Document RaRXd9w7poqrEZXZJzELoz1XB

ISCF-ALLF-01045 SC-ALL-03905 NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS PsbHsfctd Monthly by tfao National Safety Cornell FEBRUARY, 1948 VoL 57. No. 2 ARTICLES THE COVE*: T, nmM employs** Hit (W Im Hi Um^v, (n. Hu Whew,mi ..d light Ciifiiy, UidiM, Wh. rteged AH **. TW victim ef the *KtWnf* m Mig MiigMtt KsOy. neptMt. iw tW mnpiif'i Sale Olp.itniwt. Potion with TJim* Dungnuom C. L R. Dougherty....... . .. 18 Fume nd Dust bpomu V. J. Cartrop ... .... 20 The Man for the Job--Morris S. VHdet. .. 22 Modem It the Word lor If.................. .. . 24 Fatigue State*'-Sidney A. Portia, MJ. . . . . ..26 The Diary of a Safety Engineer; "The Sandbag" Ml Andrew* '.. 29 Fire RghHng Raeolation . -Paul W. Kearney......... . JO The Industrial Safety Panel: "Piritet for Safe Worker*".. ... 34 .The Obnunating Addreu--lany Dam and 63 Mkfgeiy. . .. 36 Safety** Place in Cerarnic Plant Enginaaring - John L Conuther*. 37 . Inside That Cod of Rope--Capt. Aylmer R. Hatch......... .. 38 Protection for FieaJom Train Documents-. P. W. feethordl ...... 44 Handing and Storage of Sulfur-- (nduiliiat Data Sheet D-PP S . 40 Editorial .. TW Safety VeWe TW Smells* fleet. C.M Md Cw*____ Acted and Am--red tedeririol H--tfb... . TW Accident tsrametsi DEPARTMPrrS IT Camhg E--t . . a0 31 timuh ______ . __ IS 37 The SoMy UWery. . .. 41 . 1) TW Hmw US.............................. .73 . H Teak fa* Veer Safety tnyM _. t7 . S4 Safely Pastms __________ _ ft . . 0 New Pedoatt .......................... HO Gnus Fba, da*r Noiru Boca, XwmX fdrier C H. Mow. idMtddg l/mftr lUirt Mom, An Director ' Box Asmxwv tS.arid Dirmer SMiiamit, eod oUw advanced So ligmi arffrtu are tW pretrial upmtins a! tbeb omberx ac* r--ferity it-- ef the NSd--l Safety GeoaclL Gyjilda IMP by Naiwl Sdey Caoarfl, ha >l11*1^ fa U. S. A. Eutnd as aamad duiB0e Jo* 1. MU. at tbe FUat OSes at Chicago, IBank, asder tba Ad af March 3,1479. Sahactytho nta: Ta aeeben, 8440 per jmt, dttb copies, 4S aorta; ta win tumtirry lUf per yeas, dart* copies 67 too Qeaa(by prices far yearly aohalpte add dart* moo -- ugaut. Member Aadh Berne ef OrdhiA Indexed la lad--trial Arts Index 71480 capiat ef Ah ttma --re p'aAd fa This Issue ... Many a patter idea can be Mown up k. a fife-cnc, animated display -- one that people simply can't IpMir. Here are Mar esccUcot example* that arc Nicadist beeaaae tin dmrni el ibe idea hasn't ab sented tbe safely message. (Page 187. * Fame and dust rtyswuts are problm u many iadastrie*. This article dictam soot f tbe mete ewomoo expenses with an appraisal ef tbe bacards. (Pape 30). Placemen) tests, like all proerdore* mrahh( the human dtanL are m iafal* table bet thy de present many MtopalWd misfits, seme ef whom wnold be sajee* hazards in (cnsJt jobs. Here is a tosa&ary ef recent development* in this field by a weiLkoewu antberity. (Pace 22>. Fatigue may welt frrm one nr more ef a east uakr ef caooes eencoruag betfi the iodirldsa) and bis eneireameat. Herr an some new ancle* to (be subject pro tested from tbe medics) point ef view. (Pace 25). Mere peubtcao confront tbe bero ef emr safety engineer's diary as an unsympathetic bom reminds him that tbe deadline In hewing result, is getting eleter. (Pape >. Impreiised firc-fipMeg rpupant, sappi*"----g standard apparatus, pit a |nd account ef Itself in the feres! fires in Maine last October. The idea m applicable < many locations. (Page 30). Rewarding tapispes for safe work is socactitnes caasdoed in the same dam as paying a youngster to be good. Bat in both eases tocatiws can be tned to advantage, and recogahle* means mote than tbe cash ubc of tbe toward. The Industrial Safety Panel discusses this eld and (uWixeiatl Mbyte). (Page 34'. National Safety Council 20 /forth Miocker Drift Chicago 6, tttiooh Mew Tad Ogo-fOO Chyafor fttfg. Mew T4 77. Wader* OSes . tff Setter Ibitf, See liweiui WILLIAM A. IKVIN, CbaiftMa. 8eard af Trvrteet CUO f. CltAIG, Cbefcmaa. lewd ef tt- NB7 H. OCAftftOftN, Amide** GUT U NOMA, Vies pmldrnt for Fern* a GtBSEKS, VieepteMdeet fw Reance eed Tietimer OK. 0. L AftMSTftONG. Vice ptmidoef let GGOftGE A. JACOIY, Vke^mldent (or KENNETH ft. COiMAK Viaa prmldoM let Ucal Safety Orgeahaftaa* L W. KEMPTON. VTlw pmldowt fat Mem. betiMp W. SAftL HAU. Via, presides! for Wh Oft- K8ar T. KfiAUT. Vice ptaddsat for Sdmsh aed rs^sin LESLIE X S0804SON, Vki pisddeet far Trefcr aed TrempettafleM MtS. L K. NTCHOLSON. VNe-ptesMssi fee Womm'i AriMKn *" S-tl laid* serf safiM* visas vspsv HsUls* Hm Scs md vstvr mim prv*- m r* mmi. Cdtefi mmd bm --Isfsfssrf b fM hrisps el m# te net tear. loct tteri wditmthm / iiWviif sperstiwM. Rccojnftfeo and Coetrct of Fume and Dust Exposure By V. J. CASTBOP espoxsxbqjtt foremploy heahh and to the admuustrmtive work of kb R b drfagstrd by managmioit to department. Ae a reach, be has in(be nodical dimior, while (be ufdaj nffiooit time for plant surreys, Thb directed b charged wuh'acridmt is particularly tree to plants where rention activities. Fur (be smooA the doctor b employed on a part-time {mownmg of ether department, It b lath necessary tbel these bdhidolt work A safety engineer who b capable in harmony. . of recognizing conditions which may The iifdjr engineer tpedt much of hb time in the plant and areally b atO informed about working coadiboo*. The doctor. a the other hand, not spend Dost of hb time tending to the medical need* of the employee be detrimental to health b an excel* lest team male for the doctor in a health maintenance program. The safety engineer need not be capable of actually sampling air in the envi* iunmetit or designing a ventilation syrian for da control o! tone ma* V. i. Cursor is Aswnsvt Had, lades- tsirk He should, however, hare Gris! fljgto* Ootitam, Huwd US wmin PiiiaiB, Coen) Veras Carp* Danh, Midi. This snide bn ben car doaad (mu * peps puawd ct the Iwaain and Mertifaa Step Sate, JSA Kufaoal Safcey C^nm. knowledge of the materiab which hare here proved harmful, and should hare some understanding of UA- The aafriy engioeo, as weO aa Ae doctor, should, be informed as te wboc he can obtain the *--po> sound to do the *wpl?*ig de tailed study of the fnrtnmwte sad agineering personnel to render as-, airianee is the control of exposure' Such assistance may be obtained bos Ae industrial hygiene .divisions of either the beelA or labor departments of many states. Some dty govern- mens likewise have industrial hy giene bureaus. . , - In addition to tlyr governmental, agencies, many huoraace carriers hare on their staffs men who are capable of sampling and rendering engineering ambtance. Private coo* sultants are abo available, or you ' may find Aat an industrial hygienist is cmployed by your own uigauli> Uoa. . Thb dbetaaioa wQl be limited to fc*MC principles of industrial hygiene as they relate to fume and dust ex posures, to iadicale what oootrol awsrores are available or used to protect the employee's beahh, end to call attention to operations and mstrriab which are commonly sd in industry, at Ae same lime indicating generally accepted opinion as to their effect on health. Many conditions are improved for (vasoos other than their effect upon health. Better products, better em ployee relationship, reduction In maiolmance of equipment may be cited es justification for manage* meet's derisions for each correction. DvftaHien Laymen frequently designate as "fame** any vapor, fog. gas, etc^ they may encounter. In industry, the plattog mist over a chrome tank. Ae re* per or gases, at a metaMeaning operation or the exhaust gases from a truck are frequently rcfcuvd to us "fumes.** To the industrial hygienist the term has a more definite mean* ing. For Ab discussion, fume may be considered to he particulate matter formed by the condensation of a va por. A noha hsA of (cod a! a high temperature causes the metal to rolatilbe and form a vapor. Upon contact with the cooler surrounding atmos phere condnaatioa occurs and the physical state changes from vapor to a aoltd metallic particle. While dust b also a solid particle, h b formed by the disintegration of solid materials by grinding, crushing, abrasion, or similar action. Fume particles are generally small to diameter, with the size dependent upon the type of fume, the extent of flocculation, and ether factors. Dust particles of hynienSe significance are those beteween one and ten micron* m sice. <25,400 microns are equiva lent to one inch). Generally speaking, there are two moans of entrance of toxic com pound, Into the human body--Ay In gestion or via the respiratory tract Areugh inhalation of fume*, dusts, mbts or gases. Ingestion b of Im portance if toxic materials which hare a systemic effect are used aad adequate washing facUities axe not provided, or, where the employee* are slovenly in personal habits. Inbalatioo la considered the most important pota! of entry of fames or dusts and the particle abet there fore, becomes significant in evaluat ing exposure. The parties which cause the physiological change* are those which are smaO enough to re main suspended in the air red not those which Immediately fall to the floor. Flying partides, which may cause eye injuries are not of hygienic significance since they are not of respirable ale. To judge Ae serious* ness of an exposure by the quantity *f detritus adjacent to an operation b often misleading. Thb b especially tree where Mechanical ventilation re move* the fine material but b inade quate to trap or convey the larger partiefes. In evaluating an exposure H b nec essary to consider Ae toxicity of Ae material, the duration of the expo sure, the average concentration of the contaminant wiA special attention being paid to those operations which produce high concentrations at some phase of an operating cycle, and Ae measures which hare been provided --To pego St VsOaaal t*Utj Maws, gateooy. fMS -v a Fume and Dust Exposure --From page 21 to control the exposure. Medical rec ord* of the individual* subjected to the exposure may be of raloe if the examinations are thorough sad fre quent end no* of a cursory type. It must be remembered that occupa tions] diseases are slow ta develop ment aad ta some instances tasting ia affect. Sknr changes mar not be delected, aad the mere fact that eases have not occurred does not mean that exposures to known toxic materials mar be ignored. Drtermiostioa of the cenemtration of the toxic material in tbe air is im portant |a evaluating the exposure. Tests of this type are isdicatire not only of the degru. of contamination but aim. ta some instances, which operation is the major offender. Tbe apparatus used ta collecting the contaminant aad the method used in estimating the amount present is (he atmosphere vary with the type of material. Testa of this type are spec ialized in nature aad are beset with many pitfall* which can lead to er roneous . cemdenons if done by in experienced personae). PcrmtssIbW Units fa a discus*!uc pertaining to toxic materials it is generally necessary to quote permissible couceatraliens, or as it is sometimes nrprrsml miii mum allowable concentrations -permitsible Eaiu. or threshold Tbeae terms are used extensively by industrial hygienists to frwSff ceatxatioos of a substance la tbe air which are considered compatible with good health. Tbe limit anally apptim to exposures of eight boars duration for a prolonged period Tbe limits are. for the most part, advisory standards or bench maths which are practical to meet. Ia gocraL these Emits are derived from Ihtee types of eridenee all of which bare value nj Buitittw* L Jtfilimh ini bees exposed at Jfema mm uitisjuui and the cffx nosd. ' 2. A for apsrfnests tm ben cuds bensa sebieeti far Am perisds d lisa - 2. Safe fftmrs km bees rinl ts by mnb{ the nnmiiiilinii f mV ana is tit mbm tit tad ns- selstiaa (ha twhemsdsa vfch ndu f medhri rrtTnlnithrai of sulmi Tbe mere fact that these limits are exceeded does not neeeoerily mean that somccoe wiQ become definitely iH But there b a good probability that someone will suffer til effects if the ttw> b greatly exceeded for a considerable period. There remains much to be learned regarding the toxksty o! many substances used as industry. So much for tbe general picture. Now let's look at some specific opera tions. Weldiof Welding processes most commonly used can be divided into three types, arc. gas. aad resistance. Tbe safety mcasarrn pertaining to dothing, gog gles, and helmets are of common knowledge and wiD not be considered here. Are welding when performed on uneoated rtfd does not prodoee a condition considered harmful to the welder, provided it u done in a com paratively Urge open area. Tbe fomm which rereh from welding eonabt es sentially of the oxides of iron and oxides of metals which may comprise the steel or coating of die welding rod. Some investigators have found characteristic msfiring* on chest x-rays of men who have welded under severe conditions for long periods of time. These markings are presumably doe to the deposition of iron fames within the hags, bat h has not bea demonstrated that such fumes have earned physical Impairment. A frequently suggested Emit for welding fame b 15 milligram of iron oxide per cable mete of air. Con centrations of thb maxcitode existing m the workroom would materially re dder risibility and thereby become a octsanoe or an unsafe condition re quiring correction. Welding within confined areas soda as tanka, inside tnsdihwiy or equip- mot or in small rooms promts a condition which can he of concern. The concentration of fume is materi ally higher under these conditions as there b Etde opportunity fur dilution by nature! air eurrmts normally pro- ent h) a large shop. Nitrogen oxides formed by the dectrie are when fa- baled in quantities causes fluids to form ia the lun films with resultant failure of (be respira tory system. While welding in large open areas these teotic gases are nor mally not present in soffitnt quan tities to cause harmful effects. How ever, when welding b done in con fined areas, the nhrogoi oxides may reach a concentration which wiD be ' harmful. , Cas welding generslly u not pro ductive of harmful fumes. Tboe arc, however, ia bracing two potentially harmful exposure*. While bone mJ or liorstes generally are used io braz ing fluxes, some metals require flaxes containing significant quantities of fluoride compounds and fume* ham these fluxes have been known to pro duce significant nasal irritation. Fluorides in general are looked upon with roipirion since they may pnv dace harmful effects upon the bone structure. A limit' of 2J5 mg. per cubic meter has been suggested for fluorides, but no standard baa been. agreed upon. Most industrial hygien ists attempt to keep them as low a practicable. Silver solder is one of tbe more common alloys used in brazing. Sold ers of thb type vary in composition and may in some instances contain cadmium which, if volatilised in suf ficient quantities, is considered harm ful. At prosit the,suggested limit far cadmium fume in air is 1 per 10 cubic meters of air. Resistance, spot, or butt welding of plain steel b of no concern from the physiological standpoint The fames arising from such operations general ly are caused by tbe volatilized o8 which has come upon tbe metal stock during previous operation* or has bees placed upon the metal as a rat preventive. The preceding discussion of weld ing operations has been based apoa the assumption that the metals bring welded are of plain steel. The per formance of welding operations, ti dier arc, gas, or resistance, upon metals which have been coated with such toxic materials as lead, cadmL am, or mercury may cause barmfd exposures. Tbe beat of the flame or of the .arc causes volatilization of there metals. Welding or cutting of tense plate or oths metals containing significant quantities of lead can re salt In tbe vatitfltzatiaa of lead fame, which if inhaled for a "Fmiw peri od of time, may result in lead abaorp . --To page ft ftatioeaf Maly How* friirey. , WITH MANAGEMENT BACKING* payroll savings plan can HELP BUSINESS AND NATION In 19,000 companies, the Payroll Saving* Plan (for the regular ounhaseof U. S- Savinp Bonds) has made employees more contented in their jobs--has cut down absenteeism--has even re duced accidents*. fa addition, of course, tbe Plan builds finan cial security for each participant- Each Bond pays $4 at maturity for every $3 inrested. Rut the Plan has other, far-rewrhins benefits --to business and to the nation--which are equally important to you. SPREADING THE NATIONAL DEBT HELPS SECURE YOUR FUTURE The future ofyour business is closely dependent upon the future economy of your country. To s major extent, that future depends upon man* agement of the public debt. Distribution of the debt as widely as possible among tbe people of the nation will result in the greatest goodfor all. How that works is dearly and briefly described in the brochure shown at the right Request vour copy--today--from your State Director of the Treasury Department's Saving* Bonds Division. WHY EXECUTIVE BACKING IS VITAL Employees still w'ant the benefits of the Payroll Saving* Plan. In fact, they need the P. S. P- because banks don't sell Bond* on the "install ment plan"--which D tbe way most worker* prefer to buy them. But wartime emotional ap peals are gone. Human nature being what it ts. the success of the Plan in your company b liable to dwindle unless a raporuible executive keeps it edrertuied. The reasons for promoting it are as important as ever--to you, your company, and your country. So--today--cA*rk up on the status of the Payroll Saving* Plan in your company. Act on your trspoosibility to see that it a vigorously maintained. The State Director wiU gladly help. "The National Debt and You" e f?-*qr pado-mx kwriie, qwM tkt ritm tf IT. Rtadeipk flwgcu. f'kr Qtdmaa af&e Bmrda/tit Kmtimtl Or Am* ofKm York, mad Qartaev fmmi. CUnw ^tkt Aon4 Cow*/ FtoJi Cmpmntim. JtryaeW ymt cepy from tSe Tttmmrj Drpanmmtt State Dimtmr, Saxioge Bmdt Ditima. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Tkuti<do(l/.S.7Wre'yo U tlkl ll^irtr Fusb^um, 4-00 Fifth Are- ' tmn. ISn-Aorsh 13. Pa. 194?. 72 p.' Prie*. fliKX iQniiriiy ind Tmienln^jr Soin, Bellrtin N. 11 MImi ' PettaiuiUt Mine Egarpetnt Apprated la Jen. I. 1947 milk Appended List af AimSMe Flamrd^amp Fadu. Pblnld fa* . I!. S. Bareau ( Mitn. V'uUaflM, D. C. 1947. 44 p. Fm. l.C. 7432* Just 90 Seconds___ FOE CLEAN. ORT. UP-SAFE FLOORS TKJi 4 a (a --rib) Mi< HAD faqipa*1 fKi *Sy. %lippmy Itm *e*8y dma . . . and Imw lb* tarn dry and dj^nahl WWa Him are wwtUd dm- A* dii|ir pett fa*i* rfjppery ] and pm m* AStbtL D mm HAD tyipuent parlw many efier (dud de< op jU. Wrtfa A* PpxwScraper Mhdianl lb* HUD Hoar Me* MAGAZINE ARTICLES Atrowlto Hor ta Sere Lite! in Cruft Pita. By Rialat StabMcfirld. la 'Air Tramport, Dk. 1947 301 ' Rrt Froltio Hae Andn Capper Plant tat Fir* Prr- mriai. Id (ErtfiBeeriar Md Mtnia* Jeanul. Dee. 1947. p. 61 > Premtint Fire* loraleing Petratrvm Pradartx. By Coarse F. Prmiimf. t (Fb* * Emimiiiip Dec. 1947. p. till . Tecu Cm Fanfare Data am Efeet* V Wntay Agent*. In lfl Escisceffap. Dk. 1947. p. 869.1 ' _ . HtflMi Campaay Mtdiewl Plagtem*. la (Mta' Review. Dk. 1947. p. 628.) - MaiOBtwwf Harr ActUeat Prnemdm Cem Bream* an Impaetant pradmetimm TaaL By T. &. Imdleaier. Is (5upem*iee. Dee. 1947, p. A) * Hare W* Caariaet SAP Farlcart that Safety it Their Aibdk By Tima J. Oin. Jr. Is (Factory Mcaaceaxsi ud Mrittnum, Dec. 1917. p. 114.) modi at Im ... as p**dy a HUD SyitM SlmrdMd ScrtbW(| and Yatmm Dryiay. HUD y>i*t narS, porn eider and anaaj anattaam . . . abd Ptwi Other attatlwa*H te ra, peGtfa, bvff. and, pbd or etaet-weel taan at e* tiaA Dm HUD PerfaU* Vrcrea at*eeye Seen oM rlr". dmt* "iliid pipe*, tbm him. mtdk. *! toe baftv etc. Get complete lefeneeti.al MILD FLOOR MACHINE CO. . Ill) W. tmdalpi k. Dept. WM CMcspe 7. (U FOR SAFE CUMltNG AND WALKING Dm Jsl 1.44 * JOHNSON UDDER SHOE C0,, EAU CLAIRE. WIS. CmtanliytTMiitiOllilliilier um un a on in n THE HONOR ROIL taaardt el eperatiaa aeraiifi*| SOO.OOO ewe been, or eee yaer. if irpiwfi ee> mb B0C0D m* been, Hint e A- ' ' afcfiay [lari time) hjep ere InM. Alomioom Co. of AmoHca AVil Pleat, Alcoa. Fena.--Odoher 8 to December 6. 1947; 1300 employees; 1,156,201 man-hoars, t Fabrication of sheet alotniaum). ' j Ahatem Or* Co. | Eat Sc. Loots, IIL--1650 employ- i m; 1,309,215 man-hours a* of De-' : eanbo 16, 1947; continuing. (Rc^. fining of alotnmsi and manufacture: 1 of Aaniol products). Amihsag Rtbbtr Co. . I Pot Haven, Coot--July 21 (o' November 17, 1947; 891,576 math hours. ' v n nwrt ducts ifc normally out moved and the ventilation *jntan does not remove the fumes. According to re* port*, thb type of rrstan has best rffftliwlr used in shipyard* for the restful of welding fumes in confined areas. In view of this experience it should therefore be a satisfactory means of control for welding fumes iq tank*. However, supervision and education are necessary to make sneh system* effective. Where the room volume per welder is large, natural ventilation within .the plant it usually sufficient to pre vent accumulation of excessive eon* miration of fumes from plain stee) adding. Gradating fans directed a ropiralor. It is sufficient in most from the side hdp to dilute the fume welding for the employee to wear an which may he concentrated in the ordinary helmet and to arrange the' breathing zone of the welder. poahion of the work so aa to prevent . Another means of control is the the coocestraled fume from Sowing use of persona! ropirstory equip under the helmet. ment. Air line respirators and fume respirator* bate been developed which wiO provide adequate protec tion. Some manufacturers bare on the market welders* helmets with fa cilities for providing fresh air to the wearer. Use of thb type of equip ment has been limited. Since the welder is already burdened with Selimt, goggles, and protective clothing he probably will not be receptive to Dry Grinding Dust faulting from the grinding of nontoxic metals which are free of sand is generally considered a net- since and is not harmful per se. Despite this fact some state laws re quire grinding operations to be em ulated. This requirement has prob ably been a holdover from the days when sandstone wheeb were preva lent and also to prevent the ereatke ' of * nuisance condition. Grinding wheels in use in industry have arti ficial abrasives, och as aluminum ox ide or fl*** carbide. Emery, a nat ural prodoct composed essentially of aluminum and magnetic oxide of iron, may also he usah A permissible limit of 50 million particles pn cubic foot of air for aluminum oxide and silicon carbide was recently accepted by the member* of the American Conference of Governmental Indus trial Hygienist*. Such a limit b lib eral and contortrations of sarh mag nitude are normally not eneountood. When lead, ulka, or tome xtnular toxic material comes in contact with the grinding wheel the exposure to the abrasive matter may be ignored and the exposure evaluated.on the bans of the tone material. If thb latter material b controlled, the nui sance WlD !* he *trwmat*A Ventilation systems for grinding wheel* here been fairly well stand- j ardtzed and generally are satisfactory < to prerat a nuisance. Hoods should ' odose the shed as completely as b I practicable. Air volumes should be sufficient to cause an inward flew into : the hood when uctng the amaflert . wheeL Thb b especially true where ! toxic materials are involved. : Wat Grinding j Baffle*, hoods, and guards are gen ; eraDy located near wet grinding 1 wheel* to prevail dispersion of the j liquid used as a coolant These de* | rices are usually. ruSrimt to control j the dust If ft ta nortoric faa nature, j If the dot liberated b toxic, mei exhaust ventilation' may be ! required. j Itflsg ond Pottshtey Buffing compounds applied to al.-ri* used for boSing and polishing vai v in composition. Waxes and vari,,c- lypa of abrasives are the major (vfnponcnts. These materials, plus lint and fibers from the wheel, are tbr essential ingredient* of the air borne dust The toxkxty b dependent op-.n the type of abrasive. Generally ventilation b provided to improve housekeeping and reduce the number pj complainta and not because of the hazard to health. 16,500 XiCCcd id Machining . .'knoke from oily parts b the pre tailing source of air contamination at machining operation*. Illness has lx( been attributed to thb type of exposure. As is the case with most fume* and dust* of the nuiaanoe vari ety. little is known as to what effect Mch material* have on existing physical abnormalities. Machining operations on steel pro duce large chips or turnings; con sequently. dust b not a problem. Operstions involving the machining of high lead alloys have been studied, and significant quantities of airborne lead have not been demonstrated. Graphite which becomes airborne during the machining of cast iron b net considered physiologically signifi cant, and therefore, b classified as a nuisance dost. Frequently manage ment considers h advisable to pro vide ventilation for the machine* which are productive of the most dust, as graphite on the clothing and person and surrounding machinery b coctSctYe to many complaints. Abrasive Cleaning The 16^00 . . toll reported in' lpdfi'hrl ,, National Safety Councils*.In-; dustry's challenge to`provide greatersafety for tt* employees. Working hand in hand with sdcoce. industry can reduce this staggering figure. '' New scientific techniques for checking physical fitoess of employees nowr include periodic bearing tests with a pure tone audiometer. Avoid Occidents caused by faulty bearingin yourplant. Checkyour employees hearing regularly with a preasion ADC Audiometer. MSUWVqilMnX.lny; I eojirlittpat'jkiumJ __________ i^jpIUmnnlncis'fqx-t specific {obi. and 'peHodicjests to detect need for occupation re-adjustments. EQUIP your doctor, ***** or dkwe wOh th* Isfasf drrriocmaflf Mscientific hearing fasting --on ADC Aurfjpmtfer. Oper ation is easy riffc factory- " f irtsfnicfians. WAIT! TODAY sw SSwOSi'l 1*0 0-100. ti4t Since silica is recognized as the most harmful of mineral data, aa adequate vestilatioo system b nor mally provided at the time of trivial- L*iion of commercially buih aand- Mast equipmoai. Continuous usage and lack of maintenance result m a breakdown o! adequate control. Visi ble eseape of dust b the heat evidence that this has occurred and it b ad visable to correct inch a condition without undue delay. Employees who are stationed In Mast rooms are dependent upon per sonal r.wpiratery equipment. Devices of this type are of the aoppUed-afr variety, and it is necessary that the air provided be free of harmful coo- !* JUminanta. Air oomprsaors should be i Waled in an area free of contamma- tioo, otherwise ih* rill 1 be transmitted to the Mrnrl j FIRE HOSE DRYING MADE EASY WITH (SPOifc uses av most os ambicsi. LAJtGEST OtOUSriUS JJ'<r`\ i\ TMI dSPilSW COBSOtATION S fast Mftwi 11 i Am NMl , nfim--a n Normally, vnrtilatitai within the t* provided hi la improve witiili>y and to help prevent the m rape of dtnt to the wnvimdiog areas, oat to reduce the concentration of rilki dial to itafe ImL TurabUrt or rotating table type of sand Utrt traits should t provided with sufficient ventilation to prevent the cape of silica dust. Leakage doe to cxcerive wear should l< remedied. Small sandblast cabinets, sine the operator controls the Mast nozzles from outside the cabinet, frequently have faulty seals around the doors or the robber gauntlet* ate loose or tom. The dost trlwk escapes from the cabinet through these openings b a dose proximity to the breathing zone of the employee and in many 8rutteres exceeds the permissible lim it for silica. This leakage should be oovrcted and the nm (braid not lc required to use respirator*. 11 the articles being blasted sic free of silica or other toxic material, the dust resulting from grit or shot blast ing ts classified Id the nutsence cate gory. It follow* that the maintenance of ventilating systems for grit blast ing. although desirable, b not always so necessary as for sand blasting. The use of steel grit or shot in blasting rooms produces excessively high concentrations of dost within the enritaurt It a therefore, necessary to protect the worker within the room. The remarks contenting sandblafling rooms are therefore, perti nent when considering rooms in which Med grit or shot are used as the abrasive. Vapur IJailing. * a variation vl sand blasting, b a rumpsrstrvdy re-' rent development. This procedure in volves the uk of fine silica and water under pressure. The silica used ta vapor blast units varia in sue and may even be as small as 1250 mesh (approximately 10 mkrons). It b. generally believed that airborne particles below.5 mkrons are moat significant in causing silicosis. It then follows that operations involving the ae of silks abrasive whose ini tial particle rite approaches that', order of magnitude are more hazard ous, and, require continual vigilance in maintaining good control. It is,, therefore, essential that the vapor blast cabinets be maintained so that leakage of mist does not occur. Good housekeeping h also essen tial as spillage of the sand and wala sludge upon the floor will create a scarce for dust dissemination whew the water evaporates. Likewise, oddtamers of the dried slodge should not' be allowed to stand in the factory where they can be influenced by air' currents of high velocity. Practically all industrial plants have operations which involve the uw of lad bam bearing metal or DUSTi^fikef Abrasive dusts irritate workmen and slow production. Eliminate them with DUST COLLECTORS IWMWMinavWrrikB- toked u4i that ore at Am r Abrcdii duds pan jraih ptuuf Attars and fto denned ok it TOOT Detf GdUdon to epauts, end Sm rungmg from K Kf to) HP,and flffmg erftfaidard grind ing cut-off and pnCddiq wharfs Uvery. For dstcih end latest -TOOT catalog .writar . - T OR IT MIIFACTIIII8 CO. M t- !<lrr. Babbitt bearing metal cetrfam- ir.c approximately 75 per <bA lead hate born encountered. Ibe compost- ti>-n of solder metal fa variable and dr{odent upon the purpose for which it is used, with ordinary soft x.lder containing- a comparatively hiph percentage of lead. . Assuming that the babbitt or solder Rmtiiai a fy**""* amount of lead, the question then ansa as to whether or not anptoyea working with this material will become flL The answer rtiuid he given by a qualified indus trial byghaht after he bad seen the bigber temperature ibe metal b more readily oxidized to produce a dross consoling of a high percentage of lead oxide. The dross may provide a protective coating to reduce the vola tilization of thg lead; however, dis turbance of this' costing wiO `create As a safeguard against excessire contamination, pots containing solder or babbitt are usually votilated. Wherever possible, it is advisable to odoae the pot as completely as pos sible and provide auffient air vol ume to overcome the thermal effects of the moheo metaL Attempts have been made to toe natural draft vmtdetion systems to control these fumes and In those instances where the ducts' were not of snSckrt diamrter the system was inadequate. A preferable method is the use of mdamiol sys- terns. The removal of excem solder with power-driven toots, socb a grinding wheels, discs, or wire wheels, crates airborne dust which may cooteminate large area if (hr operation is ex tensive. Diligent use of abrasive doth will also result in excessive concen operation and considered such factors a* the temperature to which the metal b heated, the method of removing ex cess soldier, the length of opome. WHN DANGER TIPS THE SCALE- and the effectrecneas of the control nwarures provided. It is a weO known fact that lad causa ffloeas if absorbed fa excessive amounts, end therefore operations WORKERS ARE SAFER in sta^afe . where lead a tard have reerived con siderable stody. Out of this experi (^PROTECTIVE GARMENTS ence certain practice* are known to produce other practices have bee ts be harmful It is generally- con ceded that excessive concentrations do not result from operations where solder b applied by means of an deo trie soldering Iron. This ts probably DmURH tan, MS tajnto tkn.Ua urim Ml pruatj ktotoltad fra. tk. ubfkk tkey an. Suatfi It. train Cum. an knlgn. to tin. due to the mail amounts of older used end the comparatively low beat of the metaL When the {too la bested fa a small gas-fired furnace, the exposure may be of grata ooosequan. Solder which remains on the iron coming into contact with the flame or heat fa Oils and Grease Adds and Caustics Tars and Creosote Paints and Lneqners Naphtha and Solvents vulnerable for volatilization. Small amount! of solder drop from the iron onto the hot floor of the furnace where K fa readily volarilizod or oxi dized. The oxidised material may be come airborne due to disturbance created by the flame or by removing or placing the soldering ires in Ibe flame. Each of these represents a potential lost time accident Protect roar workers against these hazards by standardizing on StaSafe Protective Garments. . foresee. , - Frequently industrial hygknbfts r*v>#ww^Twl ventilation he pro vided for beating mute of. this type, thereby nanoring lead *fuma cod Stock models tofre men} problem/; Stenderft free den,go acme* ariff derelop e mew model or modify on exuSmg one to toh* poor tpedet eofefy problem, dot from the amrosmaL This is particularly true fa nail rooms or where many --h* ere fa use. Atmospheric coatamfaatioo occa sioned by (he ck of either gas. or. ... - Vr ler foffvfra No. 104 StaSafe Products ' are manufactured by rirrtrkaDy heated pots containing solder fa dependent on a number of factors. With higher itanperaturee STANDARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT COMPANY 222 West Ontario Stmt. Ctltta 10, IBaab more will occur and the snurauK ciavciAH* - tot amiuii greater wiB be the expoksrn. With the 77 traliutis of lead duL filing, hotrevn. tiUlinn to cmiUuI toxic nu- is not prodactive of totll panicles i(ftils thould be comailed, otherwise end is preferred over the we of po- costly irttas raigbl be erected and erdnvefi tools. later fouad entirely ineffective. If filing is ort practicable; it wiD Frequently solder removal opera, be necesury to provide soeoe type of lions nqu'ue the use of portable tool* twdimifil ventilation system for the oo large objects and a local ohint solder removal operations involving system would not be effective, as is the use of power took. Since the per- the case in the fsbriration of auto, missibfe limit generally accepted for mobile bodies. General contamination lead is li miUigraas per 20 cubic of the factory with lead dost has been meter* of air (-133 cubic feet) it wit) eliminated by enclosing the entire op. l*e necessary to bite an effective *ys- eration in a Urge booth and exhaust, tern to provide adequate control, to- ing a sufficient quantity of air from gtnecra experienced in designing ren- the enclosure to insure a comtaat in* ward flow of air from the fartary into the booth. Under these circumstances no prsciieal amount of air could be removed from the booth to rodace tbe lead concentration to a safe level, and therefore it is auuiary that tbe men wortrag therein be provided with adequate personal protective de vices. Meet Treating High tanperatur*s are a frequent source of complaint from employees in heat treat departments but scch conditions their control are not within the subject under dbctorioiL Fumes from cyanide pots are often associated with cyanides used as fumigants or as the lethal agist in death chambers, and supervision as well as the employee becomes ap prehensive. Fumes from sodt a source are irritating sod because of this property should be adequately ven tilated. Tbe irritant nature of tbe fame b caused by alkali formed apoo decomposition of the cyanide. Molten lead b sometime* used as e hardening medium for neuh. Freqooitly charcoal or *ome similar ma terial b placed on tbe surface of tbe metal to touxnt heat and prevent THIS IS THE HEW ANTI SKID TOE CLIP "SANKET* Foot Guard: am now uvriUMo with a rubber aoti-sfcrd too idip %-ocb longer than formerly used. "SANKEY" FOOT GUARDS ecottt sseofiafiy of a metal shield to be worn ovr tho *hoa whenever the foot h danger of being either crushed or cut. The metal shield h designed to funtaJi maximum amoarrt of pro- teeKeo to the entire front of the foot--asot merely the toes alone, bet ebo to the instop gainst hazards from faffing, reCng or fiymg bf*eh, or from acodctrtel tool blows. Write for literature or a trial pair. EU.WOOD SAFETYAPPLIANCE COMPANY 2tf SIXTH STREET EUWOOD CfTT. PCNHA. It fc tfw iiP*f to eftmbhg pcittiiu, 0ii w wd, iWkw cast*, osd t * star* ifficUo tA aa faar d fatwa ar strafe. Staad fc UmI fa* * imMm ----- l!-- ---* faatara* tadad* OraagtV, Dfbtawlabi tafia pisHem tpaca. wait Mali aatd 1*8, WaWfa. pfas HANOT* JACKS far a rij'J tad. f (fed Mil* 4 iJirtil wwsA pihtil n Sm ' cmX aicVinfr mfchfa fa rfaw awddt. WHfa fa* x w. FIEBOH CO, INC. mi l mm sm. oiosaa a. M vvidation. A covering of this type reduces the vnlatilixation of lead {.ile tbe bath la quiescent, hit has tv effect while tbe bath b In toe. Adequate votilsticm should therefore |< provided for baths of this type. As oinpfae an endosure n b practical f<.r tbe operation being performed,b advisable with air quantities depend ent upon the open areas in the hood. Ta prevent contamination resulting frm volatilization of lead accumu lating m tbe combustion dumber* the products of combustion from gaa fired lead pots should be vented to the outdoor* and not be allowed to dbsi- tions, transfer points of dry sand, abrasive blasting operations, and aD. grinding operations performed on **ttgs containing appreciable quan tities of sand. Maintenance of ventilation equipmart b e major hem in foundries because of the-abrasive action of the dust It u imperative that a good program be maintained so as to keep the equipment /onctloning at maxi mum efficiency. Because ef the heat associated with large scale foundry activities H is a common tight to see pedestal fans or ? ? s.? air coding ducts directed in such a manner as to create crow drafts which interfere with the effiesat moral of dust. Better placement these fans or ducts wQ) go far b daring dust concentrations in areas where they are used. Respiratory fiulecllva Darien After the obvious has been correct ed, it U adrbahle that a survey of (be foundry be made by an iodattrUl hygienist so that an accurst* evalua tion of the exposure may be ob tained. . As has been stated, tbe ttmoapherte l>ate into the workroom. Asbestos ' Asbestos used in tbe formulation of brake lining Is a potentially harm ful compound. This material b the offending agent in the production of Sofe-T-vis: the goggles that workers will wear Ho ponof because they're the lung ailment known as asbebosia. The harmful effect U comparable to that of siGra and a permbatble limit of 3.000,000 pankfea of ubestoa dust |ier cubic foot of air. b generally No druwsrl recognized. Dot exposures to asbestos and other ingredients of the brake lining rdtt when the dry materials are handled and emptied into the mixer* and in the subsequent operations of slitting, grinding, or surfacing. Com pounds of lead are sometime* used in brake linings, and contamination from thb source should not be ig No bodt pockoTf No, the glamor ga!*s catchall and the upper right hand cache may be full with the accumulation of ye*rs, the ) pocket may bulge--but you won't find lightweight SafeT-uii there. Not during work ing hours you won't / nored. Local exhaust systems with properly designed hoods or enclo sure* are used to remove tbe duat from these operations. Iron funadriai The principal ingredients of foun dry dusts are silica, aea coal, days, ami parting compounds. The pre dominant materia) win be depcadaxt upon which phase of tbe foundry op eration is being studied and what operation b bring performed. Tbe control of dust * the major problem, Tho wutghf of fa-o Safe-T-vis lavra, made from a new allyl cast ing resin, is approximately the same aa that of one case hardened glass 1cm of the same rise. 84I0UR Comfort Workers find Safc-T-vi* light weight, attractive and comfort able. What a change from old type goggles whose weight causes work ers to remove them chancing ex posure to hazard! And they am SAFE Standard drop-ball tests prove Safe-T-vis* superiority out ordi nary eye protection. Safc-T-vts offers greater resistance to abrasion than do other plastic kmc*. It r^ nts the stresses of hfeh velocity im pact, corrosion and other causes of uxfaitrial eye injury to Use mart exacting specifications. Write for booklet giving com plete details. whereas fume is of secondary impor tance. A discussion of all tbe aspect* of the industrial hygiase problems in udi plants would require a separate treatise. For the present discussion it 8-KOUI Protectlow . Real protection comes only* when goggles air worn throughout the penod of exposure. And.complete protection is the only function of any safety goggle. should be sufficient to state that aO obvious sourem of dust dispersion should be reduoed to a minimum by adequate localised --h--** systons. In a pcchaaltcd foundry meb places would be sand mndfriiwifrig and mix ing equipment, tumbling nuQs, shake- outg, core removal and knockout sta SafeTvis Ufkiwtlfht pr*tatff> is(t(l*l twm sum ums toarwr. (*** t. na " }' jj !: S' i i. cunccnlratioo ol dost sad fume acd such equipment must he designed WHERE other materials may be reduced to ft j(e level by adequate exhaust TO OFT THE HOTECTTVI AN Itlalioo. Io pome cases h la possible PAtEL DESIGNED . PIT THE i to comet the condition by iubstilut- MAN AS. WEIL AS THE NEED I ing a lest toxic material. If these I measures are- oot practical, retpira- WHEN ; ton' protective device* may be toed. Titer may abo prove valuable in YOU WANT IT-- giving protection during an emergen* and constructed for safety as weD as for processing requirement*. Pro tective equipment should be provided for use in case of power faHure or faulty combustion conditions. 6. It is hardly necessary to say that moving parts of machinery should be guarded. Wherever prac ticable. such guard* should be buih WHEELER PEOTtCTIVE APPAtEL cy or to prov ide protection for to* ; ternuttent et(rar or to supplement . other method* of control. They . should. however, not he considered in to the machinery. 7. In general, building structures and equipment used in the ceramic industry are subjected to rigorous Write or ''phone: saltimore CAREY MCHT. ft surrvt CO. RtRMINGHAM safety eng. mt co. a* the de*irahle means of controlling a health hazard. . Ceramic Float --from pege 37 use Fumes, heat dust and heavy food* create problems: conseqooiUy a relatively high factor of safety or factor of uncertainty should be in corporated in the design. BUFFALO Handling materials is recognized as THE RWOOD COMFANY ; a prolific source of accidents in in* CAMU1DGE. MASS. CUTTER, WOOD ft SANDERSON CO. CHARLESTON, W. VA. j durtry: consequortly mental that handling it i (unda* should he kept Safety first sumr co. : at a minimum to avoid accidents as CHICAGO : wed as to keep down operating costs, PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT INC. CINCINNATI THE E. A. UNSET CO. j 3. Nearly every ceramic plant | most ftorc large quantities of finely, CLEVELAND sapcty RUT supply compakt COLUMtUS. o. Tft ft. a. UNSET CO. Oattoh ; ground material. Many storage *yai terns are of the deep bin type. Some | of the materials do not flow freely, | and became of forces developed in tHC ft. A. DNStT CO. DENVER ft. a IULLARD COMPANY HOUSTON ! deep granular material, arching takes | pUw. Often devices are oot provided to keep material moving to the bot The solution of many of these problems will require the cooperation of the safety, prodoction and engin eering department*. Compromise, if required, should be those necessary for process reason*, since it is ac knowledged that the process i* the prune reason for the plant Planning the original design and layout and selecting equipment with the safety angle in mind wiD safe guard the investment as weO as re duce the accident risk*. AUlED SAFETY EQUIPMENT CO INDIANAPOUS THE L A. KINSEY CO. LOS ANGELES tom of the bin. As a result, a worker ! must enter the bio from tbe top to get ' the material moving. Thb is a daft* L D. RUUARD COMPANY' i perour operation but when necessary. MILWAUKEE Mottcnw CDvimeiT inc. Mtw TOW cmr safety harness and life tines should ' 1 used and attendants stationed w. I WIUOH COIR. j where they can help in an emergency. RHIUSaRHIA I 4. SiBeate* and silica nr quartz OTOIAl PTTTStUtGH RIOOUCT5 COMR/Un I arc primary materials in nearly all of ****** Rtsr SUPPLY COMPANY ROCHESTER : the ceramic industrio. Abo, these : materials are generally used In a THE awooo COMPANY st. tours SAKTT INCORPORATED SALT LAKE CITY j finely ground .state. As a result there t are many dust problems. When the j free silica in these dusts is finely dt* ITS TOO LATE WHEN... UNIVERSAL SAFETY APPLIANCE CO SAN FRANCISCO C. D. RUUARD COMPANY SEATTLE Ivided, worker* exposed to them are ( potential victims of silicosis. Other Mr, M, ate frfl el U kka* rAmI kanaka* i workers must wear respirators or ka Ml Mut* tea*. IT* OiHm ar.Uarte ___ * 0. RUUARD COMPANY SYRACUSE SYRACUSE SUPPLY COMPANY j dust most be removed front the work dates* tais*aB MmM at T An* aa* | place by exhaust ventilation with a MilUt ttecOaai *etfc>lte atkMl OMH AW. eawftaOas SaiwaWrt*. ntearMj Mtml alia WHEELING | system of dust collectors. WW. "RaWa*- a lad ta l/J la^sr. Mas* SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY wHmn raonenvE APPAftEL, tae. Control of dust should be a major I consideration in tbe ceramic plant, i Not only is dust injurious to workers. FopWj Mm f.K WMW Mf* Ca 1 but it is also harmful to machinery, fcArW ate Mata RuOualk Nr M'teit MM aaao. fiaa tearv tart M tear IB mW Wa*tl plteW. AaaSaMa h IO. MO*. ftw MRMte a* a takf Mar M. kata*. WrUa Mr kteaafai . *Z4 W. Hra SC CMe-- 18. ft. ' complicates housekeeping, and pro ~Gar*1af tfte Nuib of Mestry" duces generally unsatisfactory work ing conditions. ' 5. Operation of Hint, tanks and furnaces presents other hazards. Oft* cn there i* the pomIbilily of erplo- sirau and refractory failures. All t. Oten AIR. OM SAZR, U. *0 Natlmet Safety Rtet, Feftraary, INI