Document RaOpKdEO9Ve4pGVK7pmBLzNBz

*m w w>y ^ww;%yw Jt^puM LIA2A59A ,.w -. -tStih frAnfcr* + ' i ^ LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION att MAOIION AVKNUI NKW YORK IT, H. Y M ...................i i ' ................................................................................................ October l6, 1961 CUBJITT: LEAD WTIDIHO CkAPTdR To rfes&cra of th Lead Industries Association: Attached Is a reprint oc "LEAS WTIXITO" which la taken fraa th, "Welling handbook, Chnpter 71, Section IV," Fourth Edition, recentljr published by the American Welding Society. These booklets are obtainable free ui at our cost of AO^ each. A Berber of our staff, Kr. David H. 3orcl_na, was chalrnan of the AW3 Lead Welding Coc^ilttce that prepared this section. Sincerely yours. RLZs b X the. h* i i i i i i ni LIA2A595 f U ! ,-_. j\ i i tp***t*2 ' -1 4 -ifYS wm w* *"iO HAMWiK< foKffc Idrtiem t D-V'<i>s^<^ fey? 1 UV7 iVOittTXftS AKOaiTiON ` 4 ,*?- Wrw Y<v* 17,. A?. 7. -*r N 1728.01 Mil nil w tm LIA2A596 Lead Welding Ed**d by Arthur L PHOlipc 7vtoW>*dby AMERICAN WELOiNO SOCIETY United tr^ofirt9 Ctor 345 foU 47 Sir**. Nw Tori C*y 17, N. V. 1114. MUIJMM. IN fills hNUi ItM Wl> WlflMIO |1V)M UtlXM 1% Of IKK MIUNM. MSNDMNML mn* 1.111 w j w h h --mwwgpw^*1"lOS1 'W 'I1 'u"1 .' WP t flWJMWi iwtu LIA2A597 IV* - -- -- - " -- -- --i i-Ti**' i i iim u H iinm r~ i'n - n n r iin i h h i" n u n n iii n i im ... i i|li Mil wi , ,, . ,, 7,r ,, .w ij hsui 1i p 'p m m u iiPMUfiWPfiwiwi CcpfTigH mi AmHc m WtWirtg See'**f -\ L h*+*4 in rfi# \J<\4+4 $fofi o# Aj mt k j f L" aiWJ, '"-.p *A J* PH !I m ill III I Ilinn.... .... ....  W'PH - LIA2A598 uMilfH nBlWlii Tabic of Contents Introduction Cettend Properties Welding of Lead loint Design Torch Manipulation Welding of Dissimilar Metals Welding Speed Supports for Sited Lead Lim'd Tanks Safety Precautions Common Applicationt Bibliography PA*< wmnu nr * inumnu fimnnw or: ft M. Mri\ Lead inthutHn Avar--***i t m. rjurrmi T*r HJ Cprnpmff J. *. IMAUf ( C. KriLy 0 Cambay c r, mw i J. M. |*B JDmp p VJi, lar. r. t c u r v a * if.Jim f\ .Afirtnrf^i 6 C#., |r. r. w a i Anrfkn Sw(N<i| 0 Hrfming Compmy y^>rrg^a> >yp|j f 11^1.. ip>^ij --yyg--q 1 ........... t mmmp LIA2A599 ?>* pi w pgp^gw ^|p;w w >H TiW w yH ^i^w|wwM |^i|w P w ^ i"i<yi Lead INTRODUCTION leat) urilint (lwimu#) h wmiUi lo the rUmj <4 either metals in (Im( ill pmpnv it t<i fan two < fixer k t Ix v n <4 metJ udci one (iRihnomn pir\f. The to laixjur utrd to Im tirg Jnit thn dnirrd rrviH. hmnri. differs on* subral*!i Ifuin that rmjiUol ttlh rtlrt mdjk. Tie map* differences are that mi in*, is injuifn) m welding lead. alJ the utr <4 the tiv.h tip venn fnwr, ilnll M/n <4 7* t &V The bnt UKtndul allrmf. at Hrlltr<| uw jwiJuMs d**- * Wal Thn has lireti shown hs unipie rd trad pipp dating !ud osrr |VDI sears. The <4 tl*-t eta had complete water distribotion systems, and rrwrsl i4 the pi|T uml to mmn water wit I an utei and homes was made <4 1t j L Tle P'|e was marndactnred in standard length* and si/rv and the mrthd r4 mama* fattnee was a iTwte hem i4 welding, as compared to today's mdhtk wtNIIAL fROPSITUS As a raw material, lead n marketed in pip avenging 100 punnds. pig lead is asailahle m merd trades, a* 'jnihd m the ASTM Standard Specification* lie Pig leal B I Talde 71.11. TTie vaiewts grades 4 lead (imI their primipil uses in mtiia jpplrsboni, hut are mt neieiunK owdinird In (hnr apphratmris. F<* rvamplr. <nrn*iiftg * l#t Waar s S Mr triwN^a) * > Mm *4 S Sf in Iw M 4tas iy i.wif 1 LIA 24600 A imdfrsiTfitfi Mtmiiifo /nfradK/iaa/S lead, because uf Hi high purity, ii most rrtmsively employed la the nunufic* ture of 'shiit trad and other pigments. Chemical trad and acid-copper lead in widely used under corrosive conditions, Common dctdverizrd tend tc essentially usrd for gmerti purposes. Tnw n.i--Aina n>ar ^M*nam m n*t kw j . .*f4*4 j ( MMi ; t#4it< 1 *wi If) vg. * ppt u4 in C*MC blMhVtlll t-#*4 ia) 1 MW. MM . pH vmt 4a . pH ml mi . an iw4 1 a oil 1 * mil * M MS MS M 0 0000 CM . fa* lM *40 acs mi i Mw W <ft Ksnkri Ml. pH ,M Aiwa . KHlMtf 4M llpoOi 1 MM. : . ! ........ 1 rl M4 cm 000 0 aas Imtt. MM . pH WM a cm SOI a m r* I'M MM pet <M Imt h I MM.. pH *M 1 . 1 * t wt | a on 1 # 00* ^ ss set IM Im4 >1* K< M4 vs sa no "" H AM li M n < 4MM(ra Ih-H Ui Urt n *4 m iU < 4 k4 k*i |mt*4m44 M vina U Ww nff4 I, m it pi* t<i < v|r4 ,i4 iU Am lr<i MdWimti* V sn * m4 m t|* i>kif I- hU iW 1rmi f< <4* A*4-> rtM k4 ty *^4^ 'Ht** *- '* tMvag b4 > f M w I |r**lh kH {* irt-Kt 11 Lead U caul) rutted ii*o ifcrrl or ntnuJcd into pprt, aiw, cable thralhiai or pncticjll) am <fr*<md trots rcti* It Ii rauly wwlrd, forged. rast, and alkiyed with other uvtak. Two alhns cnmoaIy used iu the industry am tellurium trad and antimumal trad In bufh d these, the alloying elements impart certain eturaefent^a t< the trad. The aiblitwo ui tellurium, less than Q,1V improvr* the wtsk luniminf capacity d the lead. The atlitinn ai antimony, usually iU<c4 6%. murin the hinlwM and provide* aUiut twice the tmulr strength td *dt Jrad at ordinary temperatures. However, antimony lowers the melting puiiit markedly, to a decree wtuch depends on the percent* age added. Lead melts at (UI * F and bats at KN2 ' f. \Yftm fr*sKl> cut, its surface has a bright, invert luster hah miim to a dull pay. I .rad is retictaut to corrosion (nwn ordinary atmosphrre. numturr and water, and is particularly effrcPve against many acids, such at sulfutic and chromic. In specifitatmnV tlie thicVnrM of sleet trad is utualK referred tn by weight in pounds per square f<*4 V<e that nets n inches can easily br ascertained by followtug. in general. tlr Um'ili llal one tquai>* d lead 1 in. thick rtpuls lie pwind Fe ni^r'e, h IS dtret lead weighs f! Hi per tq ft and IS *'44 or '/s'1* th*k. Lead pipe u mij Hn spec it* I bs w.ode duimiry amt wc-tgltf per foot or by wall thrknesa. L r F 'WMH pm IIJo w i imiiw b " iiiH 'ii m i l w i w i p jm JMW.SM nun m in1 U*M lUll'Mjn! L IA2A601 at ' ^ II T* 4;uu WILDINO 0^ LIAO G<u welding U most commonly used fur welding trad. Otter weldmg processes luvt Utn used ou an nivrimnitil Imm only'. Specie! fqefpmeet Ttc following loots arc needed {<* lead welding; 1. ToU tips ranging in thin use fiom about 78 to 6S. The smaller tip* an* be use with 6-Ib lead and lighter. and the larger tips for heavier lead. IVpmdmg upon <mditi<'ns and the welder's experience, torch tips Urgrr then 68 drill tixr are sometimes used. Ught fingertip torch** wilii t<tilr<4 taps separate from l*it easily accessible to the welder ar* pr< ferrccL 2. Mallrts and dressers <4 materials that *tU ts dent or mar the lead for dressing the sections of load to be joined so tliat they are suitably aligned for welding* 3. Wooden turn pins f* expanding one end at a length ot pipe m as to rank hunt another snli*i tf pipe to ft cm a cup or Up Joint* 4. Shave hnolx, scrapers and wire Ifiuln (u cleaning or removing oxide from tlie lead user the arras that are t" become a part at the Joint 5. Vancut tools ft cuft.ng th* lead unrformly. 6. Metal molds fur use on settica! butt seams. Fvd CtM Tfiar are three luntMulnwi d fuel gatrx cummordy used. Tta*y are oatacetylene, m>natural gas and oxyhydrogea. The otyhydmgm and acetylene mixtures can be uwd U* aQ-p"Sd*m wi-ldmg. Ifuwrvrr, oxyhsdfogen is pre* ferml by oust lead welderv Tl<e urynatural gas mixture is satisfactory for the fUt, hurt/cAtal and sect* al puutKim. Cat Prtusrt --4 FUj h A low gas pressure, whxh x arses fiocu 11 to S pn according to the type of wild to be made, is gcnmds used. The game must be a orutral one, as a redmirtg game w J) df^invit m4 na tlr ymnl and an ntdixang game coats the ntolu n globules of Vad w ith an oxide film which at ts as a barrier brtween the molten clbuks and prnn.t uuj-urmf. Hie length of tie gam* wt0 vary, but if is u u s j Qx Mwxhir Irtween x , and 4 inrhrs, depending upon the pressure and NuliUi* d gas uwd. Fill** M*tl Killer metal is |nnt!li in lU I'etn 4 lead rods, varying in tor from /, to 1 , in. in diamilef H utuIirT u/n are used f<e light-wright lead, and tie* larger v m he 1 i\ i b I rhr si 1* * t mi >f fid \ur is usually a matter of i!e wiMif's ju'hi'iwr II- filler mi-tal d*uM Iw if the same cumpuart** as tl*r leail wit* li n1- w. -!L K**f rumple. if 6^ antimnfual lead is being w Med. a 6% jutoi 'ial hll* r m, ul vb*ild be used. Wording Prt<*ti**t IV sretiona uf tin- trad tlut */r to Sr\e a part *4 the yunt should be scTupuVmsty ck-anrd In dialing < uc brushing. Hus fncludrt th* Inner Miiface <4 p*|w f*mt slmli will t>r in **itac1 .1 well as the exposed areas. On ummi. 19? py^gy L IA 24 602 J**.1 P*ttg* S square butt Joints, (hr limiting rdgrs at wrH at tlx* surface on which the feudofrement will lie deposited tlxmld lx* cleaned. On Up Joint*, the edge wd undeisijc of tlx* Upping thort and tV top <4 the Upped slieet extending br/cnd ti*e Up to titc edge <4 live area over which the weld will be deposited should be dratted. JOINT DISION StlMf There are three baric tjpe* of Joint* lomrooaJy used in striding sheet lead: bull, lap (Figv ami (Uiigi*. Oo flat Mock, the butt and Up types of Joint can be used Interchangeably, depend* mg upoo conditions of installation. On vertical and overhead work, the Up Joint t* almost alwayi used. TV flange Joint. which is not lllugraln), is used only under special condition*. Fig. 7t /-Typical bvH |M /or fe*4 Vi to. (M *e Inf np* The butt )niai is usually preferred with the Up and cup Joint* a* alterna tive* in lighter weight lead, up to about *'M m. wall thtokne**. (Sec Fig*. 71.4-6.) TV flange yut is often used i larger diameter pipe, but diflert frim the flange jcxnt used on sheet lead. The flange for pipe fnents is cast or made from sheet lead and Is then mrldrd to the ppc. F* "f 3 -6vif |o4u fr*i* foe ibg feed oc** % to (U4 Jefaf frt^artflta TV Up V>mt is generally prepared by Upping the edge d one member over tV other about */, to 2 in. depending up>n the thickness of the lead. The fig n i Tyrtrof Up siiii /or we in HMmtog afe-ef JrW tfm Le* tV trad, the greater tV Up. The undervide. edge and top Ut if the upper member, as well as the top face <4 tV Inver member, wh* b will all form part of the Joint are scraped clean. Bu m! saw* with special Irad cutting Mulct may be uied to cut sheet Irad ti Vn preparing joints. The butt fmnt it prepared by placing V edges of b>*th member* together. 7t 4 ~ ffw# jot pipe nf& ` In ihirinrtror lew F*to material wrigfung less than K lb thick), tm frvehng of the edge* it necettary. However. fx Vavnrt Wrights, tlx* edges sUoM be beveled to an included angle of 4^ to `JO deg, mept he a ring face 4 */ 4*. minimum, usually without lout opening. (See Fig 712.) IV fnut face* should be I ! U1 f. v/ l HILL ''.MfH L IA24603 m** ^L^yt ?nmk%t tlrU dn\ed cleart, u wrfl n the lop surfaces tf (U two ptrti over rtw Arc* forming the Joint. Tte flange joint for u m with 44b tod lighter shc<i it prepared by turning up tu a right angle the end* of the sheets to be pdned. Both facing tktei and <dg*t <4 tlx* upturn should bo icroped clean and t!>m butted together. Fig 7U* M for ptp* eryr Vi H. w*0 iWbwu* TOUCH MANIPULATION Manipulation of lha torch and the kind of flame uwf will depend upon the t>pe (4 joint bring made and the fwnitMKi of * rMuig. In general a feed* r circular or V duped malum is used. The mohrn lead is controlled and directed with the fame, thus account* tog for the circular or herringbone jpprarancr 4 Ue joint Each fetid* ctrvle or see U made in one continuoua operation, (he flame bring flicked away fnxa the work at its completion. (See F.Ci 71 9 and 71.10.) When welding In the brnmoul pod* t^>n. a >4t. bush* flame is mmt orsir* able. In tie vertxal and overhead pfiutioni, a more pnoted flame i gets* rraflv used This uiU i in- to v mr retro* with the tndividsul welder. Welding PetHlens ISbeef U4) PleT fedrtfli The butt >*nt if the most commonly used r>pe f<e flat pontkm welding. For thm sheet. to */i in. (2 to 4 lb), flanges t to 1 * 'j timer the short thicL* nrst nuv he bent up, cleaned and but* trd togrther. Lap fntnts are snmetimrs preferred, due to the simplicity (f fit* ting. The welding torch if moved in a i semi* titular path toward tlie tap and thm ffraigM away frrxn it FiDee metal IS gmeraHv used, although not on the lira pa<v Flat wcMs are tflustratrd in Figs 71 l-l and 71 9. Fig 71 7 -4r/|l <Xe*wd (*rbU<?W for urtJtug tn thr hem until pomdUm t nderhand ferhW^ue fv* weld* bi| In the komiwd paHrim Vrffiw/ fodfloa lap are i/ird almost etchiuvely when welding lead In the vertical post* tom. Welding H begun at the bottom i. up, nans' m**wi 1 tu m. 1.11'iwy*-1---- LIA24604 Totfk AtAnifeUtt** 7 L uf the Joint and the flame it applied to (Ik * Wad at the Junction of the front and rr.u sheets, Wtan the edge of the front sheet becomes molten, tli flame it car* ned with a circular downward motion lurk into the sheet, completely tkjue- lying the cvrLp. Then the flame ia carried almost horizontally over the undcrUpping sheet, fusing the front a*K) rear sheets together. A filler rod It Fit. 7/ J. - T#cAn<-7W toe **Ui*4 p*p* to ffc# KorUtmJj Jurd pctoiow not generally u*ed (Fig. 71.10). fn rate instances, butt juintt are used, but the would be more of a carting "peratitm. In this type cf c-pcr.tion. umlua are held in place and the lead it melted into and fused with the Joint by directing the flame into the mold. OmW Politic* The overhead position ia the moat difficult of all for welding Wad and It tt be avoided whrrrvrf possible. Hemever, if it it necessary to weld in thia position. the Up Joint it the moat full* able type, and as sharp a flame as potubW should be used. The weld beads should he small and the operation slxiuld be completed as cpnck.lv at pot* ubte. No fillet rod is used. The pree sure of the ftsue? and capillary attrac . tion air untally sufficient to hold the molten Wad in place. fforisonlof rotation on | tVfhco/ Surface There are two methods of making Fig. 713 -Tochmlqi fee uolrfmg Up Jotof to the JU< partrtoo fuihts in the horizontal position. They are the enrflund method, which is the easier method and therefore preferred, and tie undeihand method. Both pr^ t. dive lap type joints. In the overhand method, the lower sheet to be Joined la the overlapping sheet, and the edge of the lap is left slightly cpm. The flame is inserted into this opening and weld ing ii done in what amounts to a flat twt sr*c-< or tongM t. ponthxi (Fig. 71.7 left.) The lap b SOt Kim or toaCM *4 *ik t 1 a filer metal, but becomes part waroc ue u a m <4 the flare in which the welding Is per formed. Filler metal is supplied by a : Wad filler rod. The underhand method is necessary tf the upper sheet laps over onto the lower slieet. The Up is dressed icvt^oi a* *cv<x or CatM *T It tightly against the lower sheet, and or stao* wddmg is performed by using the downside tap edge as fifWr metal. The fig. 7M0.-f#riU<gM of vrk/wg Up hm is pointed at the lower sheet and fetotf In oertiraf poPtitm .i i mr ^U<jp. V 1 IfW* mm ii'miuw lliW*ii-lM'JWmg IJIK1 J .-*r LIA2 4605 i-.if1.il ' - nfrufar fftn % Ued cut into dte ovrilap when the bead it formed. No filler rod to used. The underhand Joint (Fig. 71.8 right) is almost as difficult to complete u Joints ta the overlicad position, and should be avoided if possible. Weldleq Pasitloi (Uod Pip*) For best results In welding pipe Joints, (lie work should be planned so that as few Joints as pomble will have to be made in place. Where the pipe can be rotated horizontally, welding can he pciformrd In a flat position. U'here rolling Is impossible and the pipe is in a horizon's) position, a butt Joint is generally used. To avoid overhead welding, a we section Is usually rut in the upper part of one end of the abutting pipe. This allows access to the lower part of the frwnt, which l then wrhfed from the imide of the pipe The vee cut is then rqdaced and welded from the uutixle, as is the upper part uf the Joint (Fig. 718). An alternative method is to cut teo-sloti ir this upper part of both ends of the pipe, folding back the lead and following the urns procedure as previously mentioned to complete the wrld. For pipe joints in the vertical flxed poolion, the cup Joint should be used (Fig. 710). The lower section of pipe to flared out, and the upper letioQ to beveled to fit into the flared end- The flame is dimled into the Bare and, u;fng a lead filler rod, the two sections of pipe are welded together. Multiple passes are usually necessary. The welding procedure to similar to that used for a groove-wrlded butt Joint. Wold Stxo Frnro one to five Users of lead may be applied by welding, depending upon the thickness of tle lead to be joined, la general, a weld reinforcement uf about V# *a 14 used he butt joints In flat Up Joints, the rule is to buiM to the thickness of the top sheet and then to apply on* more pass. For vertical and overhead Up Joints, multiple pavw-r are seldom pratt* aL For tup joints welded in the vertical fixed position, rt U necessary to bring the weld even with the Lp of the cup by means of multiple parses. WILDING OF DISSIMILAR MITALS The welding of lead to other metals is generally confined to the appUcaboo of a thick coating of lead to steel, copper or other metals to combine the corroskm resistance of lead with the structural strength of other metals. The result* ant product to commercially rrfmed to U *Vnded lead* or "homogeneously lined lead." Various methods of bonding Wad to other metals are avaiUbl? to the fabrh calur. These include the apphc-it^m of the lead by {.and and catting f lead onto the nthef metal. In any case, surface preparatnei of the metal to be covered to of paramount imporlitwe. In add; turn. pure Wad dors not readily wet other melds, and it is rn-v*scary to use special techniques or an alloy of lead, such as tedder or antirrvmul lead, to tout the base metal prior to the application of the lead lining. Because steel is generally' used as the base mrtal m bonded lead equipment. tlie pnxeduivi as applied to steed wnll be described m some detail. The same general techniques will be applicable to other metals. Soldor Cowtod SKef htrel that is to be vVler-coated should first be met harueaCy cleaned cation of gnt, sandblasting ur grinding, or cbrmkally cleaned by pit m* u**PU'W*"1 l l ****** wumanuuM L IA2A606 iam ^a*OatfNMWahaMWaefcMMANfeNW*W W'tMi*t *f />mmi/ A/rfa/r, 9 lundling the itrrl /<<t this rtrp, nlrrmc cirr ihnuld be taken to prevent od or grease frotn owmoj In contact with the cleaned surface. A mnoxive flu*, iixh as /me (hloriile. is t licit applied, followed by Applied* tkwi of * 50% tin, V)% trad snider, This is gaw-fally applied etdirr with torch or by dipping die steel into s molten bath. W"hJe still molten sny nctn solder it wiped ufi with cloth. After the solder Ku solidified but while M Is still hot, any remaining flu* Uould be removed by wiping with cloth that ha* been dipped in hot water. Aatimsalal (Hard) Us ^Ch M SImI T*"* procedure tz be h*,M-w*d when coating steel with antimonUl lead Is rtsclly the same as that dewnbrd for coating steel with solder, except that no flu* is required and 6% antimonial lead Is used in place of the 50-50 solder. lead Casllag of Prreooted SM with Torek In applying a lead coating to prevoatrd steel with a torch, the dame is ilimted on tiw steel coating until the coaling Is melted. Tlie flame Is then tr.ndr*Trd to tbr lead filler metal rod. which is held dose to the a/ra being worked on. As the lead flow V the tmh is tranderted to the next ovrflapptng arra No attempt should be truth to lay down t).e required thximi of lead la <*nr pasc Three panes are usually required to build up a thickness (4 (/4 inch. After tlic first pass, tlie lead should be carefully examined he puiholcs and other faults. If any exist, they* should b* icp-urd by scraping down to the steel, reapplying the `tinned* omtwg and filling with lead. This first layer of h ad may then be scraped dmo to a imee unJocm thkknexs, and the second past applied. .After each pass the surface s ImmiIJ be r-ummed for faults and repaired poor to confmo.-ng. Whro the ippo.*ii! thickness <4 lead is reached, (lie lead may be maduned or scriped to a smooth, uniform surface. Land Coating of Ua<afad Sfaal with Tarek Steel which ix to be coated with lead should first be meehantrany of chem ically cleaned as prrxiously dcwnhed. A flu* <4 ntix-f Qnc-amroomum chloride or stannous chkcxle is thm applied to the working area fust before the costing iprfJtion. The flame is played on the ftrrl and on the lead filler material. Care should be taken that d* flu* is not destroyed by tbc heat before the lead starts to flow. Subsequent procedures arc the lame as those described in the sccton entitled "Lead Coating of Prcreated Steel with the Torch." Land Coating by Costing Methods In thi* nnitad <4 mating. thr xt^el it prepared by' mechanically cleaning or pickling the surface to be bnrd. Tlie surface u tlim fluxed wnlh /me-ammonium clikede nr starmnus chlundr. ami lieat ts applied, generally on the underside <4 thr shed. Ia*ad filler uwtcrui is then rubbrd \ig<tctwdy on the treated steel surface until a dun mating of lead adheres to die stceL Molten lead Is thm cast on this suifacc to approximately twice the drum! thwknrxa. Any Insoluble impurities such as dross present in thr lining wiB float to the surface. After the lead has cooled, this excess mating containing the impu'itief Is removed by scraping to the specified thickness. Tbc roughened surface (s then smoothed by flame washing, which also serves to repair any minor defects. ir>.eu - am e, w*i>  .............. puy"" WW^SjgBHWWWO* L IA24607 fc.rf.nXMm. iimmimwii'ihini ix MXjfcqfc^MfcftiMxfc^rfarft^fc \QfUtd WILOINO 1MIB The ipeed at wrMing butt joint. In the lei potitioa h ttrH very dilem: (mm the iperd develutxd heo Ret welding itrei Speed* at SO ft per hr He am- mon with A lb ilaeet Iced. Oenjon'i fonnul. for determining welding rpeed Id ,, lMtolSS V"------- T-------- where: T = fead thicknesses, indict V = burning speed, ft/hr Filler MeUI Cot*oiptl#n On butt Joint*. rule <4 thumb for filler mrtil corouraptKm far a single past weld i\. one fo<^ of rod to one foot of Joint, where V*ta- dia. rod cod 84b lead ere employed. One pound of */4'ia. die. filler rod will supply approximately four feet of wckL SUPPORTS FOR SHUT HAD UNIO TAHKS HVre high temperature* are wed within i loot* lead-lined tank or rapid tvclet of hratmg and cooling are encountered, or where the depth of the tank to more than eight fert. reinforcement of the lead lining is necessary. Hus rein* furvement it g'*nrrf3y' provided by vertical strrl strapping, or by the to-cstlcd 'button* t>-pe of fastening. All reinforcing methods art applied after the feed hning is installed. Vertical steel strapping is accomplished by welding studs on the steel fining through pre cut holes in the lead or with prrpUcrd bobs fas the Steel or wood tank. }la!f-o%al steel straps are placed over the threaded studs or bolts and drawn up tightly. A lead strip <4 the same weight ant! composition as the lead lining itself is then placed over the steel strap and welded securely on each side to protect the steel strapping frura corronon. Good vertical strapping practice to to place the straps about 18 in. apart; they should never bo more than 24 in. afuit. Studs and holts are generally placed on IS-an. centers. 12-in. ce.iten are occasionally used, but the cmtrrt are never more than 24 Inches. W^h the "button* type of fastening, a large steel washer and a roundhead bolt are used steel and wood tanks. The bolts arc evenly spaced over the errtire lead hnmg at about 18-in. centers. After the bolt is drawn up tightly, a lead cap comphtcly ctu. toiling the steel washer and bull head is welded to the lead lining. Where exceptionally severe cor jvtms pnid, particularly when abrasion tic erosion is a fact**, where the vessel operates under high pressure or a vacuum, or where ackls and allal < s must be handled la the same vessel, an acid brkk lining on top of the lead lining to rcroaMirwW. $AMTY FRCCAUTIOKS Because of the toxic nature of h ad. lead welding should be performed in wB verjilatcd locations to prevent uJ-alation tf ntTune unouhft of lead fumes or dud. Men working in confined arras, such as the bratom of a deep, open tank, should be provided with a positive air supply directed to*? the tar.k by * fan or blower to a position below the breathing level In endow'd areas nidi at iiiiriiui n>jwpm>^< LU2A608 i iMlmi lib Qmmo* AfftmUtm II * yapw g .i;. i n mi n m 'i in m *|iin "l|i| |iM inil b i j iw w i i i w i w b i, iim w ;.|M wgwwwgwp' wip.j!M n m 'npiin wi min u . <iii'i " n m i i w u k ,w me pressure \ntr!i or rkurd Unit, -*fh it u a iWl lx* rrquirrj to Tr an supplied respirator or mack, (Sc*- Chapter 11, Sevtooo I, (or root* detailed information.) COMMON APPLICATIONS Tbe nkleqxrad uv of Irid m the chemical industries is i dimt rmM of the ease With which it cm he locoed hv as wrQ at itt rtcrptiuaal mnUm to corrosion b) a wide variety of thrmirik Lead melding it utrd hi lining tanks, to conveyors, and to other equipment used to itire e mu chemical srJutkmv For esamptr. it it used to produce nick equipment at heal eichancrrs m a phosphoric acid evaporator iFig. 7l.ll), an trudalKta aqt<*Live in a robah refiner). for manufacturing sulfuric aoj by the tharnbrr ami tunial processes, rlntnntiU precipitators, table tops and p.ptng for chemical laboratories, ackl resistant floors to cliemica! plants (Fig, 71.12), and iwmcmus other equipment used to the chemical prnrrtonf Industrie* Lead welding has been used estemivrly to the preparation if lead shirlded components lor gamma ray attenuation. This is particularly tme of mobile yr*ZB* - \_ltekb09 u //w [Krwrr reactor equipment such as that uuxi on naval and merchant ships. 11* Aturnic Energy Cummititoa hat stated; "Where Urge attenuations of gamma radiation intensities are desired, (ftc use of lead instead of Iroo results f a wright laving id 10 percent . . It It oltrn important that the lead be t*H*l<d p4r|nily to tir\k(uraf supports by lead wrUmg and that no void exists between the Wad tod structural tnem* hers." Lead welding has been used ritt* lively in the installation of nuclear pArtrr plinli in submarines. The Wad may be in t) Lem ol cast slabs, sheet Wad or Wad bonded Mtri Cast slabs are first portioned and secured to tire steel by edge bonding. T1*e trrti d t!*e steel where this edge bonding Is performed are first cVaned and then tinned with aoider, using a 7me ihlonJe flux The areas bhwyt adjoining cast Wad slabs os between tbs Wad and the structural rtrrl are also IJ - W'rWttvi f jm uprtawd ftm*ui on oreHiig 0* 0 avert trod tm*d Lead tUrxe* ofssewf p/vi r slut m rided to t o/Ue filled by o%t*rlaying Wad to the required tlpcVneM. WVn sheet Wad U used to make up (Ik - .e>pured thickness, each ahrrt it edge boidrd to the steel ftnatutr and to the Wad diert beneath it Cap# btfwri a 4.lfMiuig tlirrts * tl* %trrl structure are filled by wrtlaung mtb .ad. Hlrfr Wad lirtulril lti I t> uol. lie Mee| balking {date n a: Ud to ll< steel structure i7*l the WiJ Ige ts hnruWtl to the stricture. Any gaps are filled os previously Jrx nbed. *Xh w |S#U< Oh w Mi--4.* i-u fcwp Cn-->io tlbtlgrpbf "l-r*d WVWlm* PmUm," L i Bcw**r, The U'ridmg |wsd, M <91. r.i (I'M?). "Lead W klmg.' R. L 7effrU tad D M. Boedna. /vwsd of the l'wed AuucsoM of /ovrwws ed ApptrMim of the fhabn| ad hpe fS(M| /adt--rry i {VcroiWf IWT) "Lead Wrlhnc." It I. &efrld aed D M fhvetoa. SUti (Awful 3. 194). "Lead UVtliM. A RoW-w of the Literature to January 1940. W $poi(rs and G. K. Cbwm, The UVtu Joomal. Roseauh Suffl, N(l), {1941). rnp 7 lyuu^puu wjpu^snrf^jp* w ijMWPgH.iy LIA2A610 - r'^i iVTur iii rnrtrif'irtiririiii At M-uqtv-f IrJ. $ \itliiiMtm.J V-#l. 1 9 .WwlMNI), \ fltimli-tl lr*J, H ffcifl nmrft, 3 Rtittim Ul:iMnt 10 rSrfMii |r*11 Otftihimg, | r<irriW ^ fr*W4n*, X II ( i4((H|\, 9 Cup hn<. 3. f IVuhifl/wl trad, 1 FuuifHiirtit. V#d 4 F*B-f 4 flr 4 itVitMIftiM, |0 Minfr ptuh, 3 K*rl |irs 4 r-*v IVTMtit p mI Lwr. 4 Mtw<rar<wl> kard Wad. 1 Kni dr'if*. S )<wi ffr^ritioa, $ Mt. \+*t. ^ rtf, 5 llftf. 3 Up, 5 l^n *(, 3 I---!. I VI UimW. a t hrtiw aL 3 tmtint % 9 INDIX U-s4\ A ttmrtj |tft^tr1lr, 2 n<mnfMN<i*utf) bnrd, C !*<. ^ t(tii|ii1i fi dirH Uor\l la*iv |Q tiDuffcim. 1 Imw Xy. 10 *rMwig Mr*#! 4 lx ptMlkm, 0 furl |ivv 4 hrtl/tmld nidhai u m tritlrd J4irf 3 t>xn( |xrjur*lk, 3 iArrfw**1 pnklKM. 7 . twtmwnnolitl Ima t . 0 vifrty pfn iirfkm, 10 JurVird nntiptvl4 1(4 (SIMM fAJT II tjtirt X(ti 9 fniil n]ulpntl, 4 fml 4. |0 IndiuiMUr niriak, M |tt k num(HiUik, 0 rrth l piuilKti, # <U %ur. S Mirimi pmvOrtH, 4 ri*u Fh C n|k. 3 VdHt pn SJ<trr. (twlnl Ui 11, 4 Sit'd CTWftil, 9 10 TrQufMH, 3 Vd. 1 u\U tip Urn* f