Document RaNaLookxd73YOOnrxgwkY0m8

/ Q^ s h e mm&tat mo u s es o f ixiumai Goramsretally tit,atom has so far bed R short bat most interest ing history It was over a hundred years ago however, when this' element *s first disooTered. Williams Gregor, an English clergyman, found- evidsnoe of the 'motel la bleak sand, io stream-bed at Treganwsll Mill, Cornwell in 1791* The asms titanium ni given by e German chemist, Martin Klaproth, four year's later. The mineral rutile ia which he found' this element'is-noted for It*strength" and hardness, B* "seleeted : . \v`-v .. . 4 -S'" ^ ' "titanium derivfd from the.mytholog'ioalj.Titans "theifirsti-'soas f;thr-; earth". v:V" ^ ... ; ; ; j.- '... .to-V/ '--to 'Hr--? y. .. ./ Utraittidoes;' not. occur in . pure'- fans' ,hufe&is en oxide'''im':;t1iMdiieral'.tatil^^mr' in oeaibinatiora *ith'.;fwi|\4tf:tha- aio - V r sites ilmenite The .-element itself -;is:/erdafh, gray'nbssexystalliae'.-p'ovier .mithf ^ a specific, gravity`of 1.2S which.-ls rather/light1 for a aeth.ir! I have here sample(s) of sands and mineral(s) fromdiioh titanium is produeed - rutile''Ci;;'iiSsiii)e?":';''-''-' "-* ' : " ' "* * ' X v.> Titanium differs from almost all the other elements by its peculiar capecity of uniting with nitrogen at high temperatures. This promises a cheap mesas of preparing ammonia direct from the atmosphere. In turn, this leads to the matrafaoture of fertilisers and explosive. Used as an alloy with other metals, titanium gives a hardness end tough ness to steel and imparts a fine lustre to silver. Titanium has always been erroneously elsssed as a rare metal. It may surprise you to know that thia so called "rare metal" far exceeds in abundance in the earth's crust the "common metals", copper, sine, lead or tin. Titanium, ia found in all continents on the globe. In this country alone there ere twenty-three states in which titanium occurs. N12510 0007-swp-0"0000e643~ -8- . ttw JBlasral rutile raiefe. is at Xeeert 94% titanium oxide is found most. extensively in the United States la Salaoh County, Virginia. the second largest deposit is la Horway, then' comes Canada, Australie., en d : Medegecar. It eIso happensthat the- principle deposits of ils^sit- ere in Halson County, Virginia. . -Other United States sources 'are. the.sands, at Jaekaonville Seech, Florid* end Hedonic Beach, California, ; Foreign, deposit are at Ivry Quebec*, .in' Inditin'- the.'magnatie -sands of the' Travanoore and in Africa in the Senegal eoest sands'* - In ,Brasil-, totrsli* 8ad'l0rway iliaenite.is'sdso^f^difel1!^^'-'^.;-' r- : ..' - - - -, ; -, .- ..r ;>a;;Tfe.above location* 'r#sdi^shaltfiat\-'fW7- rar*iaetal. titanium -has -m Tory wide .distribution and . States ooeur.- ,- scat'-, efathe-greatest-'.depdd is`'4' ?4.- . > Most of the titenlm:oxide.'used -iisv.tJiikS'ebtBttry,' however, is' 44v4-4'- .- .. obtained-.fran. the Trsvanoore sand -of';'Eadiif^:|Hbe',reasoo .for' this -is that the cost of production is so very mnoh loner in Indie then in the .-UnitedvStatss*-. furthermore 'th-'lhdiaa^8alli:-'r^;sittsated'''rery'near deep water so large oosan freighters can load'the ore directly after extraotion. Ocean freight service like this, half way around the world, can compete with the auoh higher priced and shorter railroad transpor tation in the United States. Therefore, the ore is delivered to this ecustry at about the same or for less cost than it oan he produced here. If a high protective tariff was made for demeatio titanium e probably all titanium oxides made in this country would be derived from American ores, but we would have sufficient resources to more than adequately take care of the demand for many years to come. The metal titanium is never used commercially in the pure state. Instead, there is usually obtained from die ore an oxide of the metal. In the production of titanium oxide rutile has the advantage of being an almost pure oxide 94% or over. Ilmenite oentdins 0007-SWP-000006644 -s only about 50# titanium aside but the type generally used has the " advents g#~'of being mostly'in the fora of sand so that .extraction ia . easy and little crushing Is necessary. ' Very briefly, the manufacture of titanium oxide is as'- follow's: fh ilmsmite sand is first cnsetad extremely fine and then heated-'' with sulfurie ecid, both iron and titanium disolring in solution'part ' of the iron crystallises oat. Then the solution is diluted with * - water ,on oadfag end,reheated.which draws the titanium mt asd;the-! - ' \ i' remaining iron: stays;-'I; solution. ' ' r.One;of the'-reasons.titanium dioxide'is such s brillieatlopeque lS. paint pigi^t:'4s;;dne'it;:its high refrectire-index, (that '^ to which light falling on it is reflected by the particles .of,pigment) If, instead of precipitating the titanium hydroxide pure, it-- iilHSH-* , thrown down cm a bate of barium sulphate, the resulting^oaleination (heating 'to "a 'powder fr)~'i* more' readily controlled'to"gl^-'^un&dmT?' product, end the pigment produced haa a refraetire index considerably higher than either of the two compounds of which it is composedi The usual proportion of suoh pigment is titanium dioxide . 25% and barium ulphr.ti - 75jC. This is knows as Titanium White B. i short description of the manufacture of Titanium White is that the crude ore is first freed from impurities by mechanical treatment at the mines. The concentrate in the fora of,a coarse grit' is shipped to the factory where it is dried, ground into a fine powder and then decomposed with sulfuric acid. The resulting solution of titanium and iron sulphates being stored in tanks reedy for the next prooess. Meanwhile, barium sulphate is prepared by precipitation, end after washing, th wet preoipitate is pumped Into wets.'. Here the 0007-SWP-000006645 titanium solution lea et&2d to it, the saistare being rarosd end' gitE-tedwith-'fci>i'reKaIt;thfii:;th titersiym sulphate It'hydrolysed and*titanium bjiro^ae.-'preeiptebed'-on .the partie/lea of barium milphate - .XT" -v-v-' .. . '. - v.-;:.;.-' -,. . . . . . .... ... .... * The composite precipitate? ia washed free fro the iron sulphate, ' pMMd. into a ,rflfcaiy;furaabevwhara':''it it drei"'and 'sftoiaad.. this'lost'. .process has to be watched'oarefully-issithe refractive index pt the. = _ : pigment depends-greatly? isiproperly regalnting-tho ealolnetion..' ;She ." ..i. * j.' produMvi. thaia?ell^ciroaad^d^etod"f(^ifeipiBdo-'^ .' i .Tha-abwiKi'isralyffliry.ibriefldaasffi.pti!!#,- rather:r diffieilt el'tBi.el .praei6.'i:lfraetieaily tho'-irfiaie:' cycle of'opisintieni^ has, to ~b carried 'on;.under fhighly, &el<!?endlttese ,. whleh 'asaas ' J * ' most-of' th:' e -p:l..eat haa-\t?beVeonstrd<&.avVd.- .. ef w..e.. e d.* sad load du. e;* to the- w' ?- . - . >. . > . r\%^,r:'.ilMSTr-~ K.' ' * eerrbeion f ether et*i- '' v . from n industrial point,' of wiser the price at which a BBterinl ees be supplied is as important consideration, and titanium white offers sEoeptiensl possibilities, in this respeot. fhs pie* of meet other.-white'pigments* whit# lead, siao ffid.de, eta. depend largely ee the market for the metal concerned, aad so is oftea subject to fluctuations. But there is no other industrial call for titanium off any importance. In any ease the available supplies of ore vastly exoeed possible demands; therefore, the priee depends solely upon the cost of production. At first, when production was on a small ale, development was handicapped because the price compared unfavorably with that of other whit# pigments. Lately increased demand and increased efficiency of production have caused the price of titanium white to deoline until now it can compete on equal terms apart from Its special advantages. 0007-SWP-000006646 a latest prices of i*fwl pigment an the. Ifew York- ire as follows: titanium. Dioxide - 18jf & lb; Titanium !hit. 9 itl .Titajniw Vhlte C. iyj;?4thepB - ijb?; White Lead and 2inc Oxide -'Bowever, titanium whit is smeh lighter than other pigment sad'.lead ;ie snob heavier; Also, gallon of titanium paint would? oover .. aeh aor,:irarfaffl than the same amount of .any other pigpnit paint.' Baaed on this ateaura th white lmi ii sort expansive, lead and sim w*> then. Zdthopoae', while titaaisaa, pipaeat; ^:the;;heapast' of lle- . . ' ' fitenim oompouade ^v^fMiyyheea.'miidfBetnred to any extent. sihee the war, ton* te_t.Miishort -porlftfrorefgorsgaeantjjg : - ' * V ' i-V' ' .,v- ~ ` '''v-ly- v>.. . - issued sorer than a haffidred 'psteahe^oa^Tarionataaa^eofearihg preoeasas .dealing with 'titanium* By fhr the''`greet@t;:wte^f:'titaai'!Htt ,ia- ia- paint glgtiujinte; hut this it not' the' only oa;-hy''ay'means.. Other Uses are in inks, oil cloth,. sealing wax, smoke screens, fireworkd, are lamp electredea, eeunt, ` robber- 4iyi7 linoleum/ irtthdd leather. gem stenec, medicinal preparations, fertilisers and oocuetio.s Ab for the properties of titanium paint .pigments, their remarkable opacity or obliterating power is perhaps the most important* Along with' this is their brilliant whiteness which is due to a great extent, as mentioned before, to the high v*fr*ctiv index of the pigasnt pertieles. Titanium pigments preduo the most brilliant white paint known* Eore is sample of titanium pigment we use in the manufacture of some of our white paints. Another characteristic is their ehemiosldability. Most paints are discolored by chemical fumes present in the atmosphere of large oitlee, Titanium.paints- are uneffadted by each fumes, especially sulfur fumes, which easily discolor some paints. A1 r> 'kite 0007-SWP-000006647  -S. pipMSte beisjg1 so stable will npf react at all with eey vehicle with which they are.mi*ed ihr -pigment.. dl to a slight. extent. ' : .- .-}1'Finally, th insolubility f tlttatum' pipBente gives them eaettsr ..i3Ep0rtent:`ehereetcrls;feie; thii` ic that :thy er non-pciaoEous.; they taw Assn', fed t rabbit, guinea pig .and ven bums without' any ili*effo6s-whatyer. I haw an article-her by ?Ml Staton and - Englishman,- who oonduotod an unusual experiment - on Alnitlf. KMr. Beaton sws ia-perts^l'f^/-. .; ..' \ vd-,la the mm *oC - J;;boit;-w poundf@fi(titanium) -pigment 'being?made': uplnto:: v ::.;;sr ert`-f/porriige witb:Waterend e littlejelueose*aad;- - . " /.* *reilld after starring-.for about 34 hours in erderto: ' ' -.-T' ' '-: i;; '5' X-:-:/--.:- eliaihai# ^previous meals :tai" insur ,that?th'eliBwn;isy' " oanal should b. completely exposed to the mixture. ?he ' progress of-the pigment through ths-boty ms*' .m-- te- 'h*s;' d*!'rt^vrl'g- r--** _ _ naan of an X-ray tube and fluoreseent screen and radio graphs baton at internals, th whole system wa thus continually exposed to any possible action of the pigment for 14'hours8 and I an honestly .ssy that I haw newer felt th slightest ill-effect; if anything, my health ha . improved since the experiment rather, than the reverse If Mr. Heaton had made a meal of white lead instead, he would probably have died within 14 hours. line Oxide or lithopene would have at least made him wry ill. From the atari, when titanium pigment were first used in making paint, our company waa very much interested in this new pigment. Survey';wr#i-made,;f ..various ore deposits-and^several manufacturing prooeesea were studied. However, after careful consideration, it was OO07-SWP-000006648 titanium pigment. e are able to b\gr the nebeasary pigment from several manufacturing compsales which re well shipped to take sere of our needs' at very reasonable rates. Oar purchases of titsmium pigment kave increased tremendously . in the pest three years. Last year wo bought 1800 toss of Titanium .JUkit B while the year before the pureheses smouRtsd to 1103 tons and three year* ag.::t,SO.:taii.'- s3aast : ' threefold- increase-la-three yeera. -2- - "j* Titanium mute 0=|thl(li-l* boot, the same aVfitabim>1!^ito::B teeepfe -Vi v.- that ealolum base is used' in it* > aan|ut^s. rather vitai :a barium base) ,;? ." shows .eneir a.-'greeter isorease. HIS-tonsvwere- purchased-last'yeer which-'-'-: . : is ton flaws more than was'pnrehaaW'-.'fbro* years'ago.T- Lest' year. we. also bought 160 tons of pur titanium.dioxide whieh is about twice as nasah .. ..as.was purohased the year before. I d net want to lead you to think from these figures that our use of titanium is exceptionally large. Coopered with lithopone, for instance, it is rather small. Last/ year we manufactured 20.000 terns of lithopone and only used 2778 tons of titanium pigments or about eae-seventh as much. Titanium is only used in a few of our paints: S Semi-lustres; 4' Flat-tones| 2 Knameloids and most important of all- S.V.P. Gloss White for outside use. Here is the outside Close White label whioh states that 56j of the pigment is titanium pigment. closing. I wish to explain that titanium pigments will by no mean* replace the regular lead, sine and lithopone pigments that we hare been manufacturing r some time. Titanium has a limited field but in, as yet, unsurpassed in that field. That is, where s very brilliant white of greet obliterating power dr a chemically inert, or t it**'**-- --- ----- son-poisonous pigment is needed, titanium pigment is the only kind to use, ----------------------- . . - 0007-SWP-000006649 : 'r i* - ;;ll i ~ :i The first eerawireial white pigment naed ia modern memtfeetured pe inte w eb e' of eonrec ,. white lesd later this'wag ' improved by adding sine - oxide. Still later lithopone wee invented - ad bee been in general.eee for the pest 25 year*. These represent steps forward in re@eer.sh; far a brighter, stronger, more .stable white pigseat, ' fitaniwi is joH^gw latest step in this endless search , ' . - ' -. - ...... A.. for ia^0raBMBte*;;r'1ii&^$ntar:is?jio*-the-goal,-- our Company, it:: ' - ..... ... ... ..... ..- _ oes#l#ssly;'eearohi^'l^a^. atiwiaia :aad. experimenting .withhK:-;^ different- ;oaBpomIs.;^^It|ng 'tb-^bettsr'; present pigments njherOTer ^^ possible end; Is?nhiai^ae^ ones*' "" V .. 0007-SWP-000006650