. Bend sections, p.ipe cover lengths and blocks should be cut in the fabrication shop on exhaust-vcnti l~tcd equipment. The procejure used at the Puget Sound'Naval Shipyard is shown in 6 Figure 2. Cu-:: sections are dipped in water and then packed in plastic b.:i.us which arc labeled to identify the location where they are to be used. This proc~durc insures th.:i.t the cut sections arc still_ dmnp and relatively dust-free whe~ they arc applied. The plastic bags are aiso available at the job.sites for use in collecting wastes. C. Pre-scoring blocks Insulation blocks should not be scored at the job site. Blocks which have been pre-scored by.the manufacturer can be purcha~ed, or standard blocks can be scored in the fubrication shop using an cxh,:1ustvcnti l.:itcd ~F11l~J s~w. Su111L: pipe ..1~5c111bl ics or~ qui tc inLri~L1te .,nd arc troublesome to lag while in place. A satisfactory method of doing these job!. particularly during ship repair, which is employed by the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, is to remove the assembly in conveniently sized sections and transport them to the shop. Here the old insulation is removed, any necessary repair of the p i p es p e r f o rm c cJ a rid the a s s em b l e d s e c t i on r c - l a g~ e d . Not only Is dust dispe!sion reduced, but it is much more convenient to re-lag the section in the shop than 7 when it is in place shipboard. Any insulation ~1ich i's damaged during transport and fitting is repaired after the sections are in place. E. Hand-cutting at job sites Some h~nd-cutting at job sites is un.nvoid.:iblc. However, dispersion of dusts by these ope!a~ions can be minimized. Figure -3 i 1lustrates a portable dOlvn-draft table which is used by the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. This t~blc has folding legs so it c~n be c~rricd down con~panionwciys and set up conyeniently to. the work. A small industrial vacuum cleaner is the source of .ex- haust. Scrap is dropped into a plastic bag and a drop- cloth is placed on the deck under the equipmint. These pro~edures restrict hand-cutting work to relatively small areasj 11 reduce dust dispersion and facil.itate . ,/ ' . clean-up. F. Fabrication of Pads and Blankets Pads for valves and machinery.should be fabricated in the shop whenever this is possible. Amosite has been largely replaced by fibrous glass filling with covers of asbestos cloth which has been treated with dust suppressc:ints. Figure 1+ i l 1ustrates ~n effective means for suppressing dust dispersion. The fibrous ~Jl.1ss bL1nkc!t is unrollv<I, d.'.11llp(~fH.!d c111el re-rollc!d. This 8 procedure insures that all the blanket will be dampened. The blanket and a~bestos cloth shapes are cut in the lateral draft booth. Figure 5 i 11.ustrates another .s,.Ys.t~~ for dampening pad material bef.ore cut~ing. As there is no lateral draft booth in this shop,.all the operators wear respirators. G. Housckccring and ClGcin-up Essential parts of a dust controlprogram are housekeeping and clean-up procedures. M~ticulous attention must be given to measures for restri~ting spread of dust and larger wastes. Figure 6 a5ain shows use of~ dropcloth under a work area and vividly illustrates how much waste would.be distributed over the general area or to lower decks if one were not used. Figure 7 shows use of an industrial vacuum cleaner to collect dust and smal 1 scrap. Areas should be cleaned up at the lunch break and the. end of each shift. In . .--ill p1>~;ild1! i1):.l.:11\C<'':, 1,-1url-:111,'tl !:l,,,,ild c.:L;,n 11p tluiic,i,.111 ~1n:.i,. \-Jl11in: wc,rk nil,~:, 11nJl1il1il. ll1_i:,, llH'. t;lt.i11-11p_ Cr<:\'J !.,huuld !J1,.; u11dur tlw dirLH:t:io11 illld ~,upcrvi~;il>ll or the insulation forcrn.::in to insure that proper attention is given to this important subject. 9 - IV. Reduction of Dusts by Use of Local Exhaust Ventrlation A, Ventilation of large pmJer tools Band Sci\tJS Extensive use of band saws both in dockside l fabrication shops and1 on larger ships such as aircr9 ft carriers, in the vessel itself, make emissions from band ) saws a major source of asbestos dust. Figure 8 shov1s the dust cloud which is produced by use of an un-control- led band saw. Control devices for such saws have been "known for year$ and are relatively simple. Conventional low velocity, high volume systems using a negative pressure bag house for air cleaning are usually_more practica1 in a fixed installation fabrication shop. Figure 9 shows use of a simple device which is very effec.tive in collecting . dust produced during cutting ' of large diameter pipes. Because some degree of portability is desir- able in a temporary shipboard fabricatio,.n, area, a high velocity, low volume dust collection~ is desirab.le for such use. ln Figure 10, a band s~w equipped with - - - - - - ,..:.!L....-- this :1.~~s__:~!1..,. (!he tab Ie top has bee_~ removed to show the o i ck-uo hood and duct. The air mover. is I I an industrial vacuum cleaner which pulls about 50 cubic feet of air per minute past the saw blade at a velocity of over 10,000 feet per minute. !his : y s ~ '-e!1.. l~ft,,,u 1I ' (J 10 efficient dust collection. Units such as this can also be designed to control dusts produced by table saws and gang saws . B. VentilLJtion of Hand Power. Tools High velocity> low volume collection systems cont ro I dust em-i ss ions from most smc? l l power too 1s adequately. Saber saws for cutting pipe covering and rotary sav,s for catting asbestos cement board are we.11 ~ontro11ed with these systems. Figure 11 shows a saber saw equipped with this system in use. It is apparent that. 1i ttl e dust is escaping. V. Reduction of Dust by Dilution Ventilation 1 l VI. Control of Number of \'/orkmen Exposed A Schedul ir.q of. 1n5ulation War.< Standard industrial hygiene practices call for isolating operations which contaminate the atmosphere with toxic materials. Areas where insulation work is being done under conditions in which dust might be created should be isolated by plastic curtains or other means. Whe0ever possible, ~ork should be scheduled to-minimize the numbers of other tradesmen in the area. Ship construction operations are more readily schedwled than- are ship repair or ship-breaking jobs. However, every effort should be made to keep the number of men exposed at a minimum. In particular, ripout of old insulation should always be isolated and if necessary performed on an off-shift. Trained workmen supplied with proper protective equipment should always be used for rip-out work and it should be schcdu 1cd for rapid comp 1ct ion. In ..1c.luitiu11 Lo clu:,/t suppression i.11HJ dust cun- trol procedures, personal protectiv~ equi?nent is often necessary to reduce exposure and l~rnit the spread of contamination. The equipment described bcl'ow is used in control p rog rc)n,s. ., i I ... . ~ 12 A. Protective Clothing Protective clothing is required to ke~p con- tamination confined to the work areas. One nethod is to issue disposable coveralls which can be removed when . . leaving the work area or some time prior to ente.ring the locker foam and placed in.plastic bags for di~posal. A satisfactory type of protective clothing consists' of resin impregnated paper covcr~lls. These are inexpen- sive, rc.:idily disposuble, prevent sprcuding cont.:imin,:1- tion to laundries and eliminate pi l fcrage. They are .worn for one s_hift, then removed and placed in p.lastic bags for disposal with other asbestos-containing wastes. These coveralls provide sufficient protection for a11 but extreme conditions. B. Respiratory protective equipment Even )f dust suppression and dust control pro- cedures are used, some operations generate so much dust that it is impractical to maintain satisfactory atmos- pheric _concentrations of asbestos fibers and respiratory protection must be provided to the workers. A variety of respiratory protective equipment is available from which devices suitable for various situations can be se- lected. American National Standard Z88.3-l971, S.afety Guide for Respiratory Protection Against Asbestos-Con- taining Dusts should be referred to for detai1ed infor- .-.'..y\, mation. It is emphasized that unsatisfactory a:r:ounts or 13 respirable dust can be present in the air even though conditions Dre not visibly dusty. The fine p~rticlcs v.,ihich can be inhaled settle slowly .and wi11 remain in the air for some time after du-: st-disp.ersing vJork has ceased and the air is apparently clear. Extremely' dusty jobs, such as rip-out of old insulation where dust concentrations are very high, require use of air-supplied re~pirators which will deliver clean, dust-free.air to a facepiece or hood. Two general types are available; air-line and se1fpowered. a. Air-line respirators in which air 1s supplied to a hoot, helmet or facepiece give the greatest degree of protection. Air' is fed to the facepiece from a compressed air-line. The air source must be located in an uncontaminated area and if the source is not specifically designed for brc,:Jthing purposes., a tempcr.:itur_e scnsin~J Dl.:irni 111ust be instal lccl on the co111prcs- l,c l11:,lo1l l,d in Ll11 ,1i r~ I i1w. l\111.i-l'r1T -1 C1>111- po111\cb ~)l1uuld 110L l>~ u~;ed i11 LIIL' co11q>rL'.'.,:,or ~;y:.tcm; wzitcr v,:ipor must be rl!moved by cirying c.:ind oil mists be removed by a filter. Figure 12 14 shows a plastic, disposable hood developed by the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard tor situations where a very high degree of protection ls r9q11 i r\d. Tli is ltood i !; .:n,.i i l.1li I l! 1..:01111111:r\.. i.111 y. Thl! .1. i r- 1in~ :d1ou Id ln.~ 1'.i ~; LLtwd lo . Lile l1oud with ,i quick-disconnect fi1..tin9. b. ~--;-.r-~;=x."'-Cl f:i r-1 i ne resp i ra to rs connected to a compre5sed air supply impose limitations on movement, and this 1imitation can be troub1e:somi. Self-powered respirators.do not impose such limitations, but do add to the.equipment which the workman must carry and aiso require. careful maintenance. Batteries must be recharged daily, fi1ters replaced and other maintenance done routinely. Workmen usually prefer, ' these devices to arr-line respirators. . . 2. Particulate-filtering respirators There are several types of particulate-filtering respirators: Thosc"equipped with a half-maik f.:iccp(cce .:ire considered niost sui tcJblc for use by insuJators. Only those approved for protection c::i~ainst asbestos dust by the u.s: _Bureau of Mines should be used. These devices are -recommended for protection in those situ~tion~ where the ~tmospheric concentration of asbestos fibers is at r~iJtiv~ly low levels. 15 All the recommendBtions for respirator-fitting, training of workmen and maintenance, detailed in 299.3-1971 should be fo11owed. . a. Reusabie particu1ate-f11terino resoirators A variety of r.eusable particu1ate-fiitering respirators are available. To insure proper fitting, sever~l different mc:ikes should be available from which the workman can select one. No one model respirator facepiece will fit all faces. Routine maintenance is absolute) y 'necessc:i.ry to rep lace clogged f i 1ters and lec:iking inhalation or exhalation valves. Unmointc:iincd respirators produce a f~lse sense of security. b. Disposable particulate-filtering respirators Operation of an adequate respirator main- tenance pro9ram can be troublesonc and, if only ~ Few men are involved, imprc:ictical. Disposable respirators are ~vail~blc which are designed to be worn for no longer than one shift and then discarded. Inherently, thes_e devices are not as rugged as a reusable respirator and. no attempt should be made to use them longer than one :shift. _. ' .. ... 16 VIII. Educntion.:indTroining No dust control program can be effective unless workmen and supervisors understand the hazards associated ) with the jobs, the sources of tha .hazards and the reasons for following recommended procedures carefully. Understanding is only obtained by education of personnel and training in correct oper~tin9 procedures. For an education ~nd training program to be successful, both management and lzbor must be concerned and participate. As with all safety programs, it is essential that first-line supervisors be interested in and co?perate in tne work. The harmful effects of neglect of procedures for controlling asbestos dust are not apparent for m~ny years. . Therefore, it is more difficult to convince v,1orkmen of the necessity of following rules for working with inswlating materials than if physic.al hazards were involved. However, those shipyards which conduct education and training programs report good success. ducQtion in h~zards associated wi~h use of iniuloting . m.Jturit1ls and instn,ct:ion in correct work rr.:-ictices should b,~ i,11 l11d,d i11 .i1>pr,1il ic,. I 1.1i1ti111 prc1'.1r.i1w .. 1<,r llw t i11w l11i1111, l,,,vwv11, t r.d1ii11'1 "'"I t'd111 ,il. i< ll 111t1.l l,c d111w .ii I111 ,liipy.i1\l .. Tli is 111us t bi..! .:l cont: i 11u i nu p ru~ r.'..1111 ~nJ ~h0u Id inc 1udL! not on I y insulation workmen, but others \Jho may occusionally wor~ with insulation materials. tT Fi9urc Shipyard Manua 1 High tempeia tu re mo rtzi r packed in plastic bag. -Water is added to bag _through ~pout and mortar moistened befo re opening. The mo is tcned mo rt~ r is removed as rcqu ired and mixing comf.>letcd in shipping container. Al 1 w.::is-ces arc p1aced in container and sent to di~posal at end of shift. Photo courtesy Insulation Industry Hygiene Prog_ram. sh i pya rd Manua 1 Figure 2 Procedure used at Puget Sound Nava1 Shipyard . . for hcJndl_ing bend s-oc-:ions. Sections cJrc cut in fub r i c.J ti on sl1op, di pp<.!d in w.:.1 ter and pluced in plustic bag. The bag is then labelled with the j~b-site description. ', . Shipyard Manua 1 Fiqurc 3 / Portable down-draft table developed by Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for use shipboard. Light weight industrial vacuum cleaner used as ai~ mover. Note plastic bag for scrap and drop~loth on deck. ,I ...... ... ,- ...... I'. - '\. - .,,...-., Shipyard Manu'11 Figure 4 Dampening fib roils g 1ass b 1anke.t fi 11 er before cutting. Note lateral ~raft hood in which fabrication is done. This procedur.~ is useo at'Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. .', Shipyard Manu.:il Figure 5 Fabrication of pads at Long B~~ch Nival Shipy.:ird. Fibrous glass filler is d'-1ni~cncd . before cutting. As no 1ater~l draft hood. is availab1e, all operators wear respirators. .. Fi gu re 7 r Use of small industria1 vacuum cleaner for clean-up. Photo courtesy of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. ( Shipyard r<anual Figure 8 Dust produced by use of an unventilated band s.-:1v1. Without t:hc b.:ick lighting used here, much of the dust would not be visible. i ' Photo courtesy lnsulatiori Industry Hygiene Research Progr~m. ' Shi py,:; rd Manua 1 t) Dust collection systGm for cutting large di~meter pipe sections. Air is exhausted from the end of the pipe furthGst fiom the cut. Photo courtesy Insulation Industry Hygiene Research Program. , . Shipyard Manua 1 Figure 13 Ai~-supp1ied plastic hood developed by Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Coveralls ore pu11cd over inner bib which holds the hood in place tightly. This, or similar equipment, is required for such operations as rip-out of old insulation.