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Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL JULY, 1968 (Vol. 32, No. 7) INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA. IS213 01 132 3692 7- ~ -* 1 V- ; JV - HTV , :&* 4in* '& ,,- V. m XL i: r- -f A . 'ti v ,,-SV<t a *V y. -l" V: . > ->' ' 4'* i- . h ' r-' '* .f- -1 ;f', --IV. iV r 'V y- ' # 'V0\ life- r /1-f,?*s ' iV. .' .- - ' J ^ - . ' .* ;rr. ',!>. *.'!. L .. ;-s? >6-3 7' *Vl ''4wTS*f. n'7ii.* s ik/'-i ;>-' -' . ' a. i.i -i ---- ^ u-r. : 'L?''*%& sKSirV..f'^ *`p: >V4?> r by'~ -! r- u-^v` .'1''\ .. : f- ,?;>- *t"5. !1 li i^v-- i- ? -4 ,,<A' ^ ? 4- ** < .*'/ ."P tf /-, ^ '. zmw.jh '***< ./. J*\ .V.y- ,*4?1 -Jv5*>-r -1V' ? : '-*** ^'fe, *'\ ' ; ^ > ; A'.>*" ,V *' ?' $$&* ,- >;-' ' RMS L-&-.&' ^ ': V . v':- .. .' - ' -,' nt-* :' -v--. ",; .# -#o'`---;' **A * ' ..' . ;',.*.: *'*i ri*-^.>a,*' <<tj*< 1.TV'*; j '- ,:c .j -" ;- . ^ ' /^*V-Jh.'ii^lX; ^'j"' *>v`5^-, -`''t ,.^.*; . ( - - -' :"yy ;; :; HygKNi* Feundi^en otiwww no rwpomibiltty for itatmtnti tn ortldo obtlfuctod In this 9 molorlol from otto organisations which mar bo sont to msmfatn from tlmo to Hmo. Tho d,9' * condonsation of artldos at wall 01 Utoraturo not originating within tho foundation, aro mods availablo to our momhsrs sololy for thoir information, by way of hooping thorn pootod on dovolopmonts. Z<oA &n ol csTAiLiaMCO Kia 1412) 621-1100 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh. Pa 15213 TO THE MEMBERS OF IHF: July. 1968 SECOND QUARTERLY REPORT -- 1968 During the second quarter of 1968. IHF's program* have continued to develop and progrei* in all areas. New Member*: Sprayed Mineral Fiber Manufacturer* Association. Inc. Midwestern Coating Corporation New Headquarters Cor 1HF: To allow Mellon Institute of Carnegie*Mellon University to utilise the space now occupied by the Foundation's headquarters for their expanded laboratory space requirements and to allow for expanded Foundation activities. IHF plans to establish in* dependent headquarters in the Fall at 5231 Centre Avenue. Pittsburgh. Pa. (Shadyside) in a building purchased by the Foundation for that purpose. The new headquarters is located in close proximity to the medical, scientific, educational and hospital complex of the Oakland*Shadyside area. Expansion into its own headquarters facilities represents an important milestone on the road to attainment of its vitally important goals of optimal health and human relations in both industry and the community. Close liaison and collaborative effort with Mellon Institute will continue. New Bv-Laws for IHF: At the May 3. 1968 meeting of the Foundation's Board of Trustees, new By-Laws, written to update those under which IHF has been operating, were passed by the Board. The new By-Laws are consonant with the Foundation's long-range objectives and a con temporary modus operandi. The new By-Laws broughainto effect changes in title of IHF't chief administrative staff: President Executive Vice President Assistant Treasurer Dr. Robert T. P. deTreville Harry M. Bowman Ellen C. Diamond (formerly Managing Director) (formerly Assoc. Managing Director) (also Office Manager) Res*h^ A new industrial grant to IHF. with multiple sponsorship, was obtained for continued research in 1968-69 on the Bioeffects of Fibrous Class with expanded scope. A new Federal grant to IHT was received to extend the Foundation's study of the pathogenicity of asbes tos dusts in the period 1968-72. The other existing IHF research programs.which are progressing satisfactorily. were described in the 1967 Annual Report. Staff Activities Dr. Robert T. P. deTreville. IHF President - attended American Industrial Hygiene Association meeting of Self-Evaluating and and Finance Committees April 5-7 in Chicago. - attended American Industrial Health Conference April 21-26 in San Francisco. - addressed National. Academy of Engineering site visit at Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh. April 30. 1968 on the subject. 'The IHF Story--Past. Present, and Future: Exemplifying Effective Application of Engineering Concepts in Scientific Management of Industrial Hygiene Since 1935. " (manuscript available) - attended American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and American Industrial Hygiene Association Confarence May 11-17 in St. Louis. attended Senate Committee hearing on Occupational Safety and Health Act June 19 in Washington. D. C. attended Pittsburgh-Cleveland Section Industrial Medical Association meeting May 24 in Pittsburgh. - attended IHF Legal Committee Meeting June 28 in New York City. * AIN ASIOC ATI O IN OF INOUfTRlCS FOB Tn| AQvANCCMCNT QF MCAUTHFVJL WOBKINfl CONOlT'ONI I SECOND QUARTERLY REPORT -- 1968 , 1 * juTy, 1968 SUit Activitiee (continued)-. ' Harry M. Bowman, IHF Executive Vice Preaident 4 - mat with Andrew Kalmykow, Annual Meeting Management Conference Chairman, on April IS ut.New'York City. to coordinate program of 33rd Annual Maating, Oct. 15.16. - attended AmericanPetroieum.Inatitute/American Industrial Hygiene Aaaoeiation Air Quality Symposium June 4-5 in New York City'." - addraeead Oakland and Lawrencevilla Rotary Cluba (Pittaburgh) on tha eubject, "Can You Alford to Ignore Induetrial Hygiana? "(manuacript avaUabla) Dr. Paul Groaa. Director of theFoundation'e Reaearch Laboratory - 'attended a meeting of tha American Conference of Governmental Induatrial Hygieniata Threehold Limita Committee April. 1-3 in Cincinnati. Ohio. - rapraaanted IHF at a maating of a Working Group on Inaulation Induatry Hygiana on May 14 in New.York City. .. prevented a paper "Pulmonary' Farruginoue Bodiea" at the American Collage of Cheat Phyaiciana Annual;Moating, June 13-17 at San Francieco. Publicationa and Public Relationa: - Medical Seriea .Bulletin No.* 13-68, "A Report on Health Aapecta of Fibroua Glaaa" 32nd Annual Meeting Tranaactiona Induatrial Hvaiene Hiahliahta Exhibit at A1HA Conference (Vol. 1 expected off the preaa thia month -: Induatrial Hygiene Digeat.monthly iaauea Liataon with newe media for future IHF artidaa Development.of program for 33rd Annual Meeting and enliating outatandlng apeakera Comine Eventa: ; *' ,-v July 29-30 October 14 . Bloatatiatical Workahop - Mellon Inatitute /Board of-Truateee Meeting - Chatham Center . / ; -i , l 01 132 3695 industrial hygiene features An outbreak of gastro-enteritis in air crew is described in Abst. No. 627 . Abst. No. 634 reviews site and nature of airway obstruction in chronic obstruc rive lung disease. Abst. No. 639 is concerned with the effect of cigarette smoke on resistance :o respiratory infection. Preservation and restoration of joint function in patients with severe burns are discussed in Abst. No. 654 Information on the toxicity of fluorine short-term inhalacion is presented in Abst. No. 657. The tolerance of coffee drinkers to caffeine is investigated in Abst No 60 7 Abst. No. 645 investigates Q fever, a common treatable cause of nonbacterial pneumonia. See Abst. No. 676 for a reoort on a clinical and physiologic study of grain handlers . Abst. No. 646 is concerned with the manpower needs for toxicology. Consult Abst. No. 694 for fume control in wire enameling. FOUNDATION FACTS NEW MEMBERS: We welcome two new companies into membership. Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, Inc. Certain-teed Products Corporation. Gustin-Bacon Division STAFF ACTIVITIES: Dr. Robert T.P. deTreville, IHF President, and Drs. MichaelD. Utidjian and Benjamin J. Lambiotte. IHF Fellows in Occupational Medicine, are participating in an epidem iological survey as part of the Foundation's sponsored research on tibrous glass. IHF Advisors assisting in this study include Drs. George W. Wright. Antonio Ciocco. and Philip E. Enterline. Dr. Paul Gross. Director of the Foundation's Research Laboratory, attended the 9th Air Pollution Medical Research Conference in Denver. Colorado July 22-24. 1968. Upon invitation. Dr. Gross has prepared a review article on "Peat and Lignite: The Pulmonary Response to Lignite Dust" for the Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health-and Safety, a publication of the International Labour Office. PREVIEWS OF THE 33rd ANNUAL MEETING* Distinguished Management Conference speakers on October IS include I. W, Abel. International President of the United Steel Workers, who will open ^ie afternoon session speaking on the "Hard-Core Unemployed. " George Welch. Director of Rehabilitation of the Insurance Company of North America, will next discuss "Hiring Handicapped Employees." A report on "Recent Developments inBick Absence Statistics" will be presented by Dr. Philip E. Enterline. Professor of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health. Finally, the legal approach to the proper protection of either the producer or consumer of goods and services will be described by Gordon R. Close. President of Interaatioaal Association of Insurance Counsel (and Director. The Defense Research Institute. Inc.) in the closing paper of the Management Conference, "Products Liability Defenses. " An editorial in this issue of the Industrial Hygiene Digest (p. 1) deals with noise; "Noise and Hearing Loss: Definition of the Problem" will be covered by Professor Kenneth C. Stewart of the Department of Occupational Health. University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, at the Scientific Conference. October 16. "Is a Dermatitis-free Cutting Oil Possible9 ' This question will be discussed by a panel in the afternoon session of the above mentioned Scientific Conference. H. Wilbur Speicher. Administrator of Industrial Hygiene. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, is Moderator and Dr. Gerald A. Gellin. Assistant Chief of Clinical Services. USPHS Occupational Health Program, and Clyde A. Sluhan. President of Master Chemical Company, are members of the panel. PUBLICATIONS: Hygiene Digest. The Second Quartfdy^tport--1968 is attached to this issue of the Industrial T33rd Annual Meeting - October 1 5-16. 1968 - Chatham Center. Pittsburgh. .P --------------- 132 369 TABLE OF CONTENTS THIS ISSUE CONTAINS ABSTRACT NUMBERS 603-703 EDITORIALS Emphysema in Industry . T Noise: Comments on Proposed Limits, are Invited News Items . ... . .1 . Coming Events............................ Legal Developments Books, Pamphlets and Notices . . Industrial Medical.Practice . Skin Diseases and Burns . Chemical Haaards . Industrial Dusts . ` . . Physical Aspects of the Environment . Radioactivity and X-Radiation Environmental Measurements Preventive Engineering . . Commua^tr AXr Hygiene . Acctdeaflfaat Prevention. laden . . .. . Addresses of Journals .Abstracted ... P 1 1 1 4 4 5 7 IS 15 19 21 22 23 23 24. 25 27 30 *1 132 3697 Industrial Hygiene Digest July. 1968 EDITORIALS EMPHYSEMA IN INDUSTRY The far reaching conclusions in News Section Abstract No. 614. this issue (regarding rates of emphysema in employed populations) must be considered unsupported. In the Public Health Service study to which reference is made (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Ser vice Publication No. 1531 "Occupational Characteristics of Disabled Workers by Disabling Condition__ Disability Insurance Benefit Awards Made in 1959-62 to MenUnderAge 65'', 307 pages of statistical tables with introductory remarks. U.S. Government Printing Office. $1. 75/copy) findings are ex pressed as proportional morbidity ratios, based only upon emphysema claims vs total claims awarded by Social Security Administration by occupation. Digest readers wishing more comprehensive infor mation are referred to the Public Health Service Report and to Industrial Hygiene Foundation Medical Series Bulletin No. 10 "Emphysema in Industry" (Limited number "Emphysema In Industry available at $2. 50/members and $5. 00/non-members). --R. T. P deT NOISE: COMMENTS ON PROPOSED LIMITS ARE INVITED Among the many concerns for a healthy work environment (as well as for a healthy community environment) one which has been receiving increasing attention is noise. It has been described as an "environmental pollutant." To what extent is noise a hazardous component of our dally lives? Paul Michael, Ph. D., Pennsylvania State University, divides noise effects on man: (1) effects on the hearing mechanism, (2) effects on communication, and (3) effects on behavior in his discussion of Ear Protectors (1965). Much work has been done by committees and standardswriting groups, but differences in background and philosophy of persons involved and the wide range of variables that must be considered in defining noise-induced hearing damage have caused serious disagreement and prevented completion of standards. A recent release from the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service follows: "Top management and labor officials of American Industry were recently invited to comment on a set of proposed new noise limits for workers. The ceilings range between the approximate noise of a power lawn mower to that produced by a road worker's air hammer." Herbert H. Jones, associate director of the Public Health Service's National Noise Study, asked that comments be forwarded to him. The National Noise Study is an activity of the National Center for Urban and Industrial Health, Cincinnati. "Millions of workers now are exposed to the kind of noise produced by an air hammer--or worse--every working day, " said Jeroms H. Svors, Director of the National Center. "Some suffer loss of hearing because of it." The proposed noise limits wers approved at the recent annual meeting of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. If approved again at the Conference's meeting in May of 1969, they may be enacted into law in many states. The precise noise limits are as follows: For a worker exposed 4 to 8 hours a day--92 dscibels, as measured on the A scale of a sound level meter (expressed as 92 dBA). For a worker exposed to noise 2 to 4 hours--97 dBA. For a worker exposed to noise l to 2 hours--102 dBA. For a worker exposed to noise leas than 1 hour--107 dBA. Comments on the proposed limits should be sent to Herbert H. Jones, chairman of the Physical Agents Committee, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202. Industrial Hygiene Foundation has over the years provided a meeting place and a communications medium for discussion and dissemination of the latest experience and research results in the many disciplines included in Industrial Hygiene. An important presentation on noise, which will open the Industrial Hygiene Foundation's 33rd Annual Meeting Science Conference, October 16, 1968, at Chatham jjfciiter, Pittsburgh, will be on the subject "Noise and Hearing Loss." The speaker, Profe'ssor Kenneth C. Stewart, of the University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health is a widsly recognized authority. --H. M. Bowman i. 01 132 369S July, 1968 Volume XXXU No. 7 industrial hygiene digest Literature and News Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 NEWS ITEMS 603 Poison Control Centers Listed. A newly revised directory of the 545 poison control centers now operating in the United States and possessions has been issued by the Public Health Service's Division of Accident Prevention. I'. 5. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The revised directory. Public Health Service Publication No. 1278, replaces the directory published in 1962. The new Directory of Poison Con- trol Centers, compiled from information furnished to the National Clearinghouse for Poison Con trol Centers by state health departments lists the address,telephone number and directing per sonnel of poison control centers functioning In 469 cities in 48 States, and in the Canal Zone. District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The centers listed in the direc tory function independently within state poison control programs. They are supported with in formation and technical data services by the National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers, operated by the Poison Control Branch of the Division of Accident Prevention. The new directory includes centers which provide round-the-clock information services for the medical profession concerning the prevention and treatment of accidents involving ingestion of poisonous and potentially poisonous substances. It is available for 20 cents from the Superintendent of Documents. Govern ment Printing Office. Washington, D.C, 20402. -- Safety Maint. 135, 42 (May, 19681. 604 Beryllium Hazards in the Navy. The Navy has sent a warning to all ships and stations of the health hazards involved in exposure to beryllium and beryllium compounds, particularly those involved in test firing of rocket propellants. Propellants of some missiles and weapons are enriched by the addition of beryllium metals. An instruction said checks must be made of the concentration of beryllium exhausts around test areas. The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery ordered Navy research installations to maintain permanently bound records of beryllium monitoring results. "In the event of accidental spillage, personnel in volved in the clean-up should wear respiratory protection, " the message said. After exposure, showers, complete decontamination and complete clothing change must be provided. -- Air Eng. U). 32 (June, 1968). 605 911 Emergency Phone Number Ready to Go. The great number and complexity of safety agencies in the large metropolitan areas is a compli cating factor in developing the special 911 telephone number for universal use in emergencies, says Ben S. Gilmer, president. American Telephone and Telegraph Co. Cities will have to establish central dispatchers for their emergency services, a process already underway in some areas, and could be in use in many of them by 1969. Intended to give the public direct access to an emergency switchboard, and a common dispatch bureau.the systam will require modification of many central offices in the Bell System, at estimated total cost of over $50 million. It would, in effect, make direct emergency lines of the phones in the nation's l, 363, 000 public booths. -- J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng. _1_3, 2 (June, 1968) 606 Rapid Analysis of Blood Alcohol. A subanicro gas chromatographic technique for rapid analysis of blood alcohol and other volatile blood components has been developed by Dr. Ronald H. Laessig, chief of the clinical chemistrv section of Wisconsin's State Laboratory of Hygiene. In a paper prepared for presentation to the ACS Great Lakes Rsgional Meeting in Milwaukee last week. Dr. Laessig explained the solvent extraction-adsorption procedure for determining blood ethanol. The technique, which require* only a few minutes, is suitable for monitoring blood levels of certain drugs and anesthetics dur ing administration, he says. Submicro blood samples are obtained via finger pricks instead of the traditional venepuncture method. The procedure is carried out completely within a Unopette reservoir, and a routine relative precision of 47* is possible, Dr. Laessig says. -- Chem. Eng. News 46, 45 (June 17, 01 !32 3699 Industrial Hygiene Djgsst July, 1968 607 Report on Selenium and Tellurium. Selenium and tellurium --two rare elements with important, if limited, industrial uses --are the subjects of a report just published by the Interior Department's Bureau of Mines. The new pub lication reviews the technology and production of both elements; as well as their occurrence, pro perties, and uses; and provides information on imports, exports, markets, and prices. It also identifies various factors affecting their supply and demand. The report is one of many published by the Bureau as concise but comprehensive reference works for businessmen, engineers, econo mists. students, and other interested in mineral-resource development. Selenium is used pri marily in electronic rectifiers, xerography, photoelectric cells, glass tinting, and pigments. Tellurium is an alloying ingredient to improve machinability of carbon and stainless steels and copper. Both elements are used in thermoelectric devices and lasers. Annual production of selenium in the free world has increased from around 400, 000 pounds in the early 1930's to more than rwo million pounds. Tellurium output rose from a few thousand pounds annually to around 400, 000 pounds in the same period. Both elements are usually obtained as byproducts of copper and lead refining. Copies of Information Circular 8340, Selenium and Tellurium; a Materials Survey may be obtained for 60 cents each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. --Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29. 9 (Jan.-Feb.. 1968). 608 Coal-Mine Deaths Lowest in '67. There were fewer fatal accidents in U.S. coal mines in 1967 than ever before in the recorded history of the industry, says the Bureau of Mines. Walter R. Hibbard Jr., its director, cited figures showing that 208 miners were killed in bituminous coal and lignite and 9 in anthracite mine accidents. The 1966 total was 233, a record low at that time. The 1967 rate was 0. 90 deaths per million man-hours of exposure. No major disaster, defined as loss of five or more lives in one accident, took place in 1967, he said. Only five previous years were free of major disasters. West Virginia had 60 coal-mine deaths last year, a drop of 20 from the 1966 figure. Hibbard praised the West Virginia Mine Safety Association plan, in which supervisors hold weekly safety training sessions on company time, and programs in other states, including those of the Holmes Safety Association. --J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng, ^3, 2 (June, 1968). 609 Electric Shock Hazards. Electric shock hazards from appliances have come under the scrutiny of the USA Standards Insti tute, which has established a special Committee (Cl 01), Leakage Current for Electrical Appliances. In its initial meetings, the committee has set itself the two-fold task of determining the acceptable limit for the interaction of electric current with man and of preparing specifications for test methods and equipment to measure leakage current levels. When completed, the standards will provide guidelines for manufacturers to follow in meeting safety requirements; and buyers and users of electric appliances will be able to purchase them with greater confidence. -- Safety Maint. 135, 6 (May, 1968). 610 Oil Industry Fights Air Pollution. To control the effluents of as affluent society, millions of dollars are being spent by the oil industry, which for some 20 years has been developing air-conservation practices in systematic form. The American Petroleum Institute is now funding 26 separate projects at a cost of more than two million dollars a year and others are contemplated. Individual oil companies are also carrying out extensive air-conservation research. American Oil Company, Ford Motor Company, the Mobil Oil Company, and others are engaged in a three-year, seven million dollar research program aimed at developing technology for making automobiles essentially smog-free. Pollution control measures at refineries have centered around five principal types of emissions: smoke, hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide. An outstanding example of product-quality improvement by which the oil industry has contributed to air-con servation is the reduction of sulfur in fuel products. Although domestic crude runs have increased from 2.1 to 3. 3 billion barrels a year from 1950 to 1965, or by 58 per cent, the percentage of total sulfur in crude which remains in fuel products was decreased from 54. 3 per cent in 1950 to 29.7 per cent in 1965. -- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29. 93 (Jan.-Feb., 1968). 2. 01 132 3700 Industrial Hygiene Digest July. 1968 611 4, OOP Cities Hav Mace. Some 4. 000 police departments in the nation have bought more than 250, 000 cans of Chemical Mace, disabling chemical spray, and more than 20, 000 persons have been doused with it. Joseph Coats, of the Institute for Defense Analysis, Arlington, Va., said also that the cities include Pittsburgh: Chicago: San Francisco; Los Angeles; Kansas City, Mo.; Cleveland, Ohio; and Madison. Wis. However, several have discontinued its use pending investigation by the U.S. Surgeon General's office. Coats stated that a number of firms have indicated interest in the spray for purposes of plant protection and the countering of looting. He is the author of the section on nonlethal weapons in the President's Crime Commission Report. He said that the spray has three principal effects; burning of the eyes and of the skin, and partial anoxia. -- J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng. L3, 2 (June, 19681. 612 New ACGIH Guides. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists announces the availability of two guides. One on Laser Installations and the other a revision of the guide on drycleaning establishments. These sell for $ . SO each or are included in the complete set, A Guide for Uniform Industrial Hygiene Codes or Regulations, at $2. 25 per set. Orders should be sent with remittance to Secretary-Treasurer, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy gienists, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202. -- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 9, 60 (Jan. -Feb., 1968). 613 International Congress of Hygiene. The 57th International Congress of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine will be held In Rome, Italy, on October 8-11, 1968. Details may be obtained from Prof. Giovanni A. Conaperia, Federation of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Via Filippo Civini, 37, Rome, Italy. -- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29, A-4 (Jan.-Feb., 1968). 614 Correlate Emphysema With Polluted Air. People who work where the air is filled with dust, smoke or metal fumes tend to develop the lung disease, emphysema, more frequently than those who work in clean air, according to two Occupational Health engineers. Howard Ayer and Jeremiah Lynch of the Public Health Service's National Center for Urban and Industrial Health in Cincinnati made the statement In a new study. They cited as examples of workers with comparatively high emphysema rates: miners, asbestos and insulation workers, clay products workers, roofers and slaters, textile workers, furnace- men, smelters and pourers, welders, foundrymen, and plasterers. Ayer and Lynch based their conclusion on a study of disability claims awardsd by the Social Security Administration between 1959 and 1962. "The possibility that the groups with ths higher emphysema rate might also have an excessive smoking record was ruled out," they said, "since a comparison of lung cancer rates showed no significant difference between dusty and non-dusty jobs." Usings computer to analyse 75 causes of disability for 130 occupational groups thsy found that workers in dusty jobs also had significantly more lung disease than other workers, but significantly less mental illness. -- Air Eng. 1_0, 14 (June, 1968). 615 Odor evaluation. An effort to place odor evaluation on a firmer scientific basis will be undertaken by QT Research for a group of Industrial firms In a three-year project. It will involve accumulating data on odor parameters and effects and ths development of new Instruments and techniques for objective measurement of the quality and intensity of odors. The project is planned to be of value to industries concerned with foods, beverages, pharmacsuticai preparations and medical supplies, toilet goods, cosmetics, chemical specialties, paints, leather, plastics, fuels, housing, air conditioning and air pollution. A key asset to the project is a device called an "olfactometer, " which can determine the threshold at which humans begin to smell given odors. It also determines the amount of one odor vapor that can be added to the vapor of another before a signficant change in odor is noticed by members of a test panel. -- Air Eng. 1J>, 12 (June, 1968). V * 3. 01 132 3701 Industrial Hygiene Digest I COMING EVENTS | July, 1968 o O' N 616 July IHF Biostatistical Workshop. Webster HU Hotel. Pittsburgh. Pa. Aug. 1- 3 Conference on Dermatology, Aspen, Colo. Aug. 5- 9 Cordon Research Conference, Immunochemistry and immunobiology. Meriden, N. H. Aug. 5- 9 Cordon Research Conference, Industrial Hygiene, Tilton, N. H. Aug. 5- 9 Gordon Research Conference. Medicinal Chemistry, New London, N. H. Aug. 5- 9 Gordon Research Conference, Toxicology and Safety Evaluations, Crystal Mountain, Washington. Aug. 5-10 World Medical Association, 22nd General Assembly, Sydney, Australia. Aug. 9-11 International Doctors in Alcoholics Annoymous, (Annual), Atlanta, Ga. Aug. 11-15 National Medical Association, Annual Meeting, Houston, Tex. Aug. 12-16 Gordon Research Conference, Food and Nutrition, New London, N. H. Aug. 12-16 Gordon Research Conference, Myocardial Contractility, Holderness, N. H. Aug. 15-16 Midwest Interprofessional Seminar on Diseases Common to Animals and Man (lOth Annual), Minneapolis, Minn-. Aug. 18-21 Genetics Society of America, Annual Meeting, Davis, Calif. Aug. 18-21 American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Annual Fall Meeting, Minneapolis, Minn. Aug. 18-22 3rd International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, New York, N. Y. Aug. 18-22 Canadian Pharmaceutical Association. Annual Meeting, Regina, Sask. Aug. 19-21 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Cleveland, Ohio. Aug. 19-23 Joint Meeting of American Association of Clinical Chemists and Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists, Washington. D.C. Aug. 21-28 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Annual Meeting, Dundee, Scotland. Aug. 22-24 National Cancer Conference (Eighth), Madison, Wls. Aug. 25-30 American Physiological Society (International Congress), Washington. D.C. Aug. 26-30 Gordon Research Conference, Cancer, New London, N. H. I LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS ~I 617 Nine Cancer-Producing Chemicals to be Regulated by Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania State Department of Health has added eight known cancer*producing substances used in industry, research and agriculture to the list of substances controlled by its regulations. One is a pesticide, one is a sanitising agent used in pharmaceutical research laboratory animal cages and the remainder are intermediates used in dye manufacture. The addition of these sub* stances to the Department's list is the latest step in the Department's continuing surveillance and regulation of substances--particularly newly-developed substances--known to be or likely to be public health hasards. These regulations for cancer-producing chemicals have the goal of absolute minimum exposure to workers in those industries where the compounds are used. None can now be used in Pennsylvania without prior approval of the Department. All eight of the sub stances enter the human system through inhalation or skin absorption unless used and handled under strict control procedures. Exposure can produce cancer of the liver, skin and urinary bladder. The Department continuously seeks to identify and place under regulations all substance* of known or suspected health hasard, either through its own research or by constant review of a wide range of medical, scientific and technical literature. The eight substances were recommend ed for regulation by the Department's Division of Occupational Health in its Bureau of Environ mental Health, reviewed by its Advisory Committee, which is made up of experts from industry and universities, and approved by the Advisory Health Board. The eight substances newly regulated are: 2-Acetyiaminofluorene (the pesticide), beta-Propiolactone (the sanitizing agent). 4-Dimethylamiaoasobenzene, 4-Acetylamiaofluoreae, 4-Aminodiphenyl, Benzidine and its salts. Dichlorobensidiae, 4-Nitrodiphenyl, and n-Nltrosodimethylamine (the dye Intermediates). One other cancer-producing chemical, beta-napthylamine, which was prohibited under previous reg ulations, is now permissible with Department approval under the new regulations. -- Pennsylvania Dept, of Health Release 6/6/68/118. 618 Pollution Control From Motor Vehicles. Tougher federal controls on pollution from motor vehicles have been issued by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The new standards will take effect with the 1970 model year. 01 132 3702 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 They will cover both American-made and imported paaeenger care, trucks, and buses, and in clude (or the first time diesel-powered motor vehicles. The new standards will call for reduced tailpipe emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from gasoline-powered vehicles about 30% below present levels. Diesel smoke emissions will be limited to a "light plume. " -- Chem. Eng. News 46, 51 (June 10, 1963). | B O OKS, PAMPHLETS, AND NOTICES | 61-9 Industrial Noise. A Guide to its Evaluation and Control. A. D. Hosey and C. H. Powell, Editors. U.5. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service PHS Publication No. 1 572. Various paging. (1967). AVAILABLE FROM: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. PRICE: $1.50. In recognition of this problem the occupational health program of the Public Health Service has presented special courses on industrial noise since 1961. This manual presents lecture out lines and reference materials developed for use in two one-week training courses in industrial noise for industrial hygienists. Contents include: Rudiments of Evaluating Exposure to Noise; Physics of Sound; Physiology of Hearing; Physiological and Psychological Effects of Noise on .Man: Noise Standards; Equipment for Measuring Noise; The Noise Survey; Hearing Conservation Program; Audiometry; Principles of Noise Control; Engineering Control Methods and Personal Protection from Noise. Designed to supplement instruction offered in the training courses, Industrial Noise and Noise Control, the manual is also available to individuals not attending courses. The extensive list of standards in acoustics developed by the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI) (formerly the American Standards Association ASA) and the Inter national Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) which appears on pp. n-13-3 and n-1 3-4 and the brief Reference Section will be especially useful to those entering the field. Hopefully, the reference will be updated frequently in view of the rapidity with which new standards and con cepts are appearing. Interested readers are referred to the Tentative Program of ths 33rd Annual Meeting of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation at which Prof. Kenneth C. Stewart of the University of Pittsburgh will speak on "Noise and Hearing Loss: Definition of the Problem". 620 A Sociomedical Study of the Mortality in Merchant Seafarers. Analysis of Deaths in the Population of Active Seafarers Registered in Sweden 1945-1954. A. Otter land. AVAILABLE FROM: Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, Goteborg, Sweden. 300 pp. (1960). PRICE: not given. A review of the literature shows that our current knowledge of mortality and morbidity in sea farers is very limited. A sociomedical investigation of the mortality in seafarers, the author concluded, might increase our understanding of the special mortality risks for this defined occupational group. Occupational mortality analyses, particularly when combined with studies of morbidity, should be able to provide useful sociomedical information. Therefore, a study was made of the mortality among seafarers, and the data of social and medical Interest in the lives of the deceased seafarers were analysed. The occupational and sociomedical environment and background of seafarers contain factors that favor a mortality similar to that a hundred years ago in Sweden and now only found in some technically less developed countries. The mortality is higher than normal at all ages, but particularly in the younger age-groups. The present investigation and analysis of the mortality pattern in the population of seafarers may be considered a necessary first step towards preventive measures in a try to reduce the mortality in occupation. The mortality among the seafarers was compared with the mortality among Swedish men of IS to 69 during the ten years covered by the study. The quotient obtained by dividing the observed number of deaths with the number of deaths that would have occurred at the rates in this standard population, multiplied by 100, was called the Standard Mortality Index, or S.M.L The main features revealed on study of the S. M.I. In different groups were the following: The S.M.I. for the whole seafaring population studied amounted to 214. This means that the mortality was more than twice as great among the active Swedish seafarers as among Swedish men of the same age during the same period. The S.M.I. for all medical causes amounted to 120. The mortality from accidents was astoundingly high, the S. M. I. amounting to 714 for the Swedish cltisens and 804 for the foreign citlaens. The same was true of suicide, where the S.M.I. was 437 and 450. respectively. There were distinct differences between different departments for all these main causes of death. -- Cond. from text. -V # 5. 01 !32 3703 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 621 Man's Tolerance to Trace Contaminant!. AMRL-TR-67-146. A. A. Thomu. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Aerospace Medical Division, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Ohio 45433. AVAILABLE FROM: Chief, Storage and Dissemination Section, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific & Technical Information (CFSTI), Sills Bldg., 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151. 38 pp. Jan., 1968. PRICE: not given. Atmospheric contaminants in sealed cabins originate from a multitude of sources: off-gassing from cabin materials, production of contaminants by the life support system components, and the end products of human metabolism. Sources of contaminant generation in a closed atmosphere are summarized in Table 4. The scope of the problem increases with progressing mission duration and can become the limiting factor for man's tolerance to extended space flight. Several important aspects must be considered: truly uninterrupted, continuous exposure, a combination of physiological stress from the use of artificial atmospheres and the chemical stress imposed by the trace contaminants, and the great potential of synergistic toxic effect by various con stituents of the highly complex mixture of many contaminants. Superimposed on these factors are the other aggravating characteristics of prolonged space flight: logistics problems of life support and psychological effects of isolation on performance. Clearly, these factors must be weighed singly and in combination to allow safe design of future manned systems. Validation of human tolerance to trace contaminants can be accomplished by prolonged animal exposures coupled with mathematical model verification. Tradeoffs in life support system design can ex tend tolerance to contaminants and long range logistic tradeoffs should by considered by utilizing extraterrestrial resources for contaminant removal purposes. - Mod. from authors' abstract. 622 The Tall Stack. For Air Pollution Control on Large Fossil-Fueled Power Plants. National Coal Policy Conference, Inc. AVAILABLE FROM: National Coal Policy Conference, Inc., 1 000-16th Street. N. W., Washington, D. C. 20036. 52 pp. PRICE: not given. The current preoccupation with air pollution has largely resulted from an awakening to the fact that the possible evil effects of pollution have been accumulating since the Industrial Revolution. Such effects have been too long neglected and much lost time needs to be made up. To this is added the unprecedented growth in the population and its shift into urban centers. Even though a regulatory "lag" existed, many technical and industrial practices and innovations to improve air quality have been developed. One has only to look at the reduction in heat rate to realize that today only 1/3 to 1/4 the fuel is burned to produce a kilowatt hour of electricity compared with 1920. Electrostatic precipitators were introduced long before their use was legally required in the power industry. Much of this progress is overlooked by those pressing for new controls. The very restrictive new controls cannot be justified on the basis of any immediate clear danger to health and welfare. And this is particularly true when la many cases the new regulations over look the fact that physical area of concern is the ground-level pollution. We have a general back ground of experience with the tall stack as a basic mechanism for reducing SOj pollution, going back some 22 years. Modern power plants with tall stacks can operate over extended periods without making spy material addition to the general level of pollution in the areas in which they are situated. Some of the technical papers setting forth clearly and convincingly the performance of the tall stack have come out only recently. It was, therefore, thought worthwhile to issue them in collected form, together with a number of related papers presented at the National Con ference on Air Pollution held in Washington, D. C., last December. These will be useful to many who are concerned with fuel and energy, whether they are engaged in the production of fuel, its conversion into energy, the legislative or regulatory activities, or with air pollution control efforts. The contents include papers by the following authors on the subjects indicated: Introduction. Philip Sporn; National Conference on Air Pollution; Reduction of Ambient Air Concentrations of Pollutants By Dispersion from High Stacks, Maynard E. Smith; How Much Is Air Pollution Costing Us in the United States?. Allen V. Kneese: Development of National Policy; With Respect to Coal and OIL Stewart L. Udall; With Respect to Nuclear and Other New Sources of Power. Glenn T. Seaborg; With Respect to Natural Gas, Lee C. White; With Respect to Natural Gas. Coal and Oil, and Nuclear and Other New Sources of Power--A Prepared Discussion. Philip Sporn, Pioneering Experience with High Stacks On the OVEC and AEP Systems, Philip Sporn and T. T. Frankenberg; British Experience with Tall Stacks For Air Pollution Control on Large Fossil-Fueled Power Plants. G. N. Stone and A. J. Clarke Mod. from text. . v ** 6. 01 132 3704 Industrial Hygiene Digest July. 1968 623 Clean Air and the Foundry Industry. American Coke and Coal Chemicals Institute. AVAILABLE FROM: American Coke and Coal Chemical* Institute, I0l0-16th Street, N.W., WasKington, D.C. 20036'. 13 pp. Copies free from above address. Air pollution in the U.S. is estimated at 125 to 140-milllon tons annually. Of this total, about 6 1/2 million tons is solid or particulate matter released into the air by industry. The iron foundry industry's contribution is estimated at 65, 000 tons, or one twentieth of one percent of the national air pollution problem. This brief and helpful booklet has been prepared by the American Coke and Coal Chemicals Institute to help foundrymen cope with this ever increasing problem. It is a selection of current authoritative information obtained from air pollution control officials and organizations, foundry operators and associations, and pollution control equipment manufacturers. 624 Observations on Workers in the Graphite Industry. E. P. Pendergrass, et al. Med. Radiography Phot. 43, '3 (1967), Ibid., M, 1 (1968). AVAILABLE FROM: Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, New York 14650. PRICE: not given. This review article, dealing with the pulmonary disease in workers in the graphite industry is well written.authoritative and of the quality which is in keeping with the high stature of its writers. It will serve as an excellent source of reference for many years to come. The illustrations, having been prepared by Eastman Kodak, are superb. However, it may be well for the reader to keep in mind that the ferruginous body pictured in Fig. 70 (also on the front cover),even though very pretty, is not a graphite body since its central core is not opaque. -- P. Gross. INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE 625 The Cost of Life. Editorial. J. Am. Med. Assn. 204, 923-924 (June 3, 1968). (Burton Report),1 submitted to the Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service, estimates the cost of hemodialysis and renal tranplantation to average respectively $15, 000 and $16, 000 per patient during the first year, and $10, 000 and $12, 000 during the ensuing years of survival. If a "total push" program were adopted to treat patients annually dying of uremia in the United States, the cost during the first year would approximate $760 million; however, only about 7, 000 to 8, 000 of the vulnerable 50, 000 are physically, emotionally, and mentally suited to these modes of therapy; moreover, neither personnel nor facilities are available Immediately to cope with such a vast number of patients. (Gottschalk Report)2to the Bureau of the Budget estimates that in 1968 there will be about 7, 000 new patients ideally suited for hemodialysis or renal tranplantation, but, due to lack of facilities and medical and paramedical experts, treatment will be available to 1, 000 only. Specific recommendations were made toward establishment of "Kidney Centers" in hospitals for treatment, research, and training in necessary skills and of satellite "Community Dialysis Units". Envisioning progressively Increasing demands as new patients join the ranks of those receiving treatment, the total cost during the first six years (1969-1975) for facilities, training, and patient care is estimated to range between $800 million and $1 blllidta. -- Cond. from text. 1 Kidney Disease Program Analysis: A Report to the Surseon General., publication 1745. U.S. Dept, of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1968 2 Report of the C8"""<ttee on Chronic Kidney Disease. Gottschalk. C.W., chm. Chapel Hill. NC: University of North Carolina, September, 1967. 626 Some Observations on the Fitness of a Canadian Population. R. J. Shephard, G. Jones, and J. R. Brown. Can. Med. Assn. J. 98, 977-984 (May 25, 1968). Fitness has been tested in 196 men ranging in age from 16 to 69 years. Responses to a sociological questionnaire show that the sample was fairly typical of "working-class" Canadians. The attitude to sport was in general "neutral", about half having no sporting activities. The average weight was close to the ideal until the age of 30, but older men increasingly exceeded the optimum suggest ed by actuarial tables. Six of eight skinfold measurements had substantial common variance, but two folds (chin and knee) varied independently of the others. Grip strength was relatively constant until the age of 50, but thereafter showed a decline. Aerobic power compared favourably with that found in previous surveys in Canada and the United States, but was still somewhat below the 7. 01 132 3705 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 average proposed for the Swedish population. Neither grip strength nor aerobic power was materially influenced by manual work or by participation in sport as currently practised. Lung volumes conformed closely to recent prediction equations developed by this laboratory. Depression of the ST segment of the electrocardiogram ^ 0. 1 mv. was seen in only seven of the subjects, despite the heavy exercise loads performed. Five of these seven subjects were over the age of 40, but they had no other common denominator in terms of activity, aerobic power or smok ing habits. There are 21 references. .. Authors' summary 6 27 An Outbreak of Gastro-enteritis in Aircrew. F. S. Preston. Aerospace Med. 519-521 (May. 1968). An outbreak of gastro-enteritis amongst aircrew is described following the eating of polluted oysters many hours and many thousands of miles from their natural habitat. The question of the routine bacteriological examination of oysters and shell-fish is discussed and possible stand ards illustrated. The ability of the oyster to take up and concentrate dangerous viruses is briefly mentioned. In conclusion, oysters and shell-fish should not be offered to passengers or aircrew for in-flight meals at any time. The possibility of aircrew members eating left-over passenger meals must always be borne in mind. There are 6 references. - - Author's abst. 6 28 Hematological Changes Resulting From Hyperbaric Oxygenation in Divers and Non-Divers. M. . Bradley and J. Vorosmarti. Aerospace Med. 39, 493-497 (May, 1968). Forty-four U.S. Navy diving school candidates breathed 100 percent oxygen for 30 minutes at 41.42 psia. Venous blood samples were obtained immediately pre-exposure. 48 hours post exposure and 7 days post-exposure. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, reticulocyte count, bilirubin and erythrocyte morphology determinations were performed on all samples. A small deficit of red blood cell mass and slight retlculocytosis were found in the seven day post-exposure period. Eighteen experienced U.S. Navy divers were evenly divided into three groups. One group breathed 100 percent oxygen for 30 minutes at 28. 06 psia, another for 30 minutes at 41.42 psia. and a third for 90 minutes at 41. 42 psia. Determinations of hematocrit, hemoigobin, retculocyte count, bilirubin, erthrocyte morphology and osmotic fragility were made on blood samples obtained pre-exposure, 48 hours and 7 days post-exposure. No significant hematological changes were found in any of the three groups of divers. Possible mechanisms responsible for these findings are discussed. There are 23 references. -- Authors' abst. 629 Blood Alcohol and Flying Inability. An Attempt to Establish Standards for General Aeronautics. K. E. Klein, et al. Intern. Z. Angew. Physiol. 24, 254-267 (Sept. 18, 1967) (German). Alcohol was ingested in three different doses (0. 28. 0. 56, 0. 84 g. /kg. body weight within 10 to 1 5 min.) by young healthy males, and the blood alcohol concentration (BAK) and the psychomotor performance were measured in regular intervals of 20 to 60 min. for more than five hr. The ability to perform a complex peychomotor performance test as quickly and as accurately as possible, was significantly reduced in the group (and in each individual) if the BAK had reached 0. 015% (-0. 0259) in the phase of the alcohol resorption, if the BAK was 0. 035% (-0. 045%) in the plateau, or if it was as high as 0. 045% (-0. 050%) in the phase of the alcohol elimination. The reduction in performance at a BAK plateau of about 0. 09% corresponded well to the reduction caused in the same group by 0.5 g. Hexobarbital (Evipan) orally taken. The results emphasise the necessity of a regulation related to drinking, which, as in airline and military crews usually prohibits a person from acting as a crewmember in general aviation for a given time after the termination at the consumption of alcoholic beverages. There are 33 references. -- Aerospace Med. Abets. 630 Effects of Alcohol and Altitude.on Man During Rest and Work. R. B. Masess, et al. Aerospace Med. 3% 403-406 (April, 1968). The effect of a moderate dose of alcohol (0. 6 gm/kg body weight) was investigated in four subjects at sea level and after 23 days at altitude (4, 000 meters) both during rest and submaximal work (1, 000 kpm/minute). A similar dose was investigated in eight acclimatised subjects at 4. 000 meters. Heart rates, ventilation, oxygen intakes, and subjective difficulties before, during, and after exercise were increased by alcohol above control levels only at high altitude. The physiological effects of alcohol were greater in the acclimatised subjects than in newcomers. J. Am. Med. Assn. References It Reviews 8. 01 i32 3706 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, X 968 631 Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic and Alcoholic Fatty Livr. Investigation of 171 Diabetics and 100. Patiente With Alcoholism? H. Robber*, T. Strohfeldt, and C. Kruger. Deut. med. Wochschr. 93. 112(1968). German. The histologic examination of liver biopay in 171 diabetica diacloaed 120 caaea with fatty liver. 22 with normal tiaaue. 17 with cirrhoaia. 6 with hepatitia, 2 with cholangiohepatitia. 2 with con- gestive liver. I with periportal fibroaia and 1 with cholangitis. Cirrhoaia in 17 diabetica was found to be due to alcohol in 10 males and to chronic hepatitis in 3. There was one female with chronic hepatitis and one with chronic cholangitis: in two others the etiology could not be clarified. The authors compared the 120 fatty livers of diabetics with those found in 100 patients with alcoholism. Histologically siderosia was frequent in alcoholics, while glycogen deposits were common in diabetics. Raised blood bilirubin, transaminase elevation and dyspepsia were more common in the alcoholics. Among the 120 diabetica with fatty liver, there were four females and 35 males who were alcoholics. The purely diabetic fatty liver showed no abnormalities of liver function teats, and when no alcoholism was involved there were no clinical complaints of any kind. Thua it ia a silent condition and there is no evidence that it leads to cirrhosis in the absence of alcohol abuse. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References Reviews. 632 Primary Angie-Closure Glaucoma in American Negro. M. G. Alper and J. L. Laubach. Arch. Ophthalmol. 79, 663-668 (June, 1968). Among 32 Negro patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma, typical acute congestive signs and symptoms were rarely noted. Subacute or chonic angle-closure without symptoms was seen much more frequently. Diagnosis was established by a high index of suspicion of angleclosure, and confirmed by mydriasis testing and gonioscopy. None of these 32 patients sought treatment within the first 48 hours and only three within the first week of their disease. Optic nerve cupping and visual loss attesting to the insidious nature of the disease was sustained by 18. Peripheral iridectomy in 2S eyes resulted in deepening of the anterior chamber angle with peripheral anterior synechiae noted in only 11. Twenty eyes are well controlled, four without medication. The pressure was not normalized in five eyes. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References It Reviews 633 The Effect of Oxygen Lack on the Tracheal Ciliary Activity. T. Dalhamn and A. Rosengren. Arch. Environmental Health 16, 371-373 (March, 1968). In vitro exposure of specimens of rabbit trachea to nitrogen or argon atmosphere with very low oxygen content rapidly produced cillostasis. This did not occur when the specimens were ex posed to an aerosol of atmospheric air. There are 8 references. Authors' summary 634 Site and Nature of Airway Obstruction in Chronic Obstructive Luna Disease. J. C. Hogg, P. T. Macklem. and W. M. Thurlbeck. New Engl. J. Med. 278. 1355-1360 (June 20. 1968). The authors have wedged a small catheter in airways 2 to 3 mm in diameter in excised human lungs to have measure airway resistance central (Rc) and peripheral (Rp) to this site. In five normal lungs, Rp accounted for only 25 per cent total airway resistance (RL) and averaged 0. 18 cm of water per liter per second. In seven patients with emphysema Rp was increased from four to 40 times. Rp was also increased in one case of bronchiectasis and another of bronchiolitis. In all, Re scattered around the normal value. Bronchographlc and histologic studies showed that Rp was increased because of mucus plugging, narrowing and obliteration of the small airways. Disease of small airways may be common to various chronic obstructive lung diseases. Because Rp is normally so small, there may be considerable obstruction in peripheral airways that would asset ventilation distribution and gas exchange but would have little effect on function tests designed to reveal obstruction. 'When total airway resistance is elevated to a clinically detectable level by disease in the small airways, obstruction is much more severe than is generally recognized. There are 19 references. -* Authors' abst. 635 Changes in Severity of Symptoms of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis due to Air Pollutants. E. B. Brown and J. Ipsen. J. Allergy 4h 254-268 (May, 1968). A total of 314 patients with allergic rhinitis or asthma, or both, were observed. Two hundred and twenty-five were sensitive to ragweed as well as to other inhalants. The mean-severity of symptoms was related to ten measurements of air pollution, weather data, and mold and pollen ' ** 9. 01 132 3707 Industrial Hyriens Digt July, 1968 count*. Ragweed pollen we* the only variable that waa significantly related to severity of symptom*. The patient* who were allergic to ragweed had increased symptom* with the rise in pollen count. There wa* also a significant ri*e in symptom* in those patient* who were not believed to have ragweed allergy. Chemical air pollution and mold count* showed inconsistent relationships, as did measures of humidity. Temperature change* showed a negative cor relation. which is interpreted as a fortuitous happening. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References & Reviews 6 36 Lung Function Studies in Healthy Men and Women Over Forty. S. K. Jain and C. K. Gupta. Indian J. Med. Res. 55, 612-619 (June, 1967). Data on static lung volume* and the mechanics of breathing in 83 healthy men and 34 women 41 to 65 yrs. old were presented. The mean values, standard errors of mean and coefficients of variation for all parameters were given. Important differences between men and women for different lung functions were discussed. In women, the values for all the lung function tests were significantly lower than men. Aging seemed to produce: (1) a reduction of (vital capacity, total lung capacity, expiratory reserve volume, maximum voluntary ventilation, forced expira tory volume) percent and expiratory flow rates; (2) little change in functional residual capacity; (3) an upward trend in residual volume and (4) an increase in residual volume/total lung capacity ratio. In both sexes, these changes were more pronounced after the age of 50 yrs. The possible mechanisms involved were discussed. Little agreement was found between the present results and the results of other Indian workers. The results obtained were also compared with those of some foreign authors. There are 18 references. -- Aerospace Med. Abets. 637 Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease; Long-Term Experiment. I. Observations on Male Subjects. O. Turpeinen, et al. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 21, 255-276 (April, 1968). The feasibility of primary prevention of coronary heart disease by dietary means was studied in two mental hospitals; in one the diet was changed to include only vegetable fats. Male patients from 34 to 64 year* of age initially constituted the groups examined. The total number was 327 In the experimental hospital and 254 in the control hospital. The study reported lasted six years and two months. A fall in the serum cholesterol level occurred after the dietary change. After five years on the respective diets, the adipose tissue of the subjects of the experimental hospital contained much more linoleic and linolenic acids and much less myristlc acid. The incidence of electro cardiographic patterns indicative of coronary heart disease was markedly and significantly lower in the experimental hospital. The coronary mortality also appeared to be lower in the experi mental hospital. The lower incidence in the experimental group seems to have been primarily due to the cholesterol-lowering special diet. -- J. Am. Med. Asen. Referencee fc Reviews 638 Effect of Programmed Exercise on Non-Specific T Wave Abnormalities. J. E. Smith and G. J. Kidera. Aerospace Med. 39. 528-532 (May, 1968). The use of progressive exercise stress in typical angina pectoris due to coronary heart disease has been shown to be of value ia the relief of symptoms of this disease! The disappearance of clinical symptoms proved to be much more rapid than the abnormal changes in the exercise electrocardiogram. If a progressive exercise program had a salubrious effect on such cases, it should be able to alter abnormal T wave changes in otherwise normal pilots. The appearance of abnormal T wave changes ia pilots is not uncommon, especially in the middle age group (age 40-50). Hlss^fouad 581 cases of non-specific T wave changes la-an electrocardiographic survey of 87, 575 healthy males of various ages on flying status with the U. S. Air Force. In this study,low T wave amplitudes in both limb and lateral precordial leads without widening of the QRS-T angle increase significantly with age. It was believed that this pattern of T wave change could be an indication of underlying heart disease, but they felt that folloarup studies would be necessary to establish this point. It is also well known that extreme T wave changes may occur in susceptible individuate under such benign conditions as the post prandial state, respiratory changes, and anxiety. The diagnosis of heart disease on the basis of isolated T wave changes in the absence of clinical correlation or a positive R-ST segment change in the Master double two-step test is not justified. The presence of minor R-ST segment changes following a double Master two-step test using the criteria of Matingly* and Robb4 does not by itself seem to be adequate criteria for a diagnosis of coronary heart disease in asymptomatic people. The presence of a horisontal or sagging ST segment with 1 mm. depression proved to be changeable with simple exercise stress routinely and easily without the development of - * 10. 01 132 3708 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 symptom*. Innocuous T wav* changes are occasionally found in pilots with leftward rotation of the T vector in the frontal plan* and are usually associatsd with left axis deviation of the QRS. It has been common in these cases to find associatsd T wav* changes in Lead II and aVf as well as V4, V5, and Vfe. Fifty asymptomatic persons with non-specific T wave changes were placed on a progressive exercise stress program. Six cases are presented which showed no essential change in the resting electrocardiogram or exercise test after a period of programm ed exercise. Five of those cases wers under 35 years of age and the changes were probably due to old. healed myocarditis-pericarditis from a previous infection. One case in a 45-year-old male also showed no changes on exercise. Forty-four cases showed rapid changes in the T waves, returning to normal within one to thro* months. Rapid progression of exercise stress was well tolerated and no untoward symptoms developed. It is probable that the abnormal T wave changes in the group over 35 were due to early myocardial ischemia and hypokinetic disease and emotional reactivity. The us* of progressive exercise stress seems to benefit all of these factors and the return of the electrocardiogram to normal is an indication of these benefits. The present criteria of positive exercise electrocardiograms should be viewed with some skepticism when applied to middle-aged, asymptomatic males. There are 6 references. -- Cond. from text. 1 Smith, J. E. , and Kid era, G. J. : The Treatment of Angina Pectoris with Exercise Stress. Aerospace Med., 38: No. 7, 1967. 2 Hiss, R. G., Averill. K. H., and Lamb, L. E.: Electrocardiographic Findings in 67. 375 Asymptomatic Individuals. Part VIII: Non-Specific T wave Changes. First International Symp. on Cardiology in Aviation, School of Aviation Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base. Texas. Novsmber 12-13, 1959. 3 Mattingly, T.W.: The Post-Exercise Electrocardiogram. Am. J. Cardiol., 9: 395-409.1962. 4 Robb. G. P., and Marks. H. H.: Prognosis in Coronary Heart Disease. Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of Medical Section of American Life Convention, pp. 68-84, 1964. 639 Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Resistance to Respiratory Infection. A. Spur gash. R. Ehrlich, and R. Pstaold. Arch. Environmental Health 16. 385-391 (March, 1968). Experiments were designed to determine whether a single exposure to cigarette smoke lowers resistance to respiratory infection. Mice challenged with Klebsiella pneumoniae or Dlplococcus pneumoniae before or after a single exposure to cigarette smoke exhibited a decrease in resistance to respiratory infection, as shown by an increase in mortality and a decrease in survival time. The debilitating effect of cigarette smoke on resistance to bacterial infection was shown to be transitory. When the time interval between smoke exposure and infectious challenge or between challenge and smoke exposure was lengthened from 1 to 48 hours, mortality decreased and survival time increased to normal control values. This effect was not influenced by extending the duration of the smoke exposure from on* to three or six hours. Preexposure to cigarette smoke did not have any significant effect on resistance of mice to influensa virus infection initiated by aerosol exposure. However, exposure to the smoke of infected mice resulted in significantly higher mortalities, thus suggesting that cigarette smoks can aggravate an existing respiratory viral infection. -- Authors' summary 640 Primary Carcinoma of the Luna la Nonsmokers. D. A. Cooper. A. R. Crane, and Katharine R. Boucot. Arch. Environmental Health 16. 398-400 (March, 1968). Of 1. 372 proven cases of lung cancer admitted to 12 Philadelphia teaching hospitals over the seven-year, 19S7 through 1963 period. 4.6% occurred in nonsmokers. In the entire group only 1% of the men were nonsmokers compared with 41% of the women. There were no squamous call cancers and only two undifferentiated tumors in male nonsmokers, but there were 16 squa mous cell types and seven undifferentiated carcinomas in female nonsmokers. Since squamous cell and small cell undifferentiated carcinomas have been linked to smoking, our data on nonsmokers suggest that other factors, perhaps an unsuspected Inhaled carcinogen, may be operative in the genesis of primary cancer of the lung, particularly in women. There are 5 references -- Authors' summarv 641 Tobacco and the Nonsmoker. A Study of Subjective Symptoms. F. Speer. Arch. Environmental Health 16, 443-446 (March, 1968). A study of both allergic and nonallergic patient* revealed that intolerance to tobacco smoke common in both groups. The most common complaints are nasal symptom*, conjunctival .rr -ation, headache, and cough. The effect af^obacco smoke appeared to be of an irritative rar-.er -an 11. 01 132 3709 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 an allergic character. This conclusion is based on these findings: (l) similar reactions occurred in allergic and nonallergic individuals: (2) skin tests were positive in only about one allergic pat- ient in six: and (3).allergic manifestations which are unrelated to irritation, lUee urticaria and ' eczema, were absent in all cases. The many individuals who develop symptoms from tobacco smoke need the understanding and support of the physician in helping them avoid its noxious effects There are 17 references. . - -- Author's summary 642 Regional Differences in the Incidence of Lung Carcinoma in Austria. W. Denk, H. Hanaluwka, and K. Karrer. Wien. Med. Wochschr. 118. 64 (1968). German. The incidence of carcinoma of the respiratory tract in the various regions of Austria has been studied in three periods: 1939-41, 19S2-S4 and 1959-61. Based on a detailed statistical analysis, the authors concluded that the mortality due to carcinoma of the respiratory tract shows a true increase since 1939-41. The mortality is significantly smaller in small townships and it increases with the density of the population. In Vienna, the mortality due to Tung cancer in the older age groups (65 and older) is almost twice the figure observed in the smallest villages. The reason for the discrepancy in mortality rates is not clear. It is possible that in addition to smoking, exogenous substances may be of importance, e. g. from air pollution. -- Can. Med. Assn. J. Absts. 643 Cryptococcal Antibodies in Pigeon Breeders' Disease. . J. N. Fink, J. J. Barboriak, and L. Kaufman. J. Allergy 41, 296-:300 (May. 1968). The possible relationship of pigeon breeders' disease to Cryptococcus neoformans was investigat- : ed in individuals with the disease, in healthy breeders, and in patients with cryptococcosis. Antibody against this fungus was found in ten of SO asymptomatic breeders, in five of six individuals with pigeon breeders' disease, and all five individuals with cryptococcosis. C neoformans antibody could be removed.from, the sera by adsorption with pigeon droppings or C neoformans cells. Precipitins against pigeon droppings could be removed by adsorption with pigeon dropping extract, but not with C neoformans cells. No antibodies against pigeon antigens could be detected in sera from patients with cryptococcosis. The presence of C neoformans antibody la patients with pigeon breeders' disease does hot support a role for this organism in the pathogenesis of 1 the disease. The higher incidence of antibody against C neoformans in the sera of individuals with; pigeon breeders' disease may be attributed to an increased exposure or variation in immunologic reaction to pigeon droppings contaminated with C neoformans. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References lr Reviews 644 Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System in Thailand. A. Sorasuchart, N. Khunadorn. and J. Edmeade. Can. Med. Assn. J. 98. 859-867 (May 4, 1968). Parasitic diseases of the nervous system are common in Thailand. They cause a large variety of neurological syndromes, and on occasion may present diagnostic problems. The results of such parasitic infestations of the brain and spinal , cord range from mild debility through per manent disability to death./ Though careful supportive therapy may allow spontaneous recovery, there is as yet no cure for these diseases. Against this background of diagnostic difficulty and therapeutic impotence prevention assumes paramount importance. Fortunately these diseases are eminently preventable. A vigorous program embracing health education~of the Thai public, inspection of food supplies, and eradication of certain intermediate hosts could render these diseases rare within a decade., There are 11 references. -- Authors' conclusions 645 Q Fever. A Common Treatable Cause of Endemic Nonbacterlal Pneumonia. D. M. Musher. J. Am. htod. Assn. 204. 863-866 (June 3. 1968). la an area known for endemic Q fever, eight of 52cases of nonbacterlal pneumonia were proven to be caused by infection with Coxlslla burnettU. Intimate contact with a possible source of infection was excluded in ail pattaata and dust-borne transmission of the rickettsial organism from animal to man was implicated. Symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory and roentgeno- graphic data were similar to those previously described in Q fever and were indistinguishable from those found in viral or. mycoplasmal pneumonia. AH pistients treated with tetracycline showed a dramatic response Within 24 hours. Q fever must be considered in the diagnosis when ever nonbacterlal pneumonia occurs in late summer or early fall in an area where Q fever is endemic. Early diagnosis and. treatment will significantly reduce morbidity. There are 15 references. ' ** Author's abst. 12 01 132 3710 Industrial Hygiene Digt July, 1968 646 Manpower Needs for Toxicology. M. Rosenblum. Arch. Environmental Health Hi, 438-442 (March, 1968). It ie evident that a number of specialist*, including those within the specialty of toxicology, contribute to detection, treatment, and prevention of chemical hazards and their effects. The scope of their activities extends into most of the branches of technology and science. The kinds and numbers of trainees in toxicology will be determined by such factors as public policy, the availability of appropriate facilities and qualified teachers, economic incentives to the profession, the development of appropriate courses, and the initiative expressed by the professions and their clients, in industry and in government. There are 19 references. -- Author's summary 647 Uses of Injectable Teflon in Otolaryngology. P. H. Ward. Arch. Otolaryngol. 7, 637-643 (June, 1968). The many plastic reconstructive uses of Teflon include use in augmentative procedures, the correction of orbital deformities, building up the alveolar ridga, periurethral injection of correction of stress incontinence, vocal cord injection for paralysis, peritubal injection around eustachian tube, posterior pharyngeal wall injection for correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency, and in various tissue-deficient surgical and traumatic areas. The author's experiences using the injectable suspension form of Teflon are discussed and illustrated. Polytetrafluoroethylene in jectable consists of 50|i to 100* Teflon particles suspended in 50% glycerine. This material 'appears to be well tolerated by the body tissues and may become an important adjunct in the future for the management of tissue-deficient areas. The suspension form is currently under going intensive clinical investigation. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References fc Reviews 648 Relationship of Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema to Weather and Air Pollution. B. Burrows, A. L. Kellogg, and Janet Buskey. Arch. Environmental Health 16. 406-413 (March. 1968). The severity of symptoms in a group of Chicago area patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema shows definite seasonal fluctuations, and monthly symptom severity appears to be inversely related to mean monthly temperature. Briefer exacerbations also occur, and daily symptom severity is closely correlated with low daily temperature and with high sulfur dioxide level. Significant correlations are also noted with nitrous oatides, snowfall, and several other meteorological and air pollution measurements. However, many of these relationships are ex plained by similar seasonal patterns of symptoms and environmental conditions, and when both season and daily temperature are held constant, only hydrocarbon level showe an independent correlation with symptoms. Further studies Indicate that symptoms often become more severe before environmental conditions become adverse, that dally change in symptoms severity cannot be correlated with any meteorological or air pollution measurement, and that there is no difference between symptoms in groups of patients exposed to different air contaminant levels on the same day. It is concluded that conditions which lead to extreme cold weather are often associated with an exacerbation of symptoms, but the specific causal factors cannot be identified. In Chicago, air contaminants do not appear to play a major role in producing these symptomatic exacerbations, but this does not deny that prolonged exposure to air pollutants may aggravate or induce a chronic bronchitis. Also, it does not negate the possibility Jhat more severe or qualitatively different air pollution than that encountered in this study may have an acute res piratory toxicity. There are 13 references. Authors' summary 649 Laser Induced Ear Damage. G. Klemen. Yona Laor, and E. Klein. Arch. Otolaryngol. 86, 603-609 (Dec., 1967). A group of S3 mice were exposed to pulsed ruby and neodymium irradiation of the head, and observed until they either died or were Idlled. Gross results varied with the parameters of radiation. Severs intracranial injuries and neurological and behavioral aberrations were evident in 46% of the animals. Damage to the ear was present and was on an "all or none'' basis. Sines the skin and bones were relatively uninjured, it is evident that secondary affects can be more severe at a deeper level than those produced at the superficial site of interaction. These preliminary explorations indicate high potential hazards of laser radiation to the ear. There are 28 references. -- Aerospace Med. Absts. *- * 13. 01 132 3711 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 650 Thermal Model for Retinal Damage Induced by Pulsed Lasers. J. R. Hayai aad M. L. Wolbarsht. Aerospace Med. 3j>, 474-480 (May. 1968). The model of the retina employing the thermal absorption of a slab of the pigment epithelium layer (assumed to be homogeneous) as proposed by Vos has been examined in detail for both long exposure times (for which it was designed) and short exposure times. This model is sufficient to explain the damage from long exposures but not short exposures. We have examined the physical characteristics of the pigment epithelium, particularly with respect to the thermal stability and optical properties of the melanin granules. A new model is proposed which is based on absorption of the incident energy by the one micron diameter pigment granules and thermal conduction from them to nearby essential retinal structures such as the pigment cell membrane and the receptor cell myeloid body and outer segment. The new model explains both long and short pulse effects. Such nonlinear effects as ionization from intense electric field gradients, harmonic generation, Brillouin scattering, shockwaves, and reradiation by black body emission are shown to make negligible contribution to the intitial tissue damage where the lesion is minimal. Shorter event times (lO"1^ seconds) which are possible from mode locked laser operation may require other mechanisms than postulated by this theory. There are 18 references. -- Authors' abst. 651 Photocoagulation Through the Goldmann Contact Glass, g. An Apparatus Uslns Quasi-Contlnuous Laser Source. F. Frankhauser. W. Lotmar, and A. Roulier. Arch. Ophthalmol. 79. 674 -679 (June, 1968). A new laser of high pulse repetition rate, typically 50 to 100 Herts, for retinal photocoagulation offers significant advantages over conventional continuous or, single-pulse light sources. High collimation permits generation of very small burns. Most optical aberrationaof the eye media are neutralized by the application of Goldmann's mirror contact glass. . In combination with a specially designed optical aiihihg and viewing system of high image quality, it is possible to treat microlesions in the most peripheral parts of the retina with high accuracy and at low pulse energies. A foot pedal allows a very fine aad continuous control of the laser output. A second observer is able to follow operations through a two-way eyepiece. 'j. Am. Med. Assn. References it Reviews 652 Photocoagulation Through the Goldmann Contact Glass; m. clinical Experience With an Apparatus Using a Quasl-Continuous Laser Source. F. Frankhauser, W. Lotmar, and A. Roulier. Arch. Ophthalmol; 79. 680-684 (June, 1968). " ! . . ( Clinical technique and results in some patients treated with a new photocoagulator using the Goldmann contact glass and a quasi-continuous ruby,laser as an energy source are reported. It is shown that small burns can be positioned exactly out to the far periphery of the retina us ing very low pulse energies. The coagulator is mounted on a Haag-Strelt table aad patients can easily be treated in an upright position. The coagulation strategy to be followed when treating multiple small welds is given. The advantages of this procedure are pointed out. --7. Am. Med. Assn. Referenced It Reviews 653 Ultrasound by Doppler Technique in Recording fetal Heart Action. J. K. Moestrup. Nord. Med. 79, SS0-552 (April 29, 1948). The value of the ultrasound-Ooppler technique In demonstrating the action of the fetal heart was studied with the Ooptone Fetal Pulse Detector la a total of 187 examinations in 184 patients. The results were correct positive oh 154, correct negative on 12, aad false-negative on 21 occasions; none was false-positive. The earliest,stage at which fetal heart action could be demonstrated was in the 13th week of gestation. In 54 patients fstal heart action was demonstrated before it could be heard on auscultation with tla wooden stethoscope. lathe 14th to 17th weeks of pregnancy the accuracy of the method was 85%; after the 17th week the results agreed with the true conditions in all ths cases. Fetal heart action could not be demonoetrated In 21 patients with dead fetuses. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References fc Reviews 14. 01 132 3712 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 I SKIN DISEASES AND BURNS 654 Preservation and Restoration of Joint Function in Patients With Severe Burns. E. B. Evans, D. L. Larson, and S. Yates. J. Am. Med. Assn. 204, 843-848 (June 3, 1968). In patients with severe burns joint function may be compromised by para-articular ossification, septic arthritis, dislocation, or soft-tissue contracture. Ectopic bone forming as a sequel to burns, once excised, does not tend to recur. Septic arthritis may be dealt with as in patients without burns; but the signs and symptoms of joint sepsis are masked in burns, and the common result is ankylosis. Dislocations of otherwise intact joints may be dealt with in standard fashion: those secondary to joint destruction cannot be reduced. Whereas ectopic bone, septic arthritis, and dislocation, combined, occur in no more than 5*0 of severely burned patients, soft-tissue contracture occurs in almost all patients with extremity burns. Contracture is prevented by positioning, physical therapy, and splinting; it is corrected with skeletal traction or suspension alone, or in conjunction with surgery, or with surgery alone. Authors' abst. 655 Paraben Allergy, A Cause of Intractable Dermatitis. W. F. Schorr. J. Am. Med. Assn. 204. 859-862 (June 3, 1968). Paraben esters are incorporated in most dermatologic and cosmetic creams and lotions as preservatives. A two-year clinical study on the allergenic potential of these bacteriostatic and fungistatic chemicals showed that of 273 consecutive patients with chronic dermatitis who were rountinely patch tested to 57 paraben in petrolatum had paraben allergy, an 0. 8% incidence. Strongly positive patch test reactions in four patients with marked paraben allergy correlated well with the clinical course. Patients with contact dermatitis caused by paraben allergy pre sent with long histories of intractable dermatitis which continues to flare regardless of the corticosteroid cream prescribed. Once the proper diagnosis is recognised and a paraben free medication is applied, these patients make a rapid and complete recovery. Paraben allergy must be suspected in any patient who gives a long history of recalcitrant dermatitis which has not responded to customary dermatologic diagnostic and therapeutic technique. There are 10 references. - - Author's abst. 656 The Ultrastructure of Mummified Skin Cells. P. K. Lewin. Can. Med. Assn. J. 98, 1011-1012 (May 25, 1968). Sldn from an Egyptian mummified hand was processed for electron microscopy to determine its state of preservation at the ultrastructural level. Although mummified cells were greatly shrunken, most were intact with recognisable cellular components. It is suggested that electron microscopy of such tissues may be useful in the field of comparative anthropology. There are 6 references. -- Author's summary CHEMICAL HAZARDS 657 Toxicity of Fluorine Short-Term Inhalation. M. L. Keplinger, and L. W. Suits a. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29. 10-18 (Jan.-Feb., 1968). Rats. mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs were exposed to fluorine for five, 15, 30 or 60 minutes. The LCgo'* and effects at lower concentrations were determined. High concentrations of fluorine caused marked irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract, and damage to the lungs, liver and kidneys. Exposure at or below 100 ppm for 5 minutes, 70 ppm for 15 minutes, 55 ppm for 30 minutes or 45 ppm for 60 minutes caused no apparent effects in the animals. Exposure of volunteer human subjects revealed very little irritation at concentrations up to 25 ppm. There was marked irritation of the eyes and nose at 100 ppm. There are 10 references. Authors' abst. 658 Serological Reactions of Berylliosis Patients to Extracts of Lung Tissue. P. T. Pugliese, et al. Arch. Environmental Health 16, 374-379 (March, 1968). The results presented, while preliminary in nature, strongly suggest that the serum of individuals with chronic granulomatous lung disease due to beryllium exposure contains substances reacting rather specifically with some substance in the lung of a patient suffering from berylliosis. & 15. Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 Whether these ere true antibodies end whether they are merely another form of antiglobulin or are directed toward some other substance in berylliotic lung remains to be determined There are 30 references. ~ Authorg. ,ummary 639 Microemission Spectrochemical Analysis of Human Lungs for Beryllium. F. R. Robinson et al Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 49, 821-825 (June. 1968). Microemission spectrographic technics were used to analyze histologic sections of fixed embedded and frozen tissues from human cases of berylliosis. The primary advantages of this technic are (1) small biopsy and fixed embedded tissues can be analysed for beryllium, and (2) the beryllium can be identified in specific microscopic structures or areas. There are 6 references. -- Authors' summary 660 Coulometric Determination of Chromium in Biologic Materials. F. J. Feldman. G. D. Christian, and W. C. Purdy. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 49, 826-833 (June. 1968). A coulometric method has been developed for the determination of chromium in biologic materials. Chromium was separated as the hexavalent state after the organic matter was wet ashed. The hexavalent chromium was then added to an excess of iron (n) which had been generated coulo- metrically, causing a decrease in the amperometric current. The current decrease was taken as a measure, of the chromium content. Chromium was determined in blood and kidney by the method of additions and in liver directly. As little as 0. 2ug. of total chromium could be detected in biologic materials. Analternateprocedureinvolvingthe oxidation of iodide to iodine by the hexavalent chromium was alsoinvestigated. There are 9 references. - - Authors' summary 661 Spectrochemical Determination of Nanogram Amounts of Cobalt in Blood Using the Copper-Spark Method. A. M. Kabiel, Z. G. Hanna, and Y. S. Yousslf. Appl. Spectry. 22, 183-187 (May-June, 1968). The superiority of spectrographic methods in the estimation of cobalt, the minor constituent in human blood, is pointed out. The main advantages are speed, sensitivity, and csrtainty in the identification of the trace elements being determined. The analysis is carried out using an ion-exchange concentration method to separate nanograms of cobalt ions from the inter fering extraneous elements, followed by a copper-spark method which proved to be valuable in reducing the limit of detection. Illustrated examples are given of the kinds of work to which the method is applied. There are 9 references. -- Authors' abst. 662 Selenium, Molybdenum, and Vanadium in Human Blood. W. H. Allaway, et al. Arch. Environmental Health 16, 342-348 (March, 1968). The concentrations of selenium, molybdenum, and vanadium in whole blood from male donors to blood banks at different locations in the United States were determined. The Se concentration ranged from 10 to 34ug/100 ml whole blood (mean 20. 6|ig/100ml). There was evidence of a geographic variation in the Se concentrations in blood from different locations. For some of the collection sites, the geographic pattern tended to reflect established regional differences in the Se concentrations in crops. In over 75% of the samples examined, the concentration of Mo was less than 0. 5>tg/100 ml of whole blood, and yet there were two collection sites where 70% or more of the samples examined contained more than this amount of Mo. It is possible that most of the donors in this study were at euboptimal levels of Mo intake for prevention of dental caries, and yet a very few may be approaching a level of excessive Mo intake. The highest concentration of V encountered was 2ug V/100 ml whole blood, and over 90% of the samples examined contained less than l|tg/100 ml. There.are 24 references. Authors' summary 663 Acute Magnesium Poisoning as a Complication of Intermittent Hemodialysis. J. R. Govan, et al. Brit. Med. J. 2. 278 (May 4, 1968). Six patients on a chronic hemodialysis program were accidentally dialysed against a dialysate containing an excessive amount of magnesium. IS mEq/liter. During the dialysis of eight to nine hours using Kolff twin coils, symptoms of blurring of vision, flushing of the face, weakness, and inability to stand developed. The high level of magnesium in the serum interfered with the usual laboratory method of calcium estimation causing a false end-point to be observed. The hypermagnesemia was rapidly reversed by hemodialysis against a known normal dialysate fluid. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. Refsrences U Reviews 13* 3714 01 Industrial Hygiene Diait July, 1968 664 The Analysis of Submicrogram Amount* of Mercury in Tissues. T. Y. Toribara and C P Shield* Am. Ind. Hyg. A*an. J. 29. 87-93 (Jan.-Fab., 1968). A procedure it deacribad to separate mercury from mammalian tissues *o that a previously de vised photometric method of analysis for submicrogram amounts of mercury can be used with precision for such samples. Mercury is first separated from tissue by a cold digestion in hydrochloric acid-sodium nitrate; it is then collected on an anion exchange column ani eluted with thiourea solution. Finally it is collected in cadmium sulfide, volatilised at 550*C. and determined photometrically by using a General Electric germicidal ultraviolet intensity meter. Results of analyses of rat and mouse tissues are presented, and the usefulness of the procedure for industrial hygiene is discussed. There are 16 references. -- Authors' abst. 665 Pulmonary Alveolar Reaction to Nickel Carbonyl. Ultrastructural and Hiatochemical Studies. R. L. Hackett and F. W. Sunderman, Jr. Arch. Environmental Health 16, 349-362 (March, 19681. The acute pathologic reactions of the pulmonary alveolar wall following exposure to nickel carbonyl have been investigated by electron microscopic and hiatochemical techniques. Nickel carbonyl was administered intravenously to rats in LD50 dosage (2. 2 mg Ni/100 gm). The earliest alteration was intense swelling of the alveolar endothelium which was most prominent six hours after inject- tion of nickel carbonyl and disappeared by the second day. Proliferation and hypertrophy of alveolar epithelial cells developed on the second day after injection of nickel carbonyl, reached greatest severity on the fourth to sixth days, and diminished by the eighth day. Focal infiltration of the alveolar interstitium with connective tissue cells was present on the fourth day after inject ion and persisted beyond the eighth day. Histochemical studies of the alveolar epithelial cells two to six days after nickel carbonyl revealed clumping of nuclear chromatin, bizarre mitoses, in creased nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA, and augmented protein staining of nucleoli, cytoplasm and intra-alveolar exudate. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that the proliferative reaction of the alveolar epithelium involved both granular and membranous pneumocytes. The granular pneumo- cytes were increased in number and their cytoplasm contained prominent arrays of rough endo plasmic reticulum. Discharge of cytoplasmic inclusions of granular pneumocytes was noted. Granular pneumocytes were observed in various stages of detachment from the alveolar septum. The most pronounced alterations occurred in the membranous pneumocytes. From the second to sixth days after nickel carbonyl, the membranous pneumocytes developed enlarged nuclei, nucleoli and cytoplasm, associated with a remarkable increase in cytoplasmic organelles including free ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi sones and mulHvesicular bodies. The extent of these alterations suggested that the membranous pneumocytes might be undergoing transformation into granular pneumocytes. There are 54 references. - Authors' summary 666 Alteration of Lung Pathology From Dllsocyaaato by Glycemic or Sensitising Agents. G. E. Thompson and L. D. School. Arch. Environmental Health 16, 363-370 (March. 1968). Rats were treated with Hemophilus pertussis vaccine or alloxan prior to exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI), Certain alloxan and pertussis groups were also treated with insulin for several weeks after exposure. Two peaks of damage occurred following TDI exposure which were intensified in pertussis-treated rats and depressed in alloxan-treated rats. Daily injections of insulin had a tendency to stabilise the damage at a higher level than that found in non-insulin- treated animals, while intermittent injections also raised damage level! but caused peaking of the reaction. The experiments failed to support the possibility that precipitating or cellular antibody reactions are of importance in the pathologic changes observed following TDI inhalation. They thereby increase support of the probability that lung reactivity to TDI is due to chemical damage. There are IS references. - Authors' summary 667 TR^Ti2l2i^ga_of^ofIao_Drlnkars to Caffeine. T. Colton, R. E. Gosselln, and R. P. Smith. Clin. Pharmacol. Therap. % 31-39 (Jan.-Feb., 1968). To decaffeinated coffee powder was added either caffeine or lactose, each la an amount of 150 mg. per dose. Prepared packets were issued to second-year medical students who served as subjects. When consumed at bedtime, this modest dose of caffeine was significantly more effective than the Lactose placebo at inducing a reduction in pulse rate in noncoffee drinkers, but not in those who habitually consumed caffeinated beverages. Small but significant differences were demonstrated in both frequency and Intensity of response. Only noncoffee drinkers re ported disturbances in sleep patterns, most consistently a delay in the onset of sleep. The 01 132 3715 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 relative insensitivity of coffee drinkers to these Mtions of caffeine presumably represents n acquired tolerance. Like that previously demonstrated to the diuretic and salivary*stimulating actions, this tolerance is probably low grade. Some of thi cardiovascular effects of caffeine are reviewed. Heightened vagal tone appears to'be responsible for.the bradycardia, which is reportedly masked'after Ugh doses of caffeine by direct excitatory actions on the heart. Brady cardia has not been observed regularly after small doses of caffeine in man. apparently in Urge measure because,most investigators.failed to'separate,the responses of habitual and occasional*co'ffee<drinkers.`"'':There'are-31; references.-> --Aerospace Med. Abets. 668 The Pyrolysis Products of Plastics~Prbbiems bafining'Their Toxicity. H. TN. MacFsrland. , Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29; '7-9 (Jan. -Feb. ; 1968). Reliable studies: of toxic"effects and hazards of inhalation exposures to thermal decomposition products of plastics must ^provide good qualitative, and quantitative descriptions of the exposure system, if valid data on dose-response arectobe! obtained. The dynamic nature of the thermal decomposition processes makes such description! very difficult. The conditions of decomposition will affect both the reaction rates and the identity! of the products,; present in the system at a given time. There are S references. , :\',U `-- Author's abst. 669 The Inhalation T.bxicity of Pyrolysis Products of Polytetrafluoroethylene- (PTFE) Heated Below 500 Pearses Centigrade!- R. S. Warits and B. K. Kwon. Am, Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29, 19-26 (Jan. -Feb.. 1968). ; ' -A i. - . - *> V -r""--' ~ 5 ^ C . . 1 Quantitative evidence hae been obtained which indicate* that the principal toxic component in the pyrolysate from PTFE (Teflod 5) at the first temperature at which rat mortality is observed. (Approximate Lethal Temperature, ALT), is a particulate material which may have other toxi cants adsorbed on it. The,toxicity of this particulate varies; depending upon the conditions under I which it is, generated. At 30*C above the ALT, perfluoroisobutylene could be the principal toxic agent. The data correlate well with known chemical reactions as well as observations and. hypotheses of other, investigators;, There are 16 references. -- Authors' abst. 670 `Experimental Method for`Evaluating the Decomposition of Fluorocarbon Plastics by Heat. R. E. Kupel and L. D. Scheel. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29. 27-32 (Jan.-Feb.. 1968). In studying the toxicity of pyrolysis products of fluorocarbons, a time-of-flight mass spectro- j meter was selected for identification of decomposition fragments. '< Quantitative measurements were made by gas chromatography except, for carbonyl fluoride (COFj) which was collected in i 0. 5 N NaOH followed by determination of the fluoride. Monel metal tubes were used in the j pyrolysis furnaces and temperatures were measured by thermocouples shielded with stainless : steel. A cubical chamber (aluminum) of 1245-liter capacity and equipped with an airlock was used for exposure of animals to the pyrolysis products. There are 3 references. . j ' ' ; 'j Authors' abst. ; 671 The Identification of Toxic Compounds in the Pyrolysis. Products of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). W. E. Coleman, ot ai. Am. led. Hva. Assn. J. 29. 33-40 (Jan.-Feb., 1968). When polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was pyrolyzed ln alr ha the temperature range of 500* to J 650* C. (932 to 1202* F.), the predominate product was carbonyl fluoride fCOFj). Above 650*C. the major products werecarbontetrafluorlde (CF*) end carbon dioxide (COg). Other fluorocarbons | were produced in lesser amounts. PTFEpyrolysed in the presence of silica (SlOj) also formed silicon tetraflaoride (SIF*). Between 550* and 600*,C. production of COFj was as high as 63%. Experimental exposure of rats showed COFj to be the most toxic component of the pyrolysis gases. There are 10 references. ' ,V ' ' '*!' ", -- Authors' abst. j 672 The Toxicity of Polytatrafluoroothylena Pyrolysis Products ---lncludins Carbonyl Fluoride and a Reaction Product, Silicon Tetrafluortde. L. D. School, V. C. Lane, and W. E. Coleman. 1 Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29. 41-48 (Jan.-Feb.. 1968). ; The toxicity of pyrolysis products (550* C) of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was evaluated by exposure of dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats and mice; Carbonyl fluoride (COFj) was identified as the principal toxic component, One-hour exposures of rats showed a 24-hour LC50 of 370 ppm for the pyrolysis products and an LCjq of 360 ppm for COFj. Whan.PTFE is pyrolysed.in the 1 18. Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 absence of ailica, (he products are leas toxic to a alight degree. Pathology revealed changes in the lungs and livers of exposed animals. Irritation of the lungs may persist for some days There are 11 references. -- Authors' abet'. 673 Biochemical Changes Associated With Toxic Exposures to Polytetrafluoroethvlene Pyrolysis Products. L. O. Scheel, L. McMillan, and F. C. Phipps. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29, 49-53 (Jan.-Feb., 1968). -- Rats were exposed to the products of pyrolysis of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) containing hydrolyzable fluoride equivalent to 50 ppm carbonyl fluoride (COF^ for one hour daily. After one exposure, urinary excretion of fluoride was four times normal. Weight loss of exposed animals indicated inhibition of metabolism. Changes in succinic dehydrogenase activity in vivo correlated with exposure to pyrolysis products of PTFE and with urinary fluoride concentrations. Toxic effects of daily sublethal exposures were found to be cumulative. The metabolic inhibition observed was reversible. The toxic syndrome of daily inhalation of pyrolysis products of PTFE is compatible with descriptions of fluoride poisoning. There are 9 references. -- Authors' abst. 674 The Particles Resulting From Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Pyrolysis in Air. W.E. Coleman. L. D. Scheel, and C. H. Gorski. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29, 54-60 (Jan. -Feb., 1968). Particulate products from the pyrolysis of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in air were collected on membrane filters, then examined by electron microscopy, infrared, mass spectrography, chromatography, and chemical analysis. The residue differed from the composition of PTFE. Evidence indicated that the pyrolysis products were composed of a complex mixture of fluorinat- ed acids and olefins. Humidity in the pyrolysis chamber greatly influenced the composition of the mixture of products. There are 14 references. -- Authors' abst. 675 The Toxicology of the Pyrolysis Products of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). H. A. Birnbaum, L. D. Scheel, and W. E. Coleman. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29, 61-65 (Jan.-Feb., 1968). The toxicity of the products of pyrolysis of polychlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) was studied by exposure of rats for one hour and three hours. The concentration of the exposure was controlled by the rate of pyrolysis. The three-hour LCjq was 31.5 gm/hr for pyrolysis at 375*C. whereas it was 23. 5 gm/hr at 400*C. The greater toxicity of the products of pyrolysis at higher tempera ture was not accompanied by an increase in hydrolysable fluoride (associated with carbonyl fluoride (COF2). It appears that the toxicity may be associated with the particulate products of pyrolysis. There are 5 references. -- Authors' abst. 1 INDUSTRIAL DUSTS 676 A Clinical and Physiologic Study of Grain Handlers. M. Kleinfeld, Tet al. Arch. Environmental Health 16, 380-384 (March, 1968). A group of 55 grain handlers exposed to grain dust for an average of 18.8 years in western part of New York were studied. The predominant clinical symptoms elicited were cough, dyspnea, chronic wheeling, and "grain fever. " The latter was characterised by general malaise, chills, and fever which usually occurred several hours after leaving work. In addition, the workers gave a history of pneumonia, dermatitis, and peptic ulcer whose incidence exceeded that of the general population. The average vital capacity and forced expiratory volume, first second, were normal in the group. However, when the group was subdivided into a smoking and nonsmotdng category, a significant difference in both clinical and pulmonary function findings was found. The forced expiratory volume, first second, was more significantly depressed than the vital capacity indicating an obstruction to breathing at the predominant disorder. Of the pre disposing factors including age, duration of exposure, allergy, and smoking, it is concluded that smoking was the most important factor accounting for the increased incidence of respiratory symptoms and altered pulmonary ventilation. There are 6 references. - - Authors' summary 19. Oi 132 3717 - . A Industrial Hygiene Dtpeet July. 1968 677 Field Control of aDolomite PlAnt.'-T.iL.'Crot.^ jrVr J. Air Poll. Control Assn; Ui, 27-2$ (jan. , 1968). W., Rota. .'-V/, . ,'v This article concerns the .control of emission*, from a local dolomite plant through a series of corrective measures. With a new State regulation on particulate emissions (process weight table) passed in 1965, and with a new local control program,, a goal was established toward which control measures were directed. Inplant investigations revealed that measures would be necessary to eliminate emissions from the, pulverizer and conveyor'belts. ' Inorder to meet State requirements, Le;better 'methbd of collection'for the dryer was required., In order to . evaluate the effect of these changes on,the ambient air, dustfall.jars and high-volume air samples were used and stack sampling was conducted at and around the local dolomite plant and also at another such plant in Venice, Fla. Through successive control and testing, emission factors for dolomite plants, as well as reduction of plant emission and resident complaints, were established. ,.T,herejare.4'S references. , ' Authors' abst. 678 A Clinical, Roentgenological, and Physiological Study of Magnetite Workers. Arch. Environmental Health 16;,. 392-397 (March, 11968). ; M. Kleinfeld. et.al. Clinical, radiologic; physiologic, and ewtronmentaldatawere obtained in a group of magnetite miners and sinterers-. The exposure of the-miners was largely to a mixed dust,(iron oxide, silicates, and free.silica), whereas .the sinterers were exposed predominantly to iron oxide dust. The average duration:of exposure in the miners was 27. S years and in the sinterers 27.8 years; the levels of exposure in'bqth.groups being below the recommended threshold levels of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. The respiratory symptoms (cough and;dyspnea) were present in bdth groups, blit the prevalence in the sinterers was not significantly different ,from the cphtrois. Positive .roentgenograms consistent with a pneu moconiosis were present in ohe sinterer and six miners, -<the roentgenograms in the-latter being more characteristic of mixed dust exposure. The mean value* for the different parameters of pulmonary function tesited were within normal'range in both groups. However, the mean one- second vital capacity (VCi),. mean residual volume (RV) add mean ratio of reeiduail volume to total, lung capacity (RV /.TLC) ta .the miners.andth* mean VCl in the sinterers, were signi ficantly different from the controls, while their respective, vital capacity (VC) and pulmonary. diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DlCO) values were similar;' The greater'prevalence, of respiratory, radiologic, and pulmonary function findings.ln the miners compared to the control were attributed to a combination of factors;including the sustained inhalation of either mixed dusts, smoking, or the coincidontal presence of non-occupational obstructlve lung disease, or ali three. In general, there was no consistent correlation between the, clinical, radiologic, and pulmonary function findings and duration of exposure. . There are 8 references. ' 1"; -- Authors' summary 679 Operating Characteristics of Some Compressed Air Nebulizer*. T. T. Mercer. M. I. Tillery, and H. V. Chow. Am. lnd. Hyg. Assn. J. 29, 66-78 (Jan.-Feb. . 1968). The outjputs and massmedian droplet diameters of useful aerosols and the effect of solvent evaporation on the concdntration of nebullser 8011111000 have been measured for four nebulizers of .designs which have been employed for inhalation studies. Outputs ranging from 2. 3 to 30.4 microliters of solution, (wr liter; of jet air were observed,1 with corresponding mass median droplet diameters of 1. 4 to 3.4 microns;,. For jet preesure drops of 2. S to 30 psi, from 7 to 10 microliters of solvent (water),, in excess of that associated with the aerosol; was carried away per liter of jet air. The effects^of. baffling and Of augmenting the jet air. with additional flow through a vent were also determined.There are 14 references.1 . Authors' abst. 680 Plant Exposure Chambers for Dust Studies. E. F. Darley, S. ;l,erman, and R. J. Oshima. J. Air Poll. .Control Assn. 18, 28-29 (Jan. 1968). Plant exposure cbambers are'fdescrlbed wbich priovide for uniform application of dusts at rates simulating those of nathral conditions. .One set of chambers receives.artificial tight and is used for short term exposures. A second set of larger chanihers receives natural.light-and . provides for dusting plants daily to maturity. A feeder assembly from a Bacho Microparticle Classifier serves as the miahs of introducing this dust at the top of the chamber. A whirling, counter-airflow stream is -introduced"'a, Taw inches below the feed nozzle to assist in lateral distribution of the dust. Distribution is further, enhanced by placing exposed plants on a 20. `"ti '. *:/ . 0* Industrial Hygiene Digt July. 1968 turntable. Carbon filtered auxiliary air ie eupplied through a distribution system below the turntable. Variation of dust deposit at different heights above the outer two-thirds of the turn table does not vary more than 5%. Two references are given. Authors' abst. 681 The "Fiy-Shleld" Rotobar: Simplified Impaction Sampler With Motion-Regulated Shielding. W. R. Solomon. A. W. Stohrer. and J. A. Gilliam. J. Allergy 4l_, 289-295 (May, 1968). By adding hinged, pendant flaps and a cam recycling timer to the basic rotobar impaction collector, it was possible to produce a practical, simplified pollen sampler. During operation, the flaps are centrifugally thrown away from the sampling edges, and, between periods of rotation, the flaps descend to prevent adventitious particle deposition. Calibration studies suggest that this sampler has a collection efficiency for ragweed pollen exceeding 70%. In field tests of the efficiency of sampling and of the completeness of shielding, the performance of this device com pared favorably with that of an intermittent rotoslide sampler. The lower construction cost and comparatively rugged components of this fly-shield rotobar sampler also favor its potential usefulness for the allergist. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References it Reviews. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT I 682 Altitude Effects on the Human Body. Part I. G. W. Mason. Northwest Med. 66, 917-921 (Oct., 1967). High altitude causes four stresses on the human organism. These are: (1) decreasing temper ature; (2) increasing ultraviolet radiation; (3) decreasing barometric pressure; and (4) decreas ing partial pressure of oxygen. Heat is normally lost from the body via conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. Several of theee are greatly accentuated at altitude, especially dur ing mountaineering. The body responds to these losses with an initial compensatory response, and finally with a late decompensated response. The major problems at altitude result from a low partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired air, leading to a low hemoglobin saturation. The appearance and severity of the signs and symptoms of hypoxia depend upon the altitude, rate of ascent, duration at altitude, physical activity and individual tolerance. The symptoms can be divided primarily into cerebral and cardio-respiratory categories. This is the first of a two- part article. --Aerospace Med. Absts. 683 Altitude Effects on the Human Body. Part n. G. W. Mason. Northwest Med. 66, 1032-1035 (Nov., 1967). A review and discussion is presented on human reactions to ultraviolet radiation and low pressure. Individual variation and photosensitixing action of drugs are mentioned. Personal experiences during mountain climbing are related in relation to low barometric pressure and hypoxia, includ ing some interesting accounts of hallucinations while descending from high altitude. -- Aerospace Med. Absts. 684 Effects of High Altitude on Performance of Three Different Types of Work. W. O. Evans and C. F. Consolazio. Perceptual and Motor Skills 25. 41-50 (Aug., 1967). _ To determine the effects of transition from a low altitude to a high altitude on three types of work performance, the rate at which the subject proceeded from low to high altitude, and the effects of a physical conditioning program. Twenty-four young soldiers were studied at sea level. Their maximfem performance on medicine ball putting (an explosive strength task), the bicycle ergo- metsxja stamina task), and chin-ups (a dynamic strength task) were measured. Half of the sub jects participated la a physical conditioning program; subjects daily exercise was based upon exercise at 90% of his own maximum capacity. Eight subjects remained at sea level, eight sub jects ascended to an altitude of 14, 110 ft. gradually (1 wk. each at an altitude of 5, 200 ft. and 11, 400 ft), eight subjects went directly to 14, 110 ft. within one day. It was not possible to pre dict the amount of depression of performance capacity found at high altitude. Dynamic strength was not affected by high altitude, but explosive strength and stamina were. Explosive strengtn readapted within two wk; stamina had not readapted after one mo. Gradual transition to high altitude was beneficial for tha explosive strength but did not effect stamina. Physical condition ing proved efficacious in reducing performance decrement in explosive strength and stamina There are 10 references. -* Aerospace Med. Absts 21. 01 132 3719 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 685 Influence of Moderate Work Don* in High Attitude Simulation Chimbif on Heart Frequency nd Arterial Pressure. (French) J. J. S'Jongers. et *1. Intern. Z. Angew, phyeiol. 24. 222-230 (Sept. 18. 1967). -- A study wee carried out on 18 men, 17-22 yr. of age. They were subjected to a simulated altitude of 2. 450 m. during which time they performed work of 100 watts for six min. Heart rate increased and systolic pressure was depressed. Diastolic pressure was scarcely affected. Heart rate also remained high during recovery period. On the other hand the systolic and dias. stolic pressures were more depressed at altitude after effort than at sea level. There are 15 references. -- Aerospace Med. Abets. 686 Acute Heat Stress Without Burns and Human Red Blood Cells. N. Abramson. Aerospace Med. 39, 413*416 (April, 1968). The in vivo effect of short duration heat stress upon human red cells was studied in eight subjects exposed to tolerance (30 to 60 minutes) at 71 C. 4 to 6 mm Hg vapor pressure. Venous blood, prior to and after heat exposure, was measured for hematocrit, hemoglobin, red cell count, red cell indices, morphology, osmotic fragility and mechanical fragility. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell counts, were significantly elevated (P<0. 05) after the heat exposure without changes in indices or morphology. An increase in post*heat stress osmotic fragility was noted (P<C.0. 05) when compared to pre-stress bloods. Mechanical fragilities were unchanged as a function of heat stress. After 24*hour incubation of pre* and post*stress blood (anticoagulated with oxalate), post*heat*stress specimens were significantly less osmoticallyfragile(P<0. 05) than pre-stress specimens. However, these results could not be confirmed on heparinized or defibrinated bloods. Acute heat stress without cutaneous burns causes alterations'in blood counts which are consistent with dehydration. The increases in post-heat stress osmotic fragility were not accompanied by morphological alterations. In this respect, burn hemolysis differs from in vivo thermal effects. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References fc Reviews 687 Human Performance in the Cold. W. F. Fox. Human Factors 9, 203-220 (June, 1967). The literature dealing with human performance in the cold is reviewed. Seven major areas are discussed: (a) tactile sensitivity; (b) manual performance; (c) tracking; (d) reaction time; (e) complex behaviors; (f) maintaining hand skin temperature (HST) as a means of maintaining operator effectiveness; and (g) adaptation and acclimatisation of low ambient temperatures. Performance decrements at low ambient temperatures appear to result principally from lowered HST and competing stimuli provided by the cold environment. There are 68 references. Aerospace Med. Absts. I RADIOACTIVITY AND X-RADIATION I 688 Broad-Beam Gamma Attenuation in Thin Absorbers. E. B. Stewart and J. O. Ledbetter. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29, 94*100 (Jan.-Feb.. I960). The investigation of broad-beam gamma attenuation by thin sections of steel, aluminum, and glass was undertaken because of a dearth of such date on these important structural materials. Evaluat ing the shielding capabilities of automobiles and modern buildings requires knowledge about the broad-beam attenuation of gamma radiation under the conditions of these experiments. For cal culations of broad-beam gamma attenuation by thin sections of steel, assuming exponential at tenuation (Ba*wl.0) will not cause serious error (<10%). The buildup factors for the thin sections of aluminum and glass varied exponentially with the thickness; i. e., Ba"M**' where k was constant over the range of experiments (-- 0. 317 for the aluminum and glass). There are 15 references. - * Authors' abst. 22. Industrial Hygiene Digest July. 1968 I ENVIRONMENT*L MEASUREMENTS [ 689 A Source Sampling Technique for Particular Md Gaseous Fluorides. J. A. Dorsey and 0. A. Kemnitz. j. Air Poll. Control Aazn. _1_8, 12-14 (Jzn.. 1968). Sampling of affluenta that contain fluoridea ia often hampered by the reactivity of hydrogen fluoride. Although techniquee have been developed for aampling ambient air, they are not applicable to atack effluent a which contain higher concentrations of fluoride, water, and particulatea. A aampling ayatem for the aeparation and collection of gaaeoua and particulate fluoridea was devised and teated. Inthie system a heated glaaa probe serves as a reactor for converting hydrogen fluoride to silicon tetrafluoride before the particulate is filtered. Laboratory tests have demonstrated quantitative recoveries of hydrogen fluoride after the test mixtures pass through the probe and through filter papera impregnated with sodium bicarbonate. The equipment has performed satisfactorily in field aampling. There are 7 referencea. - Authors' abst. 690 Determination of HS Exposure by Dynamic Sampling With Metallic Silver Filters. D. A. Falgout and C. I. Harding. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. j_8, 15-20 (Jan., 1968). A new method for the determination of hydrogen sulfide exposure has been developed. As air is drawn through a silver metal membrane filter, hydrogen sulfide present reacts to form silver ` sulfide. This results in a decrease in the reflectance of the silver surface. Darkening due to impingement of particles is eliminated by protecting the silver membrane with a cellulose mem brane prefilter. Air is metered with a limiting orifice. The reflectance of the silver membrane is measured before and after exposure and the decrease in reflectance is proportional to the hydrogen sulfide dose or exposure. There are 24 references. - - Authors' abst. 691 Oxides of Nitrogen From Gas Turbines. D. S. Smith. R. F. Sawyer, and E. S. Starkman. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. Jd, 30-35 (Jan., 1968). Experimental and theoretical studies were made to provide information on nitrogen oxide con centrations produced by gas turbine engines. Nitric oxide concentrations of from 100 to 350 ppm. adjusted to stoichiometric conditions, were measured in aircraft turbojet engines. Concentrations of less than 50 ppm, similarly adjusted, were measured ia a 60 hp industrial gas turbine. Concentrations of about 100 ppm, also adjusted, were measured in a laboratory combustor of a design similar to gas turbine combustors. Carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon concen trations also were determined. Comparison with predicted equilibrium concentrations shows strong departures from equilibrium. There are 6 references. -- Authors' abst. 692 Methyl and Ethyl Mercury Compounds--Recovery From Air and Analysis. A. L. Llnch, R. F. Stalser, and D. T. Lefforts. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29, 79-86 (Jan.-Feb., 1968). Attempts to recover dimethyl or diethyl mercury vapor by absorption in the reagents usually recommended for collection of mercury from air met with failure. The absorber design, whether impinger or porous glass diffusion type, contributed only minor differences. However, 0. IN iodine monochloride la 0. 5M hydrochloric acid gave quantitative recoveries of dimethyl and diethyl mercury, moaomethyl and monoethyl mercuric chlorides, and mercury vaporised into moving airstreama. The reagent also is applicable to the analysis of mercurial-bearing dusts. Again, the absorber design was not critical, but impinger recoveries were rate-dependent. The Teflon permeation tube for SO* calibration was adopted successfully to the dynamic calibration of microimpiagers developed for personnel monitoring. The American Conference of Covern- meatal Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) procedure for analysis was followed after the sample collection. There are 15 references. * Authors' abst. I PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING I 693 Application of Conductive Cooling for Working Men In a Thermally Isolated Environment. J. M. Waligora and E. L. Michel. Aerospace Med. 39, 485-487 (May, 1968). The effectiveness of liquid-cooled undergarments la dissipating high levels of metabolic heat was demonstrated in a series of tests. Subjects walked on a treadmill at a rate of 200 keal/hr to 23. 01 132 3721 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 500 kcal/hr wearing a liquid-cooled undergarment under either a pressure suit with an insulated cover, or an arctic clothing assembly. The liquid-cooled undergarment limited sweat pro duction of men working at 500 kcal/hr to less than 100 g/hr. Maximum and minimum work rates compatible with comfort were determined at inlet water temperatures of 6. 7*C and 15. 5*C. The average temperature in the cooling tubes was found to be the determining factor in heat loss at flow rates of 28 kg/hr to 77 kg/hr. Under the test conditions, 500 kcal/hr appears to approacl the maximum rate of metabolic heat production compatible with thermal balance. At this level, subjects reported discomfort due to internal heating and external chilling. Two references are given- -- Authors' abst. COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE ) b^4 Fume Control in Wire Enameling by Direct-Flame Incineration. D. M. Benforado and J. Waitkus. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. j_8, 24-26 (Jan.. 1968). The results of source tests to demonstrate the applicability of direct-flame incineration for the control of the effluent from a wire-enameling bake oven are presented. The tests were conducted with a portable direct-flame incinerator under actual plant conditions. The efficiency of direct- flame incineration was established at incineration termperature of 1000*F,1200, and 1400*F. Evaluation of incineration efficiency was performed by both analysis and quantitative odor measurement using an odor panel. - Authors' abst. 695 Air Quality Criteria for Pennsylvania. B. A. Brodovicz. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. 21-23 (Jan., 1968). In late 1965 the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Commission appointed a Council of Technical Ad visors to develop air quality criteria. Recently, this Council set forth its recommendations for ten pollutants. The philosophy of the Council is expressed. The major difficulties and rationale are mentioned. The recommendations are given and the potential use of the criterion is aiso explained. There are 4 references. -- Author's abst. 696 The Relationship of Air Pollution and Economic Status to Total Mortality and Selected Rsspiratory System Mortality in Men, n. Oxides of Sulfur. W. Winkelstein. et al. Arch. Environmental Health 1,6, 401-405 (March, 1968). Data from the Erie County Air Pollution-Respiratory Function Study do not reveal an association between sulfation and total mortality or mortality from cancer of the bronchus, trachea, and lung among white men 50 years of age and over. A positive association is revealed between mortality from chronic respiratory diseases and sulfation in the lowest two economic levels of a five-level classification. Four references are given. - Authors' summary 697 Functional and Morphological Response of in Vitro Lung and Myocardial Teat Objects to Experi mental Gas Environments. J. D. Hackney, et al. J. Air Poll. Control Assn, lg, 9-11 (Jan.. 1968). Innovations in the use of lung and myocardial tissue in vitro have permitted continuous morphologi cal observation of cells treated with a controlled gaseous environment. The mammalian tissues are covered with a dialysis membrane and cultured in a Rose chamber containing a large gas phase Test gases can be flushed continuously through two hypodermic needles in the culture chamber wall. Cell movement and morphology have been recorded with time lapse cinematography in chambers containing cello washed from lung airways or organotypic lung cultures. Myocardial cell morphology and beating rate have been analysed with the aid of a remote TV monitoring system. HUtochemical and ultrastructural techniques were also applied. The beating rate of myocardial cells was found to be'an objective and convenient endpoint for testing the characteristics of the exposure system. A comparison of the response of cells in the gas phase with that of elements in the fluid phase within the same chamber suggested that this system can serve as a model for evaluating the effect of an increasing diffusion barrier. There are 7 references. -- Authors' abst. 01 24. Industrial Hygiene Pirest July, 1968 698 The Effect on Health of the 1966 Eastern Seaboard Air Pollution Episode. W. H. Becker. F. J. Schilling, end M. P. Verm*. Arch. Environments Health J^6, 414-419 (March. 1968). The health effects of the acute air pollution episode which occurred on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States during the Thanksgiving holiday in Nov. 1966 were evaluated immediately after its termination. The data presented demonstrates the following: (1) As the air pollution levels increased, a greater response to symptoms of dyspnea, cough, sputum, wheeze, eye irritation, and general discomfort was elicited from the study subjects. Conversely, as the pollution levels lowered, the symptom responses decreased; (2) Subjects with a history of respiratory disease were affected more than the normal study participants; (3) Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease illustrated an increased affirmative response in all symptom categories; (4) A statistically significant difference between the symptom responses of the smokers and non-smokers was not observed and (5) Subjects smoking less than 10 or more than 20 cigarettes per day exhibited significantly greater symptom responses when compared to the responses of the subjects smoking 10-20 cigarettes daily. Thers are 11 references. -- Authors' summary 699 Controlling the Oxides of Sulfur. R. P. Hangebrauck and P. W. Spaite. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. _1, 5-8 (Jan., 1968). Studies of the sources of sulfur oxides pollution show that combustion of fossil fuels is res ponsible, for 78% of the total emissions to the atmosphere; the remaining 22% comes from othsr industrial operations, which represent more than 22% of the pollution problem in terms of severe local nuisances and high ground-level concentrations. The great diversity in types and sizes of all sources requires an entire spectrum of approaches for control. The possible approaches to control can be categorised to include the desulfurization of coal, desulfurization of residual fuel oil. process modification, and desulfurization of flu* gas. Work on specific possibilities in each of these categories is underway both in the federal government and in industry. The needed solutions still lie in the future--to reach them we must apply svery possible research and development effort. There are 25 references. -- Authors' summary I ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION I 700 The Electric Shock Hazard in Hospitals. J. A. Hopps. Can. Med. Assn. J. 98, 1002-1006 (May 25. 1968). Diagnostic or treatment procedures which introduce probes to the region of the heart increase the danger of induced ventricular fibrillation. The hazard is accentuated by the simultaneous use of other electronic equipment in the operating theatre, catheterization room or intensive car* unit. Some operating-theatre precautions against gas explosions tend to increase the internal electric shock hazard. Modification of the existing hospital cod* has been proposed, and this presentation reviews the arguments for and against revision of the code. The author is Chairman of a sub-committee of Canadian Standards Association (CSA), which will prepare a recommendation to the Hospital Hasards Committee on possible cod* revisions. There are 9 references. -- Author's summary 701 Rupture of the Stomach following Oxygen Therapy by Nasal Catheter: Report of a Case and Review of_tlI^ftt*ratar*^ A. W. Baric he Ho, at al. Can. Med. Assn. J. 98, 855-858 (May 4, 1968). A case of rapture of the stomach following the administration of oxygen by nasal catheter is re ported aad the literature is reviewed. Only eight cases have been reported to date, despite the wide use of nasal catheters for the administration of oxygen. The incidence, pathology, diag nosis treatment of this'phenomenon are discussed aad comparisons are made with correspond ing figures for so-called spontaneous rupture of the stomach. There are 29 references. -- Authors' summary 702 Physical Defects of Civilian Pilots Related to Aircraft Accidents; A New Look at an Old Problem. J. D. Dougherty and C. R. Harper. Aerospace Med. 39. 521-527 (May, 1968). Aircraft accidents and their relation to physical defects have been repeatedly analyzed. However, studies usually involved small numbers of pilots or accidents on a large scale. Recently, - -- * 25. 01 132 3723 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1968 . Harper analysed this relationship, but the data allowed analysis only of the risk of defect. Mo conclusions could be drawn regarding the risk of an accident in a pilot with a physical defect. Data presently available allows an estimate to be made of the prevalence of physical defects | in the pilot population. With an estimate of prevalence of physical defects, risk of accident can be determined. The estimate.of prevalence purposely was chosen to overestimate the number of pilots with defects. This method develops a conservative relative risk of accident 1 and the accuracy of this assumption was borne out by comparison with presently known pre valence of physical,defects in the total pilot population. On this basis, a relative risk of 2. 24 1 for defects in general was* found. A range of minimum relative risks from 1.78 to 4.65 was ( found for various types-of physical defect. The relative risk of fatal accident was found to be 2.41 with increasing risks for multiple defects, t The pilots with 3 or more defects showed a minimum relative risk of 3. 70 which supports the need for careful evaluation of such pilots. There are 8 references.. -- Authors' abst. cond. 703 Abnormalities of the Central Visual Pathways Contributing to Traffic Accidents. Ella Freytag and J. G. Sacks. J. Am. Med. Assn. 204. 871 -:873 (June 3, 1968).. The autopsies of two automobile drivers and five!pedestrians injured in traffic accidents re vealed lesions in various parts'of the central vieiial pathways which must have produced visual defects prior to the accidents. 'The manner in which the accidents took place suggested that the visual deficiencies of the victims' may have caused or contributed to the accident. This information-is significant for forensic purposes and for accident prevention. The forensic im- | portance of securing information about the vision of people involved in traffic accidents was illustrated in the case reported by Milne1. The present authors' purpose was to draw attention s to the possibility of gaining such information even after death. This (nay be of value in situations in which the cause of an accident with a fatal outcome is not readily apparent. In none of the cases was it proved that the poor vision precipitated the. accident, but in each die circumstances were such that the vision was one possible causal factor. In all but one case, the visual impair ment was not known to the investigating authorities. This suggests that visual deficiencies must contribute to other accidents but may remain undetected for a variety of reasons. The fact that these victims had poor side vision, tends to confirm general ophthalmologic experience that patients with narrow fields of vision are particularly handicapped. Therefore, when significant loss of visual fields is discovered clinically, even if there is good central visual acuity, the patient should be advised not to drive and to be extremely careful as a pedestrian. Although the patient's vision may be adequate for his needs at home, he is always in danger when crossing the street, because the reduced peripheral vision may prevent the early recognition of approach ing vehicles. In such circumstances, the driver, being unaware of the pedestrian's visual handicap, may assume that his vehicle was noticed and fail to take the necessary precautions. f --Cond. from text. 1 Milne. R. I.: Evaluation of Evidence in Road Deaths, Med. Sci. Law 3:550-551 (Oct.. 1962). 01 132 3724 ' T 26. Industrial Hygiene Digeat INDEX Accident^ in civilian aircraft pilots 702 ruptura of stomach following oxygen therapy 701 traffic, abnormalities of central visual pathways 703 Aerosols) d air nebulizers 679 Air pollutants effects on asthma and allergic rhinitis 635 Air pollution air quality criteria for Pennsylvania 695 control, wire enameling industry 694 eastern seaboard episode of 1966 698 relationship of economic status to total mortality 696 response of in vitro lung to gas environ- ments 697 Alcohol and flying inability 629 effects on man at high altitude 630 Alcoholism differential diagnosis of diabetic and alcoholic fatty liver 631 Allergy(ies) due to air pollutants 635 paraben in cosmetics 655 Altitude, effects on human body 682, 683 Austria regional differences in incidence of lung cancer 642 A Nation accidents in civilian pilots 702 alcohol and flying inability 629 Berylliosis serological reactions of patients 6S8 Beryllium microemission s pectrochemical analy- sis of lungs 659 Books clean air and the foundry industry 623 industrial noise, guide to evaluation and control 619 man's tolerance to trace contaminants 621 observations on workers in graphite industry 624 sociomedteal study of mortality In mer - chant seafarers 620 the tall stack 622 Broad-beam gamma attenuation in thin absorbers 688 Bronchitis relationship to weather and air pollutloa648 Burns restoration of joint function in patients 654 Caffeine tolerance of coffee drinkers to 667 ^7. July. 1968 Canada observations on fitness of the population 626 Cancer lung in nonsmokers 640 regional differences in Austria 642 Chromium coulometric determination in biologic materials 660 Cobalt determination of nanogram amounts in blood 661 Coffee drinkers, tolerance to caffeine 667 Cold (low temperature}. human performance 687 Dermatitis, dermatosis(es) paraben allergy 655 Diabetes differential diagnosis of diabetic and alcoholic fatty liver 631 Diethyl mercury recovery from air and analysis 692 Dimethyl mercury recovery from air and analysis 692 Dolomite plant, field control 677 Dust^sj field control in dolomite plant 677 plant exposure chambers 680 respiratory infections in grain handlers 676 Dust sampling, samgler^ impaction pollen sampler 681 Ear, damage from laser 649 Electric shock, hasard in hospitals 700 Emghysem^ relationship to weather and air pollution 648 Epidemiology fitness of a Canadian population 626 Eye retinal damage induced by lasers 650 Fluoridefs^ sampling technique for particulate and gaseous 689 Fluorine toxicity of short-term inhalation 657 Fluorocarbon plastics evaluating pyrolysis products 670 Food^oisoniiy^ outbreak of gastro-enteritls in aircrew 627 Foundrvfies). clean air (bk. rev.) 623 Gastro-enteritls. outbreak in aircrew 627 Gas turbines, nitrogen oxides from 691 Glaucoma primary angle-closure In Negro 632 Grain handlers, respiratory Infections 676 Graphite observations of workers In Industry (bk. rev.) 624 01 132 3725 Industrial Hvsiene- Digest >*' _ 1' -- - - " " ' ' July. 1968 Health fitness of a Canadian population rH Heart - disease;...- . dietary prevention effect of exercise ,on T wave ab- normalities , Heat , effect of on human red blood cells in vivo v # Hospitals, electric shock hazard Hydrogen sulfide , determination with,metallic silver filt ers < * . . y'x Hyperbaric oxygenation hemolysis in divers and non-divers 626 ` 637 . 638 ,686 , 700 - - 690 628 Laser(s) i- ear damage , I. 649 photocoagulation through Gbidmann contact glass, . . / 651, 652 thermal model for retinal damage . 650 Life, cost of 625 Lung(s) " . t. function studies in men and women over 40 V." ; - `'-636 644 Pennsylvania, air quality criteria 695 v! Pigeon breeders1 disease *" " - cryptococcal antibodies in 643 Kr Plant exposure chambers, for dust studies680 Plastics, pyrolysis !' of fluorocarbon , 670 - toxicity of products 668 - Pollen sampler. ("Flyishield" rotobarl 681 7 Polychlorotrifluoroethvlene fCTFE) . toxicology of pyrolysis products 675 - i s.Polytetrafluor6ethylene(PTFE),pyrolysis > , | particles, resulting from 674 " products 672 biochemical changes^ associated with 673 identification of toxic 671 Polytetrafluoroethylene (TeflonlP ' toxicity of pyrolysis products 669 Pressure - effect of high altitude - 5 heart frequency and arterial 685 work performance 684 Protective clothing conductive cooling for men in thermally isolated'environmeht - . 693 Magnesium poisoning. due to hemodialysis . 663 ,, Magnetite workers roentgenological and physiological study 7 678 Mercury analysis of submicrogram amounts in tissues 664 recovery from air and analysis of methyl and ethyl 692 Molybdenum, in human blood . 662 Mortality in merchant seafarersibk.rev. l 620 Nebulizers operating characteristics of compressed air - >5t. 679 Nickel carbonyl , pulmonary alveolar reaction,. 665 Nitrogen oxides from gas turbine engines * " 691 Noise - . evaluation and control (bk. rev.) 619 Oph+h^'^lofT Q Fever l effectiveness ofrtetracycline treatment 64S , Radiatiohfionizing. nuclear, x-ray, etc.) : broad-beam gamma attenuation in absorbers Respiratory . : i obstruction in chronic lung disease ! tracheal ciliary activity .688 634 633 Selenium, in human blood 662 ,, Skin. ultrastructure of mummified cells 656 , Smoking infection resistance Inhibition 639 . tobacco and nonsmoker 'lf 641 'iStackJs^' . ' fall, for air pollution cohtrol(bk. rev.) 622 Sulfur oxides, controlling pollution 699 , 'tr'-'y: 'U/*': ,v . > Teflon, pyrolysis : particles resulting from 674' . products 7"'. 672 biochemical changes associated with 673 primary angle-closure glaucoma in Negro. retinal damage induced by lasers , 632 650 identification of toxic 671 uses of injectable in otolaryngology 647 Teflon^ (polytetrafluoroethylene) - quasi-continuous laser source application of c. clinical experience using Otolaryngology, uses of teflon Oxygen 651 652 ' 647 toxicity of pyrolysis products 669 TDI (toluene dllaocyanate) in lung pathology 666 , Thailand > : parasitic diseases of nervous system 644 rupture of stomach following therapy 701 Tobacco and nonsmoker : subjective symptoms , 641 ' * !.'77\,7 ; 0k. i32 3726 Industrial Hygiene Digest Toluene dilsocyanata (TDD in lung pathology Toxicoloiv ' manpower needs for T race contaminant a man1* tolaranca to (bk. rav.) Trace elamanta in human blood Tracheal ciliary activity effect of oxygen lack Ultraaound recording fatal heart beat Vanadium, in human blood W eather relationship to bronchitis and emphysema Wire enameling, fume control Zoonoses cryptococcal antibodies in pigeon breeders' disease parasitic diseases in Thailand 666 646 621 662 633 653 662 648 694 643 644 July, 1968 01 29. Industrial Hygiene Digest July. 1968 ADDRESSES OF JOURNALS ABSTRACTED Aerospace Med. Aerospace Medicine 2 642 University Avenue Se. Paul. Minn. 55114 Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. American Industrial Hygiene Editorial Office 1014 Broadway Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Association Journal Am. J. Clin. Nutr. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 11 East 36th Street New York, New York 10016 Am. J. Clin. Pathol. American Journal of Clinical Williams ti Wilkins Company 428 East Preston Street Baltimore, Maryland 21202 Pathology Appl. Spectry. Applied Spectroscopy American Institute of Physics 335 East 45th Street New York, New York 10017 Arch. Environmental Health Archives of Environmental Health 535 North Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 Arch. Ophthalmol. Archives of Ophthalmology 535 North Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 .j Arch. Otolarngol. Archives of Otolaryngology 535 North Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 Brit. Med. J. British Medical Journal Tavistock Square London. W.C.l, England Can. Med. Assa. J. Canadian Medical Association Journal 150 St. George Street Toronto 5, Canada ,ir Clin. Pharmacol. Thorap. Clinical Pharmacology It Therapeutics C.V. Mosby Company 3207 Washington Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri 63103 * ' Deut. med. Wochschr. ] ' Deut. medicinisc he Wochensehrlft ] ' Herdweg 63,; Postfach 732 _ !' Stuttgart N, . Germany - [ 1 Human Factors ` I | Human Factors Society, ,Johns Hopkins Press , Baltimore, Maryland. 21218 Indian J. Med. Res. Indian Journal of Medical Research j Indian Council of Medical Research j Cambridge Printing Works , | ^ Delhi 6, India Int. Z. angew. Physiol. Internationale; Zeitschrift fur angewandte ! Physiologic , j ' Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Plats 3 : Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Deutschland `J. Air Poll; Control Assn; / Journal .of the Air Pollution Control Association 4400 Fifth Avenue 1 Pittsburgh/Pennsylvania 15213 j * " J- Allergy v j Journal of Allergy . I, C. V. Mosby Company ; j 3207 Washington Blvd. . . _ . , j rSt.-Louis, Missouri 63103 ' j J. Am. Med. Assn. : 1' Journal of.the American Medical Association j : 535 North Dearborn Street j Chicago, Illinois 60610 New Engl. J. Med. j j New England Journal of Medicine; \ 10 Shattuck Street 1 Boston, Massachusetts 02115 j Nord. Med. : Nordlsk Medlcin. Sturegatan 16 Stockholm 20, Sweden , Northwest Med. - "' > , -1 1 Northwest Medicine ' | : 500 Wall Street ! ,/ j Seattle, Washington 98101 ] , Perceptual fc Motor Skills ] .Southern Universities Press, Box 1441 j ^KUssoula,-.. Mont; ' 59801 ! ' ^Wlon. Med. Wochschr. ! Wiener medisinische Wochensehrlft Bruner Hollinek, Stelngasse 25 .Vienna 3, Austria ' 30. 01 132 3723 October, 1959 Volume XXIII No. 10 Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and News NEWS ITEMS 976 National Fire Protection Association Conference. Topics ranging from school and hospital fire safety to rural protection problems will be covered at the forthcoming Annual Fall Conference of the National Fire Protection Association. The meeting, to be held in Des Moines, Iowa, November 11-13, will bring to gether several hundred fire safety experts from the United States and Canada. Morning and afternoon sessions of the 3-day conference will treat a wide variety of subjects in the tire prevention and protection field. Among them are safe handling of flammable anesthetics m hospital operating rooms, fire alarm systems and extinguishers, electrical fire safety, and successful community fire prevention campaigns. Arrangements for the conference are being handled by a sponsoring committee made up of Iowa members of the National Fire Protection Association. Chairman is Ed. J. Herron, Iowa State Fire Marshal, with George C. Whitner, manager of the Iowa Inspection Bureau, Des Moines, serving as co-chairman. 977 Industrial Nurses Conference. The New York State Association of Industrial Nurses will hold its Eighth Annual Health Conference in New York City, November 6-8, 1959, at the Commodore Hotel. The Greater New York Association of Industrial Nurses will be the hostess group with Miss Eliza beth Van Steenburgh of Johns-Manville, Inc., as the Conference Chairman. Educational pro grams are being arranged for Friday and Saturday. The annual business meeting will be heid Saturday afternoon and new officers will be announced. At the banquet that evening Miss Fannie Hurst, noted author and lecturer, will be the speaker. At the Sunday breakfast meeting the speaker will be Miss Caroline 5imon, Secretary of State for the State of New York. -- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 978 Emergency Methods to Handle Victims of Radiation Accidents. A special emergency procedure to handle yictims of radiation accidents is being established at the University of Michigan Medical Center. A team of specialists, including physicians, surgeons, nurses, medical technicians and health physicists will work together to provide prompt diagnosis and treatment for patients exposed to extensive radiation. Dr. W. H. Beierwaltes, chief of the U-M clinical radioisotope unit and team coordinator, said the new plan was developed in light of the growing use of radioactive s instances by industries and research laboratories throughout Michigan and northern Ohio. As now envisioned, radia tion emergencies will be handled separate from the U-M's regular Emergency Service because of the different apparatus required and the expected nature of the injury. The victim of a radia tion accident will be monitored for radioactivity by a Geiger counter at the emergency entrance of the medical center. If the patient is wounded, a surgeon and anesthetist will be on hand to treat him. For several days, samples of the patient's blood, sputum and urine will be checked for evidence of radiation effects. Doctors will also check for radioactivity in the victim's thyroid, the creases of his skin, his clothing and the vehicle which brought him to the hospital. At the accident scene physicists will calculate the amount of radiation which the victim might have received. These calculations will be given to attending physicians to help them decide the appropriate type of treaonent. 1. 01 132 073$ Industrial Hygiene Digest i ' ' l j October, 1959 t 979 "Our Nuclear Future". Top spokesmen in the field of nuclear science from all parts of the United States will gather in Jackson, Miss., October 21-22 for a series of presentations oh industrial and commercial uses of nuclear power. Industrialists and businessmen from every section of the country are expected to attend the sessions, jointly sponsored by ten Mississippi institu tions with "Our Nuclear Future" as the theme. Although all the sponsors are Mississippi institutions, the subject matter to be presented is nationwide in scope. This is the first pro gram of its kind co be held in Mississippi and one of the first in this category to be held in the South. Attendance will be limited to 350-400. A registration fee of $25 per person will cover the cost of attendance at all session's, plus an informal gathering on the evening of October 20, luncheon, reception and dinner on October 21,' and luncheon on October 22. Reservations are to be mailed to "Our Nuclear Future", care of the Mississippi Industrial Research Center, P. O. Box 1037, Jackson, Miss. 980 Action of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. ; . _ ... i ' 1 At the Federation of American Societies'for Experimental Biology, D. N. Calvert | and T. M. Brody, of the University of Michigan Medical'Center reported a 2 1/2 year study of J. the toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride. They reported that this compound and probably other chlorinated hydrocarbons are not poisonous but that they trigger a massive and prolonged dis charge of adrenalin within the.body. . The resulting overload of adrenalin can severely damage I the liver and prove fatal. The wholesale discharge of adrenalin somehow breaks down the body'sj stored fat and fills the bloodstream with fatty acids. At the same time, it impairs the flow of blood to the liver so that the organ cannot function normally. 'This chain reaction can be inter- j rupted by blocking the signals from the brain and test animals show no -.11 effects from other- j wise near-fatal doses of carbon tetrachloride. ' --Am. Indl Hyg. Assn. J. 981 Medical Documentation in Germany. ^ ' \. ' - * ' f !. j The Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Dokumentation has established a sub-unit for medical { sciences headed by Dr. O. Nacke, Stapenhorstrasse. 62, Bielefeld, Germany. This medical i section is primarily concerned with the organization of published :informacion in the medical [ sciences, but is also interested in the organization of.medical and hospital records and medical | statistics. In the latter fields, members of the section have explored a number of new possi- 1 bilities of deriving information from patients' records. The section publishes a quarterly journal, Dokumentation in Medizin und Biologie, now in its third volume. The journal is avail- . | able on application to Dr. Nacke. -- Science Information News { ' i . =' : ' i COMING EVENTS 982 Nov. 1-5- American Fracture Association, New Orleans, La. Nov. 2-4 Atomic Industrial Forum, Annual Conference, Washington, D.C. Nov. 4-8 American Nuclear Society, Washington, D.C. Nov. 4-6 Industrial Management Society, 23rd Annual Industrial Engineering azid Management Clinic, Chicago, 111. . Nov. 4-6 Seventh Annual Symposium on;Antibiotics, Washington, D.C. . Nov. 8-10 National Fertilizer Solutions Association, St. Louis', Mo. ' Nov. 8-11 Association of Military Surgeons/of the United States, Washington, D.C Nov. 9-11 American Petroleum Institute, 39th Annual Meeting, Chicago, 111. Nov. 12-13 National Industrial Research Conference, Chicago, HI. Nov. 12-14 Gerontological Society, Inc., Detroit, Mich. . Nov. 15-20 Radiological Society of North America, Inc., Chicago, HI. \ 01 132 0739 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 195 Nov. 16 -13 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 16 16 -20 19 24 Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 29 -30 5 - 10 6- L0 7- 9 7- 10 4- 12 Dec. 11 -12 Dec. 11 -12 Dec. 28 -29 *N O International College of Surgeons, Mid-Atlantic Meeting of the U. S. Section Hot Springs, Va. * American Rocket Society, 14th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. Fifth International Automation Congress and Exposition, New York, N.Y. Society of Plastics Engineers, San Francisco, Calif. Manufacturing Chemists' Assn., 9th Semiannual Mid-Winter Meeting, New York, N.Y. American College of Chest Physicians, Dallas, Texas. American Academy of Dermatology and Syphilology, Chicago, ELI. American Inst, of Chemical Engrs., Annual Meeting, San Francisco, Calif. Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Assn., Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C. American Medical Association, Clinical Meeting, Dallas, Texas. New York State Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc., Postgraduate Assembly in Anesthesiology, New York, N.Y. Association tor Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, Inc. , New York. New York Heart Assn., Symposium on Sait and Water Metabolism, New York. American Chemical Society, Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Christmas Symposium, Baltimore, Md. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE STATISTICS 983 Occupational Disease Statistics. (Cases reported to the respective Health Departments.) Colo. June - July Pa. Aug. -Sept. Term. Anthraco- silicosis Bror.cniectasis B ronchopulmonary Carbon monoxide Cement poisoning Chlorine 1 Cyanide I Dermatisis 23 F ibrosis Fumes (unidentified) Lead poisoning Oxides of nitrogen Parathion Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis (suspected) Pneumonitis (in mushroom workers) Respiratory irritation Silicosis Silicosis (suspected) Silico-TB Silico-TB (suspected) Weed spray (unidentified) 3 Miscellaneous 4 39 1 l 58 n 1 3 1 7 3 21 21 i 8 Is 2 > 98 101 15 1 5 > 3 4 Total 42 270 13 325 3. 01 132 074 Industrial Hygiene Diges_t , , . __ . ' .- October. 11 95 31 Legal developments 984 Registration Required by Radiological Health Service Act. The General Assembly of the State of Tennessee passed during its last session an ! act designated as .the Radiological Health Service Act to regulate the manufacture, use, re- j ceipt, possession, storage, and dispos'al.of radiation sources. The Act provides for establish-j 'raent of a Radiological'Health Service within the Department of Health, the functions of which ! include: (1) collection and dissemination of information relative to radiological health; (2) j encouragement,*participation in, .and the conducting of studies, training, `research, and de- j monstrations-relating to the control of radiation hazards and related research or studies as may be deemed advisable; ''(3):'the.application of controls necessary for protection of the health1 and well-being of people; (4) authority to require reporting of unexpected or unplanned incidents of excessive exposure and to take such action as necessary to cope with the resultant hazard; ! . (5) adoption of rules/, and regulations pertaining to the manufacture, use, receipt, possession, storage, ana disposal of ^radiation sources;3 and (6) inspection-and examination of premises ! . ana operations involving radiation. The Act also requires that every person who owns or pos- ' sesses one or more radiation sources on or after July l, 1959*register with the Radiological .* Health Service.! The Act provides for possession without registration of certain sources of 1 radiation believed to be without undue risk such as naturally occurring radioactive material i of veryTow activity; electrical equipment de signed to produce radiation, but which may pro- ! duce very low levels of radiation; seif-luminous elements in such items as timepieces, instru- I ments, and novelty itemsi but not exempting the manufacture of such; and radiation sources being transported iii conformity with regulations of a Federal-Agency having jurisdiction over such transport. J -- Tennessee Ind. Hyg. News I ii ' , 985 Occupational Disease--Common-Law Action--Compensation Act Exclusive Remedy. ! t ... | - , -. . ; . j The employer's motion for summary judgment was granted because the claimant's petition spelled out facts which entitled her to a recovery for'an .occupational disease and not for damages in a common-law suit. The court noted that the claimant sought to recover for injuries which occurred over a period,of time; that she alleged that these injuries were caused j by her working in close proximity to certain baking ovens which sent forth large quantities of ! noxious and harmful paint and enamel fumes; that she breathed and inhaled these fumes many times each day and absorbed them constantly eacb.day. The court ru-sd that the claimant's petition,read. in. conjunction, with the pertinent sections, of the Occupational Diseases Act indi- j cated an attempted recovery for an occupational, disease. Motion for summary judgement \ granted. Oggesen v; General Cable Corporation.' United States District Court. Eastern Pis- ! tnct of Missouri, Eastern Division. No. 58 c7Q(3). June-19, 1959. ! -- Reproduced byirpermission from Workmen's, Compensation Law. Reports,- published by and | Copyright 1959, Commerce`Clearing House, Inc., 4025; W. Peterson Ave., Chicago 46, 111. j BOOKS, PAMPHLETS AND NOTICES 986 Pneumoconiosis Abstracts, Volume 3--1951 toj 1955- Anon. Pitman Medical Publishing Co., Ltd., 39 Parker St., London, W.C. 2, England. 176 ppi (1959). 65/-net. This volume is a sequel to thetwo preceding volumes which were published in 1953 and 1954. These volumes contain abstracts which first appeared in the Bulletin of Hygiene; ' ! 01 132 0741 Industrial Hyg ne Digest October, 195 9 the first volume covered the years 1926 to 1938, the second 1939 to 1950, and the present volume covers the years 1951 to 1955 inclusive. The set of tfcree volumes therefore con tains a comprehensive collection of abstracts of the important papers published ;n this field during a period of 30 years. In addition to abstracts on the various forms of pneumoconiosis, abstracts of articles are included which deal with standards of air dustiness; with concen trations of dust from various processes; with technical methods of measurement of dust; anc with-the study of the physical properties of dusts and of their chemical and minerological characters. All persons concerned with the study and control of dust diseases will find these volumes an invaluable source of information. -- JM 987 Manual of Industrial Radiation Protection. Part 2. Model Code of Safety Regulations (Ionising Radiations). Anon. International Labor Office, .Washington Branch 91*- 15th 5t. , N. W. , Washington5, D.C. 54 pp. (Geneva 1959) 75 cents. This booklet contains the text of Chapter XI, Section 2, of the Model Code of Safety Regulations for Industrial Establishments for the Guidance of Governments and Industry {pub lished by the International Labour Office in 1949) as amended m 1957. I; also constitutes Part 2 of the Manual of Industrial Radiation Protection which the International Labour Office is m the course of publishing. The provisions in the present booklet incorporate the most recent knowledge on industrial radiation protection. They are of great value at the present time when radiation techniques are spreading very fast throughout industry --faster probably than the spread of knowledge of the precautions that they require. However, they impose no obligations on anyone. These provisions, like all the other provisions of the Model Code, are designed as an aid to governments and industry when drafting or revising their own regulations and safety codes. -- JM 988 Workmen's Compensation Problems. Proceedings--44th Annual Convention of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Seattle, Washington. September 7. II, 1958. u. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards. Bulletin 201. 212 pp. ( 1953). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash ington 25, D.C. 60 cents. The proceedings of thus convention were prepared for publication by the staff of the Bureau of Labor Standards. Some of the papers in the proceedings, selected at random, are on The Evaluation of the Cardiacs' Work Potential, The Need for Workmen's Compensation Statistic a panel discussion on Back Injuries, Management's Viewpoints on the Present Status and the Future of Workmen's Compensation Laws, Workmen's Compensation in Review, and similar important and interesting topics of current significance. -- JM INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE 989 Pathological Reports for Mortality Statistics. C. L. J. Am. Med. Assn. 171, 33-36 (Sept. 5, 1959). Erhardt, L. Weiner and Grace McAvoy. It has been supposed that the accuracy of mortality statistics could be improved by requiring that statements of the cause of death, as originally reported on the death certificate, be subsequently revised in the light of the autopsy report. This hypothesis was tested in a study of 5,217 autopsy reports in the year 1956. Of this number, only 794 (15.2 7s) indicated changes in the stated cause of death. The impact on the final statistics was practically negli gible, and the gain in accuracy did not seem sufficient to justify the labor expended in making the proposed changes. Improvements m procedure are still possible, espe'cially in some localities. Physicians should be encouraged to review gross autopsy findings before comple ting death certificates, but the proposed requirement that the pathol.oogist subbmmiitt^aa^latteerr^ ^reppoj rt has evident disadvantages. 42 5. '-Lu.. Industrial Hygiene Quest* `. _______- . _ ' 'l I _______ October, 1359 j 990 Litigation Breeders tri'Industrial Practice. ' J. L. Barritt. lad. Med. i'Surg.^ 23j, 33-397 (Sept'.' 1959).] ' , * . / - ; ' ']_ >' . i Once 'the regular'routine progression of an industrial case from injury to recovery ! or settlement is interfered with',; the door is open for litigation. The injuries described are ! sources of controversy out of proportion to their numerical frequency. Some of these "liti- i ganon breeders'' simulate other conditions.' Sorhe tend to merge -with and overlap nonmdus- ' trial ailments so that segregation of the disability resulting from each is almost impossible. ! The fact that many of-the se-conditions flourish only in a climate of emotional instability does 1 not lessen the surgeon's responsibility m many of these cases, and early diagnosis and a ! realization of me dangers involved' w-iil-minimlze controversy and litigation. -v,' ] -- .A .-'-.or: s summary 591 Pulmonary Infiltration with" Eosir.aphilla, Loeffier'.s Syndrome, Oue to Smoke Inhalation: ?eport of a Case and Corr.menr'or. Pathogenesis. : "V./ Tscaumv. . Ann. Internal Med. . 49; ' ooS-oT,!-'inept. 1956).'- A fireman had complainec o: chest tightness, weakness-,' shortness of breath, and increasing unproductive cough'for a period of two weeks after, having been overcome by smoke at the scene of a'fire-in a fabric and upholstery store, two weeks prior.to the onset of- the symp- I toms. Originally the x-ray finding's were negati , but later a widespread and patchy infiltra tion was indicated throughout-both iur.gs except for the-apices'.- This transitory pulmonary m- 1 filtration and an eosin'ophiiia, Loeffler' s'syndrbm'e, quickly.cleared and returned to normal ! following admimscration.of Prednisone; 1 The clinical course of the illness suggested as the ! pathogenesis for'this syndrome a delayed type of allergic response in the lungs to an unknown \ antigen in the smoke. ^ -- APCA Absts. 992 Evaluation of Disability in-'Coal Miners'with Chronic Pulmonary Disease. Anderson 1 and W. F. Schmidt. J. Am. Medl Assn. 1*1; 145-130 iSept. 12, i:59). At the present time the .maximum breathing capacity test provides the most signifi cant correlation between symptoms and history|of ability to work without pulmonary symptoms', as compared w-.ch the vital capacity or three-second timed vital capacity tests. As a study i that can be readily performed- in the-general hospital or physician's office, it offers the most i practicable objective guide to evaluation of .cvspnea in relation to.hard manual labor in coal ! mining. This conclusion is based on studies'carried .out in; 482 persons, most of whom were soft-coal mner3, divided into/seven groups,by. varying degrees of breathlessness in associa- ; tioc with physical activity. Similar studies should be done to serve as disability guides far j other groups of workers. - . ditor's summary i 993 The Disease-Concept of Alcoholism. -0. Parr.-i- j Trans. Assn. Ind.' Medl-Officers 9, o5-6d> ( July- 1-95^ In diagnosing.chronic alcoholism m individuals, doctors should keep firmly to | clinical criteria, and avoid be mg. lured into the indiscriminate, application of this term to all : who, by social or moral standards abuse alcohol. To limit the medical incept of alcoholism j in thus way is in no sense, reactionary, for it leaves physicians with the tcrmidable tasks of ; treating chose alcoholics-who ask for'treatment and.of persuading the others to ask for it. 1 As doctors, the mam concern w-.th prooiem drinkers who are not alcoholics is to recognize ! the incipient addictslamongst them,'and at the least to tell them something of the risks they ' run. -- Cond. from author's conclusions 994 A Small Outbreak of Epedemic Keratoconjunctivitis.' M. Perria. Igiene Moderns 31, 762-769 (Sept. -Oct'. L 938). Italian. J . '/ - ';!- ' ' i The author reports a small outbreak of epedemic keratoconjunctivitis which occurred , in the summer of 1953 at Genoa. In-aliVod cases were detected, including 52 among the cleri- cal staff of an insurance office and a navigation society, with 16 secondary cases in the families 01 132 0743 1 Industrial Hyg ene Digest October, 1953 of some of the patients. The outbreak started in mid-July and cases followed at the rate of 1 to 2 per day until September 9. Clinically there were chnjunctival hyperemia; hyper trophy of the lower fornix, preauricular lymphadenitis, and nummular keratitis on the 3rd to 4th day. Both eyes were affected in about 70% of the patients. Forty-seven patients re covered completely in 15 to 30 days without any sequelae, but in the remainder corneal ir ritation lasted for nearly one year. Although the insurance society had an eye clinic, the author considers that having regard to the great care taken at the clinic in the sterilization of instruments, etc., the only possible method of infection from one person to another was through the papers, files and even the typewriters and calculating machines passed or used by one clerk after another. -- Bull. Hyg. 995 Routine Chest X-Ray in Industry. D. L. Caldwell. Trans. Assn. ind. Med. Officers 9^, 76 (Juiy 1959). If a routine yearly x-ray could be instituted on a wide scale, particularly concen trating on the older male age group, then there should be an increasing number of early car cinomata diagnosed, and cases of chronic infectious pulmonary tuberculosis would also be discovered and treated and in many cases rendered non-infectious. It is suggested '.hat u such examination could be made compulsory, there could be an agreement between the Trade Unions and the employers that any disease discovered in this way could be treated while the employee is given a long period of sick leave on full pay. This would enable employers to retain the services of their employees and would in the long run probably reduce periods lost from work by sickness because of early detection. This could perhaps be arranged either locally with individual firms, or even on a national scale. 996 Living and Working with Heart Disease. L. J. Goldwater. Ind. Hyg. Rev. Z, 10-15 (May 195). (The original paper appeared in J. Maine Med. Assn. 50, 78-80 (Mar. 1959). The purpose of this article is to summarize the results of a series of studies which were started in 1941 and have been continued up to the present time. All of these studies deal with the occupational potentialities of persons who have heart disease. The term 'cardiac rehabilitation'1 has been applied to this work although this may be something of a misnomer. For the cardiac who wants to work, the outlook today is far brighter than it was a decade ago. Strong evidence is now available that most persons with heart disease who are intelligentlyplaced and who remain under medical supervision can look forward to many years of gainful employment. The outlook for them is certainly no worse, and is probably better than it would be if employment were to be terminated. Medical research is constantly adding to the know ledge available to physicians and at the same time forcing the modification or rejection of older beliefs. It is now definitely known that the time-honored advice to cardiacs to "take it easy ' may do more harm than good. 997 Low Back Pain. G. S, Hackett. Ind. Med. It Surg.- 28, 416-419 (Sept. 1959). Ligament and tendon relaxation (incorapetency) is the cause of more low back dis ability than any other entity and is the cause of more referred pain as far as the toes and more sciatica than from all other conditions combined. Dermatomes of referred pain areas from specific disabled ligaments and tendons have been constructed from observations while giving approximately 18,000 injections (intraligamentous) m the diagnosisand treatment of l, 706 patients over a period of 19 years. The dermatomes are valuable in diagnosis by directing attention to the ligament as the origin of pain. Treatment by prolotherapy has been successful in 82% of the patients treated. -- Author1 s summary 998 Epilepsy and the Employers Liability. C. Beaumont. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 9_, 53-56 (July 1959). The author is an English attorney. He discusses epilepsy and employer's liability as this applied to British law. The question of employer's liability is divided into three dis tinct but related parts: (1) His liability to the servant himself. (2) His liability to fellow 01 132 07Jj 7. Industrial Hygiene Digest servants vr.o rr.:gn: oe tr-jursd-by a servant s negligence. 3) His liability,:o third pa: v ho ntign: be injures by a servant s negligence. V/^rds and ternfs are defined and ::: cases involving mjcnes-cr -carnages resulting ::or. \attacks o: epilepsy are cited.. --- 0 :t-?itier.: Management :: the Zcilectic. --scares. it. winter t ;ar.net be mo firmly states mat tne m.a-.ority :: :ne suiterers from epilepsv and certam.y r..r.--t-.r.:-.s tr.cse t.*.o ::m.e tc ar. average ncspital neuroltgical clinic, are psy* cr.c.cg;;a..y r.trrr.i., .-.r." tierite.n; management nicn oegms * itn an assumption ot ojvcholcgical abr.crm.itv, a.be:: h.dden., is bocr.c :: fail. Brcaclv tne'airr. is to safeguard these people from dome serious injury to themselves-,. or to ocr.ers-, ir. their attacks/ I: is obvious that no ep.lectio sh rule oo^ork -..-.ere tr.e -sudden xross of consciousness is going to expose him, or otr.ers, to the r:s.< :: serious in. * urv.,s. He canno.t work a: -.eig* hts, he shou-d no: -vork at tr.e water's eege, r.e must-no: tor.tro. macr.inery, .ar.c, m particular, mcv.r.g mac nine driver, vehic.es, he cannot be. a stoker ar.c he cannot do many.other obviously dangerous jobs. But there are numerous jobs he car. co, ir.o o': as veil as the next man, but from which he is debarred simp.y by ignorance, -prejudice, superstition and* fear. The. tear which other people have a her. they see an epileptic suffering a tit is "verv variable but it is very considerable ir. seme people and cannot oe ignored. ":r mat reason those`who are subject to frequent epi lepsy should not co jobs .(.here thev ire- : instantly meeting the public. I: is true that many o: them succeed m noldmg s-c-h .ocs ar.c tna: vs because many peep.e have attacks vhich occur exc-usive.y at mgh: or first tr.ihg in the morning.' One of the.principal aims is to achieve regularity :: time-table for epileptics. - regularity is more important to them than to most patients. Hence shift-* :r.< is cr.*t:se for epileptic patients, that is shift-work vhich changes . every -veek or rvo. ? egiciaritv of meals .s also very important for the epileptic* and it is most important that he should ne- er go for more tear, five ofjois viking hours, at most, with out taking food. . ne ji::i:-.t uoe: .runs. s s n. r.c. - oe great ma. ority :: patients v .t.u epuepsv are psvcnc.ogica.ly norma. people te exception of me a o.canoe :: obvious hazards- such as working at heights, near te-avy mi. ir.ersr :r. intense r.ei: placed cr. tr.e:r lives... 'A'her.'tr.e. i 5 2- *5 :r.tc.es, mer- snsu.c 3e r.3 restrictions :: epileptics who. save personality disorders are cor.- s;:e:ec, it is four.: that the majority oz tr.ese are sufferers tram temporal lobe epilepsy. These patients have suffered-brain damage, usually early in '.Lie, but a proportion, particu* larly those in whom the tics start m adolescence dr later, have small focal lesions m the tempora. Itbe w.-.ics may be operable. Ir. these cases it is the-level of intelligence and in particular tr.e severity of the personality disorder which determines their social adjustment. The r.eec isr a comprehensive study of the epileptic patient whose work record is failing or who has developed personality disorder, is apparent. 5ech a study not only includes the phy siological, clinical and pathological aspects-of his disorder..but also involves an assessment of the personality disorder, the intelligence.level and the social relationships of the patient. This sort of work involves a team of people having different technia.ues and disciplines. The Cohen-Report on the.,Medical Care of p;iepcics,(L95b) recommended the establishment in England of a number of' such-investigatory, units '.which would hav ust this function. The number of patients for whom such.ur.its would cater may not be :.-eat--there are probably about 30,000 temporal lobe epileptics in Britain'--but there can be no doubt that their exist ence constitutes a considerable medico-social problem. --Cond. from author's conclusions 1001 Occupational Lung Cancer: A Review. 3. Doll. Brit. J. Ind. Med. !, 131-1'?0 (July 1959). The history of industrial lung cancer.has shown that a specific industrial hazard may be overlooked for many years by both management and employees. The first indication of a risk'has usually-been an acute medical observation that a disproportionate number of the patients presenting with lung cancer have been employed in a particular industry; alternatively -3. 01 132 0745 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, ;-P evidence has been provided by the occupational mofility statistics tor the whole country or by an analysis of the occupations recorded on the teath certificates m the locality m vhicn the industry was situatec. 5o~etirr.es this evidence has been over-.v.-.eltr.ing, as m the case oi the Schr.eeoerj miners; but usually, to ootain proof of the existence of a risk, it nas beer, r.ecessarv to carrv out a cetai.ec stecy ot :ne fate o: 3eiectec workers over a n-uir.ber of years am to compare t.-.e mortantv among mem with that recorced for ctner pop-_latior.s. h.r.g oar.oeo is a rapid.;- fatal cisease a.-.c althougr. it is now a common cause of ueat.i, its prevalence -s so .o-1 t.-.at, even m tee presence o: a major risk, t.-.e examination ot as mar.-.- as .111 cr.cers r.i" .`at. to revea. ar.y cases at all on a smg.e cccaj-.cn. In re cent -.-ears, t.-.e mcrtalitv from .mg cancer cue to r.onir.d'ustrial causes cas increasec enor mously; r.o-.v in Sritam, Im.g cancer accc-ur.cj for more than 11 r: of all ceaths among men aged from 45 to o4 -ears, the ages at -vouch, a riac ot industrial cancer may most reacily he detected. In these circumstances, the discovery of a new risk by simple clinical obser vation is difficult ar.d if any accitior.al risks remain to be discovered it is probable that tr.ey will be revealed by planned prospective studies, undertaken with the special object oi finding out -whether any nsk3 exist. In this respect, detailed studies of the relationship between ex posure, incicer.ee, and duraticr. oi latent period may he of particular value. -- Cond. from a ithor s conclusions 1002 evaluation of an Oxygen Therapy Unit. B. C. Balagot and M. S. Sadove. J. Am. Med. Assn. 1 ~ 1 3o-4C ;3ept. 5, ;359). A portable tank with a capacity of 56 liters oi compressed oxygen is equipped -with control valves, pressure gauge, piascic bag, and mask for use in short-period oxygen therapv. A unit of this sor: was testec on o subjects under conditions permitting continuous determina tion* oi oxygen concentration of me air of the oropharyngeal passage and of oxygen saturation in the blood oi the ear. Ir. addition, blood samples, were obtained for determinations of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in 4 subjects asleep under thiopental. The flow from the tank was initially about 6 liters per minute and declined as the pressure fell. It gave satis factory oxygen and carbon dioxide values in unconscious persons for about 12 minutes, ''"r.en the rate of flow declined beiow 4 liters per minute the elimination of carbon dioxide from under the mask was inadequate, so that after the 12th minute there was a significant degree of h-.-per- carbia. -- Bailor's summary SKIN DISEASES AND BUB NS L003 A Contribution to the Study of Delayed Injury by Pneumatic Tools. G. Bream and H. riolzrr.an. Beruisdermatosen 6_, 309-31o (Dec. 1958). German. A case is described of a man of 47 who in 1958 presented sclerodermatic changes in the palmar aspects of all fingers, shrinkage of the terminal phalanges of both index and little fingers and the middle finger of the right hand associated with attacks of acroasphyxia proyoked by exposure to cole. Although the face, the rest of the skin and the cardiovascu.ar system appeared tc be normal it was possible to demonstrate some delay in the recovery of normal surface temperature, after chilling, on the distal part of the left upper extremity. The question had arisen as to cow far this man's condition, which interfered with his manipula tion of tools and prevented his riding a motorcycle, could be attributed to military service. He had evidently not himself attributed it to vibration because he did not disclose that he had ever worked with a pneumatic drill until he was asked specifically about it. During his service, however, he had had several severe attacks oi tonsillitis one of them associated with arthro pathy. The case was not typical of constitutional sclerodermia or of Baynaud's disease ar.d yet at least 7 years had elapsed between the employment and the development of any symptoms and the characteristic predilection for the left hand was lacking. In giving their opinion authors seem to have accepted the possibility that the vibration which, by the way, preceded the tonsillitis, might have combined in some way with the latter to produce the clinical picture they describe. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 9. 01 132 0746 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1959 i 1004 Dermatitis in the South Wales Mining Industry: A Report of a Survey of Two Collieries. B. F. Matthews. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 16, 200-207 (July 1959). A survey to determine the prevalence of dermatitis in collieries and to investigate ! the etiology of the condition has been carried out m South Wales. Two collieries were chosen [ because of a marked variation between, them.in the incidence of claims for dermatitis cotnpen- , sation. The method was to examine the entire colliery populations and'to submit the cases found to detailed study. The cases were classified as occupational and non-oceupational, and a third group was reserved for doubtful cases possibly related to occupation. The prevalence ' of occupational dermatitis was almost the same in the two collieries. The incidence of claims 1 for benefit does not therefore appear, to reflect the true prevalence of the disease. A correla- : tion between the contrasting claim rates and variation in the severity of occupational dermatitis^ in the two collieries was established. Occupational dermatitis most commonly developed on the ! lower limbs; this tendency was greatest in coal face workers. The special distribution of the rash corresponded to the areas,most exposed to frictional damage at work. -- Cond. from author's abstract ! *. i 1005 Changes in the Ten Commonest Dermatoses..in Private Practice. S. F. Corson, H. A. Lus- combe and J.'K. .Corson. A.M.A. Aren. Dermatol. 73, 179 (Feb. 1959). . j The authors compare the diagnosis' of the 10 most commonly encountered skin dis eases in private practice circa 1930 with an equal number of dermatosis seen in 1955. The trend is of general interest. For example,, contact dermatitis advanced from 3.1% to 11. 1 r, in the 1955 series. The reason.for its advance was twofold, according to the authors: (1) in creased diagnostic ability, and (2) the many new allergies in industry and everyday use. Im petigo, 4. 7%, and scabies, 3.27V in the l?30istudy, did not qualify in 1955 as among the top 10. Better personal and public hygiene was said to aceout for the latter findings. The Tineas i (all types) dropped from about 1371, first place in 1930, to 6.1*1, sixth place in 1955. There I is considerable doubt as to what may have produced this'decrease. The authors suggest that perhaps the well-advertised proprietary preparations patients to treat themselves successfully. j sold over the counter have allowed more -. J. Occ. Med. Absts. i 1006 The Growth of Aerobic Bacteria tn Metal-Cutting Fluids. C. 6. Tant and E. O. Bennett. Appi. Microbiol. , 333-391 (Nov. L-953). A variety of bacteria that had been isolated from industrial machine cooling fluids were grown in artificial media, suspended m saline and inoculated into freshly prepared coolants, held at room temperature. Pseudomonads grew in all products and Proteus vulgaris in all but : one. The growth of other coliform organisms was variable, depending on the strain and coolant. In most cases Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes failed to grow, or to survive ! for more than a few-days. -- Bull. Hyg. j 1007 Gamma-Globulin Therapy in Chronic Staphylococcic Dermatoses. W. J. Morginson, D. C. Wood and L. Burgess. A.M.A. Arch. Dermatol. 79, 305 (Mar. 1959). *. < j _ Chronic staphylococcic infection associated with eczematoid dermatitis, seborrheic ! dermatitis, intertrigo, pyoderma, folliculitis^ furunculosis, and acne vulgaris were studied in ; a series of patients to determine whether the list showed a lowered antibacterial titer or a low.! ered gamma-globulin level, and to determine patient response to treatment with gamma-globulin. The majority of patients studied revealed that they had a marked hypogammaglobulinemia and a i .owered serum antibacterial titer. This latter finding was further subdivided into a complement- depending factor (properdin) and a non-complement-depending factor or factors--both were found to be lower. Not all cases fitted this general .pattern; hence a diagnostic generalization must not be made at this time. Most patients with lowigamma-globulin levels were helped by treatment i with gamma-globulin intragluteally m 20 ml. doses at 3 to 4 week intervals. i j -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. 4. 01 132 074" Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 105 Q 1008 A Hand Cleanser Derived from Soybean. C. Stritzler. lad. Med. it Surg. 28, 420-421 (Sept. 1959). A cleansing ager.t in the form of a cream made up of colloidal lipid materials derived from soybean in an acid mantle base was used as a cleansing agent in 134 patients with, contact dermatitis of the hands. In 75^ of these, it proved an adequate cleansing agent while the patient was undergoing investigation and treatment to determine the cause of the dermatitis, with little or no interference with the healing of the eruption; in 21*! there was Little interference with the dermatitis, but the patients did not consider the cream to be an adequate cleanser for the paints, inks and greases with which they were in contact; while in 4r3, the patients could not tolerate the cleanser (seven of 134 patients). Two groups of -C workers in an industrial plant were studied: one used the soybean cleanser, the other an abrasive cleanser; there were Z.Z% (two) cases of dermatitis of the hands due to turpentine in the first group; while m the second, there were 7.3*7 (seven) cases of hand dermatitis, two due to turpentine, two due to cutting oils and three due to chromates. The belief is that the use of this skin cleanser during episodes of dermatitis m which the workers continuer, a: work contributed to the fact that they were able to remain at their work posts. -- Author's summarv 1009 Occupational Dermatoses Produced by Formaldehyde and Its Industrial Derivatives. J. Bourret, F. Tolot, M. L. Pollet and M. Genevois. Arch, maladies profess. 19, bli-615 (Nov.-Dec. 1958). French. Attention is drawn to the extensive industrial use of formaldehyde in the processing of plastics, glues, leather, rubber and crease-resisting textiles. A useful clinical description is hased on the detailed observation of 13 cases of dermatitis. French law which works on a system of limiting indexes does not at present envisage compensation for the results of allergy to forme and it is therefore urged that there is a strong case for adding this allergen, for so long notorious in the pathological laboratory, to the schedule. -- Bull. Hyg. CHEMICAL HAZARDS 1010 Some Hazards in the Manufacture and Use of Plastics. D. K. Karris. Brit. J. Ind. Med. lb, 221-229 (Juiy 1959). The expansion of the plastics industry during the last few years has introduced the possibility of hazards from new polymers and from modifications to old products. The first two sections of this paper deal with the diminishing incidence of dermatitis in synthetic resin plants using formaldehyde and with the toxic properties of some chemicals added during the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride compositions. After a brief reference to the hazards of catalysts used inthe manufacture of new polymers in the polythene series, an account is giver, of the dangers of polytetrafluoroethylene. At high temperatures this important new polymer gives rise to decomposition products that may be harmful when inhaled, and smoking con taminated tobacco is one of the commonest ways in practice by which workmen may be affected. There is an increasing demand for the use of plastics by the general public and in specialized fields. They are widely used m the food industry and for domestic articles so that it is im portant that both the raw materials and the final article will not contaminate food or beverages. The most difficult application in which to ensure freedom from danger is probably in the surgi cal use of plastics. Surgeons already have wide experience of the technique of handling ar.b using plastics. Although the effects of a few selected plastics have been investigated and des cribed, the response of living tissue to these materials is often unpredictable. The results of implantation in many patients will not be available for several years and it is suggested that me misuse of plastics in this field presents dangers that may not always be appreciated. -- Cond. from author's abstract 11. 01 132 0743 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1-5Q 1011 The Toxicity of Boron Oxide. J. L. Wilding; W. J. Smith II, P. Ye vie h, Mary . Sick*. Stella G. Ryan and C. L. Punte. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 20, ^04-289 (Aug. 1959). Rata have been expoaed to aerosols of boron oxide in dynamic exposure chamber* for aa long aa 24 weeks. The highest concentration was-470 mj/m1 for a period of 10 week*. Oog* have been exposed to a concentration of! 57 mg/m1 for 23 weeks. No toxic signs have been shown in any of the animals: Chemical'analyses of dog blood and rat blood and urine have shown no changes from control values, except for an increased urinary excretion of creatinine in rata, lower pH, increased volume* and increased boron content of rat urine. No changes have been found as ,a result of aerosol exposures in the following: rat tissues and organs, bone fragility, roentgenograms of rat bones, hematology of dog blood, sulfobromophthalein retention, and rat organ weights. Rata refused to drink.water containing 1.0 or 1.5ft boron oxide and, therefore, lost weight. Intragastric intubation of a ICft slurry of boron oxide into rats did not retard their growth rate nor cause any noticeable effect. -- Authors' summary 1012 The Laboratory Detection of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Am. J. Med. Technol. 25, 175-173 (May-Jurie 1959); L. S. Letourneau. The chemistry of carbon monoxide poisoning is primarily the chemistry of the combination of carbon monoxide gas with the respiratory pigment, hemoglobin. Relatively low concentrations of this gas inhibit the oxygen uptake in the.lungs. However, carboxyhemo- globm must reach rather high concentrations-^generally, in the order of 50 ft or more of the total hemoglobin in non-anemic persons, m order to cause death. The author discusses some of the physical chemistry of carbon monoxide poisoning and presents some simple chemical- and spectroscopic methods for the detection of carboxyhemogiobin. -- APCA Absts. I ' < ;Ji3 Effects on Growing Animal* of a Continuous Exposure to Experienced Concentrations of Nitro gen Dioxide. L. A. Ripper ton and D. R. Johnston. . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 20, 324-326 (Aug. ,1959). Weanling rats were exposed to 0.5 ppm of nitrogen:dioxide in air. Suitable controls were maintained. There was no significant difference in the microscopic appearance of lung or liver tissue. Statistical significance can be attached to differences between the experimen tal and control groups in blood catalase values1. The fact that at five weeks the experimental group was higher and at six weeks the control group was,higher, however, makes interpreta tion speculative at this time.. Glutamic and'aspartic acid excretion increased in the animals exposed to nitrogen dioxide. The aspartic acid increase-was significant at the 5 7, level; the glutamic acid increase was not.. Aside'from conclusions regarding specific responses, it is the opinion of the autnors that this study has demonstrated observable effects on experimental animals caused by an exposure to experienced concentrations of an air pollutant. --Authors' summary 1014 A Case of Cirrhosis and.Primary Carcinoma of the Liver in Chronic Industrial Arsenical Intoxication. S. S. Jhaveri. Brit. J. .Ind. Med. l_6, 243-250 (July. 1959). A case of primary liver carcinoma associated with liver cirrhosis in a man who had handled arsenious oxide and'sodium arsenite for over 20 years is described with reference to his occupational history, clinical condition,'and with details of pathological findings. .-- Author's Abst. 1015 Experimental Cancers in Rats Produced by. Chromium Compounds and Their Significance to Industry and Public Health. W. C. Hueper and W. W. Payne. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 20, 274-280 (Aug. 1959). Calcium chromate, sintered'calcium', chromate and sintered chromium trioxide when introduced in pellet form into the muscle tissue of the thigh and into the pleural cavity of rats 12 01 132 0749 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, l^53 produce cancers, mainly sarcomas, in the majority of animals at the site of implanation within 14 tr.:~ths. They made their first appearance as early as 5 months after implar.atior.. T.iis effect -s related to the degree of solubility of these compounds in a waterv medium since rats treated under identical conditions with barium chromate, which has a low degree of solubility, did not develop during the same period any tumors. These observations lend support to the concept, that the degree of biologic availability as determined by the solubility of a chromium compound and the amount present controls largely the carcinogenicity of these compounds under the experimental conditions used. The results reported establish the fact that chromium as such is a carcinogenic agent since it is capable of producing carcinomas of the lung and sarcomas of the soft tissues of the mediastinum and thigh. The observations re ported make it likely that zinc chromate which is widely used as an anticorrosive paint pig ment, also possesses carcinogenic properties because it is slightly more soluble than the car cinogenic strontium chromate. The application of these data will help industry to assess mm intelligently potential carcinogenic properties of chromium compounds and to apply proper pro tective and preventive technologic and sanitary measures. -- Authors' conclusions 1016 Accidental Iron Poisoning in Children. American Medical Association, Committee on Toxicology. J. Am. Med. Assn. '.TO, 676-677 (June 6, 1959). The approach often recommended to correct most poisoning hazards is to substitute less noxious agents or to restrict use so that the hazards are reduced or eliminated. Iron sulfate and other iron salts, which have produced injury, may ultimately be replaced by safer iron compounds, provided the substitutes are equally effective and not too expensive. Re strictions on use, although theoretically attractive, are not always feasible in practice, es pecially for a valued and time-tested medicinal agent. A requirement that ferrous sulfate and similar hazardous iron salts be labeled with a caution statement about the hazards of excessive doses, especially to children, seems to best serve the public interest at this time. -- Committee's conclusions 1017 Biochemical Studies on the Toxicity of Tetraethyl Lead and Other Organo-Lead Compounds. Jill E. Cremer. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 16, 191-199 (July 1959). The actions of purified tetra-, tri-, and di-ethyl lead on rats and rat brain slices and brain brei have been examined. A method based on a reaction with dithizone and capable of estimating tri- and di-ethyl tin in rat tissues has been developed. After injection into rats tetraethyl lead is converted into triethyl lead and this is responsible for the toxic effects. Diethyl lead is much less toxic and the effects are different. The utilization of lactate and the oxidation of glucose by brain brei and slices respectively are inhibited by triethyl lead. A similar effect is seen in slices taken from rats poisoned with tetra- or tri-ethyl lead. Rat liver microsomes readily convert tetraethyl to triethyl lead and the latter is stable and re mains in the animal tissues for several days. The concentration of triethyl lead in the brain is not high in comparison with other tissues but brain tissue appears to be unduly sensitive to its toxic action. Neither tetra- nor tn-ethyl lead reacts with BAL or EDTA. Diethyl lead reacts with BAL but not with EDTA. -- Author's Abst. 1013 Vanadium Poisoning. S. Hickling. New Zealand Med. J. 57, 322, 607-608 (Dec. 1933). This paper contains a report of a probable case of vanadium poisoning in a man engaged in cleaning the boiler of a small oil burning ship. A great deal of dust was produced m this work, but the man had decided to carry on the task without a respirator because stocks of respirator pads had run out. Within two hours of beginning his work he had symptoms of severe coryza and headache for which he attended the Wellington Industrial Health Clinic. He was taken off work and the symptoms disappeared in a day or two. When first seen his tongue had a dense black coating with a greenish tinge but in a few days the color turned deep green and then yellowish green before disappearing. Samples of soot collected from the boilers were analyzed and the ash was found to contain 20% of vanadium. The fuel oil used in these boilers which is of Middle Eastern origin is quoted in the literature as containing an average of 16% of vanadium. -- Bull. Hyg. 13. 01 132 0750 Industrial Hygiene Digest ,c:ooe: ' iso 101? 1020 The Determination of Zirconium in Air. . E.' E. 'Campbell-.- i Am. lad. Hyg.-Assn. J. 20, 231-233 (Aug. 1959). ! ' ' ' ' 4 ."i , / '5'- The purpose of this study was to-apply the Brie her and Waterbury method to ie analysis of air samples of zirconium, which m industrial plants-is predominantly m ar. in soluble form from,.machining or powder metallurgical operations. The Hygienic-Guide tor zirconium suggests this method as a means'6: evaluating possible zirconium exposure. The threshold limit'of 3 mg/cu.m, makes ah uitramicro^method unnecessary;, however, because anr.ospheric 'contamination during some operations is .of-snort duration, levels below the milligram level are of interest. The range of 1 to 10 rr.ic rig rams of zirconium per samp.e was chosen for this study, which tor a 10-liter air-sample me'4ns that from 0. 1 to I mg. of zirconium per cubic meter may be determined.' '`-V j ! The Toxicology of Some Aliphatic Aldehydes'.' 1 i V'.' Kenson.- J. Occ. Med. I, *4371462 (Aug. 195?). 1021 This third in a series of'reviews on the* several homologous series of aliphatic j chemicals deals with the aldehydes. In the stepwise reduction of acids,-: which were ciscussed previously,, to alcohols, aldehydes are intermediates. 1 The properties', uses and toxicity of j the following are briefly described: acetaldehyde,'paraldehyde, acrolein, crotonaidehyde, j ana giyoxal. -'In the present review the actions of the aldehydes in relation to.one another and | the actions of representative members have been summarized. Local irritation by all the '. j, aldehydes seems to prevent dangerous exposures, particularly, to the more toxic unsaturated 1 compounds, and the-.absence of clinical'reports would indicate that chronic intoxication does j. not occur. -r . j i.. . /'' ;}" - | The Maximum Permissible Concentration of Formaldehyde in the Atmospheric Air, j V. ?. Meiekhma. Gigienai5an.it. 10-14 (1953). Russian., J The author studied formaldehyde as 'an atmospheric pollutant. The effect of small doses on health in man was alsb-determinedi Investigation of a chemical plant producing for-: maldehvde showed that the atmospiieric air in its vicinity was polluted with formaldehyde up to a distance of 1000 meters. Motorcar-exhaust gases also' contain formaldehyde. The author! determined that the threshold for fo'rmaldehyde smell for the majority oi people is 0.01-mg. cu. r The threshold for reflex action, as determined by the method of optic chronaxy, is 0.03 mg cuL: ar.d by the method of adaptometry--id.09,3 mg/cu.m. - Consequently the maximum.permissible | concentration of formaldehyde m air, considering the coefficient of reserve, may be taken to ; be not more than 0. 035 mg/cu.m, at any time. - -- Public Health Eng. Absts. j 1022 Determination of Dichlorodifluorome^thahe in Fumigation Mixtures with Ethylene Oxide by Measurement of Thermal Conductivity. W. A. Aliens, . O. Haenm and R. A. ruiton. | Anal. Chem. 31, 1363-1363 (Sept. 1959). , j A practical procedure for field use has been developed for-the sampling and deter mination of dichlorotrifluoromechahe and ethylene oxide in fumigation and sterilization atmos pheres. The dichlorodifluoromethane is determined by a thermal-conductivity method, and the ethylene oxide, is determined as aescribed by Lubatti. A commercially available instru ment is used for the thermal conductivity measurements;, 1: can be;used for laboratory appli- j cations greater sensitivity bv modification of the instrument. . . -- Editor i abst. I 3 1 C23 The Value and Use of Exposure Test 5. Determination of Trichloroethyl Alcohol (Crochloraiic Aci .jj as an Exposure Test on 'A'orkers, with: Trichloroethylene. Z-, Bardodej and Mane Knvucova. Ceskosiov. hvg. Ho. 5, 263-272 (1953). Czech. t "* 7 ' 7, *' 1 The authors have'investigated the method of Kubis and Liskova (B.ratislav. lekarske Listy 36_, .133, 19S6) for determining urochloralic acid (trichloroethanol vapor glucuronide) in the urine as an index of exposure to trichloroethylene vapor in industrial workers. The 401 132 0751 ! Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 135o method is based on the oxidation of urochloralic acide with chromic acid to trichloroacetic acid, which is determined by a color reaction with alkali anrfpyridine. The average ratio of urochloralic acid to trichloroacetic acid in the urine of persons breathing trichloroethylene in the maximum permissible concentration of 0.4 mg. per liter was 2:1. With a maximum permissible limit of trichloroacetic acid in the urine of 160 mg. per liter the limit for tn- chloroethaaol would therefore be 320 mg. per liter, or TOO mg. per liter conjugated as uro chloralic acid. -- Bull. Hyg. 1C24 Stochemica'. Mechanisms in Chronic Carbon Disulfide Poisoning. A. c.. Cohen, et al. Am. lac. Hyg. Assn.. J. 2, 303-323 (Aug. L959). The threshold exposure concentration which will injure rabbits maintainec or. a good diet has been shown to be between 500 and T30 ppm when administered 6 hours per cay, 5 days a week. Early evidence that carbon disulfide combines with free amino groups in the body is presented. The earliest toxic sign observed was loss of body weight which was fol lowed in 6 to 14 weeks by loss of muscular control over voluntary movement of the .ower sack and rear quarters of the animal. Based upon evidence presented, the biochemical mechanism for the injury caused by these exposures to carbon disulfide are as follows: (1) Reaction of carbon disulfide with ammo groups of amino acids and protein to form thiocarbamate which cvciizes to thiazolidone. (2) Chelation of polyvalent inorganic ions by the newly formed complexing groups to such an extent that cellular metabolism is disturbed. (3) The interference with metabolism causes a stress response and shift in metabolism which results m loss of body weight and indications that the fat stores of the body are being utilized. (4) Ultimately cell death and loss of associated function produce signs of injury. -- Cond. from authors' summarv INDUSTRIAL DUSTS 1025 Phvsico-Chemicai Studies on Dusts. 10. A Comparative Study of the Solubility and Acsorptive Properties of Finely Divided Silica and Titania. J. Brown, ',V. J. Jaap and P. D. Rite me. J. Appl. Chem. 9. 1-53-159 (Mar. 1959). Titania (crystalline or amorphous) has a negligibly small water-solubility over the pH range of approximately 3 to 12; silica (crystalline or amorphous) has a low but quite mea surable solubility, with a minimum at pH about 2.5 to 3. Rutile, lightly etched with hydro fluoric acid, shows an enhanced solubility, but quartz, similarly treated, shows a reduced solubility. The rate of solution in aqueous media provides no evidence on rutile of a highlysoluble disturbed surface layer such as exists on quartz. Adsorption of basic dyestuffs by titania broadly resembles that shown by silica, although the extent of adsorption is greater. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 1026 Aerosol Filtration with Fibrous Media. R. B. Evans. Am.^Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 20, 327-331 (Aug. 1959). The author believes that a realistically usable fibrous media can be developed for every aerosol filtering requirement. He discusses sprayed plastic web, wee accreted pads, and air iayed filters. Efficiency and performance characteristics of these filter media are illustrated by graphs. The filters are available commercially. 1027 Dust Separation with Ultrasonic Vibrations, E. Zedet. Genie chim. dl, 33-43 (Feb. 1959). French. Old techniques for dust separation were unsatisfactory only for fairly large-sized particles. The use of electrostatic precipitation and the aerosol method brought about 15. 01 132 0752 Industrial Hygiene.Digest October, 1-5- considerable improvement-,, but, the. use of ultrasonic vibrations have given still better re sults. Ultrasonic vibrations have a characteristic frequency, acdustical intensity, and i travel at a definite _speed.-in a given medium.. These three-factors can be varied for the ! type of activity desired.' Various formulas to explain the working of this type of dust sepa- j ration, as well as some ,of the earlier ones; are. giver..". , \' -- APCA Absts. i 1028 Respiratory Disease of Mushroom Workers, r amer'i Lung.' L. S. Brir.ghurst, R. N. Byrne and J. Gershon-Cohen. T. Am. Med. Assn. T71, >5-13 (Sept. 5, 195?), Cl'inical'obfervatipr.s.qf' 16 patients-were-collected to exemplify a possible new ! disease entity. Eachlwas a, Puerto. Rican -migratory worker engaged in the handling of com- [' . post used as soil for growing mushrooms in Pennsylvania.. The disease has not, as yet, ! been observed or identified in other persons. Immunity was'not conferred by a single epi- ! sode or successive.episodes. The disease recurred with re-exposure. -Treatment was non- I specific and supportive. Removal ot contact from the compost was necessary for cure. The ! consistent findings were respiratory signs and symptoms, characteristic roer.tgenographic | appearance of lung fields, eosinophil count elevation, nationality of patient, and contact with | the compost. The natural pattern'd:, the disease resembles that of. "farmer's lung" and "silo-filler's disease". The etiology remains undetermined. . -- Editor s.summary .| 1029 Changes in the Collagen Proteins in the Course of Ageing and in Experimental Silicosis. V. Kobrle. and M. Chyapil. Arch.-.Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. le, 526-333 (1953). German. There are two mam types of collagens, insoluble and soluble. The soluble colla- : gens are divided into three group's: (.1),. The, alkali-soluble1 collagens. (2) The citrate- or j acid-soluble collagens. (3) The phosphate-soluble collagens, which produce under the elec- t tron microscope a very characteristic picture. AH these .three collagens have at one time !'ot another been thought to be the precursor of the true insoluble collajgen, but recent work ! suggests that the soluble collagens are actually part of the insoluble collagen, which is not j 1 a uniform' single protein but is composed of a number of different components. When the j lungs of rats were examined for the different types of collagens, it was seen that with in- i creasing age the soluble types fell and the proportion of insoluble collagens increased. When j rats were treated by intratracheal dusting with silicon dioxide it was seen that within two j weeks (and more definitely within one month) changes in the composition of the collagens j appeared. There was no rise in insoluble collagen, but there was a rise in alkali-soluble collagen. With progressive disease the concentration of alkali-soluble collagen fell again to normal, but there'was a corresponding increase in nonAsoiuble collagen which coincided with ; the first histological changes-in the lungs. --Bull. Hyg. j 1030 Value of Histopathological Information for Diagnosis of Silicosis; Critical Study of Pulmonary | - <- Biopsy. J. Vidal and J. J. Gum. iPoumon k coeur.('Paris.). 993-998 (Dec. 1953). French. < The authors'discuss two cases of pulmonary pathology, one in an agricultural worker and the other in a worker in-., a' pharmacy, in which-the radiological findings and other- ) information indicated a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the presence of silica i and of silicotic lesions were reported'-following-pulmonary biopsy. The.authors discuss these j cases in terms of their criticism of-the'pulmonary biopsy.as,-a means of diagnosis of silicosis | luce such lesions may well be found among people who have not had any radiological or clinical symptoms of silicosie'and "who have never been exposed to the occupational risk of inhaling I silica dusts. - They feel that histological.findings should not prevail over radiological ones j because of the lack of specificity in-.diagnosis of the former findings. -- APCA Absts. 1031 The Perivascular Spaces in the Lung.' P. Gross. Arch. Pathology 66, 605-609 (Nov. 1958). j From studies of many tissue sections of animals' lungs the author suspected that the perivascular spaces seen around.the pulmonary;vessels were in the main not true lympna- j tic spacee aa has been assumed hitherto. - Rats and guinea pigs were given quarts dust by j " 01 132 0753 I Industrial Hygiene Digest October. jojo inhalation and intratracheal injection and were killed at various intervals. The lungs o these animals were compared with those of rats and guinea igs raised under germ-free conditions. The author was able to distinguish between spaces formed by splitting of penadventitial fibers of the vessels and true lymph spaces which had a definite endothelial lining. Perivascular spaces were very common in the animals given quartz and were most likely caused by edema but such spaces were rarely seen in control animals. -- Bull. Hyg. 1031 Silica Metabolism in Guinea Pigs. F. Sauer, D. H. Laughland and W. M. Davidson. Can. J. Biochem. and Physiol. 37.' 133-191 (Feb. 1959). The excretion of silica in urine and feces was determined following the oral and intraperitoneal administration of silica to guinea pigs. The urinary excretion of silica after oral administration generally reached a maximum value that was not exceeded by increasing the dose. The urinary excretion after intraperitoneal administration was considerably greater than after oral administration. The results of these experiments suggested that orally and intraperitoneally administered silica is depolymenzed to the soluble form prior to excretion in the urine. -- Bull. Hyg. 1033 The Action Exerted by Certain Pneumoconiotic Factors Upon the Acid Mucopolysaccharide Contents i Pulmonary Macrophages. N. Gh. Lupu, Doma Velican, C. Velican and V. Olinescu. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 16, 244-247 (July 1959). Experimental inhalations of silicon dioxide and tobacco smoke cause a gradual in crease in the number of pulmonary macrophages containing metachromatic material within the nucleus and cytoplasm, and they may assume the appearance of mast cells. Many pul monary macrophages containing metachromatic material were found in anthracotic human lungs. Histochemical techniques identify this material as acid mucopolysaccharides. After a more prolonged action of pneumoconiotic substances, mucopolysaccharides disappear after hyaluronidase extraction. On the basis of these findings the increased amount of acid muco polysaccharides in the connective interstices of the lung during the phase preceding the onset of fibrous lesions is explained by the prolonged irritative action of pneumoconiotic substances, which are believed to determine hypersecretion of acid mucopolysaccharides by the pulmonary macrophages. -- Authors' Abst. 1034 Difficulties of Diagnosis of Silicotic Tumoral Masses with Super-Imposed Tuberculosis or Cancer. R. Amsler andR. Bonhomme. Poumon it coeur (Paris) 14, 677-686 (July-Aug. 1958). French. The authors discuss some of the difficulties involved when the tuberculosis special ist or the expert on pneumoconiosis must decide on an immediate diagnosis and the necessary treaonent of a possible silicosis in cases where the condition is complicated by the presence of other pathology. The situation is less complicated if, without endangering the life of the patient, a study of his condition can be made over* a period of time. Two case histories are presented in detail. In one case the early diagnosis of silicosis, with a later decision that a bronchopulmonary cancer was present, was confirmed by the autopsy findings of silicosis and cancer at the same lung level. In the second case there had been hesitancy about making a diagnosis because of a suspected neoplasm or possibly the presence of tuberculosis, although the tubercle bacilli could not be demonstrated in samples of the expectorated material. A silico-tuberculosis was found at autopsy. -- APCA Absts. 1035 The Possible Role of an Atypical Acid-Fast Non-Pathogenic Bacilli in the Fatal Development of a Pulmonary Silicosis. G. Despierres, P. Gaby, J. Viallier and P. A. Bonnet. Lyon med. (Lyon) No. 15, 659-663 (Apr. 12, 1959). French. A detailed case history is given of a patient with a pulmonary lesion from-whose sputum acid-fast bacilli were cultured. Further studies during the illness, together with autopsy findings, indicated both a pulmonary lesion and a dense infiltration. The x-ray findings 17. 01 132 0754 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1 -5 1 together with a history of employment as a'quarry worker had,led to the early diagnosis j of siiic'osis. The bacilli isolated were foundvto be' resistant to alof the antibiotics which j had beer, used in the treatment of the patient,; In addition, they were not typical of the Koch j or tubercle bacilli other"than ih.'oeir.g acid-fast;, they produces a yellow pigment; and were ' r.or.-pathogenic for laboratory animals. Many.questions are raised as to the relation, if any, ( ;o: t.-.is baci.iis--which ha3 been mentioned at.other times; in the literature--to the fatal stii- ios-.s.' -- APCA Absts. j * i . I . ,13c Treatment :: Miner s Tuberculosis., J. Pngnot. Pcumor. ii in,: [?i:u) -14, A53-?32 \N'ov, 1^58). Preach. j The treatment of a group'of 52 cases-of tuberculosis in miners is discussed in ce- i tail. In 30 of the.group there was a coniuent and massive pneumoconiosis. In 4" o: the men there was a bacilliary pulmonary tuberculosis;1 in 5 the Tuberculosis was merely pleural in j :--pe. Medical treatment, surgical treatment with excision of lung areas., and bed rest were ' used. Consiceraole detail'is giver, on the effects of various treatments on the bacterio.ogical and radiological findings and on --.e blood sedimentation rate. Of the 52 cases, 27 were sia- i bi.ized, o were improved, and ml? the condition became worse.. Surgical excisions in 14 t cases brought about stabu--ation in 12 cases, ..r.provemer.t in 1, ar.dinlthe . '. tcitior. oecame j worse. , ,, .'i*. -- APCA Absts. 103" L'.tr.oh Node Biopsies (3ameis' Method) in Silicosis, L. Norviit and W. DiBiasi. Area,' Gew - :-pathoi. Gewer'oehyg.16, 503--510 - (19531. German. This article refers to the work of Daniels who showed that it is possible to do. lymph i node biopsies by using the easy access to glands lying in the trigonum omoclaviculare-(Brit. J. 1 D:s7 Chest 16, 360, 1949). In 21 miners where, there .was a suspicion ox silicosis, biopsy ! wa's performed. X-ray changes in the appearance of the lung were seen in all except one. In 15, silicosis'had been suspected either with or wi'houc simultaneous tuberculosis, but in none j of these had tubercle bacilli been found. In one c .se where, the x-ray had not shown any changes; m the Tung picture, the histological findings were negative also. In one other ;t was possible ! to confirm'the clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In another patient in whom, clinically, sar- i coidosis and. silicosis'had been suspected, it was possible to show that the disease was pure ' silicosis. In another case it was possible to confirm the e.ihical diagnosis of tuberculosis. 1 The conclusion is reached that the lymph node biopsies would form a valuable investigation , in diagnosis of lung disease, particularly when the suspicion of silicosis is entertained. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. i i PHYSICAL ASPECTS OP THE ENVIRONMENT i 1038 Noise and Hearing Loss--Part 3. N. E. Rosenwinkel. K. C. Stewart and L. G. Doerfler. J. Occ. Med. I, 396-400 (July 1959). . This is the-third of a series of six reviews dealing with noise and its effect upon j hearing. Subsequent installments are scheduled to appear at intervals of three months. (See IriD Aost. 307, Mar. 1959 and 1HD Abst. 813, Aug. 1959). In this installment the authors dis- ; cuss the techniques and problems involved in industrial audiometry and specifically, the pure- i tone air-conduction audiogram. Also described are the testing room, the tester, the subject, and conduct of the examination. The problem of selecting the person to conduct the audio- metric examinations is deserving of ciose attention. The importance of-the audiogram as a , } medicolegal document is such that extreme caution should be exercised in selecting a technician.1 The conduct of audiography requires the services of a person capable of performing an exacting [ task which may, however, become repetitive and tempt the tester into taking the audiograms in ' 13, 01 132 015a Industrial Hygiene Digest October, i an unobservant, routine manner. In performing the test the technician should be certain that (1) the correct phone is over the proper ear; (2) the cushions are snug.y iittec to me head; (3) the headband is adjusted to the correct head size; (4) eye glasses anc jewe.ry are removed; (5) the pinna is not folded; and (6) the receiver is directly alignec with the external meatus. Probably one of the most important aspects of the test is the pre sentation of the test tone. The tone should be first presented at a level about 29 cb. above the estimated threshold of the subject at the frequency being tested. The presentation s.-.:_c be made in short bursts of one or two seconds or less. Moreover, the presentation shou.d be random and avoid any systematic rhythm to afford the subject any extraneous clue as to when to expect the tone. 1039 Hearing Loss Related to Non-Steady Noise Exposures. N. E. Hoser.winkel and X. C. Stewart. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 20, 290-293 (Aug. 1959). Thi i study was the first investigation into the possible existence of a relationship between noise as measured with an integrating type meter and hearing loss. The noise to which the persons were exposed was widely fluctuating and not sensibly measurable v;tn me conventional types of noise measuring equipment. As a first approximation, me existence of the relationship has been investigated on a linear basis. The relationship describes the ois- tribution of hearing loss in a population and must not be applied as a predictor of hearing loss in individuals. The true nature of the relationship between hearing loss and noise exposure cannot be discerned from these data, however, it appears to be some function of time, rate, and an interaction between the two. -- Authors' summary 1040 Medical Problems of Shift-Work. A. Aanonsen. Ind. Med. it Surg. 2_3, 422-42" (Sept. l59). These investigations were made at two electrometallurgical works and an electro chemical factory, ail of them situated in the small industrial community of Cdda in western Norway. Two groups of industrial laborers, the one consisting of 345 day-laborers and the second consisting of 330 regular shift-laborers, were followed up and subjected to medical evaluation. The age distributions were about the same in both groups. There was no in creased morbidity with regard to disorders of the nervous or alimentary systems or w.m regard to the heart among regular shift-laborers. This group also showed a lower trecuer.cy of absence from work (30f=) and medical consultations as compared with the day-laborer s. In the author's opinion the explanation of this is that the 380 regular shift-laborers represent a selected material because 350 previous regular shift-laborers have been transferred to cav- work. Of these, 128 were removed for medical reasons. Within this group there is a marked increase m the frequency of nervous and alimentary diseases. There was, however, no mcreas in heart diseases m this group as compared with those day-laborers who had never been sub jected to regular shift-work. The study clearly shows that the reason some people were r.ot able to go on with shift-work was lack of sleep. There are two possible reasonable ways to fight sleep disturbances among regular shift-laborers. Such laborers who do not have the ability to change their 24-hour's rhythm should not continue as regular shift-laborers. Even good housing conditions will fail to cure their sleep difficulties. Those who are able to con tinue as regular shift-laborers will be less apt to develop sleep disturbances if their housing conditions are good. -- Author1 s summary 19 1 132 0756 Industrial Hygiene Digest October., - ; J IC41 .-*.-'.4 A Venturi Scrubber Ir.a~.alla.t-.tr. :or.'.:he;;R.bmoyal'of-'' 'ission'Products from Air. and C, w e i ,i, A , . ihc, *Hi'.yg. .Assay J; t ZZ, 332-336%(Au-g~. T939'). S.Jordan A local, exhaust collection system and aventuri scrubber installation .for the clean ing of exhaust air contaminatqb withvacid-mi'sUjane mixed fission products are'described in detail. It was determihed.-that^GJxfm-.exhausted by a .local; slot exhaust'hood.would control- the maximum 'evolution"'of gase.i;:f'rsm~a',i;50pVml'.' beaker., 'Features :of,the exhaust system that were designedfto off se:;.:hs'hazard of .perchloric ac'id1condensatiidn!in the system mclidec welded stainless steel cor.stru'cticr..-''''',slopir.g; horizontal runs; regulating valves only on verticj sections, and adapta'oilityito, cleaning .by,, simple WigSdoWn.yi'The feasibility of a venturi scrub her with a caustic, solution as. the;,is'crubbing+mediumrror low loadings o: iodine vapors was in dicated.by an average-removal efficiency- pi35`%;' . Air-cleaning efficiencies for acid mists were, dependent oh the type ofjacid^suspendeJSpin'the!Mrj;str'am-. Retr.oyal efficiencies of -0 r-. and 95% were obtained with nitric acid ar.d'-oxide ofnitrogen loading sof 2.grams/cu.m.. res pectively. Total fission, product 'loadings'; ranging;, from 0. Oil to 0. 4 mc/cu.m. 'were removed from the contaminated*air with an ivera'ge' efficiencyof'94%.- .. . - *'[' i\:j' ' ` - *.-C0ndi-(from'authors' summary 1042 Administrative Experience with.Occupational'Over-Exposure to 3adiation. M. Kleiafeld and A..:P. Abrahams.'.AmiTnd. ^Hyg.-Assn. J.;/20, 294*298 (Aug. 19; - Nineteen instances ot radiatior. ov.er-exposure in excess-of the limits prescribed by Industrial Code1 Ruie',33 have been reported,to-the-New York State Department of Labor since December 1Q55. In 3- instances,>*the .reported excessive readir.gs were found to be in- * ,. valid and may be ascribed, on the,whole,.hoifaulty dosimetry technique.- There were 11 in- - stances of actual over-exposure; 4 were.dhrlonic in nature, ;4 were acute external over-ex posures, and 3 were acute internal over-exposures. The acute over-exposures resulted from accidents; the.chronic`over-exposures^-were/associated with routine everyday operations. Ten employees showed!;.positive hiblogical' effects such'as radiation burns or abnormal-retention of radioactive material. Injury to the hands was the btfect most frequently observed among the chronically as well as the acutely exposed. I Those, accounted; for ? of the 10 reported instances. 'The causal factors most frequently involved;in the over-exposures were lack of supervision, lack of awareness.-oftthe hazard, and failure, to provfde or maintain'appropriate protective de vices. In general,' the data indicates that; the incidence-Of radiation over-exposure (l. 4%) and injury (0.3%) in New York State is extremely lowr-when compared to other major industrial hazards. '! 1 1.' -- Authors' summary 1043 Strontium-90 in Man.. (3ij.J. L.Kulp, A. R. Schulbert and Elizabeth J. Hodges. Science 129, 1249-1253 (May 3. 1959); -' V la January 1953 the.average burden of strontium-90 in'-the skeletons of adults throughout the world was 0..19 micromicrocurles"of strontium-90 per gram of calcium. This burden is independent of age above the age pit 20. The-concentrations.of strontium-90 in bone differ less than the total fall-out, as between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This is attributable largely to the movement of foodj1* particularly of powdered milk and wheat from the Northern Hemisphere into' the Southe rr. Hemisphere. The average concentration of strontium*9Q in the skeleton for all people in the world as|,of January 1^58 was about 0.52 micromierocuries of strontium-90 per gram of calcium. On.the, ba'sis of, data on the strohtium-90 in diet and bone, the world deposition, and. the level'of strontium- 90 in the stratosphere at the end of 1953, curvet have been drawn to show the anticipated concentrations of strontium-90 in the diet of individuals in the area of Western culture o: 23* to o0*N and in newly depositea bone to the year 2GCG A.Dj. 01 132 0757 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 1050 It is estimated on the basis of these data that the maximum concentration in young children will occur in about 196b. A histogram representing 839 satpples indicates the present dis tribution of strontium-90 in the adult population of the world. It is assumed that tms reflects the actual spread of all age groups as a result of dietary variations throughout the world. -- Cond. from Nuclear Sci. Absts. 1044 Determination of Radioactive Strontium. A. S. Goldin, R.J. Velten and G. W. Frishkorn. Anal. Chem. 31, 1490-1492 (Sept. 1959). The radioactive isotopes of strontium-89 and strontium-90 are determined in a wide variety of environmental samples. Strontium-90 is determined by beta-counting the daughter activity, yttrium-90, after extraction into 2-thenoyUrifIuoroacetone reagent. Total radioactive strontium is determined by beta-counting a strontium carbonate precipitate. The method includes procedures for treating different types of material and removing common n- terferences. -- Editor's Abst. 1045 Measurements with a Whole Body Counter. K. G. McNeill and R. M. Green. Can. J. Phys. 37, 683-689 (June 1959). An account is given of work on the measurement of the gamma radioactivity of humans. A steel room has been constructed, in which this gamma activity may be measured to a statistical accuracy of a few per cent in 30 minutes using a 5-inch sodium iodide crystal as a detector. -- Cond. from Nuclear Sci. Absts. 1046 Biological Decomposition of Radioactive Laundry Waste. E. W. Wiederhold. MLM-948. Mound Lab. , Miamisburg, Ohio. 18 pp. Available at 75 cents from Office of Technical Services, U. S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C. A series of tests was conducted on a laundry waste containing radioactive materials, using an activated sludge process, to determine whether the organic materials which would interfere with a process of flocculation and adsorption could be removed along with a sub stantial quantity of the radioactive material. A trickling filter was used to treat the waste over a long period of time. The filter removed nearly all of the activity and most of the or ganic compounds. However, sufficient residual activity remained in the effluent to require either two-stage operation or final processing by flocculation and adsorption. Recirculation was beneficial. A supplementary bacteria feed of ammonium nitrate was necessary. -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. 1047 The Effects of Radiation on Populations. Anon. OEG-78. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Evaluation Group, Washington, D.C. 85 pp. (July 17, 1958). The possible effects on present and future generations of the exposure of human populations to penetrating radiations are discussed. This subject is widely associated with the effects of nuclear weapons and has been the subject of much public discussion and opinion, not all of it accurate. Although the more severe local effects of a nuclear detonation, such as radiation death or radiation sickness are comparatively well known, the use of nuclear weapons may also result in widespread and prolonged exposure of whole populations to radia tion. The effects of very high radiation levels are not treated because they are considered to be widely known. It is shown that even very low levels of radiation can cause discrete heredi tary units called genes to change, or mutate, and that eventually such mutated units will cause a death in a future generation. These genetic effects are unimportant if all those exposed to radiation are killed as a result of the exposure. But if those exposed survive, the less-than- lethal exposure may result in the serious impairment or-death of some of their descendants for many generations. An example cited shows that so far the very small increase in back ground radiation due to fallout from present weapons testing may, very roughly, result in an ultimate total of 60, 000 embryonic, infant and childhood deaths in the United States in fu ture generations. -- Cond. from Nuclear Sci. Absts. 21 01 132 075S Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 1^53 1045 A Granular Collector for'Sarepling Fallout Debris'from.Nuclear Detonations. E. M. J. W. Neel, G.M. LeRoy, A. J. Steen andlK. H; Lirson. ;, Am^.md. Hvg. Assn. J. 267-273 (Aug. 1959). ./>;i""/ '' Romney, 20, " " j- > <> ; * . \ ,, _w; ,, ' _ A granular collector for sampling"fillou't.'debris from nuclear detonations was developed which consists of a. shallow, meta.1. tray and: a removable mylar plastic lir.er tilled with 1/3 inch diameter polyethylene piastie.;pellets.,, Fallout, debris impinging 'upon the ex posed collector, tray during fallout is :physically .entrapped within the' granular matrix and later separated from, the matrix by wet sieving-in-isopropyl, alcohol. The fallout debris may be fractionated into different particle size ranges'by'.dry sieving with standard testing sieves. An operational procedure for'recbverihgvthej'brimary.. f^lout debris from, the granular matrix is described. The efficiency of the recovery procedure: was tested using pre-sized glass bead: soil samples and fallout debris." Virtually all particulate, mate rial-, smaller than the granular matrix could be removed by wef sieving in isopropyi.valcbhol.' Less than 2 T? of the sam.p.e .m lost during a dry sieving process of fractionating the.particulate material into 13 different particle size ranges. .A recovery of more than* ao r> of the samples processed through the operational procedure was consistently obtained. "-- Cond. from, authors' sum.marv 1049 Investigating Inhalation Hazard Using Synthetic Radioactive Fallout. - W, B. Lane. J. Air Pollution Control Assn.. 9, 102-104,.!, (Aug.., .1.959). An experimental program has been undertaken; at the L'. S. Naval Radiological De fense Laboratory in which engineers,' chemists, and biologists design exposure chambers,, formulate radioactive aerosols', and assess the/biologicai hazard by sacrificing exposed ani mals and analyzing organs and tissues for internally deposited radionuclides. This .paper des cribes certain chemical and physical aspectslof this program.., ..' 1050 Radioactive Fallout Measurements in Air and'in People. C; W. Mays. ',AECU-4ll2. Utah Univ., Salt Lake City. Radiobiology -Labi 13 pp. (1958). Photostat available at 53.30 from Office of Technical Services," Ul S. Dept./of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. Whole-body gamma measurements were-'made on 38 persons.' The amount of 1 potassium in a person is approximately proportional to body weight,and tends to be greater in men than in women. The average cesium'.content measured in people living in Salt Lake City, Utah, is greater than average values reported for people living in other parts of the Ur.ited.States. This difference maybe due to the proximity of Salt Lake City to the atomic bomb site in Nevada. Information is'also included on'air sampling during, the Pacific tests (1^56) and fallout cesium-137 in Utah residents (1958).' -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. 1051 valuation of Fallout Data. A. A. - Jarrett.-'?'./. ;/i'. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 20., 299-302 (Aug.| 1959). y} . An essential part of the safety, program-in a laboratory manipulating radioactive materials is the routine determination'of air-borne `activity, if operations are compatible with the production of an inhalation hazard.1'Laboratory air and air discharged from the laboratory should be monitored for radioactivity if there is any'possibility of air-borne contamination at hazardous levels. When contamination:of the air in the vicinity of a laboratory is a possibility, air surveys should be made to determine .background ievels of radioactivity before extensive operations are .begun., The purposes Of routine air sampling are thus threefold: (l) Protect : employees. (2) Public safety. (3) Establish background information with respect to varia tions of radioactive concentrations in:the environment unrelated.to laboratory operations. The National Committee on Radiation Protection'and'Measurement'has established levels of maxi mum permissible concentrations to serve as guides to safe operations and upper levels of ex posures. The author: (1)' Describes currently used methods to evaluate radioactivity which may be a result of nuclear detonations'. (2) Proposes'a very-simple method utilizing a speci ally prepared graph paper to characterize,the activity from nuclear detonations. (3) .Presents a method which can verify radioactivity from/nuclear detonations without the extended time delay required for taking decay curves and minimizing the interference of other radioactive species. *1: 22. 01 132 0759 Industrial Hygiene Digest 1052 AEC Atmospheric Radioactivity Stucies. J. 2. Holland. ''V^sh-lCTb. Dtv. of 3:c.ogy and Medicine, Er.viror-mer.ta- Services Branch., AEC. 37 pp. (Jan. 2", 1-55). Available at 50 cents from Office o: Technical Services, u. S. Dept, of Commerce, '`.'ashmgton 23, D. Studies oi radioactivity in the atmosphere are conducted by the C. 5. Atomic Energy Commission primari'.v for the purpose of evaluating hazards to man arising from uses of atomic energy. Ir- its simplest terms, the problem is to determine the dosages to which people are likely to be exposed as the result of various uses a: atomic energy and to compare suer, cosages wit.-. either maximum permissible or ..irural background leve.s. The atmospheric monitoring activities of the A.EC range from local programs associatec with in dustrial operations to wsr.d-*ice monitoring pro;ects associated with the testing of nuclear weapons. Research projects involving measurements of atmospheric radioactiv.tv are re viewed. The radionuclides stucied m the various project -.elude stror.ti,um--C a.-.c otr.er fis sion orocucts, carbon-14, tritium, and radon. -- Nuclear oci. Absts. EN'VIR CN'MZN' TAD MZASuR EM EM TS 135 3 Detection of Trace Constituents bv Gas Chromatography. Analysis of Polluted Atmosphere. ?. 5. Farrington, R. --. Pttsox, R. 1_. Meeker and T. J. Olson. Anal. Chem. _M.' 15I2-13Lo (Sept. .559), Apparatus and tecnmques are described which are applicable to the detailed anaiys oi polluted atmospheres, including the cetectior. and determination of components present in the range of a few parts per r.undred million. Important features are the sample handling technique and the ion gage detector. Large amounts of water have been removed under con ditions shown to be inert toward oxygenated organic compounds. The method is generally applicable to trace cor.3tituer.ts. -- Editor s Abst. 1054 Atmospheric Pollution bv Solid particles. D. H. Grindell. Engineering . , 33C -- 33i v\)ar. .3, 1-55). In the study oi industrial fogs, the number, total surface area, and chemical com position oi air-borne particu.ates are important, especially for the diameter range 0.2 to 2. microns. Apparatus is, therefore, necessary which will respond to particles as small as 3. micron m diameter and which will measure either the number or the totai surface area of th< aerosol. Research is in progress to explore an electrostatic method of measuring total part cuiate surface area. The technique being considered employs apparatus very similar to a tw stage electrostatic precipitator. An aerosol' sample is passed through a high voltage char gin section and thence to a measuring section. Here the charged particles are impelled by an electric field to a collecting electrode. The current tlowing from the collecting electrode as a result of particle deposition is amp.iiied and recorded and is a measure of particle surface area since the charge carried by each particle is roughly proportional to its area. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 1C55 The Acute Toxic Effects of Black Smoke. R. E. Pattle, G. D. 'A'edd and F. Burgess. Brit. J. 2nd. Med. 215-220 (J -- y 155), Few experiments have beer, conducted on the toxicity of solid carbonaceous com bustion products. In order to obtain an estimate of the toxicity of black smoke which could be compared with similar estimates for other pollutants, the median dosage to death, hat been determined for smoke from burning tetrahydronaphthaiene administered to guinea pigs and mice. Values ranging from 147,000 mg. min./cu.m, to 351,000 mg. min./cu.m, were obtained at concentrations between 714 mg./cu.m, and 1, 140 mg./cu.m. Animals allowed to associate protected one another to some extent, probably owing to their fur acting as a 23 01 132 0760 _In__c_u__s iv. diene Digest, Ocioaer, I1 53. filter. In mice the cause of death appearsvtoi.be:;h'.=citag'e'ofthe air passages; deaths after removal from the smoke are unusual; In guinea c , ; hemorrhagti lesions are caused, and delayed deaths are commoner. The,;actioa`6t smo.-te' oh'1 rats resembles its action or.mtce. It is pointed out that tetralih smoke is considerably morS toxic to animals than is sulfur di oxide in the same concentration. This finding is" discus sec, m'.reiation' to atmospheric poliu tion. ' !' . ' -- Author1-* Aost. 1 056 Long Bange Cloud Diffusion ih the Lowevr Atmosphere.' 3?. Leonarc, -Jrl !. Air Pollution Control Assn. ' Vi.. This is largely a ` realise involving(complex mit'-.smat-.rs. Or. the basis at the data presented the following conclusions'may,be drawn: - (l )" Long-range cloud diffusion is anisotro pic regardless of weather conditions, due to suppression :: large scale,turbulence by the ground. (2) Anisotropic diffusion is g ready m.agniiedi.unce r stab.e. atmospheric cor.citior.3 cue to m- creasec suppression of large .scale turbulence. ;3) Clofc o or.oer.tratior.s a: large cistar.ces are roughly inversely proportional to the diffusion distance with-a rr.a;or portion of the diffu- | sion occurring m the horizontal plane.. This effect -is . relatively insensitive to weather conci- tior.s. (4) Cloud dimensions and, therefore, Concentrations'differ significantly with weather conditions. This is due almost entirely to differences .in diffusion rates m the firs: i to 3 miles of diffusion distance. The results presentee ih this paper are based on very limited [ aata. They should, therefore,..be considered tentative until more data ar.c analyses are avail- j able. V Ccr.d. or.m-.author.s conclusions 1 C3T Ozone Cracking of Rubber or. the Las Angeles Area.: A. f.' Haager.-5mi:,"--M. T. 3r-unr.elle and J. W. Haagen-5mot. Hubber Age 35, p!5 (July 1 Investigations on the :smog conditions in Los'Angeles have substantiated claims of rapid deterioration of rubber goods in this area; Pesuits obtained over a 3-year test period are presented, as well as a comparison with oxidant.and ozone values measured in the same area. The cumulative rubber test is useful inj,the correct interpretation of outdoor exposure tests of rubber goods, since it integrates'the variable action ot ezone due to large fluctuations in its concentration and the reaction rate, which is affected by climatological factors. '.Vhen temperature and flow rate of the air are kept constant, the test offers an inexpensive and con venient way of area surveys in air pollution studies-. 1: .1* . -- APCA Absts. 105 3 An Air Dilution Olfactometer Suitable for Group Threshold Measurement. G. H. Cheesman and H. M. Kirkby. Quart. J. Exptl.'PsychoL.j rTI5 3-T 3 iMay 1-5-).. In contrast to earlier olfactometer models, in '.vhich'the apparatus was arranged to deliver che various concentrations of an odorant to the observer, af a fixed point, such as a nosepiece or similar device, the apparatus described delivers constant, controlled con centrations of odorous material to a series of smelling.pbir.ts. , The prototype apparatus des cribed is provided with 12 testing points, so, that each-ora' group of observers can sniff at each pc..-.: in turn during a test. Provision for changing the distribution of concentrations among the var.aus smelling points eliminates any possibility of the subjects associating particular con clusions with particular locations. Five full olfactory tests wer.e made with the apparatus; involving about SO subjects; but the results noted show a disappointing range of variation. Because of the necessity to.dismantle the equipment, turtner testj'-.yere not possible. How-, ever, the working of the apparatus was 'Sufficiently smooth to encourage confidence in che belief that it can prove a valuable instrument for future work. F i - V ' Cond. from APCA Absts. 1059 Motes on Interferences by Oxides of Nitrogen With 'stiirat:0Rs of-Carbon. M:rox::.- :n A:r by the NBS Indicating Tubes. H. E. Ayer and B. ;..: Saltzman. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J; 2, 337-339 (Aug. 1959). . Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide interference with carbon monoxide estimations by the NBS indicating tube were investigated! Both oxides were found to interfere seriously, the , nitrogen dioxide to a greater extent. Nitrogenjdioxide. interference can be eliminated and nitric 01 132 0761 I Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 1959 oxide interference considerably reduced by using a U-tube with solid potassium permanganate in the upstream leg and Ascarite m the downstream leg. The U-tube is flushed with the con* laminated air, using the rubber bulb, and then connected ahead of the indicating tube. The field determination of carbon monoxide is then made in the usual way. No interference may be expected from concentrations of nitrogen oxides up to 15rj of that of carbon monoxide. If an NBS tube estimation without the U-tube does not give a coior lighter than one made with the tube, then nitrogen dioxide can be presumed to be within its threshold limit o: 5 ppm. The degree of interference eliminated by the tentative method reported was sufficient for the immediate needs of the authors. Since a more extensive study is not planned at this time, note is offered for the information of those who use the NBS carbon monoxide tubes. -- Authors1 summary 1060 Improved Cascade Impactor for Measuring Aerosol Particle Sizes m Air Pollutants, Com mercial Aerosols and Cigarette Smoke. R. I. Mitchell and J. M. Pilcher. Lnd. Eng. Chem.- 5_l_, 1039-1042 (Sept. 1959). Various parameters affect the impaction process in a cascade impactor for deter mining the particle-size distribution of aerosols and sprays. Studies on the jet-to-alide dis tance which affects the sharpness of classification, and on wali-to-slide distance which affects the loss of particles on the wall were emphasized particularly. An improved cascade impactor containing round jets and slides was designed and calibrated. Problems encountered in the calibration process were studied and solved. Studies of the wall loss that may be expected for each stage of the impactor were made. This improved impactor and modified versions have been used to determine the particle size distribution of air pollutants, therapeutic and biological aerosols, and cigarette smoke. -- IEC Brief PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING 1061 Moral Responsibility and Dangerous Chemicals. The Wyers Memorial Lecture 1938. T. S. Scott. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 9., 57-63 (July 1959). With regard to standards of safety the author states that even with modern safe plant and processes, assurance must be made doubly sure and a high margin of safety must be sought to make absolutely certain that the plant and operating precautions are completely safe. Contamination can still occur during maintenance operations and through accidental breakage or failure of equipment. The human element may fail if supervision allows men to relax from the strict standards laid down in operating the plant and handling the material. The minimum dose of a carcinogen required to produce a tumor in man under industrial con ditions is not known and it is not always possible`to measure the amount of a toxic agent in the atmosphere or in body fluids. In such cases standards far more stringent than are usually required for most acutely toxic chemicals must be imposed. With carcinogens many years may elapse before they are manifest. Even under the strictest conditions in the modern plant it cannot be known with absolute certainty that the risk is completely obviated until a whole generation of workmtn has been unaffected. To ensure the adequacy and the effectiveness of any prophylactic program, medical supervision must, therefore, be continued indefinitely in the case of carcinogens and many serious toxic hazards. The industrial medical officer must do more than figure simply as a general practitioner inside the factory. He must be able to utilize and coordinate the skill and experience of scientists and technologists in many different specialties and he must continue to function as a doctor in his own right. 25 01 132 0762 Industrial Hygiene Digest Octobe r. *9 4 COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE : 1062 Leaf Injury Symptoms in Grape Due to Air Pollution. and W. B. Hewitt. Agron. J. 50, 559-561 (1953). . ' 3. L. Richards, S. X. Middleton Leaf lesions occurring on grape leaves in areas pollutes by air-borne oxidants are described. The lesions have a stippled appearance and can be distinguished from other grape disorders. The disease occurred when the plants -vere fumigated with ozone. Toxic ozone levels occur in only some of the grape-producing areas ot California. -- Public'Health Eng. Absts. 1063 Effect.of Salinity on Susceptibility of Sunflower Plants to Smog. J. J. Oertli. ! Sou Sci. 37, 249-251 (1959). Sunflower plants were grown in nutrient solutions ot different osmotic ion centra- ; tions and in sands of different moisture stress. Some of the'plants-were exposed to local smog atmospheres in the fall of 1957 and the spring of 1953; other plants were exposed to fumes of sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, or to hydrochloric acid gas. From earlier ! work it was reasonable to assume that the extent of smog damage to plants is related to the degree of opening of the stomata. Conditions of moisture play an important role m the clo sure and opening of the stomata. In the current experiments it was observed that high mois ture stress, whether osmotic or nor.-osmotic, produced plants which were more resistant to smog injury. A theory is presented by which the entry, of smog into plants is impeded by the more closed stomata at high moisture stress, thus increasing the resistance of the plants to j injury. -- APCA Absts. 1064 Veterinary Aspects of Air Pollution Research. E. J. Catcott. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 134, 434-436 (May 15, 1959). Interest in the effects of air pollution on animals has generally developed as a corollary to concern about its influence on human health. During the Donora air pollution episode in 1948, U. S. Public Health Survey disclosed that appreciable numbers of animals were reported to have become ill and that some died during the period of intense pollution. While dogs were allegedly affected in greater numbers than other species, illnesses and deaths were reported by owners of cats, rabbits, calves, and poultry. Symptoms of illness included those of respiratory distress, retching and emesis, coughing, sneezing, and dyspnea; pneumonia was reported for calves. Studies by the author digring 1957 of animal mortality and production records failed to reveal any apparent relation with the occurrence of smog in areas in and near Lot Angeles which experienced severe air pollution. The unwillingness of veterinarians and animal breeders to indict smog, as a serious influence on animal health may reflect the diffi-. culty of assigning clinical reactions to the subtle influences which produce their effects only after prolonged periods. Gross and microscopic examination of tissue from the respiratory tract of 51 dogs from smog and non-smog areas failed to show any of the pathological changes which had been seen in animals exposed to synthetic smogs. . Examination of tissues of the res piratory tract of a group of Leghorn,chickens living in a smog area and of another living in a smog-free area were also negative; in both groups the birds remained healthy, and their growth, vigor, and appearance'were considered to be normal. -- Cond. from APCA Absts. 1065 Air Pollution Control is Good Business. W. R. Bradley. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. 9_' 115-119 (Aug. 1959). The author suggests 10 steps in a positive approach to air pollution control based on realistic control measures and public relations practices as follows: (l) Determine by sampling 26 01 132 0763