Document RZQrngKBkqMV8ZGaJjQd53Xv

Vista Chemical Company 15990 N. Barker's Landing Rd. Post Office Box 19029 XF:U Iq.'AWT k/ RF November 22, 1985 Mr. Ron Bland Huges Drilling Fluids 10777 Northwest Freeway Houston, TX 77092 VISTA Dear Ron: This letter is to confirm our discussion regarding the labeling of Vista's ODC Drilling Fluid Base Oil and our hazard determination. You are aware of the OSHA Carcinogenic warning labeling requirement which applies to materials which have been evaluated under valid testing conditions and shown significant positive results or for those which have not been tested but contain greater 0.1% by weight or volume of a known carcinogen. Known carcinogens are defined as those chemicals listed by the National Toxicology Program (NTP), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Groups I and II, and those which OSHA regulates as a Carcinogen. In some cases evaluation of IARC listed categories is required to determine specific chemicals. Vista ODC contains no OSHA defined carcinogens, for purposes of the Hazard Communication Standard, at levels greater than 0.1%. As for the broad categories of ^1Q" - petroleum oils, or other generic classifications of oils which have been indicated to have a carcinogenic potential by various studies we believe the following to be true in respect to Vista ODC. TAftC^J&^qgraph, Volume 33 (portions attached) classifies petroleum derived oils based on the increasing severity of processing or refinement. This monograph deals with oils that are predominately lubricant base oils with initial boiling points exceeding 750F and carbon number distributions of 15 or greater. Vista's ODC has an IBP of 370F and has a ^22~^16 car^on number distribution. Of those oils discussed in the monograph Vista ODC is closest to the white oil (class 5) classification, for which the only evidence for carcinogenicity is of questionable significance to human exposures. Sincerely, Thomas G. Grumbles, CIH Environmental Quality Manager ajo/8 Attachment cc Dan Plummer, John Nelson, Pat Quinlan VVV 00001^612 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGENIC RISK OF CHEMICALS TO HUMANS .1 l i Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Part 2, Carbon Blacks, Mineral Oils (Lubricant Base Oils and Derived Products) and Some Nitroarenes VOLUME 33 This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans which met in Lyon 7-14 June 1983 April 1984 INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER VVV 000017613 1ARC MONOGRAPHS In 1971, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals, in 1980. the programme was expanded to include the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk associated with employment in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for chemicals and complex mixtures to which humans are known to be exposed, and on specific occupational exposures, to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis and related fields, and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. This project was supported by PHS Grant No. 1 UOI CA33193-01 awarded by the National Cancer Institute, DHHS. International Agency for Research on Cancer 1984 ISBN 92 832 1233 9 (soft-cover edition) ISBN 92 832 1533 8 (hard-cover edition) LIST OF P( NOTE TOT PREAMBLE Backgr Object) Selectic Workin Data fc The Wc Genera Explan. GENERAL THE MONC Carbor Minera Nitroar 1,8-C 9-Nit 6-Nit 6-Nit 3-Nit 1-Nit SUPPLEMt cumulat: PRINTED IN FRANCE VVV 000017614 CONTENTS LIST OF PARTICIPANTS....................................................................................................... NOTE TO THE READER........................................................................................................ PREAMBLE............................................................................................................................. Background...................................................................................................................... Objective and Scope........................................................................................................ Selection of Chemicals and Complex Exposures for Monographs.............................. Working Procedures........................................................................................................ Data for Evaluations........................................................................................................ The Working Group......................................................................................................... General Principles............................................................................................................ Explanatory Notes on the Monograph Contents........................................................... GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES CONSIDERED........................................ THE MONOGRAPHS Carbon blacks................................................................................................................... Mineral oils (lubricant base oils and derived products).................................................. Nitroarenes 1,8-Dinitropyrene.......................................................................................................... 9-Nitroanthracene......................................................................................................... 6-Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene.................................................................................................. 6-Nitrochrysene............................................................................................................ 3-Nitrofiuoranthene...................................................................................................... 1-Nitropyrene................................................................................................................ SUPPLEMENTARY CORRIGENDA TO VOLUMES 1-32.................................................... CUMULATIVE INDEX TO THE MONOGRAPH SERIES..................................................... 5 9 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 20 29 35 87 171 179 187 195 201 209 223 225 VVV 000017615 MINERAL OILS1 (LUBRICANT BASE OILS AND DERIVED PRODUCTS) 1. Chemical and Physical Data 1.1 Synonyms and trade names Mineral oils (general) Chem. Abstr. Services Reg. No.: 8002-05-9 Chem. Abstr. Name: Petroleum IUPAC Systematic Name: Synonym: Petroleum distillate In view of problems of nomenclature and of the wide differences in the production, uses and chemical, physical and toxicological characteristics of petroleum refinery materials, a system for defining petroleum crude oil refinery process streams was adopted in 1978 under the US Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and in 1981 under the Commission of the European Communities's Sixth Amendment to the Dangerous Substances Directive - European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS). Each stream is defined on the basis of petroleum crude oil type, viscosity and process, and is identified by a Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) Registry Number, which identifies its last refining process. The important refinery streams (most of which are used as lubricant base oils) that are included on the inventories of chemical substances in the USA and Europe are given in Table 1. 1 A general term that has been used to describe not only material covered in this monograph but crude petroleum and virtually all materials derived from it (e.g., light naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, middle distillates and fuel oils). Within this monograph, the term lubricant base oils' Is used to refer to the refinery streams and the term 'lubricating oil' to tne end product, as marketed, which Is sold for lubricating purposes and may or may not contain additives. i 88 1ARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 33 Table 1. Properties of lubricant refinery streams as defined by the TSCA Inventory* Chem. Abstr. Name CAS number6 Carbon num- Crude oil Viscosity Boiling ber distri- type at 40 C range bution (mnWsec) (C) Remarks Crude oil distillation streams Light paraffinic distillate 64741-50-0 C15-C30 Paraffinic <19 Heavy paraffinic distillate 64741-51-1 C20-C50 Paraffinic > 19 Light naphthenic distillate 64741-52-2 C15-C30 Heavy naphthenic distil late Vacuum residuum 64741-53-3 C20-C50 64741-49-7 C11-C25 Acid-treating streams Acid-treated light paraffi- 64742-21-8 nic distillate Acid-treated heavy paraffi-64742-20-7 nic distillate Acid-treated light naphthenic distillate 64742-19-4 Acid-treated heavy naphthenic distillate 64742-18-3 Acid-treated residual oil 64742-17-2 C15-C30 C20-C50 C15-C30 C20-C50 >C25 Chemically neutralized streams Chemically neutralized light paraffinic distillate Chemically neutralized heavy paraffinic distillate 64742-26-5 C15-C30 64742-27-4 C20-C5O Chemically neutralized 64742-35-4 C15-C30 light naphthenic distillate Chemically neutralized 64742-34-3 C20-C50 heavy naphthenic distillate Clay-treating streams Clay-treated light paraffi- 64742-37-6 C15-C30 nic distillate Clay-treated heavy paraffi-64742-36-5 C20-C50 nic distillate Clay-treated light naphthenic distillate Clay-treated heavy naphthenic distillate Clay-treated residual oil 64742-45-6 C1S-C30 64742-44-5 C20-C50 64742-41-2 >C25 Solvent-refining streams Solvent-refined light paraffinic distillate Solvent-refined heavy paraffinic distillate Solvent-refined light naphthenic distillate Solvent-refined heavy 64741-89-5 C15-C30 64741-88-4 C20-C50 64741-97-5 C15-C30 64741-96-4 C20-C50 Naphthe nic Naphthe nic <19 > 19 - Paraffinic <19 Paraffinic > 19 Naphthe* <19 me Naphthe- * 19 me - Paraffinic <19 Paraffinic > 19 Naphthe- <19 me Naphthe- 19 me Paraffinic <19 Paraffinic s 19 Naphthe- <19 nic Naphthe- >19 me Paraffinic <19 Paraffinic > 19 Naphthe- <19 nic Naphthe- a 19 - - 205-400 Contains a large propor tion of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons Contains a large propor tion of saturated alipnatic hydrocarbons Contains few normal paraffins Contains few normal paraffins . _ - >400 Predominantly saturated nydrocaroons Predominantly saturated hydrocarbons Contains relatively few normal paraffins Contains relatively few normal paraffins - Contains a relatively large proportion of aliphatic hydrocarbons Contains relatively few normal paraffins Contains relatively few normal paraffins >400 Contains a relatively large proportion of saturated* hydrocarbons Contains a relatively large proportion of saturated hydrocarbons Contains relatively few normal paraffins Contains relatively few normal paraffins Predominantly saturated hydrocarbons Predominantly saturated hydrocarbons Contains few normal paraffins Contains few normal *: ?* -j* :jsr ^ Chem. Abstr. Name naphthenic distillate Solvent-deasphahed dual oil Solvent-refined resia oil Hydrotreating stream Hvdrotreated light pa me distillate Hvdrotreated heavy p fmic oislillate Hydrotreated liqht naphthenic distillate Hydrotreated heavy naphthenic distillate Hydrotreated residual (Liquid oaraffin; pharmaceutical-grade white oils: food-qualit oils: technical oils; te cal white oils) Petrolatum Complex-dewaxing streams Complex-dewaxed ligh naphthenic oil Complex-dewaxed hea naphthenic oil Extracts Light paraffinic distilla: solvent extract Heavy paraffinic distilla solvent extract Light naphthenic distill solvent extract Heavy naphthenic distil late solvent extract Residual oil solvent extract Solvent-dewaxed Paraffinic distillati Solvent-dewaxed naphthenic distill: Solvent-dewaxed i napnthenic distill: VVV 000017617 MINERAL OILS 89 Chem. Abstr. Name CAS number15 Carbon num Crude oil Viscosity Boiiing ber distn- type at 40 C range Pution (mm2/sec) fC> naphthenic distillate Solvent-deasphalted resi 64741-95-3 >C25 dual oil nic >400 Solvent-refined residual 64742-01-4 >C25 oil >400 Hydrotreating streams Hydrotreated light paraffi 64742-55-8 C15-C30 nic distillate Hydrotreated heavy paraf 64742-54-7 C20-C50 finic distillate Hydrotreated light naphthenic distillate Hydrotreated heavy naphthenic distillate Hydrotreated residual oil 64742-53-6 64742-52-5 64742-57-0 C15-C30 C20-C50 >C25 White mineral oil 8042-47-5 (Liquid paraffin: pharmaceutical-grade white oils: food-quality oils: technical oils; techni cal while oils) C15-C50 Petrolatum 8009-03-8 >C25 Paraffinic <19 Paraffinic s 19 Naphthe- <19 me Naphthe- & 19 nic - ' >400 Paraffinic Semi-solid Complex-dewaxing Streams Complex-dewaxed light naphthenic oil Complex-dewaxed heavy naphthenic oil 64742-76-3 C15-C30 64742-75-2 C20-C50 Extracts Light paraffinic distillate 64742-05-8 solvent extract Heavy paraffinic distillate 64742-04-7 solvent extract Light naphthenic distillate 64742-03-6 solvent extract Heavy naphthenic distil 64742-11-6 late solvent extract Residual oil solvent extract 64742-10-5 C15-C30 C20-C50 C15-C30 C20-C50 >C25 Solvent-dewaxing streams Solvent-dewaxed light paraffinic distillate Solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillate Solvent-dewaxed light naphthenic distillate Solvent-dewaxed heavy naphthenic distillate 64742-56-9 C15-C30 64742-65-0 C20-C50 64742-64-9 C15-C30 64742-63-8 C20-C50 Naphthe- <19 me Naphthe- ^ 19 nic Paraffinic - Paraffinic Naphthe- me Naphthe- nic Paraffinic <19 Paraffinic ^ 19 Naphthe- <19 nic Naphthe- s* 19 nic * Remarks paraffins Obtained as the solvent-soluble fraction from C3-C4 solvent deas phalting of a residuum Obtained as the solvent-insoluble fraction from solvent refining of a residuum using a polar organic solvent such as phenol or turfural Contains a relatively large proportion of saturated hydrocarbons Contains a relatively large proportion of saturated hydrocarbons Contains relatively tew normal paraffins Contains relatively few normal paraffins Obtained by intensive treatment with sulphuric acid and oleum or by hydrogenation Predominantly saturated crystalline and liquid hydrocaroons Contains relatively few normal paraffins Contains relatively few normal paraffins Predominantly aromatic hydrocarbons Predominantly aromatic hydrocaroons Predominantly aromatic hydrocaroons Predominantly aromatic hydrocarbons Predominantly aromatic hydrocarbons Obtained by removal of normal paraffins Obtained by removal of normal paraffins Obtained by removal of normal paraffins Obtained by removal of normal paraffins  90 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 33 Chem. Absir. Name CAS number61 Carbon num Crude oil Viscosity Boiling ber distri type at 40 C range bution (mm2/sec) <C) Remarks Solvent-dewaxed residual 64742-62-7 >025 oil Catalytic-dewaxed streams Catalytic-dewaxed light parattinic distillate 64742-71-8 Catalytic-dewaxed heavy 64742-70-7 paraffinic distillate Catalytic-dewaxed light naphthenic distillate 64742-69-4 Catalvtic-dewaxed heavy 64742-68-3 naphthenic distillate C1S-C30 C20-C50 C15-C30 C20-C50 - Paraffinic <19 Paraffinic 19 Naphthe- <19 me Naohthe- a= 19 nic >400 Obtained bv removal of normal paraffins * Contains relatively few normal paraffins Contains relatively lew normal paraffins From US Environmental Protection Agency (1978); TSCA, US Toxic Substances Control Act 0 CAS number, Chemical Abstract Services Registry Number 1.2 Description For the purposes of this monograph, the materials described in section 1.1 above and the products derived from them have been categorized into the following eight classes: Class 1. Vacuum distillates These may have undergone subsequent finishing steps, such as caustic neutralization, dewaxing, clay treatment and/or mild hydrotreatment. They have not been acid treated or solvent extracted. Class 2. Acid-treated oils These may have undergone subsequent finishing steps, such as caustic neutralization, dewaxing, clay treating and/or mild hydrotreatment. They have not been solvent extracted. Class 3. Solvent-refined-oils (raffinates) These may have undergone subsequent finishing steps, such as dewaxing, clay . - _ treating and/or mild hydrotreatment. Cl^6S- Hydrotreated oils ' ~ \lass ti^White oils and petrolatums suitable for food and/or medicinal use Class 6. Aromatic oils 6.1 Solvent extracts _6.2 Catalyticaily cracked oils Class 7. Miscellaneous materials 7.1 Formulated products 7.2 Used oils Class 8. Petroleum-derived materials not otherwise classified (not sufficiently described to permit assignment to other classes) This classification is based on increasing severity of processing or refinement; within each class a range of treatment severities is also possible. Mineral oils in class 7 comprise formulations of various base oils from the previous categories, together with chemical -.f additives, usu; assigned to cl to determine a Throughout used as headir to which the . products in wr classes of thos 'Mineral oils with oil distillec industry from economically v. There was alsc production is r and the USSR. The refining ; oils. The oils c substances int serve other, se tion, medicinal oils have beer petroleum crud; Processes u. have changed c substantially re over 74% of lu: oils. The chemicr substance and composition of crude. After sex Finished base oxygen and r hydrocarbons z paraffins. The p tics of the base Lubricant reft Lubricant bas branched-chain numbers of 15 base oils obtain VVV 000017619 MINERAL OILS 91 additives, usually not identified with respect to exact composition. Mineral oils have been assigned to class 8 in cases where they were not sufficiently described for the Working Group to determine a more specific classification. Throughout this monograph, when the names of lubricant base oils or derived products are used as headings for separate discussions, the class (representing the major processing step) to which the material belongs is given in brackets. In separate discussions of formulated products in which the base oils used to make the products are described, the appropriate classes of those base oils are given. 'Mineral oils' (lubricant base oils and products derived from them) should not be confused with oil distilled from coal and oil-bearing shale. The latter gave rise to the Scottish shale-oil industry from 1850 onwards; however, shale oil was increasingly unable to compete economically with liquid petroleum, although it survived on a small scale until as late as 1960. There was also a small production in Roumania which lasted from 1857 until 1939. Shale-oil production is now minimal, with a small activity in the People's Republic of China, the USA and the USSR. The refining of petroleum crude oil produces two basic types of product: fuels and lubricating oils. The oils described in this monograph are used primarily as lubricating oils, which are substances intended to reduce friction between surfaces in relative motion. They may also serve other, secondary purposes, including heat transfer, metal processing, corrosion protec tion, medicinal and food uses, and others. Since the 1930s, nearly all the world's lubricating oils have been produced by refining distillate or residual fractions obtained directly from petroleum crude oils. Processes used in the refining of lubricant base oils and subsequent product formulation have changed considerably over the years. The trend has been towards highly refined oils with substantially reduced levels of impurities, including polynuclear aromatic compounds. Today, over 74% of lubricant capacity in the USA and Canada is used to produce highly refined base oils. The chemical composition of lubricant base oils depends both on the original crude substance and on the processes used during refining. With simple refining techniques, the composition of the finished oil used as the base oil in formulated products reflects that of the crude. After severe refining, variations due to crude are less apparent. Finished base oils are predominantly hydrocarbons but also contain some organic sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen compounds and traces of a number of metal compounds. The hydrocarbons are normally a complex mixture of aromatics, naphthenes (cycloparaffins) and paraffins. The proportions of the different species are responsible for the different characteris tics of the base oils. The higher the molecular weights, the more viscous are the oils. Lubricant refinery streams Lubricant base oils refined from petroleum crude oils are complex mixtures of straight- and branched-chain paraffinic, naphthenic (cycloparaffin) and aromatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers of 15 or more and boiling-points in the range of about 300-600C. Heavier lubricant base oils obtained from residual fractions may have components that boil at as high as 815 C. VVV 000017620 92 1ARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 33 A lubricant refinery stream may be described as generally paraffinic or generally naphthenic, as determined by the source of the crude oil. Paraffinic crude oils are characterized by high wax content, high natural viscosity index (low rate of change in viscosity with temperature) and relatively low aromatic hydrocarbon content. Naphthenic crudes are normally low in wax and relatively high in cycloparatfins and aromatic hydrocarbons. The various lubricant refinery streams have a wide range of properties. The inventory of chemicals adopted under the US Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS) broadly describe the properties of each process stream according to its boiling range, carbon number distribution, crude oil source and viscosity. The properties of the lubricant refinery streams covered by this monograph are presented in Table 1. The viscosity is termed 'light' or 'heavy' on the basis of a maximum viscosity of 20.5 mm2/sec. (centistokes) at 37.8C for the light' viscosity oils. A stream is further classified according to the last process it has been through; however, such classification does not permit definition of process severity; therefore, it is possible for the same Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number to be used for base oils treated to different degrees or by different previous processes (e.g., a hydrotreated distillate may have been either solvent-refined or acid-refined). Consequently, complete characterization of a stream should include its process history (i.e., all the processes it has been through). White oils [class 5] Medicinal: Medicinal white oils are highly refined, colourless oils free of all unsaturated compounds, aromatic compounds and other constituents that influence colour, odour, taste and acceptability as a pharmaceutical and food-grade material (World Health Organization. 1982). They can be made from paraffinic or naphthenic crudes with comparable yields; paraffinic medicinal oils generaly have lower specific gravity and volatility than naphthenic oils of the same viscosity (Lecomte et at., 1977) and contain hydrocarbons predominantly with carbon numbers in the range 15-50 (US Environmental Protection Agency, 1978). Technicaf-grade: Technical-grade white oils are less refined than medicinal oils; they are colourless oils and are made in several viscosity grades (Shell International Petroleum Company, Ltd, 1966). They can be made from naphthenic or paraffinic crudes (Lecomte et a/., 1977). 1.3 Chemical and physical properties The materials covered by this monograph contain relatively high molecular-weight paraffinic, cycloparaffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Consequently, they can undergo a wide variety of characteristic chemical reactions (e.g., oxidation, hydrogenation, halogenation, sulphonation). However, the materials are used primarily for their physical properties, and this section concentrates on those characteristics. Typical properties of representative lubricant base oils are given in Table 2. '.A T ^ % H. Table 2. Physi Type White oils Paraffinic Medicinal Light Heavy Technical Light heavy Naohtnenic Medicinal Light Heavy Base/Process oils Paraf/inic Light Heavy Naphthenic Light Heavy High aromatic Light Heavy Cleveland oper 6 Viscosity index numoer, the less tn 1.4 Technical i The compos 1.3, above. Ac found in lubric; oils are presen' (a) Medicine The majority controlling the Pharmacopeia white oils. The a viscosity of r 150 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 33 workers were potentially exposed were available in the reports of the epidemiological studies. In another case-control study, an excess of sinonasal cancers was seen in toolsetters, set-up men and toolmakers. An examination of the incidence of second primary cancer among men with scrotal cancer demonstrated excesses of respiratory, upper alimentary tract and skin cancers; when the occupations were grouped, the excess was largely confined to those with oil exposure. Excesses of bladder cancer have been reported in case-control studies in several countries among machinists and engineers, who were possibly exposed to cutting oils containing aromatic amines as additives. With regard to printing pressmen, the Working Group considered the results of three cohort mortality studies (one of these was an extension of another) and two proportional mortality studies. There were three additional proportional mortality studies on manual workers in the newspaper printing industry; one of these included two separately exposed groups at different geographical locations. One of the two cohort studies addressing lung cancer showed an excess (not tested for statistical significance). One of the two proportional mortality studies showed a small, statistically non-significant excess of lung cancer among the newspaper pressmen but no excess among non-newspaper pressmen; the other study did not address lung cancer. One of the three proportional mortality studies on manual workers in the printing industry, not specifically addressing printing pressmen, did not show an increased lung cancer risk, whereas the other two studies (not on independent populations) found a statistically significant excess. One of the two proportional mortality studies of printing pressmen indicated a statistically significant excess of rectal cancers, and the other showed a statistically non-significant increase of colon cancers: the cohort study considering colorectal cancers did not show an increased occurrence. One proportional mortality study among newspaper and other commercial printing pressmen showed a statistically significant excess of cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx, whereas no such excess was observed in a cohort study. One proportional mortality study among employees in the printing industry (pressmen were not singled out) showed a slight deficit of cancers of the mouth and throat. One case-control study indicated a statistically significant excess of cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx. The findings regarding other malignancies were inconsistent: scrotal cancers were not mentioned. The type and amount of exposure were usually not described; exposure to both mineral oils and carbon blacks would probably have been involved. In mortality statistics from the United Kingdom and from Washington State, USA, lung and skin cancer excesses have been registered for jobs entaiiing exposure to mineral oils; despite limitations of this kind of source as to a causa! interpretation, the consistency of such suggestions is worth noting. 4.3 Evaluation1 There is sufficient evidence2 for the carcinogenicity in experimental animals of untreated vacuum distillates, acid-treated oils, and aromatic oils, including extracts from solvent treatment of distillates and the high-boiling fraction of catalytically cracked oils (classes 1, 2 and 6], There is sufficient evidence2 that mildly solvent-refined oils [class 3] are carcinogenic to 1 See the preamble, pp. 15 and 19 for definitions of italicized terms. * in the aosence of adequate data in humans on individual classes of mineral oils, it is reasonable, for practical purposes, to regard fractions for which there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in expenmentai animals as if they presented a carcinogenic risk to humans. * .t experimental anim carcinogenic to exc There is sufficie experimental anim: to permit an evalua There is no evic when admimsterec by intraperitoneal ments. The signify The data are formulated produc products is deoer concentration of a The data are n formulated produc products is depen additives and corn There is sufficie oil [class 7.2) and 7.2} to experiment There is suffice additives and imr machining and jut Anon. (1967) Min' Ambruso, A.. Be* Trace Amc Beckman lr American ConferChemical E Changes ic American Petrole New York MINERAL OILS 151 I \ experimental animals. There is no evidence that severely solvent-refined oils [class 3] are carcinogenic to experimental animals. There is sufficient evidence2 that mildly hydrotreated oils [class 4] are carcinogenic to experimental animals; the available data on severely hydrotreated oils [class 4] are inadequate to permit an evaluation of their carcinogenicity to experimental animals. :nes "ling lort \ ii>ty the -ent an lies Der ess ::ng cer ally ted ally aid id me )ne not k Jdy P The ed. i oils There is no evidence for the carcinogenicity to experimental animats of white oiis [class 5] when administered Dy routes other than intraperitoneal injection: when white oils were given by intraoehtoneal injection to mice, plasma-cell tumours were produced in repeated experi ments. The significance of the latter findings is difficult to interpret. The data are inadequate to evaluate the carcinogenicity to expenmental animals of formulated products [class 7.1] as a class, since the possible carcinogenic activity of individual products is dependent upon the seventy of processing of the base oils and the nature and concentration of additives. The data are inadequate to evaluate the carcinogenicity to experimental animals of used formulated products [class 7.2] as a class, since the possible carcinogenic activity of individual products is dependent upon the quality of the base oils used, the nature and concentration of additives and contaminants, and the conditions of use. There is sufficient evidence2 for the carcinogenicity of one sample of used gasoline-engine oil [class 7.2] and limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of some cutting oils [classes 7.1 and 7.2] to experimental animals. There is sufficient evidence from studies in humans that mineral oils (containing various additives and impurities) that have been used in occupations such as mulespinning, metal machining and jute processing are carcinogenic to humans. ;nd cite jch .:ed ent ,2 to 5. References Anon. (1967) Mineral oil in human tissues. Nutr. Rev., 25, 46-49 Ambruso, A.. Beebe, C. & Ricchio. S. (1972) Analysis of Instrumentation Systems to Monitor Trace Amounts of Oil in Water (Contract No. N62399-72-C-0019), Anaheim. CA, Beckman Instruments American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (1982) Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended Changes for 1982. Cincinnati, OH, p. 26 American Petroleum institute (1969) API Toxicological Review. Aromatic Petroleum Oil, 1st ed.. New York VVV 000017623 ' 1