Document Ra55QQYRnxO4oNr3dnMr31d1X

.^ ' IV feature *"S)!P(s^aS!oSi5u; &^d! prsQ3^@Ji& m ; $ ': Intensified research is needed to minimize their dangers I Carl G. Gustafson, Federal Water Quality Administration, Athens, Go. 1 during ihc past three years, a i i numbered position! of the biphenyl Aroclor. pea's are also manufactured special class of coin pounds, called structure. in Europe and Japan, under trade polychlorinated biphenyls (pea's), has names such as Phenochlor and Qo- claimed the attention of ecologies and i pesticide analysts in this country. These compounds were not discovered phen. The various Arodors are dif ferentiated by a four-digit number, with the last two digits indicating the t in the environment until 1966 in Swe Ipercentage of chlorine in the mixture. den and 1967 in the U.S., despite the fact that they have been available com Properties mercially for 40 yean, interest in pcb's . The three most important physical has arisen because they are frequently In the process of replacing hydrogen properties of the pci's are low vapor found in fish, bird, water, sediment, atoms with chlorine qgpms, a large pressures (they have high boiling and other environment;'I samples when number of substitution^ combinations . omts), low water solubility, and high such samples are exam.r.cd for chlori arise. For example, three monochloro- dielectric constants They are mis nated pesticide residue That a wide biphenyl isomers are possible, 12 di- cible with most organic solvents and variety of samples containing pcb's haa chlorobiphenyl isomen 21 trichloro- compatible with many types of . poly been collected from England, Scandi biphenyl isomers, and so on. Theoreti mers. Although tome individual an- navia, The Netherlands, Antarctica, cally, 210 compounds can be prepared chlorobiphenyl compounds mp dry* * Central America, and many different by this substitution process; a typical talline, the Aroclor mixtures are either parts of the U.S. makes them truly example would be 2,4,6,2'4'-pcnta- iquids or resins, t i ubiquitous pollutants. chlorobiphenyl. The chcmlpaf properties that make i Polychlorobiphenyls arc made by Whenever aromatic hydrocarbons pcb's desirable -industrial materials are substituting chlorine atoms for one or such as biphenyls are chlorinated, the their excellent thermal stability, their mote of the hydrogen atoms at the product is a mixture of compounds, in strong resistance to both acidic and i cluding isomers. It is quite difficult basic hydrolysis, and their general in- I to synthesize single, tpecific chloro- ertneas. They arc quite resistant to I The Monsanto Co. stated recently in a biphenyl compounds in the laboratory unless involved procedures are em oxidation. Monsanto reports, ia a technical bulletin on pcb's, that they can j1 i letter to Congressman William F. Ryan of New York that as of August ployed. Consequently tdw of the indi vidual compounds hath been prepared be heated to 140 C under 260 p.s.i. of oxygen pleasure "without showing any f ` 30, it would no longer sell pcb's to in the pure form for study. evidence of oxidation as judged by de- ; customers for use in g. neral plasticizer Ia the commercial process for res velopment of ac.c.-y or for '-t on of operations where disposi I of the end- manufacture, biphenyl ja chlorinated sludge." ; products conn." Sc cont idled. ifter wiG anhydrous chlorhM in tall cy The physiological properties of the J. some lag period--the tone it Hikes to lindrical tower- with either iron tilings pcb's make then; :/>otcniially significant eventually dispose of the `rodun.s or ferric chioru.c as the c-.alyst I he contaminant; of nv environ For made from PCB'S and cu-reeuy in by-product ia hydrogen chloride the any poliuUnt, iw factors are involved:; processor's inventories-- u < quantity product ia a mixture of several pcu's. acute toxicity, whici. is imuic . atoly of pen'r qetiinp into the env ron nent The degree of chlorination deter evident because of ;i high death . or may he substantially red.iced. // mined by measuring the speciiic gravity other maiming eiicci ,.nd ch \ . u v- 5 Monsanto's former customers li nk for of the mixture or, whan the product icity, which is the of j \ ji pcb substitutes, rather han pun nosing ia ouqra viscous, :he baft-and-ring soft cumulation of the wm-oa in the ood> go PCn'r from ir.mufactm \ in Ja an ening-point test ia used. The w >lc pro and is a euhleth.. eifect Who'evc Q anti Europe, the projet ted Jecn lie cess takes from 12 to 36 hours. acute toxicity is ... pollutant w.' could beeom. a reality In the US., the sole manufacturer bo readily reeogm. cd and pre < ari G. Giistgfsoo1 <?f Kin's ia the Moruunto Co., which markets them under tip utulc name remedial actions Wi.l bo introduced. If, on the other hand, acute towny u low, ,v SIS Gvjronm'i.ul .Sch'iKi; St Todwiltio i l * STLCOPCB4078921 ihc physiological clTcci.s will go un noticed until the chronic effects make themselves evident. When this happens, the problem may have advanced be yond immediate or easy correction. Acute toxicity All studies of pen's in animals indi cate that acute toxicity is not a signifi cant factor. Their acute toxicitics are on the order of those of other chlori nated aromatic compounds. Monsanto has sponsored two investigations of the acute toxicitics of Arodor mix tures. In the first, at the Kettering Laboratory at the University of Cin cinnati, Dr. J. F. Treon and his co workers investigated the toxicity of Aroclor vapors for guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, and rats. All animals survived a 24-day exposure to 0.S3 p.p.ra. of Aroclor 1242 for 7 hours per day on 17 of those days. Even after more pro longed tests, there were no severe ef fects from Aroclor 1242. In the second investigation, still in process, three groups of beagles arc fed Aroclor 1242, 1254, and 1260, respectively, at a rate of 100 p.p.m. in their diets. After three months no significant abnormalities have been noted. Similar studies on fish have been per formed in several laboratories. Dr. Richard Schoettger of the Sport Fish eries and Wildlife Fish-Pesticide Re search Laboratory in Columbia, Mo., reports that 96 hour-TLr,n toxicities of the Aroclors to trout range from 1.17 to 60 p.p.m. Compared to ddt, whose 96 hour-TL:,,, toxicity is 0.002 to 0.009 p.p.m. for trout, the pcb's have a rela tively low acute toxicity. With the more sensitive blucgill, the 96 hour-TL50 for Aroclor 1248 is 0.278 p.p.m., while that of ddt is 0.008 p.p.m. Aroclor tox icities appear to be inversely propor tional to the chlorine content of the _ mixture. Shellfish, oysters, and shrimp are more sensitive to pcb's. Dr. Tom Duke, at the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Pesticide Field Station, re ports 100'- mortality of juvenile pink shrimp exposed to 0.10 p.p.m. of Aro clor 1254 m water for 48 hours. This concent ration ot Aroclor 1254 will cause a 1(10% decrease in shell growth of oysters after 9ft hours. To achieve the same cllccu with ddt in these ex periments, only 0.0006 p.p.m. and 0.01 p.p.m., respectively, were required. There is very little evidence that pch's are loxic to insects. Studies to dale show that they are less toxic than dicldrin or ddt. As with fish, their tox icity appears to be inversely propor tional to the chlorine content of the mixture. Based on the above data, it is un derstandable why the polychlorobiphcnyls, commercially available for 40 years, have only recently attracted attention a* toxic environmental con taminants. I. Chronic toxicity The chronic toxicities of pcb's pre sent a more disturbing situation; several chronic effects have been observed. It wrs discovered, quite by accident, that pcb's have a toxic effect on chickens. Professor E. L. McCune and his co workers at the University of Missouri found their chickens dy<ng after they were placed in a feeding house, parts of which had been freshly painted with an epoxy paint. Careful investigation revealed that the toxic factor was Aro clor 1242, a binder in the paint. When Aroclor 1242 was fed to the chicks it produced the same characteristic effects as chick edema factor. McCune re ported: "Cross pathology included hy dropericardium, hydroperitonium, en larged heart, liver, and kidneys, and hemorrhage of internal organs. Mi - croscopicully the kidneys showed marked tubular dilation and numerous casts." Another chronic effect of pcb's is related in wildfowl. The accumulation of high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in birds resulted in dis ruption of normal breeding behavior and in the formation of thin-shelled eggs. A dramatic example of this effect has been observed in the case of the brown pelican. On the Anacapa Islands off the California coast, no young were hatched last year from 300 pairs of nesting birds. The shells of most eggs laid were so thin that a dent occurred when the egg was picked up. There are two possible causes for the laying of thin-shelled eggs by wild fowl. One is a low calcium reserve in the bird; the other is the inability of the bird to deliver the needed calcium to its oviduct, where the eggshell is forming. The calcium level in the avian biosystem and the calcium reserve in the secondary bone structure or medul lary bone, found only in female birds when they are breeding, are controlled by the hormone estrogen. A high es trogen level is associated with the for mation of this calcium reserve. Chlo rinated hydrocarbons, such as ddt. DSW 332346 I 1 l II I l STLCOPCB4078922 cllli'lil.lltO. ill. .Illil I'l ll'.s. activate i'11/ym.N ill I lie liver wIih.Ii transform l*st I O: V H mill .1 IIHHV Willi l-sullllllo compound mat is rcnvlily eliminated from ilie bird's IkkI\. This means that wlu-n estrogen level* are low, calcium reserves will also he low, and there fore very little culcmm will he avail able for strong eg :shcll production. Dieldriu and pch's .ire more effective than pdt in this type of enzyme-induc tion activity. Aroclor 1262 has an es tradiol degrading potential four to five limes that of p,p'-f>de or technical grade dot. The ability of the female bird to deliver calcium to her oviduct during the last 20 hours, when the eggshell is being formed, is related to the func tioning of the enzyme carbonic an- hydrase. When birds that have ex hibited the ability to lay normal cg;*s are injected with a metabolite of ddt (dde) just prior to the formation of I the eggshell, they will lay thin-shcllcd I eggs. This indicates that ddt also in I hibits the activity of carbonic anhy- drase, the enzyme that controls the flow of calcium from ;he blood stream of the bird into its oviuuct. Since dieldrin seems to have no effect on carbonic anliydrase, wc may assume that neither do the pen's. How ever, these compounds delay breeding time significantly. Many ornithologists feel that late breeding has a stronger influence on the reduction of bird populations than does the laying of thin-shelled eggs. If this is true, pcb's arc a more potent threat than ddt to our declining bird populations, es pecially for predatory birds that ac cumulate fairly high levels of pcb's be cause they eat smaller animals that al ready have concentrated pcb's in their same level, will reduce dieldrin stor point of bringing about malfunctions I own tissues. age in adipose tissue by 90 to 95%; in in the system. For example. Street be Other investigators have produced crease aniline oxidation by 200 to lieves that the pcb's bring about steroid evidence to show that pcb's are simi 300%; and increase epn detoxication degradation, which can lead to altered lar to ddt in their activity. Dr. Toseph by 430 to 470%. In addition, the pcb's endocrine relationships. Street at Utah State University has cause activation of organothiophos- The chronic toxicity to man is as shown that when pcb's accumulate in phatc compounds, which adversely af follows; the liver, they induce microsomal en zyme activity by bringing about mpre rapid metabolism of drugs, insecticides, and other foreign compounds. He fed fect the system. This latter effect coun terbalances the detoxification of dicldrin. Normally, when a substrate activates Like the chlorinated naphthalenes, the chlorinated diphenyls have two distinct actions on the body, namely, a skin elTcct anu a toxic rats a diet containing V, p.p.m. of an enzyme, it is converted to a water- action on the liver. The lesion i I Aroclo. 1254 or Aroclor 1260. After 10 day. on this diet, the test animals soluble form that will be eliminated from the system; however, this is not produced in the liver is an acute yellow atrophy. This hepato-toxic action of the chlorinated di were administered hcxobarbitol at a the cake with pcb's. Because they re phenyls appears to bo increased dose of iOO p.p.m. to induce sleep. main in the system for prolonged pe if there is exposure to carbon In comparison with a control group, the sleeping time for these rats was reduced by 65 to 80%. Street also found that Aroclor, when fed at the riods of time, (heir enzyme induction activity is always present. In this way the normal concentration >if important body chomical.s may be lowered to the tetrachloride at the same time. The higher the chlorine content of the diphenyl compound, the more toxic it is liable to be. Oxides of chlorinated diphenyls are more K16 EmironmcniiiJ Science Mt TccJwtoiocy DSW 332347 STLCOPCB4078923 toxic than the unoxidi/cd ma terial . The >iin lesion is known as cltloi.iciie. and consists oi small pimples and dark pigmentation of the exposed areas, initially. Later, comedones and pustules develop. In persons who have suffered systemic intoxication, the usual signs and symptoms arc nausea, vomiting, loss of weight, jaundice, edema, and abdominal pain. Where the liver damage has been severe, the patient may pass into coma and die. Sax. N. Irving, "Dangerous Prop erties of Industrial Materials," 3rd ed.. Van Sostrand-Reinhold, New York. 196S. The ubiquitv of pcb's is related to the wide spectrum of applications that have been found for them. The largest single use of pcb's is related to their electrical properties--as coolant-insu lation fluids in transformers. For this purpose the Aroclors are also sold under such trade names as Chlorcxtoi (Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.), Dykanol (Federal Pacific Electric Co.), Incrtecn (Westinghouse Electric Co.), Noflamol (Wagner Electric Co.), Pyranol (General Electric Co.), and Thcrminol (Monsanto Co ). Other uses ot t'cu's include formula tion into balla-ts for fluorescent fix tures; impregnation of cotton and as bestos for braided insulation of elec trical wiring: a plasticizer in wire and cable coatings; capacitors and askareltype transformers; and plasticizers of vinyl ch'oride polymer films. Because of their thermal stability and fire re sistance, the pcb's also find application in high-pressure hydraulic fluids, spe cialized lubricants and gasket sealers, heat transfer agents, and machine tool cutting oils. Miscellaneous uses in clude: fqrmulation int^ some epoxy paints; protective coatings for wood, metal, and concrete; adhesives; and in carbonless reproducing paper. One of the primary manufacturers of carbon less reproducing paper also sells Aro clors in an encapsulated form. Generally the kinds of applications described above mean that the pcb's will be in many types of products that eventually find their way to the domes tic market. When used in manufacture of ballasts for fluorescent fixtures they will be found in kitchens, bathrooms, stores, anil offices throughout the coun try. Wherever office forms arc used that do not use carbon paper, one may find pcb's formulated into the micro capsules of dye that comprise the re Gas chromatogram A is of a standard pesticide mixture, B is typical of Aroclor 1254, and A + B is the chromatogram of a 50 : 50 mixture of both. The concentration of Aroclor 1254 is approximately 10 times those of the pesticides in A, hence it is un derstandable why PCB's were not readily recognized in pesticide chromatograms. Gas chromatograph (Packard 7620) conditions: gas flow 80 ml./min. nitrogen; tem peratures--oven, 210* C., inlet. 230* C.. detector, 218* C.; Ni" electron capture detector; 5' x Vi" glass column packed with 8% SE-30 on Chromosorb Q 80-90 mesh.. , producing layer of the business form, pen's have also been found on the transparent receipts used in credit carj charge forms. As plasticizers they can be expected to appear in many con sumer plastics. Since the chronic toxicities arc so significant, it becomes important to know just how extensively the pcb's are distributed in the ecosystem, and just how they find their way into the environment. Rainwater in En gland, brown seals otf the coast of Scotland, white-tailed eagles in Swe den, cod in the Baltic Sea. mussels in The Netherlands, adelic penguin eggs in the Antarctica, brown pelican eggs in Panama, Arctic terns. Shrimp in Florida, river water in Japan, waters in the Great Lakes, human hair, and human adipose tissue--samples of all these have been found to contain pcb's. Vnlnnwi J hJiuukip > IU7ft fill DSW 332348 \ I f \ * I j STLCOPCB4078924 tiuis making them a class ot widely dispersed pollutants. Readily absorbed The properties of pen's that make them industrially useful arc the same properties that cause them to persist in the environment. These in- cluJe thermal stability, resistance to oxidation and hydrolysis, solubility in a wide range of organic solvents, water insolubility, high dielectric constant, and compatibility with many types of macromolcculcs. Their resistance to oxidation and hydrolysis also makes pea's more stable and persistent than dot. Consequently, they couk, even tually accumulate to a higher concen tration than ddt, especially if the use of odt is sharply curtailed in the U.S. The solubility of pcb's in nonpolar solvents explains why they are readily absorbed into fatty tissue and into the- liver. Their resistance to oxidation or other types of chemical degradation explains their persistence in the en vironment and accumulation in anima' tissue. The latter cITect is enhanced both by their insolubility in water and solubility in organic solvents. Their chemical inertness and resistance to metabolism account for their low acute toxicity. But us they slowly build up in a living system their con way as they accumulate dot and other gators find nat the concentration of centration approaches toxicity levels, chlorinated pesticides. pcb's in the environment is as high as at which point chronic effects make Because of the low solubility of pcb's that of ddt. themselves evident. in water, when a solution or dispersion There are several ways by which It has been established that fish-eat of them is discharged into a river or pcb's get into the ecosystem. One of ing birds will accumulate large concen- lake, they will accumulate on the sedi these is by incineration. Products con Uations of pcb's, as in the case of the ment in relatively high concentrations. taining pcb's, such as carbonless re white-tailed eagle, which has been Subsequently, they will redissolve very producing paper in business forms, found to have as much as 14,000 p.p.m. slowly in the water as conditions plastics (especially polymer film and of pcb's. Peregrine falcons, taken off change. Therefore, it will usually take sheeting that contain pcb's as plasti the coast of California, were found to a long time to flush out a contaminated cizers), spent ballasts from fluorescent have as much as 2000 p.p.m. in their area. light fixtures, and objects coated with lipid tissue. When shrimp were exposed i to 10 p.p.b. of Aroclor 1254 for 48 Accidental occurrence PCB-formulatcd coatings, all find their way to the city dump or incinerator hours, they accumulated 1300 p-j>.b. of The reason that pcb's have not been for burning. The pcb's do not burn but pcb's, which represents a 130-fold con found in the ecosystem as extensively are vaporized. They arc then carried centration in a very short time. Oysters, as dot, and arc not present in environ into the atmosphere, where they collect I I exposed to an identical concentration of Aroclor 1254 for 96 hours and then mental samples at as high a concen tration as dot, is that pcb's find their on particulate matter and are subse quently returned to the surface or the placed in pcm-frcc water for four days, way into the environment accidentally. earth, into the rivers, lakes, and oceans. still had a concentration of 33,000 dot is deliberately spread because this In this way they become widely dis p.p.b. of pcb's, which constitutes a is the only way its insecticidal proper tributed throughout the global environ 3300-fold concentration. This means ties can be utilized, pcb's arc not in ment. Another source is probab'v land that even though the concentrations of tended to get into the environment, but run-off from industrial wastes and pcb's arc in the parts-pcr-billion range they do because their unique chemical dumps. A third source is the point of in the environment, their hign lipid properties prevent them from being de manufacture and the plants where solubility causes them to collect in fatty stroyed by our usual waste disposal pcb's arc processed into other products. tissues of lower animals and marine , methods. Thus, they inadvertently cs- They can escape through the plan: ven I life. Therefore, species at the lop of a eape and become widely dispersed. tilation and exhaust systems into the food chain will also accumulate pen's In (Sweden, where the use of twit atmosphere and through its waste treat in flicir bodies, p.ii .cil.irly in their lipid tissue and liver, u> much the s.yiv has been banned, and where the main power source is hydroelectric, investi ment system into sewers or dnectly into walciways. I 111 Utvi/'OfUiusuui Scknicv 4t Tt*cluM4ocy DSW 332349 STLCOPCB4078925 ' li is iniLTc.si.ng to note that the inci* ilcncc of M il's in environmental sam ples is highest in industrialized anil ur banized areas. Birds whose prima.') habitat is the San Francisco Bay area have a larger concentration Of pen's per unit of body weight than those lo cated in Baja, Calif., which is com pletely rural. Aquatic life in the Archi pelago of Stockholm, the most indus trialized area of Sweden, were found to have a higher concentration of pen's than fish samples taken from the west cm coast of Sweden, a leas developed area. Sediment samples taken from southern portions of Lake Michigan have a higher concentration of pen's than those from other parts of the lake. Monsanto states that until a rea. it change in marketing policy (see inset, page 814), sales of Aroclors were in creasing at the rate of 8% per year. While this increase does not seem sig nificant, it may be important if the in creased consumption was in consumer products and thus would find their way into our normal solid waste disposal systems. Such an occurrence would mean a definite increase of pea residues in the environment, and therefore a marked increase in their chronic tox icity effects. Detection pen's were not discovered i.i environ mental samples until very recently for several reasons. First, us indicated above, they have not been deliberately distributed about the ecosystem. Sec ondly, because of their relatively low acute toxicides, their presence was not immediately evident. Finally, they are difficult to detect analytically. The pen's were first detected as in terfering peaks in the gas chromato graphic analysis (cc) of environmental samples being analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues. When pen's are pres-, ent in a sample they give a pattern of several cc peaks, whose retention times arc similar to those of dicidrin, dot, doe. sldrin, and hcptachlor oxide. Be cause the peaks were not large or sharp, investigators tended to ignore them until S. Jensen, in Sweden, and R. Risebrough, at the University of California at Berkeley, identified them u corresponding to common constitu ents of environmental samples being analyzed for persistent pclticidaa. The problem of the interferences of pcb's with the analysis of oth^r chlori nated pesticides has been largely over come by prior treatment of the sam ple. Several investigators have used column chromatography to separate p< n's from chlorinated pesticides. At a recent meeting, sponsored by the 1-wqa's National Water Quality lotboratory, Duluth, Minn., a general pro cedure was recommended for separa tion of Pen's from pesticides. In this procedure for biosamplcs, the sample is extracted with hexane aa in regular pesticide Analysis. It is then partitioned with acetonitrile to remove fats, the cleaned-up extract is passed through a Fluorisil column and then through a silicic acid column. Finally, the sample is analyzed by gas chromatography, with a chloride-specific detector. In this way the pesticides are retained on the silicic acid column for later elution and identification. Research needs To assess fully the significance of pen's as environmental pollutants, ad ditional research is needed. No one really knows the extent of the chronic effects of these chlorinated hydrocar bons. Some problems that need to be considered are: * Although pcb's are known to ac cumulate in human organs we do not know at what concentration they will begin to exhibit toxie efTeelx. Will these chronic elTects be similar to those shown in animals--microsomal cnzyne activity, calcium metabolism in hibition, and so on? What arc other possible chronic efTccls? * Which of the many pch com pounds in the commercially available mixtures are responsible for their tox icity? Can commercial pen mixtures be modified to eliminate the toxic com ponents? Pure samples are required to answer these questions. At the present time work is continuing at the fwqa's Southeast Wafer Laboratory to sep arate each of the Aroclor mixtures into its many components, and to identify each component. * We need to know all the uses for the pcb's. What is the annual produc tion of pcb's? Our knowledge of these facts is limited and needs to be ex panded. These facts should be known if we are to accurately determine how they get into the environment, and take steps to prevent further environmental contamination by them. * In view of the complexity of the isolation and accurate quantitative analysis of pcb's in chlorinated resi dues, a straightforward, unambiguous measurement of them needs to be de veloped. What is the fate of pcb's in nat ural waters? More needs to be known of their partition coefficients between bottom sediments and water. This is vital if we arc to estimate bow long it will take for a river bed to clean itself of contamination. It will also be useful when assessing the effects of PCB's on marine life that feed on the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and estuaries. We should also learn more about PCS solubility in water of various ionic strengths. * Arc present waste treatment sys tems adequate to handle pcb's? Do spe cial measures need to be taken when pcb's are part of the waste effluent be ing treated? By trying to get some of these an swers now, we may find that we are in a position to control the escape of pcb's into the environment before ad ditional damage is done. So frequently, action is taken only after it is evident that massive damage has resulted from a particular pollutant. In the case of the pcb's we may have an opportunity to resolve the situation before that happens. Additional Reading j Hubbard, H. L, "Chlorinated Biphenyl and Related Compounds," Encyclo pedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd cd., 5, Interscionce Publ., Now York, N.Y.. 1964, pp. 289-298. Reynolds. L. M.. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 4.128 (1969). Risebrough, R. N,, at. aL. Natura 220 (1968). V, rV^r. \- i r^ I \S .--ft U 4-.. Carl G. Gustafson, chairman of tht Department of Chemistry of Kins'* College. BriarclifJ Manor, V Y . re ceived a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Delaware In 1937. During the 1969-70 academic year, he was on leave at the FWQa Southeast Water Laboratory In Athens. Oa., where he studied trace organic analysis in waste effluents. As a mem ber of the National Water Contami nants Characterization Research Pro gram. he worked with PCB's and puip and paper mill effluents. VotMM 4. Naonbrr 10. October 1*70 S19 DSW 332350 f I I STLCOPCB4078926