Document Ra5GOK1LQQNKDDEMxNkk2vVnv

!> LEAD > Le a d Gl a s s Tu b in g f o r El e c t r ic al Pu r p o s es Be in g Co n t in u o u s Me l t in g Ta n k s COURTESY CORNING CtASS WORKS Ex t r u d e d f r o m Published by the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION Graybar Building < 420 Lexington Avenue New York VOLUME I NUMBER 3 New Riverside Church Unusual in Many Respects HE new Riverside Church, played an unostentatious but im Ttowering above Riverside Drive in New York, is a re markable architectural achievement portant part. The many imposing stained glass windows, of course, rely upon liberal use of lead cames for it combines modern efficiency for much of their effectiveness. and liberality with the beauty and Through the ages it has been by grandeur of medieval cathedral the use of this combination of lead architecture. Its tower is a mag and glass that the finest examples nificent Gothic structure, 392 feet of the glazier's art have been ac high, at the top housing the fa complished. An idea of the liberal mous Laura Spellman Rockefeller window treatment can be had from Carillon of sixty bells, but within the subjects of the aisle windows, this skyscraper tower are elevators which include Christ and Human serving twenty-one floors of offices, ity, Reformers, the International school rooms, meeting rooms, li Character of Religion, Music, esren brary and reading rooms, kitchens, including the radio and phono and play rooms. In the basements are gymnasiums, bowling alleys, and a huge assembly hall. Thus in addition to serving its prime reli WURTS BROS. Ne w Riv e r s id e Ch u r c h , Ne w Yo r k Henry C. Pelton and Allen & Collens, Associated Architects graph, Children, Scholars. Mate rial Creation, Agriculture, and State and Government. The chapel windows were done by Nichola gious purpose, this church is actually a community D'Ascenzo of Philadelphia, the aisle windows by center serving many needs of the community outside Reynolds, Francis and Rohnstock of Boston, the of the religious sphere. clearstory windows by Charles Lorin and Jacques The same broad attitude that has recognized and Simon of France, the apse windows by Wilbur H. established all these varied functions of the church Burnham of Boston, and the ambulatory and trifo- has dictated its decorative treatment. Though appar rium gallery windows by Wright Goodhue of Boston. ently following classic treatment with stone statuary, The beautiful organ grilles are made of iron, effec wood carving and stained glass windows, close study tively decorated with cast lead for the more delicate of the ornamentation reveals that not only have the ornamentation. These grilles were the work of Renner leaders of Christianity been commemorated here, but and Maras, of Long Island City, N. Y. In addition, the great figures of science, medicine, philosophy, the finest materials went into the painting and deco music and government, as well as the leaders of ration of the church. Emil Angelon of New York other religions. used about 10,000 In the decorative pounds of white scheme the soft lead for this pur beautv of lead has pose. Many leaded windows add to the majestic beauty of this modern church FRANK EHRENFORD These grilles are partially ornamented with lead f2] FRANK EHRENFORD FRANK EHRENFORD One of the numerous leaded windows of the Riverside Church LIA25121 Lead Service Pipe Perfect After Forty-Seven Years HE old Whittier School in Denver was built in T1883. according to a stone marker on the building which bore the date. It is now being torn down to make wav for a new school building. Mr. jack Tay lor, an excavator working on this site, recently tore out the original service pipe which had served the building lor 47 years, and remarked on its wonderful state of preservation. This pipe was lead pipe, and after nearly half a century of service it was found to be as soft and flexible as new' and in perfect condi tion. Had it been called upon to do so. it would probably have continued to serve the building indef initely. This attractive cottage on the L. M. Richmond property at Glen Head, Long Island, .V. Y., is completely painted with white lead and oil, tinted Roger H. Bullard, New York, Architect Peterson <& Peterson. Gien Cove, L. I.. Painting Contractor The old Whittier School, Denver Lead-Backed Rugs Provide Double Protection Lead Silences Gear Noise HE problem of noisy, vibrating gears may often Tbe quite serious, for excessive vibration causes rapid depreciation of equipment and wear of gear teeth. To meet this situation, Mr. V. T. Root, master mechanic of the Hayden Plant of the Nevada Con solidated Copper Company, has covered with lead, a vibration-absorbing material, the spokes and rims of the large 5-ft. herring-bone gears which drive the ball mills. These have been in operation for several months with excellent results. The accompanying sketch shows the manner of applying the lead. One-eighth inch thick sheet lead is pressed into place and held there by means of wood blocks and in. bolts. This method of mini mizing vibration is comparatively inexpensive and should more than justify its cost by increasing the N the outer offices of most business and professional I men, in apartment house foyers and halls, in hotels and elsewhere many small scatter-rugs are frequently used. There is not only danger of these rugs slipping, but it is also easy in many cases for anyone to pick up one or two of the small rugs and walk olf with them. Sheet lead, strangely enough, is now being used to guard against these evils. The rugs are fastened by wire or heavy cord to sheets of six- or eight-pound lead cuFto the size of the rugs and completely backing them. This prevents the slipping of the rug, while the weight of the lead makes it extremely difficult to conceal a rug under a coat. In addition, the lead keeps the edges of the rugs from curling up and prevents tripping. COURTESY ENGINEERING k MINING JOURNAL The manner in which sheet lead is applied to large gears to reduce vibration [31 LIA25122 Lead Pads Dampen Machinery Vibration In Modern Newspaper Plant IBRATION is an insid Viously harmful enemy of all structures, static or moving, and modern engineer lutely essential to take every precaution against vibration being transmitted from the huge battery of presses on the ing attempts to guard against second floor of the building to it in every possible way. The other floors. Through previous first issue of Lead described experience with lead-asbestos how a combination lead-asbes mats. Lockwood Greene Engi tos mat was used in the mod neers, Inc., engineers for the ern skyscraper to protect it building, had become impress from the transmission of vi ed with the advantages of us bration to the structure from ing this type of protection passing railroad cars and re against vibration and, accord lated traffic near or under the ingly, selected them for use in building. the Daily Sews plant. That Another application of this their judgment has been fully device is its use under moving vindicated, anyone may learn machinery, particularly print for himself by visiting floors ing presses. A few of the latest printing establishments in the Sew office building and plant of the New York Daily News, East 42nd Street near the press room during their operation. United States and Canada have The mats used in the Daily installed lead-asbestos anti-vibration mats as a solu Sews installation are similar to those described in tion of their vibration problem, with great success. the November, 1930, issue of Lead and comprise This is exemplified by the practice of the New York two layers of %-in. sheet lead enclosing two layers Daily Sews in the construction of its imposing new of f4-in. asbestos fire-felt separated by a piece of building on East 42nd Street. Only part of this 20-gage steel. The lead is turned over at the edges building is used by the editorial, business and me and burned to form a homogeneous enclosure. The chanical departments of the newspaper; the remain preparation of these mats differs in one important der is rented as office space. Therefore, it was abso particular from the larger lead-asbestos mats used Installation of presses and reels, showing vibration insulation f41 LIA25123 under building columns in the Grand Central zone of New York City, in that the printing-press mats are subjected to a preliminary hydraulic pressure of 100 lb. per sq. in. before being installed, for the pur pose of removing any play. Moreover, they are pro vided with bolt holes to permit fastening of the col umns through the mats. An accompanying sketch shows how the mat has been placed beneath the printing-press support on a reinforced concrete slab which is 26 in. thick. As the entire base of the press column is imbedded in concrete, the mat is not visible. It will doubtless occur to the reader that other vibration-insulating materials might be substituted for lead, especially cork and rubber compositions. Although most organic materials have a greater vibration-dampening property than lead, they pos sess the disadvantage of being susceptible to dete rioration from contact with oil and greases always found near moving machinery. Furthermore, they may harden with age. and last, but not least, they cannot stand the high unit load which lead is capable of carrying. Hence a more elaborate and costly foundation is needed if weaker organic substances are used, so that the load will be distributed to within the capacity of the material comprising the mat. In addition to the lead-asbestos mats, lead-covered 3-in. pine planks are used beneath the bed plates of the presses as a further anti-vibration measure. The composing-room of the Daily News plant employs sheet lead underneath the linotype machines, so that not only is lead used in the machine for type Press room in the New York Daily News plant setting but also underneath for an entirely different purpose--vibration dampening. In the Daily News plant, in order to take care of its huge circulation--1,300,000 daily--there are 36 units of Goss straightline presses installed at a cost of $800,000, and the press room is large enough to receive 40 more such units to take care of future expansion. In the composing-room are 30 linotype machines, with ample room provided for 12 more. Lockwood Greene Engineers, Inc., were pioneers in the development of the lead-asbestos mats in its adaption to printing plants. Hood and Howell were the architects of the Daily News Building, and J. F. Abernethy and Company of Brooklyn fashioned all the mats used. Mr. E. J. Duffy is mechanical super intendent of the Daily News plant; his help, and that of others mentioned above, in the preparation of this article is gratefully acknowledged. Detail of lead-asbestos pads under press columns U. S. Government Revises Mixed Paint Specifications HE United States Government has recently re Tvised its master specification for white paint and tinted paints made on a white base, semi-paste and ready mixed. This specification, which formerly re quired a minimum of 43 per cent of white lead, has raised this minimum to 60 per cent. The maximum of pigments containing no lead or zinc has been lowered from 15 to 10 per cent. The balance is zinc oxide. It will be seen from this that the minimum requirements are 60 per cent white lead, 30 per cent zinc oxide and 10 per cent of other materials, and under the new specifications a 100 per cent white lead paint is allowed. LIA25124 Lead Tubes Aid Sales of Adaptable Products Extrusion presses turning out lead collapsible tubes in the plant of the Bond Manufacturing Corp., Wilmington, Del. ACKAGING is one of the most important fea Ptures of modern merchandising, and the use of lead collapsible tubes as containers has enabled many manufacturers to reach an entirely new clientele. New markets have often developed by their use side by side with the former sale of the product in cans or jars, though many products are packaged exclusively in lead tubes. Recently there has been great expansion in the use of lead tubes in the marketing of shoe polish, colors in oil for the paint trade and refills for fire extin Collapsible tubes offer a number of advantages, among which are immunity to breakage, savings in freight and space, keeping the product air-tight, ease of filling and closing the tube by the manufacturer of the product, and the ease with which the tube can be carried around by the user without danger of breakage. They also protect those products upon which light has a deteriorating effect. Lead collapsible tubes are usually made of about 98 per cent lead and 2 per cent antimony to stiffen and strengthen the walls. They are manufactured by casting lead in slabs and rolling the slabs into sheets. Blanks are punched out of these sheets, and the tubes are extruded from the blanks in presses. Recent patents com bine all this into one operation, the pig lead being melt ed at the press, slugs or blanks formed and tubes extruded in a con tinuous operation. The U. S. Rubber Co. has found these lead tubes very handy for packaging patching cement Lead tubes are made in a wide variety of sizes from 2 to 10 in. in length and Ls to 2 in. in diameter. Good quality tubes retain their neat appearance and brightness almost indefinitely. Great advance has been made in the lithographing of lead tubes. New processes have eliminated the cracking of the coating ink or discoloration of light colors. It has also been found possible to increase the gloss of coatings used on lead tubes. Extrusion press, showing the punch and die, and (right) Dip-It, Inc., finds lead tubes well adapted to packaging twenty-one different colored dyes guishers. Among other products sold in lead tubes are automobile radiator and gasket cement, tire cut fillers and roof cement for automobiles, dyes, clean ing preparations, paste, glue and mechanics' hand soap. Such a product as shoe polish is ideally pack aged in collapsible tubes, as the polish does not dry out and harden as it does in cans, and even if the cap is left off only the small portion in the neck hardens and is easily squeezed out. EWINC CALLOWAY Hamilton County Court House. Cincinnati, whose inte rior was completely painted with pure white lead and oil [61 LIA2 5125 Lead Safety Treads Economical for Street Cars "OR many years the Maintenance Department of the Public Service Coordinated Transport of New _ ersey has equipped the steps of its street cars with treads made of lead. These treads are cast in ribbed form and are set in a recess in the wood along the outer edge of the step. They serve the double purpose of protecting the edge of the step from damage and of preventing passengers from slipping in clear or rainy weather when boarding or leaving the car. The treads are about 2 in. wide, 18 in. long and '/a in. thick. Lead was chosen for this purpose be cause it offers more friction than other metals when stepped upon. The treads are screwed in place and can be renewed when worn down. The old treads are melted down and recast to be used again, thus afford ing a minimum of waste. Lead is often used because of its anti-slip charac teristics. .Many types of safety treads other than the simple and economical ones mentioned here employ lead in combination with some hard material to in crease wear. The glass in sidewalk lights is often sur rounded by a ring of lead to prevent slipping, and elsewhere in this issue lead-backed rugs are described. ,t Public Service street car equipped with lead safety treads and (above) a detail of the treads Wider Use of Neon Lights Requires More Lead-Glass HE rapid growth in the use of neon signs has Tcreated an additional demand for lead by glass manufacturers. So great has been this expansion that the Corning Glass Works last summer erected and opened a new plant in Corning, N. Y., devoted en tirely to the manufacture of glass tubing for elec trical purposes. The glass used in neon signs, and COURTESY CLAUDE NEOX LIGHTS, INC. Neon lights are widely used, not only for display, but for airway beacons, illumination, and other purposes also in radio tubes and lamp bulb stems, known as lead or electrical tubing, is a medium lead content glass containing 22 per cent of lead in the form of litharge (lead oxide). This tubing is extruded from a continuous melt ing tank, as shown in the cover illustration, in lengths up to 200 ft. It is drawn from the mandrel on rollers and is automatically cut into short lengths. This lead-glass is extremely tough and capable of standing wide temperature ranges without injury. A recent demonstration showed the practicability of achieving daylight illumination by the use of neon tubes on ordinary 120-volt circuits, which forecasts still wider future development of these lights. These low-voltage tubes give many times more light than their high-voltage brothers and are open ing the field of home and industrial lighting to the neon tube. For display purposes, neon lights are not only used for commercial signs but often for decora tive effects and defining the architectural features of buildings. In the aviation industry they are used as beacons, to outline flying fields, to illuminate wind indicators and as obstruction markers. The visibility of this light has shown itself to be remarkable. m LIA25126 British Tests Demonstrate Lead's Superior Durability HIS table is reproduced from a paper of the In Tstitute of Metals, London, by J. Newton Friend, head of the Department of Chemistry, The Technical College. Birmingham. England, entitled, "The Rela tive Corrodibilities of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys." It summarizes the results of his studv. The specimens used were cylindrical bars 2 ft. long and 1 fs in. in diameter. They were exposed to the city air of Birmingham, an industrial center, for seven years on the roof of the Birmingham Technical College. Similar tests were also carried on at Westonsuper-Mare, where the samples were exposed to sea water. The relative percentage losses shown in the last two columns of figures reveal that antimonial lead and soft lead stand first and third respectively in the atmospheric corrosion tests and fourth and fifth in the sea-water tests, being only exceeded by tin and nickel, much more expensive metals. Su mma r y o f Re s u l t s o f Ex a min a t io n o f t h e Ba r s Ex p o s e d t o Cit y Air a t Bir min g h a m f o r Se v e n Ye ar s , 1922-1929 \'l>. Metal 20 Copper, "arsenic tree" 1 ordinarv . 21 " arsenical 10 " 7 3 N ickel-copper 4 Nergandin brass . 5 Naval brass 6 Muntz metal Screw metal 8 Aluminum Composition* Per cent. As 0.01 As 0 10 As 0.25 As 0.43 As 0.45 X i 1.75 Pb 1.37 Si 0.25 Fe 0.32 Surface Condition Prior to Exposure Polished " " " " " Original Weight Grm. 3526.4 3536.9 3535.6 3481.2 3502.9 3508.9 3373.5 3305.5 3314.1 3311.2 1057.7 9 Lead, soft 10 " antimonial . ii Nickel Pb 99.96 Sb 1.6 " 4394.3 4375.7 3552.5 12 Tin, English common Sn 99.2 As cast 2793.3 ingot 13 " high-grade, pure Sn 99.75 '* 2855.5 y. Zinc .... Zn 98.82 Polished 2819.4 15 Wrought iron (mean of As rolled, c. 3000 11-12 bars) with scale 16 Mild steel (.mean of As rolled, t. 3000 7 bars) with scale 18 Stainless steel (mean Cr 12-13 Polished c. 3000 of 3 bars) Loss in Weight Grm. S1 6.5 59 "7 6.3 6.6 Loss as per Cent of Original \\ eight 0.230 0.184 0.167 0.221 0.180 0.188 Relative Per- centage Lossest Relative per Cent. Losses in Sea Tests at Westont Remarks 58 47 73 1 Green stain under black 42 coat; tenaciously adherent. 56 46 68 ! Metal surface in excellent 48 61 j condition 13.3 0.394 100 100 Closely adherent red stain 11.4 0.345 88 112 1 underneath black layer. 12.4 0.374 95 a / j Metal surface in excellent 11.7 0.353 90 29 J condition 1.2 0.113 29 89 White deposit under black coating; tenaciously ad herent 3.8 0.5 16.8 2.8 2.0 15.2 201.2 0.086 0.011 0.473 0.100 0.070 0.539 6.71 22 3 120 25 18 137 1703 13 10 9 1 9 94 100 Perfect " Greenish underneath black layer. Incipient pitting 1 Closely adherent; white def posit under black coating Small pinhole pitting Surfaces roughened slightly pitted and 308.5 10.28 2609 112 3.0 0.10 25 49 Excellent condition *For full analyses, see J. Inst, Metals, 1928, 39, 115, Table I. tTaking nergandin brass as standard since it lost the same percentage amount in weight as the wrought irons taken as standard in the sea-action tests at Weston. ^Calculated from data in Table III., J. Inst. Metals, 1928, 39, 122. ASSOCIATION EMBLEM HAS HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE N the minds of the ancients, the metals were intimately I associated with the sun, moon and planets. Reasons for these associations are obscure and authorities differ on the subject, but it is nevertheless certain that gold was asso ciated with the sun, silver with the moon, tin with Jupiter, iron with Mars, copper with Venus, quicksilver with Mer cury. and lead with Saturn. The alchemists, predecessors of modern chemists, used the planetary symbols to represent the metals. Thus the symbol for Saturn, 7j, also meant lead. Why lead was associated with Saturn is not known. The alchemists thought it was because it was the oldest of the metals and Saturn the father of the gods; others because Saturn is the most distant and slow moving of the planets, the impression given by lead's cold, dull gray color. Other reasons are also advanced, but whatever the reason, it is well established that Saturn symbolically represented lead. Hence the selection of Saturn, the planet with the belt around it. as the background for the emblem of the Lead Industries Association. Crossed in front of it are the pick of the miner and ladle of the refiner and fabricator, repre senting the all-inclusive membership of the Association. On the belt is the slogan, "Rely on Lead," deemed appropriate owing to the centuries of reliable service rendered by lead in its various forms. The Lead Industries Association invites inquiries on any subject relating Tl fto lead and will be glad to cooperate in the solution of your lead problems. JJ LIA25127