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F. The Governor's Palace at Colonial Williamsburg illustrates four uses of lead, exterior and interior paint, cupola roof, garden urns and calking in stone steps. Perry, Shaw and Hepburn, Architects. LI X COL LEAF " -"e E* ASSOCIATION o u s t o n , t e x a s . is a plumb Handymen Cant Compete H ing paradise for both residents With Skilled Plumbers in and plumbers.and much of the credit Texas Metropolis. for this condition may be traced to the public of Houston need not worry about unsanitary, danger ous conditions often created by handymen when they attempt to the fact that lead is extensively used in Houston do a plumber's work. plumbing installations. As the photographs of a num A public service has been performed bv the plumb ber of recent plumbing jobs in Houston show, all con ers of Houston in keeping plumbing work in the hands . cealed wastes, traps and closet bends are lead with of those who, by training and experience, are capable wiped joints. As a consequence the property owner of making installations that will protect public health knows he is getting a durable job with a minimum and that in the end always prove most economical to tendency to clog and sufficiently flexible to take care property owners. Mr. A. B. McGintv. business agent of building settlement. He knows the joints can not vibrate or shake loose and that solids will not lodge of the Journeymen's Local, with much foresight has preached this doctrine for sometime and under the ' in their smooth interiors. The home owner is further assured of his work leadership of such able men as Mr. McGintv, Mr. D. Morrow, president of the Houston Master Plumbers being done bv skilled plumbing mechanics, because Association, and Mr. A. A. Peary, chief plumbing in thev are the only kind of mechanics capable of doing spector. these desirable conditions should continue to lead work. As a result, none but highly skilled plumb exist. There is no better installation for the public ers And it possible to operate in Houston and the than that made with lead by skilled plumbers, nor is handyman can not compete. Therefore the legitimate there any surer way of eliminating handvman com plumbers of Houston have benefited through their own petition from the plumbing business. Just as they *: viailence in keeping plumbing wrork in their city a have in Houston, plumbers themselves must assume real plumber's job. It can truthfully be said that con the responsibility for seeing that proper plumbing is ditions in the plumbing business in Houston for both installed because they are qualified to judge between legitimate master plumbers and legitimate journeymen good and bad plumbing whereas the average layman ( plumbers are excellent and they are not complicated is uninformed on this subject. The public needs the ( bv cheap, unskilled competition. At the same time legitimate plumber's protection. 1 I' !i! Three views of plumbing in a !!) large residence in Braeswood. a beautiful Houston suburb. The upper picture shows roughingdn tor a toilet and shotter. Lower left photo shows 2-inc.h lead re-vent for toilet because, while there are no fixtures entering the stack t above, the opening of the lead bend is more than 36 inches from the stack, which requires re-venting under the Houston ordinance. Lower right photo shows another shower installa tion. A. .\. Apfjel, plumbing contractor, and W. G. Herring, journeyman. l ii 4 1 i ii j iir [2] LI A 25369 CECIL THOMSON STUDIOS PHOTOS BY CECIL THOMSON STUDIOS Roughing-in for a new bath in the attic of a Houston residence, illustrating the flexibility and neatness of lead pipe ior remodeling and showing how little cutting ot mists is necessary. \. J. Walker, plumbing contractor, and Harry Fisk, journeyman. Roughing-in of another bathroom in the same residence, viewed looking down from the attic. The roughing-in lor a laundry tray on the first floor is visible. Mr. Walker, the plumbing contractor, says, `7 have found that a good lead job pleases my customers at the time the house is built, and the freedom from deterioration keeps them pleased." A somewhat unusual installation of plumb ing in a garage apart ment in Houston, viewed from under neath. The basin ivaste may be seen entering the 4 in. lead stub from the right. The vent from the drum trap is carried through the roof separately. J. K. Leslie, plumbing contractor, and George Robb, journeyman. Leadwork for toilet and basin m a residence on Inwood Drive, Houston. The shower is on a separate stack. The toilet is within 36 in. from, the stack and hence is stack vented. ]. W. Thiel, plumbing contractor, and Fred Braedon. journeyman. A downstairs bathroom in a jour bathroom job on Sun set Boulevard. Houston. The downstairs bathrooms have toilet and basin only. The vent ior the toilet in this illustration, hidden by a stud, is carried aboie the water line on the second floor. M. G. Herring, plumbing con tractor, and Fred Laird, journeyman. rs] L IA 2 5 3 7 0 White Lead Paint for Wftbu Beautiful Colonial DecoratiXodt Parlor in Raleigh Tavern, fT'illiamsburg. The woodwork is painted an attractive green, made from white lead and tinting pig ments. # hv the existing examples at 'Ampthill'. 'Wilton-on-the-James'. `Sarah's Creek' or 'Little England' on the York, and many other places in Virginia. "' Some,of the gorgeous paint effects at Williamsburg were secured by using the same methods employed by colonial painters. For example successive coats f . s. Lin c o l n of different colors have sometimes been OLONIAL Williamsburg. Virginia, as it has been applied, it being the transparency of the last coat C recently restored through the generosity of Mr. over another tint, which gives the effect desired John D. Rockefeller. Jr., is an inspirational project, bv the painter. and as the American people come to know it inti White lead is so commonly associated with ex mately, will doubtless prove a mecca for those who are interested in the historv of their country. cellence in exterior painting that its equally effec tive use in interiors is apt to be forgotten. A visit to Wil One <r iisite But the Williamsburg restoration also is one of the liamsburg will convince any one that white lead shows finest paint jobs in the United States today. Nearly all up painted interiors at their best. Those who are par the structures that were restored or reconstructed, have ticularly interested in the subject are advised to visit been painted inside and out with white lead. The inside the interiors of the painting used the loveliest imaginable colors, colors Capitol Building, which are accurate reproductions in composition and the Governor's Pal shade of the very paints used by Virginians of the ace, the W'ren Build Colonial period. Of course, one might expect that the ing. the Raleigh reconstruction of Williamsburg would rely upon white Tavern and the lead paint without consideration of its traditional use Ludwe 11 - Paradise in Colonial days, but any one who visits Williamsburg House. today can not help but depart with the impression that the colonists were indeed fortunate, even with their limited facilities, in having a paint at their disposal then which remains unexcelled today. A Lead-Covered Cupola at W/illiamsburg A surprising feature of the colonial use of white In addition to the lead more than 200 years ago. is the fact that so many use of lead in paint homes were painted with colorful interiors, grays, ing Williamsburg, browns, blues, greens, yellows, in soft harmonious the metal will also tones, as historical paint research at Williamsburg has be found in the form proved. In fact, so attractive are some of the paints of hard lead sheet as used that today there is a demand from architects and a flashing and cover others who visit Williamsburg and observe these beau ing on the cupola of tiful paints, to have them duplicated. the Governor's Pal As one commentator puts it. "The judgment and ace. The use of sheet taste of the Colonial painters are as apparent as the lead was traditional same qualities in the craftsmen builders. They achieved u ith colonial build- harmonv and contrast and used their colors meaningly with a full comprehension of fitness. The colors them selves had fine bodv and lasting quality, as evidenced Mrs. Susan Hijipnson Nash in Ar c h it ec t u r a l Re c o r d , Dec., 1933. General Court Room in the Car lo a reddish brown, with light brown ti"'1 " nun s' 4Mi [4 LIA 25 37 1 I r Wiiburg Exteriors and Interiors 'coratiXoduced With Pure White Lead The Blue Room in It'ren Buildins, K'illiam and Mary College, Williamsburg, is painted with tinted white lead. -- One o' iate cast lend : gardens of the 'j Palace 'H Co.x emburg. ers, and Sir Christopher Wren, the fa mous architect, used it on the building now named for him at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg. This installation of lead was found to be in such condition after 236 years that much of it could be used again in the restored Wren Building. I,LEAD. Sep tember, 1933.1 Although hard lead is a development of the twentieth century, its color is identical with soft lead, which was the metal used in colonial times, so the effect is the same. Hard lead is stro^ser thin soft lead, however, and may be safely used in thinner sheets. The dark gray cu pola is a conspicuous landmark in Williamsburg today. Lead in Williamsburg Gardens In the rear of the Governor's Palace at Colonial Williamsburg will be found a beautiful garden containing only plants believed to have been culti vated by the Colo nists. In this garden, a photograph of which appears on the cover, will be found eight lead flower pots on pedes tals. superbly deco rated and blending unostentatiously with the landscape. They doubtless show the influence of the well known British fondness for orna mental lead work, for lead was com monly used in Eng land for a variety of . F. S. LINCOLN \'oL 1 _ The paint is white lead tinted roun The molding at the ceiling is marbleized the lead. building purposes in Colonial times, just as it is todav. The F. 5. LINCOLN inventory of the estate of one of the royal Governors, Lord Botetourt, taken in 1770. showed that there were "12 leaden & 6 stone flower Potts" in the aarden of the Palace. Iron Clamps for Stonework Set in Lead An old use of lead noted in Williamsburg which is seldom found in modern construction, is in the setting of the stone steps of numerous buildings. The blocks of the steps were often held together by means of a wrought iron U-shaped strap inserted into recesses in the blocks where they touched, as shown in the diagram. Molten lead was then poured around the straps to hold them in place. The effect of the numerous joints on the stone steps is charming for it breaks the monotony of the unbroken stone surface. The firm of Perry Shaw & Hepburn. Boston archi tects. who had direct charge of the architectural devel opment of the restoration, have done a magnificent piece of work. Todd and Brown. Inc., were retained as engineers and contractors. The painting was done, in part by E. K. Perry Co., of Boston, and E. W. Minte of Washington. Williamsburg is located some fortv miles west of Norfolk, in a part of the United States rich in colonial. Revolutionary and Civil War traditions. It was the oenter of the economic, educational, religious, and social life of the Virginia Colony from 1699 to 1779. It is very easy to transport one's self todav. while walk ing down Main Street (The Duke of Gloucester Street l with its restored cobble stones, lamp posts, colonial frame and brick buildings, to the days when there were no radios, telephones or automobiles. In fact, one re ceives the impression that the people in those davs must have lived simplv but beautifully, and had compensa- r 51 LIA25372 b r If* 11'. i : Si:. <j * , . t J" f^ iv (J . Several years of architectural and archaeological re search were done by those who have built the Williamsburgh restoration, and one mav well spend several weeks studying intimately the various component parts of the project which had to be fitted together to give it the accurate colonial appearance it has todav. Prior to 1927, when the restoration was undertaken. Williamsburg was a mixture of old colonial homes and architecture of uncertain vintage, but of undeniable confusion. One of the first steps was to acquire the property needed in the colonial portion of the city. This was done gradually so that today more than 90 per cent of the property along Duke of Gloucester Street is in cluded in the Restoration. Four hundred fiftv-nine buildings were demolished, telegraph poles were re- i 'f I- f I h * *, F. S. LINCOLN Apollo Room, Raleigh Tavern. Colonial IPilliamsburg. The woodwork is a beautiful blue gray, obtained by the use of white lead. Prussian and ultramarine blue, ivory, drop black, fan Dyke brown and raw umber. tions in the peace of their existence to offset the livelier davs of the twentieth century. So completely has the job of restoration been done that the spell of colonial life is apparent to any one visiting Williamsburg. There is something for every one to see. whether it happens to he the beauty of the architecture, the quiet dignity of the gardens, the furnishings of the homes and taverns, nr the seneral colonial settina. Some of the stone steps at Colonial Williamsburg, show ing wrought iron clamps set in poured, lead and. below, a sketch showing how the clamps are installed. , K. S. LINCOLN A meat and sroccrv store on Duke of Gloucester Street. Colonial Ik illiamsbttre. Pure white lead paint teas tired tor most ot the exteriors in this remarkable restoration project for winch Perrx. Shaw and Hepburn of Boston were architects. moved and the various outward appurtenances of the eighteenth century, such as cobblestones, fences and lamp posts peculiar to the period reinstalled. Sixty seven colonial buildings have been extensively repaired and restored. Ninety-one have been reconstructed upon existing colonial foundations. The appeal of Colonial illiamsburg is that it is a livina citv today. Those who go there once will wish to return again and again, to this uncommercial and superb restoration of earlv American life. r6] L IA25373 Southern Pine Association Manual RecommendsWhite Lead AN' ATTRACTIN'E Architects' Specification Manual and repaint work, and recognition is given of master j \ for Residences has just been published by the painters in this connection. It is further brought out in Southern Pine Association. New Orleans, La. This the paint section of the manual that, if readv mixed manual contains a wealth of practical, authentic infor paints are to be employed, only those made bv reputable mation for the specification and use of Southern Pine manufacturers who place the formula of the paint on lumber. the can should be specified, and it is stated that this for Realizing the importance of seeing that consumers mula should contain a high white lead pigment content ,- are entirelv satisfied after they have built with Southern to insure greatest economy and satisfaction. Pine, a section has been devoted to proper exterior and In connection with interior painting, architects are interior painting practice. In this wav, it is hoped to warned to specify only highest grade materials, and avoid unsightlv and expensive paint failures which re mixing formulas for white lead paint for interiors are flect unfavorably on Lumber and which are preventable given. bv the use of good paint materials properly employed. The Southern Pine Association is to be commended In this section the Southern Pine Association has rec for its realization of the importance of good painting ognized the proved ability of white lead paint to give in insuring satisfaction with lumber products and lasting and beautiful results. Mixing formulas are given for its reliance on such time-tested materials as white for preparing exterior white lead paint for both new lead. Master Plumbers of Six More States Advocate Lead O FAR this vear. six more state master plumbers' S associations have gone on record, by resolution, as favoring more extensive use of lead in plumbing as a means of providing better plumbing for the public and eliminating handyman competition in the industry. These state associations are in Kansas. Minnesota, Mis souri. New York. North Dakota and Oklahoma. The resolutions adopted are similar to those passed in the last several years by associations in 14 states. Now totaling 20. the state master plumbers' associations w hich have so far passed resolutions favoring lead w ork are in the following states: Connecticut Massachusetts Ohio Illinois Michigan Oklahoma Indiana Minnesota Pennsylvania Iowa Missouri Vermont Kansas New Jersey West Virginia Kentuckv New \ ork \N isconsin Maine North Dakota recognize the know'n durability of lead work installed by skilled plumbers and encourage the use of lead as a step towards correcting the evils previouslv set forth. The wisdom of these resolutions has been definitelv proved in many communities where the plumbers have carried out the intent of the resolutions. Pluinbing ordinances and installations have been improved and the plumbing business has suffered less from unquali fied competition. These states represent more than 60 per cent of the population of the United States. While the wording of these 20 resolutions varies from state to state, the meaning is virtually the same in all. It is that inferior materials, methods and work manship work a hardship on the public by providing CECIL THOMSON STUDIOS Houston. Texas, is a fine example of the wisdom of using unsanitarv plumbing and plumbing that leads to unnecessarv expense for repairs on the part of the prop leadwork in modern plumbing. This cottage plumbing in Houston is tor a water-closet and basin. and a shower at the left. Some leadwork for another job. wiped up by erty owner, and likewise lower the standards prevail the journeyman on this job, is scattered in the back* ground. Scheltz and Bragdon, plumbing contractors, and t ing in the plumbing industry. The resolutions then Victor Verrett, journeyman. i [71 LIA25374 I Lead Ridges, Hips, Chimney Flashing on a Residence EAD ridges, hips and chimney flashing crown the L_ roof of the Marion Litchfield residence at Bedford Village. Y., designed by Godwin, Thompson and Patterson, New York architects. The treatment of the hips and ridges is interesting. The 4 lb. sheet lead was installed in 20 in. lengths, each section overlap ping the next by 4 in., and extending 7 in. on each side j of the ridge or hip. The lead was hammered before installation to give a rough appearance, and the fin ished ridges and hips are most harmonious with the slate roof. The cap flashing on the chimneys was car ried clear through the brick work, turned up the flue lining and then carried through the joint in the lining, thus making a complete cut-off for any moisture enter ing above the flashing. Several methods are practical in installing hips and The Marion Litchfield residence at Bedford Village, .V. Y. has lead ridges, hips and chimney Hashing. God win, Thompson and Patterson, Setv York, architects. ridges of this type. If in such short lengths as used ous with all other construction materials, beautiful in itself, and which will not cause staining of other adja i! I cent materials. Lead is more resistant to atmospheric attack than any other architectural sheet metal and is much thicker, offering proportionately longer life. Its softness permits it to be fitted to irregular surfaces or to be hammered easily as in this installation. Julius Watsky of .Mount Yernon, N. Y., was the t roofing and sheet metal contractor on this job. Another view oj the Litchfield residence, also showing the lead ridges. hips and chimney flashing, which were installed by Julius Watsky of Mount Vernon, /V. Y. here, each section may be nailed in place at one end where the nail heads will be covered by the overlap ping portion of the next length. Larger lengths should be held by cleating instead of nailing. The other end of each section may be held down by cutting diagonal slits in the sides of each piece and hooking them to gether. Thus the upper sheet is held dowm against wind but can still expand and contract freely. An other method is to slip large-headed copper nails in the space between slates, head down, piercing the edge of the lead with the point. A lead washer is then placed over the nail and the end of the nail bent down on top of washer and lead ridging. This also permits expansion and contraction because the nail can move in the space between slates. Godwin. Thompson and Patterson have used lead on a number of jobs. It provides a material harmoni- Two additional methods ut installing lead ridges and hips and holding edges down. rnt LIA25375 PRINTED BY PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO. NEW YORK, U.S.A.