Document RXB7koLNmzkowk5rwn96kv9E

2 5 th National Safety' Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, I n c . ATLANTIC O IY, NEW JERSEY OCTOBER 5 t OCTOBER %1936 A m b m J o f e C L si*, Rjtsad!ts H o te ls m d A B m Sc Q ty A n dilaihi Saw sS s& S i ^ s S a liii xk&? 'U szzrM , iaa, m. S ' HE Safcfr Compm, ef*ctty CCoouancctiilia ttvw of 1936, o th w e! T w e u po Mhhr T l^i, iy -fifth f b y the the fin t, N atfoM l N&m ! contact the fe o e n j, Hus m edal object, the JodostriaJ Section tr tiiw ii Inhe sec cootahw the loos of the Child Education, H one Safety, Street and Highway Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Scctloa. A ll iodoctnal member* of the Council automatically receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members betieved to be interested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council members, however, may obtain it upon request Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The following quantity prices are quoted on extra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume, $1.50 each; II copies or more, $125 each; copies of the smaller volume, 50 cents each. THE Transactions are published as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Thus the material herein presented is not a verbatim report of al! the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council's Bureau of Information, where they are available for additional reference. Where illustra tions were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also are on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not perti nent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility for the view* expressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions based upon the papers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, N o rik W ask ar D rive lie f If ststezijnfifU iitli 'M HONORARY MEMBERS Ai m u i w m Imm am S i m Euctmcal E m im w Rm o t W. Camimu. A m im Wbuam i Law f t Palm O FFIC ER S (1936-1937) Dm. C H- Wataom, Preside D. D. F u n u , Vfcc-Frtsidcm for Public Rthliom Dm. Hast E. P isa n . Vke-Pitsides* far Health J o s s B. CUssom, Vice-President far Community Safety CoonciU Hon. Hasou'G. Hottmam, Vice-President lor Ptddic Safety A u n t S. Smula, Vice-President far Engineering A. V. Rouwises, Vice-President for Industrial Safety K. T. Solanlimn, Vice-President far Membership Aiaxxt W. Whitney, Vice-Preside for Education W. E. Wosrru. Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer. W. H. Camuon, Secretary and Managing Director EX E C U T IV E COMM ITTEE (1936-1937) Geoact J. Adams. Paper and Pulp Section C. M. Alu m , Metals Section C. B. Auu* Past President J . I . B a n a s i i , Past President C. \V. Buoquist, Past President Hamld S. BirrrtNHUM, The American City Magatine W. H. C a m u o n , National Safety Council, Inc. Rdmjtt W. Camuox, Past President Koaaar I. Catun, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company Lewis A. DxBlois, Past President C. W. DxMrxSY, Food Section Maacus A. Dow, Past President D. D. F i n m il l . Consulting Engineer Da. Hast E. Fishu, Chicago Rapid Transit Company R. B. FoarvtN, Lehigh Valley Safety Council C. W. Glass, Mining Section John B. Gibson, Western Electric Company Hamt Guuhbt, The Pullman Company Hon. Hama G. Hottman, Governor of New Jersey *>& -. ^ ,- y*.* .1 '.`V': $i ?^ ^ jjSfJi-.-/ ? t " * S | K v ' ^ ?*'*: .1 ...V V' - v `i E. G U a tm , Jy,, U m Im tfrmirt* KUmn J. b u c r , Wood Produis Sudan W u m G. Kaw, hM PmMw> W jt C Kmblb, MQmafct* Safety Jo m E. Lmn, P u t P r a ita Tnoa. B. Mt cPm t m Uaitad State* D cw tani o( Agriculture S* J M m p f, p^ftfawt Ccnvmi AiiodiiiM W. ;. M unua, Chippewa Cosmty Safaty Coanefl L W. Mm. Indutriol Gtovt Corporation H a u t* L. U im , E L 4a Pool de K w iw n Company B. J. CPBami, Je, LoobeiUe Srf-iy O mril Law K Faims, Pu President C E. PsTmoMi, P ut President Au b t S. Rutila, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. H tx a r A. RutiKcsa, P u t President A. V. Romwsdo, Dotath, Kiseabe t Northern Railway Company D. JL R ons, ASSE-Engiaeering Sccm Gaooot E. Sahfos, General Electric Company Cmmuu B. Scott, P u t President Cam. L. Smith, Cleveland Safety Council G W. Smith. Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Walt Dont Smith, Delaware Safety Council R. T. SouxmM , Elliott Service Company C P. Tolmam, Pat Prcaident Guoca G. Tu t u , Chicago Safety Council Roout R. Wailacs, Worceater Safety Council Da. G H. Watwh, American Telephone & Telegraph Company A. W. Whithst, National Bureau of Casualty &Surety Underwriters W. E Wokth, International Harvester Company AtTHUa H. Youhc, Part President DIR EC TO RS (1936-1937) Gioacs J. Adams, Paper A Pulp Section C. M. Au a n , Metals Section Nclson R. Andcsson, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council Fameucz Aacuia, Child Education Section A. L. AaMsraoNc, Chemical Section J. I. Bahash, Consulting Engineer John J. Basada, Publip Utilities Section Eamkst W. Bick, United States Rubber Products, Inc. G W. Baacovisr, Western Electric Ca Davis S. B rno, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. O unces M, Btsuor, Brooklyn Safety Council I ." 'i>. . K:. *. W. eacmm, iiH-hhH . Cfeh M RM U m* Hm k i < t c i m m a . TM A w rl-- flttr'V m t -Fjmbmv DlQ u i c n , ikim vxt S Ombc . W. H. C o r n o , I U omI Safety C m i ' Sin Mr L Casum, AMm C um ky * S m ty Ca. K , n 4 U adN bvp Stentini Ho U iM tr Cossow, MMCt D ifntM oti Hmtnitk OmmInt'o i fna* F u n E u u r Cox. Berfctfey Trafic Soi? ?,ramin i ui Raaaar W C m m m , Sfrinafcdd. UKmdrxmtiM 5**tiy Cbaeefl J. E. Couj*rr, Batfakheta Start Co. Lswn A. D ifiu u . CoMohic* Engiatcr Jat E Dk u , Muoa Ckj Safety Coootil C W D r a n , Food Sorti Jam B. Oooglas, FUfeddphfe Gm Worw Co. Dm. Lobu L Do u x , Itero etitto LU* latomie Co, P. D. F u tn u . Conaolriag fftiair Domalo A. Fu k m m h , Tofede Safety Coodl Dl Ham E Fi h u . Obicaco Rapid Traarit Co. Howau B. Fomha, Barram i Weeorae * Co. (U. S. A.) Ine. WoxiAM Feaatrr*, Superior, Witcoauo Safety Council B. B. Fohtvih, Lehigh Valley Safety Council Au k a m m Fooraa, Ja , Quarry Scctioc C W. Grat, Minine Section Jox B. G iuox, Wettern Electric Co. Haeav GoiUMtar, The Pullman Ca SAiAH H als, The Atchitoo, Topeka k Santa Fe Railway Co. Majo* Boaiko H. H anoy, Bkfanood Safety Grand! D. T. H asuxctox, U. S. Bureau oi Mine S. C H avhk, Vehicle Fleet Sectio G. T. H uxuTH, Chic*0, North Shore & Milwaukee E R. Co. Ca E. H iu , Ntw York Central Lines How. H asolo G. H om e an, Governor ci New Jersey E C H ou**, JA., Marine Sectsou Fubojcx B, H ut, Cernent Ssctice P. G. H usem , Power Pres* Section Msmm E Hom ar, Eastbey Safety CoaadS Majcm Nosimax A. msss, Colombia Safety Comedi Ejtmim A. K arst, St. Loui Safety Coonc T ssima P, XsAaNs, Industrial Cobbssmo of Ohio k Tarife Sssiica Cl C . i M o ctiw a B alte ? s> A. 8 . U m m M N to w C w w y Safety M | . S. SUwa, 13 33riwws * Hafeoe kaStae G sepaw a W> . 1** Safety te I M m C te a te e I - X M c A m iw , p M rii, BMwfa Safety i T a, h 44 S t <d Agrieritoro M tua* K cC uvtoea. TmOc AwSt T . E l t d C i m n . &*tfrs F. W . H an eti M isn aria Sawty CewcB Jamss 8 . M as, 1 ! * Safety C -:' E J . M s a m , ffW fe.. ` CaaasS AwseSafco W . J- M s ts m a , feis?Ba C ass? Safety CwsecSI 1 W . M ntum i fc&asfej t o m C w y o n u to E. M. M im a , Esspfoyasa J*abik*as Saetk 3&&x& K. S u a , G rand R ay k * Safety Ci*ecil H a * * I M n a , E, L d ti? ; d t H eaw srs 8 Co. E i . K w , Istfetfrfri Acs .4 F sv rw iio c Aascdaiso E u m M tm yay, A las? Safety Coaaat E | . O 'Sm s j , ja ,, LfeM* Safety aoS G sbgb C l ^ k S u r s it M a a Ce. 6Ss& O m s K S K i ^ K s a m O ty Safety Ces^si L aw E P a m c b , Tfee Esptahle Laie AMsr&aca ' S o d y si tbs United States W aaos* P ii .* , M eat Packing, Tmaiag Leaftes- Industries Sc- Sm A. E P a&kss, T ran sit Sessk D aw a A. P avtok N ew ark Safety Ceaceil M as. G. M. PawoH Evaas Safety Csssdi Ca&auta W . P&kssck, Safety Divines, Mwaake* Asan. a i C sa asms C. E. Pam aoN S, Amens! Mssiual lia b ility Iwurzivit Co. Gss. G saacs 8 . P u a t ja v , United Statea Eogiosef O S es A sstbsjs P a m ssto st, Hwiaa C ouaty Safety CossadS A&s*? S, Us&ua, Jssdastrl RsEaiaa Counselors, Inc. L. Ces H sb? . ibtmMGSS, Leisigb PortlantS Cernent Co. A. V, Roh wstraa, Dulsatb, H i w t & N orthern Railway Co. 0 . L Savsa, ASSE-Easistesrsag Seetkw G. E S ju tw ss, O s e ra i E k e tm Os. HsaraY C. S c s A m t E r k Safety Cowwi KLm. G, S c a s s m s s , Railway Safety ooe>rii o 5* , y y; J AMD MECYGtS, CMtbMtl Ha**t A. S ex ta n , United Stain Steel Cor. Eml & SxA nttt, Utka Safety Coaoal Cbm. Jm x H. SxsaxuMi, Msu achosetti Safety Council Da. L. A. Snoot. Bethlehem Steed Co. --- Bavasr L. Sueouae, New Haven Safety Council Cam. L Sxrro, Cfevcbmd Safety Council C. W. Sxm a, Standard Oil Co. (lad.) " E * * n C Stone, Bfecksttme VtUcy Safety Council Wacom Dbxt S u m , Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow, Ceutractfen Section R. T, S eu w sm , Elliott Service Co. P. East S m u a , Contra Coeta County Safety Council E. C. SmMC, lanedafe, Pa. Gsoaca R. SrsrBurs, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce A nnua U. Tome, Consulting Marine Engineer Hash* U . Toomss, Refrigeration Section Gao. G. Tsavss, Chicago Safety Council W. W. TasNCH, Schenectady Safety Council W. D. Tuauviujt, San Antonio Safety Council Rombt R. Wauacs, Worcetter Safety Council Da. C H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Haaar If. Wsaau, Retired E. T. W arns, Wcetera Pennsylvania Safety Council S. E. WantKo, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W. WarrKiY, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters T. A. W iixson, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Sec* tion T. A. W ilson, Textile Section W, H. W inans,- Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation E. W. W ikth, Rochester Safety Council Hauv 'W ise, S*., Chattanooga Safety Council J, M. W04.Tr, Youngstown Sheet A Tube Co. W, W, Woo, Steam Railroad Section W. E. Worrit, International Harvester Co. E, J. Zaupt, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce East. W. Zihuesxan, Safety Div, Syracuse Chamber of Commerce G, L. Zwicx, St. Joseph Safety Council Th fundam o ttg' ttooal Safety C human life. It continuous camp*4 tion that it aatioa to ail types of has rectly or indirect citizenry. It is a notMcetartan, and filiations. Siacc k it has won respect institution. Inseparable frot the Council's wo conditions and pr eases in America! Today there ar Mating every s< many of the Car are 400 foreign s ship includes firms, individuals' chambers of cot organisations. 'i dustrial concerns companies, the ' the railroads in automotive indu sanding imports trial field. Origp . The history < ing story, is t<y In brief, the I Congress was | Association of Engineers in & a result, she R organized in year with foun first year she 971. 116 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress tarc long ytxi have lo think of som e thing d ie to m aintain (be interest o f Ibe men. Mr- Bonsib: Remember th at every- thing tb it we do is a result of tw o great principles, pride an d fear. Fear get* re sults, in (be way of discipline, b at pride is the greatest instinct man has. Lie awake at night thinking oi how you can do your work belter, and yon will think o f tilings that will appeal to (be cm - ployccs' pride. l*ay atten tio n t o s ta tis tics, but ose them correctly. C el statis tics along tines th a t will show you wIktc th e trouble is. and what causes i t W ith such statistics you cau stim ulate the com petitive ms duct, because deep dow n in his heart every m an h o n estly b e lieves b e is j i u l a s got>4 a s som ebody else, a n d he w a n ts to ahow it. Chairm an B oulet; The m eeting is adjow ned ADJOURNM ENT Occupational Diseases FR ID A Y H O RN IN G SESSION O ctober 9. 1936 T h e se ssio n w call J lo urtk-r by the ch a irm a n . l>r. I l a r i E . F is h e r . V ic c -I 'r e sident tor H ealth. N ation al S a fety Council, apd C hief S u rgeon , C Idea g o Rapid T ran sit C o., Chicago. w h o presided, iuirrnlticing the peahen. T he Lesser K now n P acts About Common Occupational Diseases By DR. ROBERT B. HUNT M edical A dvisor, A m erican M utual lia b ility la w n a c t C o , B oston P r o b a b ly t h e le a d e r in tl*c p a ra d e o f in d u stria l i[i)< a > ef !* a n a c u te r c h r o n ic in fla m m a tio n i th e L iu w h ic h w e caH derm atitis. T h u disease m ay present it self in any type of shop, factory or foun dry. A n y p a ste . (KHvler, g a s o r liquid w h ic h rftnK s in c o n t a c t w ith (Ik e m ployee'^ sk in , r u n the w ater supplied by flic tow n in o lu c b he liv es or w orks, w ay b e th e p o lc u tia l c a u s e d s u c h a shiu dislurliancc- T h e wiite rfiicrsiiy o f ca u ses tu c d lic r w ith th e varying su scep tib ility o f hffer- e n t iiid iv iiInals m a k e s (h e p r o b le m o f control difficult. M uch in v es lig a tio n is un d er w a y to MlbsiaiK'Cd clcru iin c w h y o n e p ets.* m a y lie mis- ccp tih k to a cettain w hile an o th e r is n t. It h a s iH-.-n p r o v e d m any tim es that a im nuuuut substance formed w ithin the body lias been able to prolong th e a c t io n s ta r te d b y s o m e e x te r n a l mill- cucc. A pnntcr tlcvcloprd a marked derm atitis from ink w h ich p ersisted for tw o years. Finally food tests were wade and sh o w ed that h e w as su scep tib le to lettuce, w hich, w hen rem oved from his diet cleared the ski. H e returned to bis usual occupatiuH w illn un a return of sym ptom s. T h e p oisoning o f a llerg ic tu lisU iic c s is usually an accum ulative process. It takes tim e lo produce a m anifestation o f d is ease. but let auy other substance cause the disease, and the irritating food m ay t e o f itSic lent s tr e n g th t o m a g n ify its action. AH e a se s o f derm atitis c a n n o t le cured by elim inating offending foods, bat far ther invest nation along these lines m ay giv e us a chic with w hich to lessen the loss of tim e from work and tiic d i-co m fort now produced by industrial derm a titis. brud M etals T he distribution ol lead poisoning is quite extensive. T h e skin o f th e Imh1>- i s a p r o te c tiv e co v e r in g . aod a s lo n g a s it rem ain s in tact U d o c s a g o o d j.*l> e x c e p t iu th e c a se o f tclractbyl lead, which is used in blen d ing gasoline ami w hich is readily absorbed through the ski, having a tendency to create changes in the nervous system . T h e effect id other form s of lead, through that avenue ul entrance. is practically nil. which explain* th e extrem ely low im isouing raie in type-esters. |>aiuirr- and others w ho coiitiuually com e in contact w ith m etallic lead. Lead in auy form , introduced through the mouth, acts rather slow ly w hen com pared w ith th e in h a la tio n if lead dust nr fuuicx. H o w e v e r , to m a tte r w h a t tlw portal of entry m ay he. lead is acted upon by ik e hotly fluids and so converted that it m ay eventually be deposited w ith in the bones. T h o se bony safe d ep osit van It3 m a y retain tbeir lead contents for day* or for years, and tf the exposure is rem oved, m ay also (re the em ployee o f a ll sig n s 117 118 Turitty-fifth Naiivuoi Safety Cougress so d symptom* ui lead poiw iiiuf. But nose and mouth. T he sm aller the dn>t im agine the surprise of that supposedly (the sire of u u u k t panicles fur exam ple) cu red p erson w hen year U lcr. perh ap s th e g re a te r th e ificcil *f absorption l>y follow ing sonic ty p e of infectious disease the blood. 1*tim es irm u tint tria ls c a rry o r ihc excessive use of alcoholic bever hoi only poisons but num erous minutr- age*. he aw akes to had tb it be suffers dust panicles. T his explains the inca th e aches s o d pains and paralyses o f a n p ac itie s o c c u rrin g an m e thieve en g ag ed acute lead potsoninc. As the body fluids in acetylene and electric cutting ami a lte r lead th at it utav be (c-posited. so w elding. W hen m en arc o -mploved n u y those fluids at tem pi to de-lead th e o v e r a jirolm igrri iwrim l <j! lim e. th e body, and loo rapid absorption m ay p ro c o n s ta n t to ha latum o f (mm-% a n d d u st duce rhe original disease with all its tlis- m ig h t printace syai|i)uniS of the m eU l couifons. upon which they work. la the ship O ne can readily see. then, that in some building trade, jiariicutarly in tie <ouc a s e s investigation <4 previous occupa- strnctiMi o f m etal ships, w e flail o cc a- tio tis is mite n e c o -a r y 1 d eterm in e th e vi>ual e a s e s *>i ii K u H u m r fever, u rig iaa l co n ta ct w ith ka<L H c a iin v 01 m olten lead causes a black scu m 4 U-ad -uboxide io form ih* h< s u r face. and the brat from the m c n l dis "liras* d u lls" ami " 'te lle r shakes" fnmt xioc are nam es applied by the lay people to such diseases. The terrific heat a p plied t> some o f m u com m on m etals ami burses th e fine |* m d c r in to the air. aR ovs by acetylene i>rrhes produces suf- Ifetu'e. m the p ro v e -- o i sm elting res such as /iir. copper and silver. mixed w ith lead.- we tiud 4 ra th e r h ig h lead liricu i iunti-v to can-v a tem porary iucap ariiy in i f iMwr. l`eniM ii(iil disability niu suck ca u ses is ra re. Imw-cvcr. |N>i>iiiinil rate. Tin--' engaged in the in a n u iac iu ic of Diseases Due to Dust lead wire and cables. batteries. glaxt. i~iti-rv and ru b b e r iduMriv*. plnml-cxs am t ti dry ctdof> offer th e ir sh are of lead jkitsoniHii. IVul/ahlv th e g re atc-t source *4 k a il pov->mig m ay be tiHiwI aim ing those win. sandpaper. scrape. chip or burn lead paint, for th e last aod lam es caused by llw*s< activities arc ra th e r rapid in their act mu. Such workers mav become in cap acitated in a lew- days because the inbaiatkiu of lead do-t cause* the m axi m um am ount nf absorption into the bk**d si ream in ihc niiniiuum -pace 4 lime. T w e n tv -fh r per n u t uf all workers cx|Hvrd t<> high eo n cen lratio n s .4 in o r g a n ic <hiv| a rc expected to develop c lu n g e s w-ithiu ih rir lungs due to th at agency. W e are at a loss to explain why |l>e .ilb c r seseiiiy-live ju*f cent are not x> aiTtsicil. M ining, quarry iug. foundry w o r k , grinding, sandblasting, abrasive swap m anufacturing, alicstns work, the m ak ing ill enterv and carborundum products am i n u n v o th e r uc'rupatiou oll-r op. iH.rtuniliev lor em ployees to inhale nurri>rnpir lu-t particle am i c rra ie a fintn- C'fcm w in iR C bncH uni is a metal widely used as a hwiiulaiMn fur colors. and d u sts from its various n il may produce lesions of ike skin an d m ucous m em branes of i Ik nose. Chromium plating by Heelroly sis m ay cause futues winch arc similarly irritat ing. Although chromium poisoning dues cot usually cause death, the num ber uf days of absence from work on account of incapacity which k causes is * radic al Iy increasing. latio n I'X possible fu tu re incapacity. W e -ire in tere ste d particularly in tliuc lu,ii who -w ork w ith sand.-tone, junrfr. dim . g ra n ite , a n d m ix ). Iiecansc iliey e x pose them selves to -ilka, and ttie chem ical changes between that dust and the h otly fluid, in the presence of Iwbcrriitosi*. m ay am! usually ilu lead to a fatal ending. i t i> safe to say. in light o f our present know (edge, that ibe action of other in organic dusts is m uck less virulent and incapacitating. T hat, however, doe* not O ther 'Ifcldft allow us to lower the vigilant m ethods to im prove dust control and protect em T h e m ost efficient porta la o l en try o f p lo y ee s, b ec au se all d u sty occupation* foreign substances into the body arc the arc potential trouble makers. - e t^ S a 'Ci p f *Cv*i. - n t a L I `-t* * .<-*;. in I I Occupational Diseases 119 A lthough (lie idiiM i 1 various dust lillcr w ithin (lie botly, (he ex p o su re (O a.ibc!dii!> filiiM . p ( r i i l in tl>c w eaving aiul grinding of dry ales(u> material, oifcr.t an o th e r lyi>c of d u st wliirii m ay cause laiah lio among workeri. T he n r ^ n ic d u sh from codon, silk, wool, tobacco. flour ami sim ilar iubM anecs ar<- p rjc ik a lly l u r m k s t . Such d u s ts rarely rc a d t (lie lung* hut (May cause irritation o/ the niudfupc and larile r air tithe* and result a t the m ost ia a hmM bro n ch itis. Tlie factor which should he Horne in niiid. particularly when d ealing w ith silicosis au.l ashcstosis, relates to the progression of such disease. W hen chances occur within the tunes as a re sult of the pfesetvee of *uch dusts, nature form s sca r ts>ue to licai such lesions Imt m ay fail t stop w lim th e )oh is finished. As a result, th e itiautatH o i chat heal ing |tr>u--s* m ay lead to scli stru ctu ra l ilwtiKi-.'* thisi th e lull); th a t partial or im al mcapacity uiay full m onths or years after th e employee- ha* In-rn ren u n n l | r >nt lu> dusty occupation. Bco ro Ic- B en acue llrii/o l r- a distillate of coal ta r used rxtrusicrlv in m dustiv. It is an f t list mgreheiii in the m anufacture o f cxplo stv rs It is an exccMviti solvent loe greas*. Is am t ce m en ts, an d Ik cause of that property it is im portant in m any pluses oi ilie rubber ami cleaning indus tries, In i)k- MMiiniaclnie 1 *lu*es henziA m ac he an ingredient of th e Iressmg applied lo the leather ami of the cement w hich ia Im s th e h e r Is and sole*. N ut only iu th e slnn: trad e h u t in oUut branches i industry litre employees w ork w ith g u m m y . 1tvby m ateria l, tlie voirkci- soon learn of th e solvent and cleansing action o f llii* liquid and use it freely fo r tliai p u r p l e u p o n 1hi-iu selves. T h e MtliM-ipicui im tlitrA id skill a f fliction* m ay he the lu st indication of such utiaut h o n ied use. Benzol c c x t i n u c l i |u)i>iii)Ds. c u te r ing cither through the tw i o r m outh or absorbed through the skin. Its action w ithin the body is varied and m ay p ro duce a multitude of signs an d symptom*. : J b t bone m arrow l*cc<mct affected which |vU turn alter* the character o f the blood: hem orrhage* a rc com m on; it m ay cause death. T h e fum e* Irum hemed arc heavier tlian air aud lie near the flour, which t% an imIw rUnl potnl ia the engineermg prob lem of ventilation. T h e rnem tiers o f ll*c benxeue group arc absorbed through tlw skiu. and more cases of poisoning arc found when men perspire than when tlieir Ixxlits arc cool, f 'm habiy the answ er to th a t is th at the fume may solidify as they cool ami the pow der m ay settle on the skua. T he sw eat on the body n a y dissolve this dut mi f l a t i | is m ore rra d d v aliMirlictl th ro u g h th e increased surface ld>iod upply. Chlorinated H ydrocarbon T his group of petroleum derivatives has been known to science for years hut during the ja st decade its advance into th e industrial field has been widely d is tributed and most im portant. Led by cart>ou tetrachloride and its chem ically associated ntcm hrrs. it lias lirwished in dustry w ith refrigerants for tee chests, excellent >ofvcnt* h>r rubber, wax. >*1 and grease, ihiwocrs for lacquvtx and a v ery h u e Ium w IioIJ necessity lo t ibe re m oval of spots from clot lie., H ospitals have been using 1 utore an d m u te for tie removal u i adhesive plaster. D ue to th e non-flam m ability of c a r bon tetrachloride, it i i used in lire e x tinguishers. The rapid evaporation | n luces iuiurs uhirh tuay sm other a sm all lilu c . imt w e m ust not hw rvt that e x c e s s iv e beat o f Hie actual lire m a y b rin g about com bustion utficicor to produce tick 1u)VuJ ik'Ii a s h y d ro ch lo ric a c id an d p lio sg e o e g a s. Like it* a sso c ia te d m e m ber. eiilnridurm . it m ay i v o lo w d eep w h e n inhaled by aw individual, a n d o n ly 1/35(1 o f au ou n ce in a quart o f air a necessary lo p id u c e such action. T hat thought mu*t be remembered w hen a large quantity of iluuc liquid products is spilled on Ike floor, (crliaps accidentally. A ction should be siartcd at ouee k eiix e t h e ltf|iiid g a sifie s. and ehij*1o >cc> sh o u ld be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ca h n g of g as Chem ists have developed and intro duced to industry many new product*, th e b a m of which ia Che chlorinated h y drocarbons. The derivative of p euo- 3 1 2 T-.rtuly-fifth .Voltotil i S a fe ty {'tnt;/rcss 10 lliiiik, inability to ilnvtr a personal I n son Irow* the experience of others, o v e r confidence and a desire to wake good mi (lie j o k T hese can only be overcome by careful aud systematic handling on the p art ol the supervisor. His is the respon sibility of p u ttin g o v er to Ib e w orker th e value and advantages reinitiate ir o n 9 close observance of rigid safrty inspec tion.. Systematic Organized Safety Effort T h ere sitouid be little need to make a p ica io r m ore concerted action aloug i Ii k Iiuc. A? airly m en. w know im e eas ily th e Mlttll rta]4y-r rvtiM l>c tut a m of buM iici' as the result of cveu a few accident loe> . TIk larg e r eiiipbiyi-f. a w ell, c a n n o t afford t o vcrhxdi llie s itu a tio n -- hi Iosm-5. th ro u g h w aste o l tim e, m oney am i m alrrials, will NclMtoly allect bis profits and bold bis company up to ib c public as a very inefficient organiza tion. T he ever increasing cost of com p e n sa tio n io>uraucc will u<louLu-dl> be 3 (aclisr in hrfcm i; iu*rc craLw{rrj|i.>n inr w elt n rg a n tz rd vafrtv w ork. I'rrM iiulh'. I vinplia>*zc th e side o i hum anity almve Ibc d o llar and am satisfied Iron long ex perience that u b ere hum anity rules, the profits u d l be -aij'iacim y . W hcic a real safrty it .tra ili is iUuwnL without ilmibi rllu -ten ry a n d rc<VKUuy ul llie highest o r d e r wril al<<> prevaiL T he Present Status of Control of D ust and Fum es in Industry By H . B. H E L L E R M anaging Director. Air H ygiene Foundation o l America. Inc.; H ead. A ir Pollution Investigation. Mellon Im m u re of Industrial R esearch. P ittsburgh. Pa. The problem divides itself naturally into mcilicai. preventive engineering am i legis lative phases, and includes consideration of the responsibilities of employer and em ployee to each o th e r and to the pul die. It is t.'u o o u ik that, in ease of physical disorder, im pairm ent of function o r dis ability, llie m ore thoroughly the cause and coarse oi action are known, the more c tv n m ly ra n possible rented* he applied o r prevent* r m easures u i r . lu ibc tli'icases or affections under co n sideration. there are iacts upon which pre ventive methods are liascd. and upun w hich further stuilw now course or coutem ptated are. ai feast in p art, predi cated. D uring the development ol the present stale of knowledge of the infibenr of some air n n u im iu u ls on health, natu rally irany thrttrief were advanced that la te r scicntihc work has modified o r di.-- placeal. H ow ever, not alw ays has the correction been as widely and thoroughly drosconnaw d a> was the original theory; this condition, perhaps, has led to zone confirm ! M the uiiutls of iawi; wim L ate not followed too closely the evolution ol know ledge in thie field. { C b r iif ic ie o f Daxa T liere are avazlabh* different published classifications of dusts. Included in such classifications a r c d usts, the cxttosufc to inhalation oi which arc. or arc likely be. occupational. Those that arc inher ently toxic when inhaled or otherwise ab sorbed and w hich cause system ic i*uMin ing. include lead, arsenic, m ercury, manKanesc. Exam ples o i du>ls wlmli h a te lire ab ility to p r o n r a i c th e Iccp iung ii>. so es and lo be retained th ere a re juarez. lint. Chert, a sb e sto s, talc. coal. iron, clay, sta le , an d o th e r types o f n x i iliiM. A ttention here will be erntered upnu th is Iasi g ro u p and upon pneumociiiiiu>i.>. the general term used to iksigaatc tuug co nditions caused by du>. Silicosis. which is caused by th e inhalation of free silica, lias been pro m in en t recently m the pul.lie pre.sS. some-rimes in a w ay th a t m ade m u uudcr.vlaitiliog |.u s s illr , if n o t p r o M d t A side from silica, m any ol the insoluble m ineral dusts m ay bring about slight ch a n g e s iu th e lu n g tissues, w hich m ay be dcixaonsi ra te d on th e roentgenogram if th ere is siiica in the Oust that is inhaled. A s /ar as is know n today, m ost of them re relatively o r entirely harmless. M stills S t'd io u JU Ability of D ints to Cause In ju ry tire silicotic ptc- lo u a ril t h r stage of disablement excc)4 throw*h linuHng or It has been estab lish ed th a t th e p o te n prevcim ng further e.\tKure to dura <iu.M. tiality of silicioM-. d usts to ca u se lug Nr has medical science touud a way to dam age is. will) lew exceptions, depend prevent tuberculosis from l*-iug soj-cr- en t it].on tltcir co n te n t of free silica iuiposed upon silicosis, except th ro u g h fSiO i). TIk development of silicosis d t- control of contact. The cuurc of sikeo- prm ts, therefore. upoti the concentration tubetcufosis is chronic and is very d ill- if d u s t com aiuinK free silica in th e air cult to influence by treatm ent, ac co n k n g I> m llu ll. in o th e r w ords, th e to ta l Co phlhisiulogius. aim niui u( free >ilica lrcaibcd aw l re- M edical CoetroL A. a lasis lo r iutcHi- taiued seem s to l>e tlic p rim ary fa cto r; gcut determ ination of the phyjcal fitness I the length of lime necessary lo r a sufftcient accumulation a im portant, but less o th a n th e to ta l load. of a wan for a job in a dusty trade, physical examination. with tcrocseop: roentgenogram s of th e chest. t%ac ce ssa ry . I Silica occurs also in chemical com bina Along with this study g o o . naturally, the tion in silicates. Some of these com preparation ol au occupational history pounds h a r e been proved to b e relatively "with d etail as 10 the exact n atu re o ( p revi harm less to health, some arc still in the ous work and of exposure to industrial realm o f d o u b t, a n d one--asb e sto s--m ay d ust--not a valueless recording a i occu cau>e the industrial disease called a bes pations as "laborer." " m a c h i n i s t e t c . tows, w hich is the re su lt of lung dam age Dr. S ayers, o f the U. S. I>ublic H e alth sim ilar to. b u t not identical w ith n or aa Service, lias developed a m ethod 0 sec u r serious as. that produced by free silica. ing inform ation for a prniMrr o cc u p a Im portance el Particle S i - The sire tional history; among others. C u iu n m ip . of ilnM pan ic le s in the air which an indi of Saranac Laboratory, also ba> w orked vidual m a y b reathe is im portant. N ot <ut a Uiclul history Idauk. often arc particles larg e r th an 10 o r 12 m icrons found in the deep longs, except in the case of asbestos dust, w here fibers as long as 200 m icrons have w orked their wav dow n lengthwise. S tandard* have been kvcht>cil iir the- diagnosis of silicosis- T here is also a suitable tcdiaic for taking roentgeno gram s of the chest in order to b rim ; **ot the characteristic long changes. Uncomplicated Silicosis. Silicosis, un- F rom the considerable im ix iu t of work: Cuiuplicatcd by an in feel um . is m o re o l a a th at has been done, it is possible 10 o ff im pairm ent than a disability. It is not cast with a reasonable degree o( accu scri<Nhly iliabling until it reaches a n a d racy th e silicosis potentiality of various vanced stage, and does not of itself dusts. greatly sh o n e the life n( a silicotic. Sibco-Tuberculosis. W hen a silicotic 1'criodk physical rxanuualiouv includ ing roentgenogram *. arc r>cnnal if ciu* die.-*, th e ini m ediate cause of death is u s u ally Some type of intervening lung infec tion. It is not known just why the pres ence of silica in ih t b n increases sus ceptibility to tuberculosis, but when an ad u lt w ith .viticosK r* exposed to tuberciabtMS, an active infection m ay occur, regaidlc>s ol the previous state of health. It is thought probable th at silica dust can reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions of the aduh type: how fong after such ploycrs arc to be eu a h ln l a c cu ra tely tr k arn the eflect uf iuiim dual exposure and intelligently to transfer aticcicd w ork m en to lower dust concentration heiorc serious injury has been lone, o r 10 w ork oat a system of rotanuu where indicated as desirable in o rd er th a t ex p o 01 re m ay be inicrauttcRt. Such examination* arc helpful also iR showing the efficiency of ugiiiccrinx control m tliw ik ksi.ni have healed the reactivation is T he ability t*> place <cvpon>ibilit>- in possible is not certain. Exposure of sili case ol claim for injury 0 sm all par* a cotic to tuberculosis or of tuberculous individuals to silica dust is serious and should be avoided. of the value of such initial and periodic exam inations. A A c ito iix Cluneal experience has A fte r silicosis h as becom e well rotab- show n chat the inhalation of sufficient Lkahed in the kings, medical science has amount of asbestos dust causes a serious p o t lo tte d a w ay to arrest th e pro g ress type of fibroid, which is not accom panied 9*m f^ r. Industrial Dusts ------- l W ED N ESD A Y M ORNING SESSION 1 O cto b e r 13, 1937 TW mcrun*; a a alted iv ucili-r by tibujr- Vffc < and V'kc-I'fcs^ici iW liu c m w A- S. R*#mU. I-Awrtivr S tkut.v. In- ih. N ational S afety Council, k Iki uiiro- Mti l K ch lu u n l lun'elne-. f u e , Mew tti*ce<t lie (icakers. W hiJt In d u s tria l D u s ts A rc H a rm fu l? W h y ? By SEN IO R SURG EO N R . SAYERS C hief, D iv isio o o f in d u s tr ia l H y g ie n e , U. S- P u b lic H e a lth S ervice While d u sts cxisC evesy where in ilic at- ootyhcrc, has been cccoKtiixcd lo r <*- lanes that worticr^ in certain dusty uccapaiitine arc I r ^ lii-ahliy Ilian iLosc not ta exposed The umber oi persons ex posed in usiy occiifKibOa coat]>rices one i i the farRest in tlu a n a l -roups. T h e occu pational diseases of w orkers in dusty a t mosphere-. have been found lo lie due to ratraoce o f dust into th e sy strra by tniiaUMoa by ingestion, l*y direct .ib-cuption through the sk*j. liy irritation o f (he skin, or by a combinairon o i the ioregoiiie. The suspendons a f {'articulate m anrr hi tit have been broadly Itum ed dusts, lmes, rod smokes- Such a classification is neces*hiy arbitrary. ciuee ilc Uue o i demaeca- dt between thrni is not veil sharp, awl die chief d>ferrHial h*i i- ou the d/ ut the p ertic io . i live-in;a Iions by the P ub lie Health Servie* ni <lu-*y uvlusjries1 ren a t t Uat about J per cent o j th e lust particles exam ined * he! e c u 1 and 3 *uoos in size, only about 20 p er re n t were *rss than I microti, am i the m edian s ite wax 1J microns. Industrial dust arc uiaiulv ir Ihio Iff mii-rns iq c. However, libroiu kwts in the air. M idi as r-hext. have been fmuiil i0 contain partiriez as JarRC as 200- tOO mircons in tlx: greatest d m t i a . While, generally speaking according to | CoHii, dusts re m o re injurious as thwr i jfrcmieal cocnpuultan differs f r o th at ol t tmmaa body, o r from th e elements of g y & k the body is norm ally composed.* it is dilhcvlt to establish a couaprchcirvier drtm itiun fo r tujrir dusts. Sutlmann.* tier analysts o i various kboitwns for poison. leU (h a t it i s very difficult to Rive a ilc&nuxxi which u-dl wot tie ambiguous u jum e eases, h a beficred that die following covers rood o the poriws which outsI be etHv-i|rrrd in fascine a smItsuwcl' a s s u c h : ___ jmjsoa is any -ubjtancc which. act ing directly Umiiigli its inherent rbrsnif- pr>j**arlio. and by its ordinary action. J capable o f Icdroying life, or o f seriously j endanger in;; 1tea1th. nhcu it is apjditU to S lb b o d y , e x te rn a lly , o r mi m o d e ra te d*-'- j (lo 50 Con.) imertally.*' ^ S um e dustx arc known l Ik* jhhmw. a Julc ` Aher-, mi llir in u ro iin iiu d .' uxutdh iiu iiiuticrnl. a rc r<ui>arativi*h I s u w k '- l l im w r r . it way 1* s l l l n l that Iw a lk iM dust ua hath concernralHMt - rvw IciitaMi' Vreurdme lo Fairiiajl, the tkutmec arising im in the inhalation of toxic te- eiUicr local o r temte, aad depend upon whether the material is a protoplasmic poi son. w hether it is caustic in rraviioiL .u w hether it is alsorlctl into the blood sen-uni and arrival lo other renters w hich an- oi torn affected.' It i j row w ell rsiaM idir! il t rap.-nnto r t r t a i n k in d s o f dusis. iu c h a s tliose ,<<- ta m in g coosmIc ra b ie <juawt`t c ' o f fee **0. has increased the m orbkhty ami m ortaliiy ra te fro m resp irato ry diseases; while m e tallic d u sts, lu c h a s lead and 1* compound.. M BSL &s T w H t y - s i x t k X a i i o u u l a ffix tSotujr.-ss f utSusSnui H um * * t'uuun spinning, conco-xtrippcr* a rc ex posed (o d u n arising iron* coiloo husks and debris. which produces a typical form of asthm a.1 Ordinary' mood dust lu s b e o f interest d u e to its purely mechanical 1*00, bnt still greater core b required in bandling certain kind, especially woods coming iron* abroad, because o f Ib e essential oils im preg nating i b m . which when freed in the dust way ail ret the health o f (be workers con cerned. Some ol jilt woods capable of causing -kin lesion* a re Brazil wood, salinutKxj, leak wood, c tiu n ru o r look* wood, black l-Ihwv wood. W est Indian roahujaitw, tagayasa, rocruJoha. cboiniM uood. olivcuood. California sequoia, etc. All ptrsuit who handle th ese woods a rc mst i n jured. (Oly those portirularly susceptible t> the ubtanrs they contain l*mnwn*i atleclcd " I U l 'i S C O K C A S IC JH 'S T S . T hrc KUitam partwh- capable o f exhibiting llw fhcm w inaa nt We3 [ u p v o l l y tin* jniqn-rtv -( reproduction o r muJlijiitraiimi). w li as leicterui aw l fungi. T hey arc usually num d in luw viir-utrati`MK ami arc a'af-d itb iii'itl uiglul in llw air. a. lim 'liI'M- Owe si ill- iw m im portant jiuong t<K"*e is th e anthrax l/aciH, * W b i - contained in the >lw~i tro w -kins. iur, wool. ami anuuai hair, horn, i w o i \ liir. rw \ Tli-. di'i-a-i- tiwiy (HTttr in n w infins ttttautoux fill which the ofgauism *it n t Ihe skill!, ami fmh*u>Mry (w hen si is whaled, a in the t o r n 0 an th rax k n n a> m ud-irflvr*' d .'^ a-i ) `3 Car> <ii ivtai*H\ r,-j*.n-,| us .'Mtri m m II ilb yule uKum iariw v. e re i r w i l (>> tinraw material. the hacillu- lia in< lv*i iniind in ike iaciorv A n t." Di/ditbrri:. iiilscrralosis. Mall|"e. typhoid. n r o th er IzwilloJ-rMiui'i-i|ii--4-.l-s, IlCtl fC'llIl /<H Spit>l)f>in inivi icil ilw'l*. Bacterial M iuilisilitM o n Ite th e cause of any o f the allergic diseases, namely, i >|Im u . {H-feuniai. hay fever, urticaria, angioneurotic i-k-wia. ivti-uu, o r m igraine licadarhc.'* h. ru m ii. Dm j containing the n y r r li a ami spores o i parasitic fungi give r iic to w utoyjorc and ilj-com lofi. '"M altster V ' itrli from the dust alone lias been reported. In Provence, reeds used for ceilings are stacked white still wet and undergo ferm entation; they become covered wiut * *i:c pevrder (a dry fungus o f the M ucor fam ily: S poro- t rich tun d erm ato d ei), which i> ft.: Irritant dusts arc wtjuruHjs bv when lite bark b stripped o ti T h u p of their strong irritative or corro- is irritatin g 10 the ski and m ucous iwr, poperbes. hranes. htyrclia ami sp o tts u t m oulds ;** ^ g ^ J c inhaled irritao t .nb'taw cs im- com m onh toum l to cause ra-JicN iu r a. WIfo -< y cans a reaction 1 th e upper Stance, th e black powder row ing i n , ta m in lo rf tract o f such evenly Unit they m acerated uiUrraitc talks. Among ba4e- 0' revenltd from rcaclting the lougx. al- m akers, the iw>rcliaiii usni spores, in they may cause lung dam age by form <f a w lute m ould (hypluim vvrtv) igc ^jy p g rn o f inljainmaiiuu if ilie kme01is Ihc rlM iian caih s um 1. get hake out wV- |>tai^ryp#. jj corroded.' Lime, cak iuw oxide, he <'' art- -pin. liamrnrrciL mid r* ^ be di-chromates axe e x m n p lo o f ieri- causuig pauiiul a--** 1 ilcv|.i|i 1 . ^ inorganic J x -t mav ixtsscs* skin wlscre ilrey alight,1* f ^ toxic and irritant pro p crtio , ami the A fo rm h i 4-aUiua u r pa-w*lM- cugc, * pafaozuog produced m ay he it>c rcunbiued -u iK rcd by rollon w eavers am i knowa 4 t i t d o i m arc tlisn one mwit- o i entrance Ibi*a-j>ersilh>-i-. i a - U v u coniiksnf d ig 10 x d * body. lu la iw n s|v*r>-> o i a mildew which som Of the diteclly poiv inous fi<-(. i t e m n-t l u m - occur 11 llw th rea d ,.1* |u a >td rilcly prevalrnl are lh>c of rcrtam Irai) t i-j rcatliiy lypiral m iliary calci ticatiou ihiorbcd b>" >Ik cuucoik incm lu airt: come r m itern i. l'iiMaiW'iJ rovar v i iImj- c ra-r i-xaniiw d e r e p-itivc to r itiugn.>, *sp*> u i A>frrcilbi. m tzi being n ittiit MI d ih.- ,ul.fn Ixit iiv.- were irmih`iM-r\ irciliuill vvrkcr. >ir re -k liiit,. mali a^ri uh tirai town where grain market .1 l'a rim r an- --j*.-i-*| m m nii tirc-liun; Ix-al. h.ilm - h a i , .r l-audk various mali graH is/' S l.mil- itiln-r iinigus 4iw ai-s-urli a , eia iu\i'o*i ati'l iih.'liiliiiV ii'i, .ite xw ciX . 11oli tM*ctt|Xiliai ,,<pu-uixe 1 A h . T riMcr ur- am ong w urkci ImjkBc -1f.tw. ita, g r,. vegliai)!' il briuated di numlit. eie. .\rim<iuoc-i> likely io allevi people cugagtvi in i " w in n h:mJlimr. -irtng. aw l clcau-iui; <>i 50: i grant di -filleri-. fl*mr mill. 4- 1.1111 era" ittg. hrvw vnt. ami m .tluiig Imu-c. rie.)* tn tpasses into ib" tornarli :mm1 is d i-solved by the p s t r k juice.* Accoidins 10 Fairhall. (-rioraJed uasal rpium is a rofniiuw occurrence aumug workers with b iciiro m alc du<.* In ^ u d j x u 'k by the U. S. PiiLUc H ealth Service it wa iounvi th at roniiiiw xw rfaitv rttu N irr to cxicciiiaiiii >i rlim uuc acnl u-U greater than 1 m illigram ua IU cubic M ica is likely to cau<: drhuite injury la ike icual tii-.uc*." It > ln-licvcd thru * tilar comccjiIration i ilw: A w l would be pby toxic. fu the case oc ! mi- heavy c u b , exposure may be to lioth dust and taper. For iusiaitn.-. iiiccstigotioits h a re fovn the safe limit o f rlui exposure t> fead oxide dust am t 11trues (o be less (ban 1-5 mg. per 111 cabic m eters o f air. except II. In o rg an ic Dual fur prolonged expOsiue.'> In c a p o 'iirc ia c t w y dost aod vapor, it was shown tliat UioTguiiiC roiiqxituui are niancg rigi. >* rr|iritif :t living nrgauisiM 1 |ir<nliK-c tin'mi.* \ uiiiiiIkt i lul ii-imltv lasl a toxic m ay. under i* cnrKlilKMjs. produce tuHowarl ctlvcis ei It laimai ot|;aiMin. C lassified under uiorgaa are t<<x*c aiw |/or irrih u u . 6brua-produing. otuf uiUvhr.>-i-producing <inK the inddotec o i chronic m ercurialism in creases rapidly witli inrrea>ing m ercury cooccntratKia. a fte r such ttiiccinrariun e x ceed* 2.0 mg. per 10 cubic m eters.* Alkalis and m etallic oxides arc com m on t*Mej o i d crm a lo -rc l.ye, js.rad and ** ire known io cause iirim tion to plas- cemcm-tnafcws, b r k la y e rs mason. a. Tenia- cviif'cT* }rrtUt`t l T oxic iln(s aa those which art- iidiciciuK i ic Iuti 1' }ialxl. igea led. o r other i 'v ab-njbrv A m o n g 11lo s e w h icli prm lucc sy ste m ic jm Uweculirrs. tuodcHers and ruclal platers.** Wocration ami pcrfaralion >ii th e nasal Seph Occur am ong w orkers exposed to JUc *** o f icda a s h ; ystemic poisciung also sonnimugT, m a c a t wl,K h i r c ^ ' i n u M * 1. g g t o *< - ti,i4 (com bcavvr nactall>s atnid their >aaWWiak:>. ' _ ' such as lead, m ercury, arsenic, cadi Of derm atitis, sc^ rn d erm a ami can- cer are reported to have been caused by exposure to dusi ol arsenic compound. L trta m ahnniunra alts arc skin irntani and akummam dun may contribute to the infection o f skm and mucous puxnhranc. thrnn^-li nircliamcal acUou.1* b. Tihrajis-ProductKQ D usis T he mo-l iui|u<rui)t o f (hese arc the iiM rciiiir. -lighiJy so!u 14c dust which cause fibrous rlianecs it the lung tissues, some o f whivli arc cri>. aw l sum o i which cause little o r no di-ability,1 S o far as is know n, no imirganic Miljiiauccs oilier ihan silicon lenvative cause m ore llun a very m oderate Icgrcc o f hbrosis o f the lung. Moreover, th ere cent to be no evidence ilial an)" other cortsiiiucnt o f ordinary dusts can mflunocc so im iavoraU y a pulm ouary infection.* Allliougb Other dusts, whrn uiliafol in Mllheicuf mncemratiCMM over a long j*ejiol of time, lu v e h sliowa capable o l pro ducing a pulmonary fibrosis, nevertheless. th e pni-uMvoccxiio-as characterized by nodu lar liWrosis ha In ifcuc been shown clini cally aw l fX|H-riuK'iiCiHy 10 lx a^-n o aiv J u n lr will) the mlutanrMi o f do-l citainiie irec siltL-a. Since this hot. (o ex ert its h arm fu l .-k Iuj. n u H L-uter the liuvr li\i>.iuiis o f tin- lung, the particle -tre o i (he aim(}>n r -hi t m ay bear a drliniic rdiua> lii|) Hi mv -:iju riu u s i-tiert [iriKlitCcil. The >*lc: m u -1 be pres^-m in die ;ur m parLicU-c .nrall '>>4;! to v-ntiv the liner a x paces a ril uud zti'oca microerupic cxam m aiiou o l the lune u l l within the limits- o i 'rr.m I j m icr>)),." Examples o i silircoi bs-i a rc g n iiiw , quartz, and. pumice, slaw . <n*. In a riecnf simlv am ong anthrarjJv inner, llw: it.ri-dalnais ImIivcw rX(H)sr*: )- -1-1 (sv'hirli ronluwcd iiica) :wd (he '\ idcucco t constitiiUimal change Iclt M ite doubt as to site citulockal significance i llw *lut lit the air breathe!, lak e cirrekii-i".s *'***"' found Ixtw ccu the si Ik-i csjhj-hic .mil ih r extent of pulmonary cliangc.* \\l*en the inhah-d dul consists Ot silica coKihiord with la;, silicates, um ic degree <>i clianzv in the (wlwouary iisue :) trsiilj. In this rc\pc"J asU"<4os i)u| -vein to lx unique atiiung Ikaies in the prevalence and c. verity o f the di-ease ij ranfes.1* T he eliw i disliuciion !*ftween silie--is and condition due to simple reactions cau-cd by oilier dusts is t l x active proliferative Vi) T w i l y s u t h \ u t U i u a i S a f e t y fuiiuslrial lh a ts 91 reaction j th e tssucuU in p ro v e d nodubtton. S iltro ^ i\ u hen mu'c established. urofiRly predisjxwc.-. i l Im m lo infection. spettaMy with the in k -rifc bicilkiv C b iw k inter sii ita l imcmjirmia. dircene txcmcbiih. and emphysema arc ire- quent cow pliqiioPS o f ailvanrcil degrees hi 'ilk o tii. Tlic retai ton o f lite acute ro p ira lo ry incelione lo lite reaction due to dusts other ilian free silica has never Jx.cn est aldi sited, lltotich a heightened w fidutce has often leen shown iblsfacaK r in w orkers hi lusty trades. It is fairly certain that a dirsi dam aged lung, whatever rite m n>r. iarex much nirsc i f an acute iaicciitMi d u o -iipervene |XJO il.' In a study conducted try liter 1`. S. riMr Health Service am ong m arble fini-h e rs in Vermont, it was lound that ruaride dirsi -ilii inhaled in ibe con rent ratio n s fo tu el in lire examined plants produced a wild, IUtcral. linear tiiitosis in oow a-r-. Im t w -erious lung rieuices were uuled and there v as no disability due to the lust even a ite r years o i ca|Xsure.'4 \'<iufi('r a iis -i,i'otinriuut /'>/. Thc-C are inert. iliai i>. they ilo noi -aO'C fihria- l issue lo he produred. Init ims- Ikcoiiu- -neapsularcd n r lie ir e in th e nr they are aJ*<nrUil it hum prodtn-iitm i lihroav tissue. included oirg (Item a rc alundtim. coal. cortUwUuu. em ery. lioK^Ume. magnesite. nuu bi\ phtster iin : (he wn)u>Irial l*rl h a /a rd . and are t*J a l.irg - nloll riMnidrutcnta*> /.u-m tfrrw o .**(/.if 1 oi/.i* h.i- -v.vivil in a reveal tsicr. " I t i- a h i-if pfindplc in dealing with a du-l Ic i/a rd licit tlie dust should be attacked ai ti- tiwt >! `iiigui and thus prevented tro n i inm g <)t<- cniriiaivd into the alou-splifre." \ f i e r the luM has been spread thrm iglm ur th e a ir it in dilfictjli to deal n u li 1. am i rcli;uv iwn-t Ik pfeu-cd on individual jimieiiio). n i t id i is never wlioUy satisfactory. L am a further cites various mcil*oJ> used in controlling dust. T h ese ill be reviewed but briefly, since a paper dealing w ith the subject o f dost control in detail, wiM follow on ibii program. D m'I may lx- ntirapm -d al iis miuio hiv* apr,*s . *'' a - *ir` >uruou devices ami thus removed and,, m* - J* o l icr. ` icctcd- l a rad we exam ples a r e cxlm isr tw, _ ,wH 10 or 1 ,e *fn ra Trading operaiitms. and the t f c i W S o T Cerxeral rules o r hyg.euc a. good in n x k drillini'. IgosckcrptnS should at* he IrscrvoL Generally speaking, th e <\sliau> v eit Ji t d i t d Contrai. Equally trat*nanl. aud (k>u mrtluKl. where appticaiile. 1 U p nfexrelalcd wrlh the egnecruJg fcreed ta CiiulroJIuig a d u s | haaanl. VV1*. a ,- > ' is __e_d_i_ta_i control o f txrrui>aiKxiaJ a y Ik used to en trap lu.-t an d prrvrtx ^ r d s ] o addilm o to directio tftc proper dispersal, an d ornler certain circiim.-4* - o i new w orkers, anti guarding the tl may ^ advantage m eooibim- Og c ^ U h of all aployces. mc}i-al erm lrol is o l w ater am i th r use o f siK-tinn. S om et* ^ gkerk on ibe efficacy o f the enguxcrrng a dusty process can Ik lOMpIctcfy t-neU methods already luititulcii. o r a in a scaled room o r com partm ent. 1c ttr**ort o i the need fo r neiv protective dv- o f di-ica-ic." Siurc -auuc tx'aqcuiuual di>cases lead to clear op and recur, iro jrib o i previous occu|>aiioAs should lie pclulled ru the pliysiral rxaiai nationv The irequew y o f exawiiuamxc dum bI I d e tm n ie c d ly the met Ireal tbrccior, unless rallx-ncisc speci fied by law. TJxinc exposed to ki*owrr occupaciuoal disease k a iin ls may b a re w'cCkly o r monthly ex am iua lions." " It should always be kept in uuuil that the liasic principle o t |ihyi-al exaiuttiarioas in induMry is to keep pteo oi l1c job an d not allow the physical exam ination l o lie m erely a wceibiig out process."* l*c rcmentbcccd. Ihjwccer. th at any mc-ch* ^ R eferences i 2 j kT"~ ? f ^ i 1 11 K .w iivctailiti. ami maunamcil. t I, l u , t a n M l e J lli.l - | U,l,,-[ry 1. ihsi^c- 2 * 4 ttu i the t e s t way to tre a t industrial Imwics and lU o^s i-s to prtxrn* ihvm . *HlwiMvt. J. J li.slt.VHHr. j. \|. " TU. IrcstToniLUtoa. and Catural <( I<<l- " t . S- PuNic Suthiiu No Jt7. April, A great deal o t ailnitMin lias 1kcm p . the M ilijal u i *udividu;tl yicotretion iidu>t, ami iJn-rc a re many tyjx-s u i re<p- Z L rardical control, ihrough prccm plotKIH and periodic physical oxarainainms. e of the most importji i r n n r s in such *Calli, h i n t I- **llliWial l*uywx tux---, nti t(Jiv > I1* rttk i '." MJiin U cwSotUrwt,OHnnU. . T-ttJ. "A N w iu l 1 ri.ir.j-. ct*ljcr." IV. ft. Sj.w J III ft c*.. rtt.-. i.iry pitiaii\c d ciw cs mv, availaWc. TL preraoioo. arc g rm ra lly of tw o i>|Hn : i)h, ,, ; ,, t The preeraploy mem cstarainalson is- made * I'Sitlaill. |jr<nre T. **Pwk wul futwev-* Jootajt o i ieu-tril ll; o t m -s-t lo - <ut-*-r. Norout-t. r it i provindiec irersti a rir fKrommn an imiurtinmmtairunuuua source and those tvhx-li rely ii|miu a lilmr ruttili un fo r removing diasi irom dw 1>real lieti W here lire nr M surli ,i let lo lierBl^nc ihe euaploycc'.' p lo ^ v a l and am tal fit s s for work. It Ncrvi-s to !*>dose he presetare of any contagions J i .- n ;. [cvtah any minor physical (Icfn ls * RUoujAcW. ) J. Ttr Sxhi>Iik xr-l of Jn<lu>iri-kl Ihjsi." Atnrrosju l*ut>U< tteaiiU A.. ctx'utroinb.bVi.cWm.ImJqLIc--Puvt I U n l n ln * l tt." F,iiict Jb*-oAji.irI l.llyicnl^-n<ciiKboxnl<tJJU.-Mt t Aori-twa. Inr. "S.l- |S uwlicatcl. *Mily line it llw 111 - a|iptT which migin later become &enou>. o r whether by th e l*. S. 1'nirvau o f Mini- slmuU Ihe examinee's condition precludes his cm - io- >u-t Allieti IH--Ili'/'.-- si.--Ill :i| N.Ik-, PUl I... No. I. Pill-Jrtxcj;. fa. A,oil hewte. F, II. `The Ao ! l|jr*Jui used. As a rule, it may Ik ^1 ih.ti ma- (doymenl in certain o r in all types o f n a r k , respiiatirts. o r oihci 'J h1i ihuuvIiv- ih ic dmaid be (ementbeTed that -.eh prvetu- lot. >t Mtotnc imt MciUlteicr. I.oihJm . June I I. P U flu!. Fan**-*- anil J-itwl.-." IV nw iion not *ltiu|il Ik u-ed only w here tX|Xisur<- lo t pk,tna( exarnioations arc not lo hi- ma1v Health crirj. Internalimol (abolir tUi-. .<!. lj. It't i ' nili'ritiiUnit aixl hrk-i. o r uhr fnr the purpose of eliminating an employee. --tcilcr. Philiii '` Jii-alx-* oi IW rfni iuui-u.il eon>lilioii i n d i ' -i u s -u piate lU't v.iitlrol lii lather ior allocating him t " llw type *>f work for w hidi he is physically suited. <\ -s" Jvmiml o4 laJuMrul J ljs 'O " ao-4 (si " t'v'U. )-rKinlotV"v, lI'kUcto.|.ls.ri llrallb -'v-. Horicr should be given cwploynKiu unless VVlverC Iweti'iia o f other living lii-U tataHy unfit, o r unless his fisoltility. i vcn tin- a ir arc associated with a provo---, -ir (bough slight, would cau>e 1dm to lx- a la c - Iart-nomal labour D in t. *h-oj-va. 1''X> " i^ W . Sir R rio is "Jriihi.irol Osf-r<| l'.Hcr*t>' i^O'lon, l'IJi. " HurrKia. A. "Vicotinv Aettao ("Sf tobat.-t h ia tio u mi-iluxls sik-Ii a s increased t-tiK- kid to himself o r a s o -wtvs. l-"nritn-r- itrre. tiliraviokt raitiali. am i hrnn- wore. the practice o f pn-emph >>meut TVar< Journal of tntlMriHl |lci-. J>r- rBMlnIV-rh. ii|rt. jrH. . IV*vc<. -Thi- IX-iut>-ca,.-. ot Idsc bliKtue ir ut her haclcfictdal sid^ginr m-iy lx- o i use. Pasteurization tiiutcratii faim tit 1J4>' I*.) will kill uuist nrgaiu'1 t-eccpt tluwc hearing Steam If teetinu is used to r tiurseluut. aiul t<o\c- In: prariuahU- if ihc ti > tx raiu rr d ix f ` c s c e o l 2Jfl* V. VViHil lil-rrs. hptveivr. k tiirir rlaliciiy by slcaut ilh>inivlxug V th e "1tinkering" proves- nun- us-d m Hr- amiaahoos should be extended to iiw-tude ttccalivcs and officials o f industrial u r ^ u i num t. The purpose of pcrunlw phyvicui fxinations is to secure and m aintain l<jiicaJ fitness and thereby lengthen w ork yinv"" Rccxajautatioo o ( employee, w inetunes results in the discovery o f deft-et-; a*ul tkcHlw>onal Alfrrs" " i lite SWn." I|. )k t.v*v* 3t C<oS. thIX-xJ.*. nl..triIt.Ji'minn. f ill -S U u ll*iu.l. ia Arecrirw Iflitustiy " t*. S. 1'ablic Health UiilU.-t.it Su. l>Wr. (li. tr.,ri nK. J. "t.li-uijt iX-rii.ais-r-- Tr.-ai. men! ailJ U 'lll A-iri-c.-: R eno oi Ktrrot tours- lure." Journal 1 l*4u-tfal lltirn r arai Toux-ineocirouv|or.lKJ>nha.lWt-eR**,on* in 'V n ilff' to S-ucar " BcIcMud la -il . Jiriomal *>f Awwtica l l n k i l A--- oaiocn. Jui*. tn- t027. .Uw. Joiirisj J tuIu-|nal Hxei-tH-. Fvri.tar>\ (`-'A land ucIikL . soal^iiit of Ihc ao o ( in a i<,jr ahleliyite wiluiicm. and dry in g ip a vuerc dittU htfo which were noi nlr<rveil at the Ue oi csnploynicra. In mii'Ii r a n k an oc- ""Floor Mitt* iicoii'Slinn ami 11<ahh 'w-rw., Ininnai MlUl tjttanr ORrr. lu n r v j. r>.M> Jtavvr. SI iv K ""Siiriri>lihliir Ixim alifi "* o i a n at a icuiiK raturt o f WtO* lr.,J Tl< a r c few fKcupationi in svitici* there '*r" n p a itu a l adjustm ent sboiih) Ik m arie 1 M e cootiouid employment. Init rem ove The lnl!rial tluUctui. Alhanr. X. V. ) tU. Ji 17. ral f1UA.iiWov.r2.-Philip. llweh. T_ litwW r. "iruli-- he a sulliricnt emieentratino of dead teria lo cau>e untow ard cffceii in mao-i- W ' rijls o f pertnzpcat injury. n u m ilion o f employees required which tlc l(U< Ilirri." McCiawIWI lj n |o r , ine.. Ne**wSYfhorriha,m.91lamie Aon llu o n. li. in. A n u n u a logHHir- Pats 11." U S. PUk It-csSA Bulkww ,, -.f -~ i-- - irritation, auxiliary protective measures include the use o f protective cldh" K * v* e deleterimay result in the contract.iio.n_ No. 2"TF>i.Sneupt iI9WJ6.wd .O tw r tr i m i HfWl SciUs. iM n u M w l latxHir Ofcf. -*<*. IMC. : \ f * ! - "VaT /.'M i A dim W ii/ $ .//, C <H.<ttu'Mu S r t liitn 3^1 v Hour oi tin* flay fly Unric l'a ri liijutnl li S alirti- <>i In iu n Hy I .-ru ral II) m aiiir 'id*-cU"li-alwnv inule r * t / i l ( JII'C lly I'riw iry JU 'ic Tanscx tty S cornilary I hii n Imlm e t on-w l*v I'"re- in t 'Uu*hc By M aiairr *>i 1V n < .rn u m v 15 Ac-*' t Mutimi-. M at. lU l 'o ri il Vycurv Ilk M-IIhmI m| t IM.l.I ^ Till' hcUr* UW Ih- lliiMil.iriyn] lay* m Unte h*l, iin il u J c\|-msili auaril. r rtlin a'-M-iai.-d W EDNESDAY A FTERNOON SESSIO N O ctober 13, 1937 M e th o d s fc r P ro te c tio n A g a in st S ilico sis, a n d W hen T h ey A re Ju stifie d 1 _ M isfacliii un ili-.l aii'M vr 'Vo tt* i|U't*i. Imt ti u i^ im r t a ba*l iiii'tik '- vulralim iv ii any __ m olbct ri 4'4ii t"*<r lii't .-Mtiir ^ | l ooi, |hii i- 'liiinhl u-.mI i ran - * * a( KHV lito- t *Cl-ltt >111)' at r>ui J g d wliul i.'Hila'' Luiiac ' lar j y j gL-niii en* cf.mti >i la Him nt<> dm l cuMaiiiinc h u le >r iu> ciltea. jk Z c ^ t> and co*iru':Uhn U o n h a r c not * | p V l d d ) i iulilr iJi' I uhuu* l-ti\ii-ii M with 10 per cen aii Kl | ht ciui | u*<iy, Ikly vben m olical -*i-il-:rtc r. lva iaui n M lw definite statcjiirH :r. tu llu- ciup t h t pficanrc (' 'el liu.-n-rh-i s. By D A N IEL H A R R IN G TO N C h ie f. H e a lth an d S a fe ty B ranch. U. S. B a te a u a i M i n n , W a s h in g to n . D. C. XVlui- Hu- U y-ienu 'ith r.~<*rd t*. .iUr"t' iinl iIh-i- iitatiMi:l li'ravr-. has larccly -1 aii>l i b i ' -uIih-i J i- Ih-iMc urn- "m tu lli -iii-tibfcil an*) Iti-rlv j mim'd. uuiiM I- |Hrt fdi> icir an v iiip in rr l i^ iiu u iii ih-it tin- i' ui>'>l ;m-l that in <an U s -iiiil i -ri lu iiililKtft* ;c 111i >r --unc uh- "nie Uici i- that tin i*|.ui mi patini: iteriliwin nal*di't-:i'f miuih-i)* viIm i i* nu in i l ' ni tu n er an d can I' i |n-vi-l m cf" A t |*ri-'nu hili* ail tin- S la t ' X rtan'U'; and Mi>u-- 'ill*i. h:i *im|H-'aii*n :ct<. <*1 lln* ! Uime m-rk- ]'i'ii,.ii i.r ,H'ru|>4|i.i<nal <lt" i a .i ' 1*. uiUf *Mriu 1 ah iut m.t. 11Un are. 1 >HIU'l'lli IM. l i.i,. : 1 t 'diMltUn*. Mim..,.. Imhaiiu. Ki l l li u i l . lu"U i lni'cM-, M Uill^.UI. M|JIHim 4X M i... tir. \ i4.ru .ka. lei ' . Xvw York Not!* .Jitei. North IhtkolX ` It*. i 'uii -i hau.,. .:4l- I'laiol. U .-June luti. W .-'l x tra u m i...,j4 \ \ iM iniMH. Siili'!' - . ..im i 1!i'i'Uie ut me wa- r anliter in f a Ii.ruta. l oniYticut. litvirK-i I t lumina, lili*', Ktu l ley. Ma>'3-liU'-ii'. .M'-aiiri. >'* V>tk. N<n fi ('a n d in a . N'o n h liak m a, til . l '-iui'.tiaia. \Ve->i Virenti,t. ;iikl V\ i'iKi'iu. and {kI ' mW)' it <4lifc S laU '. |< ill in- Mtrj.i i'iin; il r<uii|r.rthrfy ciH rlw v r .M)>atial-<li>ca'c Uci'hiiti* i ' j-rnlii'Mtn ( lin Ihrt lo-. I*. SV l rn(iyri*il I u-.i li -taim e b*k' .i ii.ui\ Ule ill il l ui*i lilil Ibi- itevi lit r i VXirii t t ' iiii.i<iiii c n i t i h u e , fa la r-i-h le d u w liM iu fi'i win* M' ihr saura i In. *- mm/.iIi-'ii ;*> l<*.irf ill ii.-uitrb- ul |.Ul . ' I. -il*: . .)..111.1l.lt -jl-| riltpli >- atui {>]!U appi ill- In* f'-i*K-Ual *> a lle im e iu h lliiU 'lu r - I ihhii- t-M 't t il-|n 'll Ml |Im- llh~l Mil)' HUM Ml |Ih- 'I l i mude tria l.-' in d-t H-, Iiru w r U lu le tin *Lu- ilii'i la \ ' mtI re 4|ph jio u ia iih in 'i lira d n -i am i re-** iIh i- il- i all li la J i-rtu-d. lit*--' -i i.tunliar itti diM e. li.- ..I .1- 14. h:*4i.t -- ) lit.it il iil.m ->i lui . 11141111U .1 ... .1 H i t >-.1 ) t- )-i -4;im* i e ii- a lv - 1 lt.t/u a l >0In-,d i l l Irl.-ii i.. !h - iv Iie n - . l l l 't . .*l.l. l<ll it.ll HiH I*' 'd t . -t ,d ll *1 #- I r t i in l t d ( . 1 . un-- >- lie s ill 111N h .li hJi .I .mi l . i . - il ln M . U li v i U t iliw ulu'i'- *" o f U>> ...lll H l ll..tIl-Il i. f 4 -iil'ilkO**' k - n e tl t i tu m - M 4-. ( . iuiii ihaiiU ,-sin -rl . in li'! Im ilili lilil tin ; <1U III! I ll II 1' cNjHi l u ilial Ih'^i vi.11 I- l*u*>1 'il- ImiDJii 1ilici I fi (>rrai Ite invi mu >Mlia t i kiiul ,i .hist luirte a lo * lr.M>r l'lu b p ilruk*-r. ii lla r ......... m an i the f r e m i i i w l-'.Mvuiivr*1^ ' milla i- i th e A it 11eie' Fmuhtanv. 1 t i id be well i tfuU sv tlial m m rtMf U dusty trnili-. 'iitu -r fa r nun io rc tf tn lo o rimtih i` .ill kL than b u c k o s o ik a I.in art `VIm*i.h-. . m m iiv c ilu ^ in '- .i am kunl iv liarm VwW jood arij-vniini ~ fc l m ti al* W r.111. iiiH-ri-d l l i liltNulhf o f dust iv ! <!- (iii-aii- il- mill W 4 i ml*trial m l. ilial m i.-iim . Mu n ition |ny n ii')il; .it! c m lien ll ; l*r*W elect of hrvailiim; l u i . m-i m-c* lij caufiacd lu ilti Uhiv', a> 'me himK W iM *rc known lu k m 1innn-riial lu-alth *4U OS (he nO'r, lltiu.it. anl lam kltial ( M U n i i well as lu tilin -u h >m i tlu- iicatt. ^<Mcfi.aad pop'll iiIh t urti ru.it m t a i l ' LtanaJb. dust may c.i-i' injury 1*> iW mwsrs, and kin. aiI une il ii 'i '. in *! dk perspiral mu. :u- ali'url <1 nth AfctolUrm to tin In-ali 11 i lln- i>Mm Dust C u u V isibility ier, heavy cm vuiian. ' *.i tlu-| in N r (Wee vi'iJ.ihu i>i.iin>.illv u l . i i duM rul nj..U t.ni' mi lii.-Ji Inn iraoum. ,,alural b-Jil a i . .i.il ' W ' m which ari iti ml hdt i- U'i'il J y ^ v *T dccrca'- in vi-tlitl.lv iln- ). ttOcrnlratiuiJ' Limi ti- ilv:'. i uy, under s4Uic renin'ian,i-', per m u 1* nmr< ) i> likvlv < materially rniiiiiK ctiiCirm'v aii raer (tequian .. n in ciw c u ( ac- ipamcd h>- an in rria-i- ir ru>uaitpu.nl' Sunn- (i 'i- (citai, and sri>r' >. *f u t h i i '. nin'rrsklj arc cap lu sivv ail iiKiny 'iih iii lu '|H uiianniu- t-omliu-jiiiri nuli ii-nl l u t i r i k tu healjh. -rttiviy. ami Jrti*1Htlty. Ikl.Mfy ilu 'ls h a w detrim ental *"> " * variuu* ItiiuU 0 KO|>crt* a c u i'In a i fc JdacbW ry. gruirm^ crviiaiM.il. anim ai'. duHl!: h u o x s. and irtlicr tyi-C' lii prujM-rtc a rc Imtucnl Ly M't*. ail OHUlH-HvatilHI (>f '.HtlC kiml fleti is oliiaitird frm u trial cm jrrrn' tfinumb (lanuti* suits ut n iliim iv c. Kr,un th e iii-iMnt > rrvpiriM ri' lian- ftih io -. it > Kcucraily '<aJol filmiteli aclU- *Uy knwlcili;e on this poi* is bv tx> m n m rc riaiu ) that flic \a n d e *ucs o( di (Mtch 35 lien u f free silica) thal atlrc l health a d versely Mi culcruK ike lime arc lluu<iui aro Irse tim t W wii-j'iw in 'ir*-.liArrmi |H*rsrtt' iwvmc ditTCut ik*a-> a s t u lta) ilw it1.4.Vinutili may W -- 10 iiite'r.ms n r X n r" , and some say that lhe harm really is done hy raritrlcs less than 2 W urtuis in itr. A> ainiusl tltis, i> slain] that Gls-rs u f as- 1h-'I*- htvt ' hut); Us 21 uuertHw bave U m iMind IK the lutiRS of ttu it. .Mili lhal unktiW nil lire.* k in ; .'I'ln-sitrs 1i) k*i > r v r r ln l ; h-3*i mim- (Ictrii)H-iilal ctforl. Since a imtih is m d e al*il hh- iw iti>- livc-iltiiUsaiitllli .) aw ini'll, *ir miuH smail t liciti lln- uaki.i an >ci-. it i ' ii'U-iil 'Uu.-il iJc tlx- lurjiiT d ti'l i-aiticli-s itwi au In- sa-f> lluatiifv t*i air. ami Inrli m.-ii1c nil n la ln rU - i:i-j ;ir** hiI liarn iln l f lu-.ilil> i i-ntiittk. litis is tm --o, a* iliv b r j a t |Kr- tch-' (Im i tild i j* d ir air I suine n i #hi-iii 4) .. : im ru u 'r e ). U l*rr>rnl iu tMi'jiIrrubie -li *Jt- uir passages ( o liti- llMItlS. 'Ili*' t'Im 'lt ha e avetirirs that under u(<liii:uv VIillibi1411' Olirli'elrt dllst e ra n reach II- lime-' ;uhI this liv c ilr all> die 'inaili r :ukI J.l.flvihll inirvl lutivCi rtin llt-t l> *nl-r 1)11- lltllj! Itiliu)Hsl'(J, A riJmiui.s-is,- filiti*1 a i< l a i ciai'lilnlt-s an :ilMtspli.-re - , h .'ii lli.it Itisi :nlM! 'IxonM In- l.lhltl * liuti .twy aiuM.s(dnT- in w hich ik i'i caw l- sis-n in iliv nakisl t it- n (<m <lis(i, in>( only fur tnr.ilili l>\ ;i|s. ut least m many can-s, lor vaiVl.v ami fllM'u-K`v is tiir ci'itiJr IikI i ' i-liimnatid. ititM-h ul the invisible o r prubalili MiuSI liailVCro' .I '! will (M|!-twrtutld Itavv alw> Ltcvit rvuu.ved ami very likely i)nkcallh as well as other haiards much nuuim in ii o r even remove*!. A fter dw visilik Hu.'t has Ik-cw icinoved. >1 ina he n ecv".iry. under some cumltiUjns of wilk some typen o f tim i. 10 make m ore j- 2t> T w i t t y - i L c t h X a i i i u u t l S a f e l y I ' imi; r .;.*- M iin\lr uil A u fiiu ij iV i /u n f i nut u will prohahly lc lievi in f lum to he aiiw scJ oj ftii< iaci a! |Ik u u u -t am i p v c o aviiMancc Ui securing rchuluhtation o n ito tu t Iram m e. a fte r which lie may return to Li> to n n er place o f coipkiytncid jiuhhcd to d o oiiui- special w ork, lu th o Ik kvch ctMKi.U r.U ui fo r recai] Ile will I happy IKrause he Vfffiuii- a and learned can siill lie iii(lr|W'in!eut. Industrial Tuberculosis-- A Public H ealth Factor B y H. J. S P E C T O R . B.S., M.D. A ssistant H ealth C om m issioner and C hief of M edical Section, S t. L ouis H ealth D ivision. St. Louis. Mo. 1VC-.Imalora v i l i II 1-iMM __ ooxwiu-. n in ic s IU g r c a i rill produce inumliau* irrila- fe the upper n-'piraU iry irai- scriuuv *iii|.lii'aliiMO n i llir* pocum oaia ami ni <: rasce fatica L m o*7 s o k h c i' !* wcKr J parl a r . ma<k hy M vU . m*hr d u i *xv*us limi.-. wIwii m- tbc luflK'. d*> i*M lead I*. l k ' _ o l either arn ie *r clironu: nl- ^ c r a d o c s in u h m im ta in v s. I:nw fto,-- 1`: dir w rutT o im liu rd Wilh lhi> vieW|iiiiL Tin- term im lio ir ia l tiih crcn h o is t% x iu irw lttl M ll.lr^ iim ; Ixtsiim : it lila c k thiMi-ht d ia l mfu-try I- Uk direct a u s iliv r tacin e in d ie i<rxhii-|ii>n o f Itiltcm ih i-i-. I'.ut lu ln rt-uki'.i- it * r m i dora-**. lirivily r a u x il k d ie lu lir r d e i w i l h i v \ 'o iw iii-try. im uiai ter lri> lu r m iill il licit l-c ! ill- l.lllu.ltl Imm| v ul -citerai. o capai .h n i d iirv il |iru . till nr; d ie doiM -C lid Ti ul><o wImmiI ili.' pr.'-cMt'c o i u ih c n lc bardi*. I In -UI v.c W t tulli llli'ii Um- h ie b >Hi'l alily rati- -r -m iiilnr'uh->- m retain iiulii'iri.-* 1 T o seek ;m aro w er fu !- <|ik-tN>u. m ie n iii4 rM*lcr i k u f.iii *m` .n -ia ll.-d in- lii-arial t ulv rc ulu mv I(ili i k bro ad er l '| M i in i;in n j l. I.iil v peeally ir.Mw lite rirn |*> w i n i ju'iM i' i'.c h w '.' i a l i n o in C(rotai In n -ria n i md nel riix . Tire o a U ril.o- l.iry taci* re w hich m ay ptay a m ie in Ihr ti-vvl. pianti 1 m ln-rcuhois ;*rr m any iu nmiilirr. hill or llie v a te o i l a iir n r !* la -o liid nuihr tw o w a in ln-a<lme-. <t> n n iroa.uaii.il. and so cia l an*l ccmum*-. Environm ental Factors Imi1io K i.iI :(-lum-iil Ira. hau: la v a r.v xiMci il U' ,i :in o l im portant Miiril>i.ii > iu e io r ni th e .a u ^ a lmmi n i p i * r r o |M ;U n r i iKm a m n t ur H o ia ix c il i* k n u n ii tJiut nii f u r r o ili `h o ly trades. am i tln o c u m u IIi e x p o se d in hic'h Irm ix-raluir. r .v if" iv i' M.ii-iurr, io k v f c a liut m u d iti, un u n t erall v. am i rw.xi.no fnnirs are arom c tlw i v o i i i t . v. In. irr|iHii(lv are forced I n a ln e u l lln 'M i'd u irmi ihrir em ploym ent k t j i i n iI -ckocc. I- Inorganic D ust One o f the most serious environ menial factors existing, especially in the mining and -<muv ah ra-ivf iwlO'i r i r .. i . i l e p>ow^ Sonilation and V en tilan o Mqi^niif ilio l in i.u cm irated i u u _ ezposc-1 i** e t ;:valile tem per- lao iii< aliu .rm al autumn-; <i p m r ," u c t i i i v c iw iiM utiv ami vv.wknu; "JE SlitJ io iiii-x hkc lum i rock im u m c qiun -^rin<iM^ and -;u k 1 lila.liu i; la iiiotl.Mliiy ;imJ m.*i talli r :i k ir< l^ m p c tly venti la liil ami iw*%aiutary esp ose IIk iiim Im s t u th *>k >t ibeir resisiaMce. t in o l'('*l'l"*'"i- . uk^- aiiidM iial.k'I.............. p.iil lo - o l i :mit :i| iii>'1>Im k - nri . U n n i period .< u..n...i.r U.illl .iLl i. cI-Ll .fn to ihc i}r'ii> )>ni< n i ' lu lv r r ii' refi a i otber ri-piiaii * * ' Ui.t Ihr laiu-c w ill lead I d ie i t u d i v t f (CUI and E c o n o m ie F a c lo r s .I lu lc i 'lilii i. in mail 1- * div . i k aa acrcpiili thal iU i.nU .-o. Ulular !.. >. hwe * feetio u - iloru*-. O aieil.li' n i wInvi m:n unir lin d e !.. ili.- morW-i. ^*<1 artoallv ilw-' |> rix k iv a r m o tulwrenltoO - I lim e *r dii- I VMlturr Mt ^ a l f c w W ii in pcoplc Tes-ir.ll*''' V o k ) | 4 tconomic rank. I ' a l rnr 2- O r c a n ic D u st t w f n m t y fo cv harul ui lei mi ili IiiImtl s*d that m - l liiJu'/ri!.'- Il Im- T lirrc h a . k . n i ii*j>idi raldv .locu-**4fc^>W i> apdcrpnvilcec-' iw.*jdi. in Dw r*ili* o i reame ihj-i m ilu- |K .dvil i n e i has rcvrntlv k -r n m n fir m a l luhi-rrnli.'O . TIk- IjkIi mortagli E fc k k s fty hjr M iss \ \ lului*v, I . *i a lm ly imi inlnT ridi.-K in lu lvi.T o u orkee. - f #-W r a t by o rcn p ai io re vai ' lliat du- a u .| I.iiI.m - n .i i , '|Mi>il>k' > m k le f rocker, live imm- w l i -n-iHv u.rk ari leIter lc.it nn;.iiiii- lio t va. ^ a ln o n a n il m ust o ile n in a ii nuv o ta i..t m im i., 17 ia. l,r in d ie |.f.liMi>Mii mi " * usniiarj' en rir.u in u u t. dn- *>im- I h. n l.K |. I W m .tk .i l l..n>.|>s .diH'li i-. k i - r .| >ni a n liifu e Imlir iMiae 5il pai n i n i u . I...I l.iv i I . mo m a m e a r - l u o rc a iii ' d o - 1' . >1*' Ilio euueepl 'im e m m c u i liiere i ') u . m l >-|-|*Jom 'C u i I k - i r tunpv ol l i i k - r r t U i v \ l d ie p te x - n t lim e it .-rail lu l l ilia; . ra a n ir ]. iu>] i' di>ahlim : ilit- a c < aiul K p m l. `|Mo.inc i.Ti#r- m d i r .kavloiuisii* laU TeiiU oi. 3. N oxious Fum es T he effect o f im .sioio fume* on d a...I their rrla tu . to tuherctll'Jii1 I studied hy W iiiiernils o f Yale. MeU U. S. Veterans Bureau and o ib erv l rcceie^ tneaiir' i..n ip . oaium . __ lu a very liiuh niriali M ern d o siv fin* il- .lln-r hand, lire ^ l * IMi r e a m u Ian aLuv ami ru t o f ih.iK *lh little pii* '*W<rfioo la s a arnip-waliiadv Inn kail. the h t H . o . lie the k lad the m.-mnl.uiuri-fv rc|Hi'xwta- * [ ft hi^KT c a m o u u e liJUikiT o f mi- the lo w est li-.Ml* rali*> 3 .x t in : u tic. : lurallh iu le ie -i is (In* (act , th e cook and the ailcr. f (he lo v e r cconnniic rank, _jgh m ortality rales. Siuce present frequent kmitccs o f ^community, the control of TABLE 1 IVrMb rales Iron* krculM.i per JC0.000 lil in M I i OM I.|l BWl-s l i I M r a n u l ave im -^ fcv .o i oat a te u fiin x > MMua: cl*uj. tn tu j Tuberculosis (R espiratory Form ) A m * c. lU >rciM>a|aAi <7 l A vetaxe, p(ulr>mu>al i*. I -h n -u tt. lawyer A jo J x o Jl_! 10*5-Kvai.' and JJ.I A vnw e, M lu u r i ' A uWeiaK M .l kantrr-. ro.Mi, )ir.Htvr i J Mm u w T' and A l . il * Hutliter. tuMbe c a u u x ia n .11 I A versxc. clerks Sr lim li .t l a o iL n *M Ural (MXC UrM AJ AereaKC. OMOCutiHCal w urief k. 7 . I k i . - l i l l o l w trr * I.m. umm ;* .j M.UM.Y7 .UUU>k7>, I j l i i . , l,..U<Tuefi - A m i k -'. mu'L.H .^ Marke la ll I'aCl*.y h U.Win< ( i-M IK I M la W .* < -11.7 .lirriK c. xrJM .U -C 7 Sctvaaia & <* 17 I Ik - Vaile* i> .1 lu U vruiiixt in d iis n im u in n ' an.u|> U i .hih-. a m ap.r pul.lu hvaltli S livs W liiiiie j stm lr a> k i . l umr lalitv ta u itn i n o h ^ iil. S>n>' x i- i- j ii u il i k ..(l.ulrtv I. n|-.ii.a eaii l v lu>l Ir-jii a i v i -lud rimi ...- have m ade in Hr- S t. Iaui> llr a lili Ih 'iciil iii.-iU .Mt .tl.'M I n - |- .r k .I cusv (Mlvr'ii h o i m ate and tciwak a n n ' " m il:< ii'WIMMia u i iWiii|iati.Mi. \V r l'Miud iu T a b le II iai d ie .a>|en..ni*t o r ix ) jH-r remi o u ld U eD -'-il.( linder Ui lunjoc D a d , u h d e th e fCttlUtlllllu l i \ l iiHtlil Iw eko'ilWsl lunlrr <W5 .'iijm lio n -. Il o im e r o lio K to i w r th at 'Jm.i'- Dusts, Fumes, Cases and Vapors W EDNESDAY M ORNING SESSION O ctober 12. 1938 A*>cmblifiit in th e (rami lltllriiuH) o i T he Steve* Hoick it- s m in u w as called |u order by Chairman W aller S. l `am c, M aaJgtt. Engineering ami luspcciju (Jc- partm tnl, Aetna Caaaally & Surely Com- ia u r . H a rtfo rd , Comb.. ami V ice-I'rcM dou *>r Kwj'uicvrinj;, Nauoual S afely Comm i. O u irm a n I'aiuc brietiy o tu ltu cil Ui rv n o tt ub) ceti ves. %um then UHruduerd the speak- i-rs. Recent Developments in Detecting Hazardous Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors By W A RR EN A. COOK Supcrialcndcat, Engineering D epartm ent. Z urich General A ccident and Liability Insurance C om pany, Ltd., Chicago In discuiiing lite Illeniti)alio o f njuri<iu\ Jc>iv. lunics. 3e aud vajmrs, I am *-ry soie d u i ymt are '<1 uiU-tcsIed " mitri io a nitriictduus d i 's t r i alm *t -tH'Ii tha><s oJ lite >uhjcci a nJK-ilH*r tlic h>caf(litui o i clic reciprocai o^ ibc tmlrn*cn ioti >liooM bc 9.5 o r 9.0 or tlic deicrm m auon i>( Usui by (he iliilttruite mcdiod. Imi rutber ut a dM-syion ai lliic nwtk-r alnu: bromi Ima.'. poiututg oui h a i I>|k s of pot m u lti oiunotx> m ateriali ninnili! l>c hiki-d tor. uhether deterrai ual km n i (beli i* in u n k r , brtei discussion on >mie >f lite m ore hny`ciani ami coronuNi iiKlluxIt n i (L irruiinaimn. and interpreiaim u * die icmiIs <>i>tanird. F oolhardy to " W ork in ih D ark" W orking in ihc dark dw*u| *uy incan oi illirmiiiaiinn u )m-c llurrc n u y in* Ic n ard otii condii ioti s le n o n i cihHtgli in cause luse liie or severe m]my woubl tk couskrcd foollurdy ; yet every day m ai conduci ihci* opera liocii in atjnosphcres ca ntainint U lti, gases, ami vapori wbich nay cause d i i lh o r severe injtiry io Itcaldi Militimi be ine ablc lo scc o r otltcrMtxe l e m i i c llkr }Mivn(iaH]' liaaardiHJi ciuuliljwii. M uH kascn ami vapurs ca* m m ure Jc <rcii ibau ihc ivcll-knoun black vai <n lle eoa) celiar. Some o i ilicw ramini even he Iclcrlcd k>- odor, lltoxiyl* m W ii il eli no rrliablc criteriui a > cuiicnccd by lite gai. bydromat lallwl*-. v liirli iov a uuM ob- ndw* l*tl hiis V.io-ni mun ,i ra-t.- <>l iioisyiiuig. Unte. tin ti, a r t ve in kiwnf w hcilirr ili< al*uv[*licrc in n Ilirii \\e wnrk s ^ a tc o r iilliUKtn- ? A re ve lo watf unii! < -ve ih* rife rii or utiheaiiliiu) -ir irrespirarle ain*M>|iicrr> *> u r Dir y r * il 0>t n**rv inir UiKtni to tlctcfimiie, nitJnn rhc tiutilaIkius ol menici n mciliovls and pr ac in ai ap- {)lcaiAm>. j>i n lw i M>rt t altnnvpUiTc r are sid.jciicd io? The imiMtrtanec n i liavin^ iav'K bciW e us s u-fH illio ira tc d In an aiiiius|>li<mc cond u iu n vcUcfc a Uiz coukl bc stntttcd ni in a few m iuulcs, even liioui:b he more mon suoaiion is .Iterc excc>*ve expovure n n y rcauire wecks. mosuUs or years lo cause thcr iiijuroui efleci*. 45 -Hi S d iv i Iululi. iy ( I'ltirU iU > cw * %< liti' 'nth ,4 c m t u i> ttilk iiu ; Ut*n lh* hm*1 '* lie u w ater Mjpfdy *y'in v i o f a ( ourut'ii ih ,H y. V i i ituiv * 11 it'pcvi ill*-' f*1' uml tlx. f a c e to w il*a* *!*' d u * ' " , ( l (ir,-il. O h a|nroachiiiK the IummH hra<lm : itm m -dkucly a fte r dk- fab-t. Hk-v dk Ilyina rt~k lu il b ru k n i Ilu- n .|i.-" r.t an luir. w h ich liad li-v ii left lim it'd mi 1 `r<h r lu Mow i lx- 'wikv am i ga> aw;iv irni th e I3fi- u i (lie ti(Mifl- '1 1 te w . rotm- -mikt and cav ami a hule ven ilmMcli d u * knew i1 emitan-! ra ri * i*mw>vU. >l"f litiM them ta ck T h ey I mmJ flit rn>l miacl J*1t P air *'i tilt holes liad noi U*et!. Sa;*' u li j iiiH-i were iii trlu l ni -Ih"!' UtlHMli. ut. lJf ea tl' o l ila' Iwlvv 1In- e ' ...It Unii ! llir tinte 11' u i'lfc had l i 'I t M ul'li-hvtl wa* Ikt;uh c **-*! i lu- v-tvw i*-t a Imi fct>-4;> w t ilai uuial l>r.uic. lite iiwUr inlami -110 i In- It ( o , ili.- in n i Ji.uk lim a i ila imiiui-I U iu n In- lrv:li-( llir ni' ' ila - tu o i w a tt.nl l o f i iIiio ik Ii u Mii-ik* 1.. ili o r , a lall ; taru r * a milt dow n i Jh- iiiiuh-I `III* i r Un iiHiinl l,,f l i t *i until S*-oir-I< j - a '- i l II**- una- ~ir.-t.lt! in a intimiv U um i tbv nmwcJ ame du J*.,15 u t lin IjM>1--IImi mi *'miumi. 'I*" nun r u ici! it. tin- licitim i .mil t<mid H" iiirc iw n atretelied ut the t untivi vl.xir, u .a r K .'in v ilii id i ruck ir*m ilu- l.|.i*t. wK-r- lie liai! culla}'-it iu .iu the -U1.-I- th e a i I - a i motiin idc i ll. 1- . KH* 'l o f t M|- -I *tiMa JN.uu lad I lian- oMiit>*il a |au * lln- '*'. .mI ili- -niIute. I ani eknl ti. *- pure li. m i . Tin- j..n -.i ilu- -Itirt wli*i* I w.i * ihai * - 1 1 in**i\itlr leii-run imiin> "* in-me 1.mi-li lieti ilir meli =*i t*j- * d M udimi. unti y ronreta rallini *.v .1 per e- cario!i inno aide va .Itu u n x> Ih* }rr''iu 1., lea li' 01 th e llmtlaiiiix- f a r i* ii*.imv li- ili-im tn . U n ii Muli a lindi imnii-v U..U il u t umI/h I ii) the iiiiM iiiakine il Irli r>mualx>li' th a t il Vtiulil ut Uhi- lume i.r c \ | ' x i l (icrM' lo i'i*ltj*'c I le in fo rm ed the crew o he em idi! nu am! !ur- rictl d ic i hack u* lile car lo h u uiuiI ll*r sm oke orni Baa liad cleared vnotiK>i lo t o rnii ihem lo work '4cIy and fire lia- tdu~1 T h e (litter enee hrlw eco tact and lit i um ihti case, between a briel delay and a iw a! . a t !..ti1 l*r ill..M itt J-..I UHM-, . .it lii liili i 1 i*l a -Mill'll- 1*1.1ui- *. HZ 11,, .u Ini m.iiK>Ml< .iwir . till' .1. *- m l :It lid. !' !.. 'll VI I..}. ut .-I d .:.I ll llll.i l -II ..1 111)11* lull m* i. rtu l' iti air i- l.W .H .I -11 It -iril|d-. ttil m 'itu^ di * -, \ - t m m . 1 *>t| kill. V- il tl.- - J .ilm l i l u i si .111.M.I1 dele 1.1 '( crai - .vie hi |r. --itiy a iu l.l r 1-nll t,- im tr. .Ulti tUI|*-UUR; -* |ll(! .-lor wind dci-l".l*' >11 !*' m-r >.l . .iridai nti.U..'t4 n ilh a l.inil-uil d* i -.li* 1. iitni.d *.i> il. iti'lriniittii ili \tln*i> <-imi. j U l .1 IIIIIHll. Ill- t UHM *' "* l l l l - 11} .tt* . I"** talle uii|-..riaitl l--i .'.1-* - ut. iu.t\ ran-*- .iti idi. Ind* s.iml* . and Indi*4C -Ul|.]odt Sit ill -It'tlMi* ill u i del* 1 >li 1 t.iunh. -im d.jr ! Un l i ..Lun; %ail...1 IIW'I*.*\ I'll* .I.'lf.l. i. I.: .. . . nli- lnll -lu vk.j.id t-' tl 1 . .ti* *1 N i l o l>. l;m -MJIM W -rk H '. At 1, la r.-e liit-r il .1 uiiM'ln f .1 ..||i* r .1 illili.i-'i oiii|lr 1 ;> 1,... .n.,ii.il*U . . . : i1J\ K ;tiii.i,|l 1. a* * -ini .ti'iU i-. m.wU vi. ,..o* " w k K i.-rmi t l t i' I hu U l-.r .In no al l.ila-U t.., ui. 111..!- w .r. P otentially H azardous M aterials I l U * -t 1* 1 . *z V ls'wl '. tl J l i o . i f Ilf . I l l U..U1II lll .ll *1 m ini, .il* n i . m i n .1I ll-l- IIIIU ll 1 I tllll 1i* a h 'l u i 's . .i a . . l K I t ', .f --I i d . *1lu i I* ma* t i n t, r . . l l . l O i , . . imIiIio ij - I.i i. it It 1 * u || - 1' W.V' l- u itd 1*. 1 - u e U l-v t l ..' 1 l l l t i ' l 1*1011 !*<ij-l*i U <,*!t:i -1 ) . i . n l i . d 11.1.t:*l i n .. u>)-il iti - h i - l 1t.il h i 1.1 1 i ih - it a > 'I* }*r< 1hvol;. . ri.. rki r* .r i* - 1 si. liliali. ni-. Iliiialid lli.il ilu - )*r*'*111.IV' **i *v. rr 1^*1**-; J---i*.-Itcd 1. *.i*l*ill illtilr x1. hut laihi-r iImi ii (In>-.-* w tni w>.u* and -<M*>il1l-lll..lt O Ii*.- U 4 ' lrtJ*Il M|l I' im *.- |>i'm}**i ii.-ii i nu n mi'ehl M .II- >'Oil'll. >* * -iiSitc-l citai loll vjo lhr..nvli |d;uu* and -ti nh:il .}.tu li.-ii' u m .li | leuiiattv iniuriuii- m-Ucrvul' i>i tin- lii-i* tk-v ivhiiii n iai ,*rintiu i' iIriw i* occut i"oni> m the well-km ii*n in iii'jn ri w lxit in am r 'iu*l*i s ol *'**I *~ l . n r h. i j* ..*11 ducK-d Ix ii in oiher niln>iru-s a~ vrd Cliough usually to a k*er Mtcitt. In iilv tl' ware manufacturing tor exainj-h. .me man be exposed day afl`r lay Jo Jni*oU *lu( t maltioj; up a puli'Iimir cni}*uiuil Uic writbin *hc plauJ. A ll i im lu-- w trt in which such iht.; txi-.Mirc- may exJ given in the rcjmrt u f 41k \o iiu u a l SiliciMu Conference-' The toxic dusii and lin n c' arc mute readily potted. VV rtn iK w /t ami jruard Aljainct lead expo-urc in 'rase laiiir\ plant*, bn* alte* overUmh ik-Ii uh o}xraJxiu ax where red lcal !eiij; u iis n i with a vehicle hy a worker in on.- cirurr if the top (four of the plant to I'tdiir h itcrim : m i a and part. !t i~ ool m> much ivlHiher a |xmnd id kail o r a tun i* ni in a lay. Imi the cxiem to w luVh ii cuniaioiuato live a it breathed by live worker. Carbon moiKJNtdi-. ii\.lro " <ii .'ulphklc. hydroiten cyai<!. h a iv Invi mu'iiIunu-! a> example* o f } i a I I - l*r>1 **i tlw'< urx where producer as u r wun-r j{s is nx-vV T in la~t nam v'l 4nl.V ( Uikrl fur where fumigatila; ua> Ih- Uxic i ii .m lime t>* lim e W here ik y <e i ' ti'itl in <|iiaiiiit> -i f-nnral.il-r>n |trur"C - .rr >uduriiil. aHmi dioxide ' lilH-rainl au*l lui caii>-<l *UAtU' u>uatty a t the U iiuxii u i im itiurtl ureas such as dups' hnliK ami fvitnoiCitinti I tuie. S'jiuws a rr |i-'nil iilivrir .reali U.-nJ. arc O'Cil. Ih-uih n u \ ro lli r|iirkly uVvrr loeli r*iu'*iiir;tlt.ii. *-\ii .i-i has in' urred n h n i a tinn) u i lii'rti n:i dri*[fx-i *t a ba-K-niciit -Jor.iui- niuin lh*r am! pm. and asau, l i n e rarU .ii u-ir.ilihiri*led j'u r i utrealmi; a tl>.nr iniH and tlw iumir;:ili*r '|>rtnl.hil the Ixjui! in fin- let'enient a ' li h t't u|M'r;ila. It iv-ahi* la-1. Injury from *i*iiiuu'<l i sirimhc t ul'm i vapor a t n.m *uirati.-ii' wlm-h -au-uhvir c-nvii a n c r ic rtk ' v\p*'ure is the more m ininoti otidliui. T he various 'id v o u c Jitter wiJelv m ihc coocewtratio! d vapor iicee*-ary in <*un*c jiiiurv. Tlir'C are divided m in 'rtiii[i' in acrurd.m re with tlr in.Mfiti o, .i ]iu|it delivered lx-fore the N'nrthwr>Urn t `jmvri\ Sni|>tiiiin tui hviijiaiKKial iJi't.iw * .t ve.ir ago* W here Shtsul. O eterm m atiofl Bo Made ? A fter goiUfi o v rt Your plants and kram|BI h ere potcntiallv hazardous materials *l * reselii, it js my m sgcsuon that, before * I Hctual detem m arioM o f eoneentra- utWK in or o r iiisiiImIi. ii; .h iii.*I *4i-a'tM*-.. you OKike a th<ruieli 'u rv rv .*i Uk- omittxui* ami [Inule the carx!-. .i|i(-r.iti<iw hcrc tlir*c mait-naU arc prt-'i- mt.i gfxp>: 11) those tobitii re uJ*viou'l> N ile ; c2) i1k>^ which arc adinitcll> * Hi wifnry to h o Irli o r are wuim- tlian gtod inlu'triaL practiic tK'late-. : ( i \ rumlitiuMs ulvere it is ma rradilv di'-' ihlc hy Kmcral uJnu-rioiuiu uhetlivr llir rx [h>Hire > u tih u t o i r lim it' C ertain condii it* we ku.u' dthm li-h azul caw 'a y defluii-ly wilt not -a- injury Jo Leali h. ! um ili! not sac- liai tlu i'c a,lo lx- ititeuiii-u, hid al leasi il) im-d n..i K; tin,* *ul*jr*l u i initial ,-tch.>u. If. f.r > am ple, a gas eontainiin; JO or JO jht m il carl lit vumioxids i ' '-! t*>r h.t jkc'. aiul tho-c imi |ih tr* a r c imiiH-<>i-ii with nvi"l o n d m t ratlier Ihail with ritM xr tnl*iir. yo -an Ieri reaoinalif *at- ih.it il*. larlwM i>Miuxite -N}xj'Ufi- waihm '.** lim its. :u| t wuuhl m n t v .untivint ihul lrr iniitai HV' lie maile. V\ I tv -pr;* pamliitg i* bo u t; U>uc in a well veiililateil )x>r]t mi 'u i'h a nem er ihat ilicr- . 'Xivs'iV- rctx-uiul ml* in- u e .> ti_, 'i>rau-r. ih'lcruuuat'-' <*i j|~ .r r jivtiw iu H-mi ut be made even l Inondi Jhv u<!ur u t llw tilruil j ' lii'iretohle l; r<ni tim e i> liilK* il ucvv Ih- u t II tu r 'ta te .iuiImhiu-' t*> liiilc 'oiiK" il llii'M' feS 'rr x|m sn , l*oi there is a CMR'tdvialite uiunU-t .>i . d i s p u l i r e ' mIihi can Ih- ;t<e|itt| a -aie Tilt; 'ecowd roitp o l e x p o 'itie-- iluu wiierc utHliliitt' ar adornidi' '-'-re--- .uu.tlicr '.b e r e dei i r mutati.-h- ari- u.t r~ ' m ia i Iw 'tm ae cuiurol i>u.1-ut unmdi- ulely. If there are `luMd' t Iti'i *naui m e free siliea iti >*ur (d.int t*> M.rk liu'111 | i e.\e-"ivt- lejtl ji-->j*ii.n i ' -bouts by tcrcloiniKiii 01 ')inj>tiau* *r J.i Uieh l.."plittie ai^rv-a.'W" }rvvMoa* >. reiUiee th e 1ad -.\i>'urr. It may l tlc'iratde t m ake d e term inalu n i' -vrt in tb c 'c as-- either l> provide a be(o u :-a m i-alle/ picture o l e\))0 'U res tu Inn hot intpruvrtneiH 1* ettivtd *c U* ihv.wu x c k a r fu tu r e vi j. lia i (ri of att peralimi i ' rcspoiiviblc it>r ihc ix rcs'iv c <> ihe cuti (bai coti- trnl m ea 'u ic s eau he m ore specifically a p pi icd. Tins latter ose o f air anlisis data is o especial value w here the male vatv arc invisible as is the ease w ith gave va|xjr and even some of Ih r m ore toxic d u iti such as quartz and lead. T hc principa! use fo r dterm in tiuw of 10 SUi't'F / W it1Suffi y Ci\u*jr*'sx -liilc ir aaiv du bru hie? which la v e l<oi ctHuimu-rcil I cum ul concave wi any rchulaliiaiiwM n u t h - r , a lte r lu riiic -iwM am -ideralIk lim e in snulyuiK. analy tin t. im t ramine one u l lib clim ts. U-ujr wiDuik tu d irn e his shoulders u d >ay to the ciMpJoym eut office, "T liefc. n ow Hu- Ls your |>rni.. k ra " ; w>r c u i I iiuajtiu- any m iidiiyuinil - m ic e w orker u-rnuniiuit; his uicrviru u h a |*l>>-rally di-abied |>cr>ou with a rem arli -uch a-. "W ell. \*u'rv Tii^dcd, Ihf S tale Ki-liaUliiaiton Service ill have T o me, il II .Iw in - I n i c o> l< j ^ Occupational Disease rv-|>iii-*lUH o t I*lb aci'iu'ie. ami and iucau- n i ili--i*In-inr iiiiinrm im i^ suitable cm phivuiris fwr he th>-walk alilk.il ran. pcrlaiK k - l l*c -uwiuird ^ iltrrm e tin - recipe : T o virisi <|tiamUkn a kiw ivW cv <*i i h r j LiIui llir )li rc<|Uiriinil- :<14 ail iiaLu-^ ammiut n i imtiaiivc. i*-r-evenni nvramm ami Inni *irk ami -ocCcit(, a-u rtri THURSDAY M ORNING SESSIO N O ctober 13. 1938 , . (af |be ypcrhobieim1*s in the field >f .hvipa 'U ] l i m e * U ler by die C T f , 1 A njsten. Chairm an, th e Hliuoi- >itkd. Tlic O i.u rjm n th e mi- loetawe o f (lie -ehv i o l -uk>ivi- i* U- |n- -vnii-d !*> einimiM -in-akcr-. and |-r*rii|>]l\ iniriHlniiii lliv lir-i -i-hi-luied -i-^iker t l i trial Cotto*1*-*-100. O i i o ; i .iW O U K X iU i.X T The Trend of Occupationai Disease Legislation B Y H E N R Y D. SAYER H lM fcr o i the Casualty D epartm ent. A ssociation oi C asualty and Surety Executivcs |* t m c o n s id e r d ie iliU r i ,-- k - ll\e v u ft* MtUtnUl injury aw l he HVii|aliu:il f M For llnr-e <lisfiu*li>i*- - i. iinii*mlant ^-1 mvI couemtrily 1< h*Mtue i i m ind in n > ..ukr ciliicr it Hi -idi- >1 ! itu eu c. o r ctiRmvvruoc h IkhK o f f o e Nth* ax control. .-c u r ai a i'. aiul. ftm u o f fi.-viie* iim bi :uiv f 4**i nf ituurancc. it is in ih nu a r c ; (kil h HI. t l the nim m U <! Ihe avi pt;o r * Wklity under aiv m-tir;m< - -aiiratl Unit for which liuluhlv mav U- a-- *---1 ha nui yet hap|>kUi*>|. T hai ir. is mil sw w ith the mVN|*;ili>aial .lis- *" lomraocc be its v*t icitiirc can ** wuunc liabihiie- tlial ** ^4 those (hai lavc alr*a*lvk a.m uni. ' j H . peaking generally. - niib*-triai * '*'** b som ethin- thru {" J Unfore-cru- It n In- I-H.w *1 described in uivr.t-, 111,1 ) ,k iIi the liror. place ai. . 1..1.1..U...U..K..*..1....I..I.I caw then b t iicuinuiicii. a i u r fJ* tit* w ent. i%lu-tlcr it vvainevitabk ; Mauir. l i any. tan worker Wivi'lvfd, pr liu- ^lupcriatcnitcni. fa n he stwnvn effective m carun-s can l< againsi a t i le future Lap- ilul `mi- vidi - . a . li u h . m u all s t i l l i .H- baji]-n1 III till- niaiM icr ile-Ctlin'd ; ilia t iv 1 a l a i - ;*re lb . U b i 1. in- r .ilk ..I -JH-Cllll NMtu unii Mvk l 11. | im -:aii. Itre l i n y tin t U- v,-. .ili/ d .mf ........... .. ft*V ."ulmnn-lr4 lic e aiul n u n d n - 1HI-, Il 1- In n in -iitiia- iu n -d icti-i n< tltai !> <h m m Km i " u'ri.ltn i'* J u s lien 1 -4ea||t h! .10.1. Ill .1 W lN>ni lb* oitranc' i .1 di-k-a-e - ................ -lrU ilI(niit with r--ultiti^ -Kkia-- <>r li-aiJi. :nl iv m IIlf -|>rviiu" Iinn' anI J*kiV lini IclNiitrlv 1`r-hahK U lirn il mi tin- rinja.. Itvhl I l*' an a* ukiit itnit. rrs \ii- i>._ ;. ai. a m b o v. . V w M l mu. l--r 4 i. K.t W.-. J.M. i eh-*l . v . *! - 1 * ...-.-..^ . Ibi- I- Iv Ibritim b tin- n.i a ib b litM .i4 - .i t - -t, nb-CHl- l' i*' -l Hi tin- ini|*J.> iiwtrt. thy 1..111. 1 - ill vv1vih vv.l-i Unkimivn li Ibi* i.rkk r. Hu- (upl.ivcr Im > inK l*ccw iik-R houl m a ivniK trdam je.jn-rtv tin1 u -e w i sill'll sulistaHCc. lia i been held U- Hie rc-udl *( an imhi-Uial o.vwhiit. IVi-Kiff '(**>U r i X SiH-iain t'ral,-. I-*3 \ta*lnoit, JM. iti il , i.e m i .-a. i (Mark *- t e-iHi Vid .. . l.i*m >|-c*i>. t 'ciifi. A iw ia 5. I*t. _*.-U. N VV. . A nd ivhere ncKlK^mv o f tin* ni|l*i>cr ha- been d io u n . an injury io Jurallli. cv-n Uiooyb not occurring (broncia a lujijKnMK at a given time aud yUkc. i*ut by repealed 21J ^Industrial H ygiene Industrial Dusts--What Every Supervisor Should Know By U E. H AM LIN. M D peal D i r , A m erican B rake Shoe C om pany, C hicago, III. i procedures are cup dustrial dusts? Du>t is formed by reducing ____ [ n r y u i g a aa cm n ts o f d m t earthy n a t e n d i to w a l l sic e Processes invisiWt. dangerous o r like grinding, crashing, blasting, and drilling I ifccufor important (lo t these produce dust panicles of sues from die sub- l properly classified in order micxoscoptc to the visible ' 1 o! anpfajevs aru] pro* Fumes w e formed from combustion. *ub- bid Ucy may Uontiim and coaJensalkm. T hose iron* r dcilj occupations burning o r (belting lead o r cine a rc typical supervisor should Imv< examples. T he su e o f llie particles is gen _ : p i industrial dusts uikc erally below one run:ton. ( A m icron is rH > p | i fclkTH.vgyr for colorcity; roeruires iu- 1/2S.OQOU) o f an inch.) Im Act control usually falls upon Smoke is usually o f organic origin from |. p t Unless be has a t 2 dc.-i such things as burning (olctcca. wood, oil or t t o WAtl risks cocfroaring I, lie anil co a l l i e panicle sire is usually below a l>I | l i a m | t in srruriji# coopcr.its^i half m icroa * turn Oder fell dircrliun. Ability to a eweerning plant Inearth f * | | W * K b i nancr is a very importout [ hM r l> M7 dust control program, and if . t> w**dor cannot explain ii*c necessity [ 4 M M M exposure to toxic material*, rite ; M W Mtr a charge is very unlikely to r p t iAMlw to it. [ n i l Other band, a brief explanation L#nkHfai lh ring of sincerity and truth MVMtty correct unnecessary m nh*dng. For example, a capalJc P " 0 ploycc was worried about cun^ KjfcoM because he worked in a * I t tiroes there appeared to be I i doit in the amiosjl>cre. ! tc Uni > that this <hw was free I r a n t P * kxrroful ingredient. but his Mists o r logs are formed by condensation of water vajior and the particle o r droplet sire varies widely. The most important item to the super visor is the realisation (hot lie may he deal ing with a dust vrhkli can produce bodily linrm. i i is first con'dd e n t wi should be "flow is the roan hiim ch a f ic d n l? I t the dust present in sufficient amoonts m (he air to be a source of danger ? Does it exist in the pure slate o r is i* mixed with other dusts? W liai is tl< actual count of particle* per cu lic foot of air. and wliut percentage of these is of resprrabic sire (Ltlow 10 microns aud esperi.diy those below three microtis? How long does it take tv Jevelop uccupalional disease of the lungs from ex posure to dust?" * d b q own d c p r iiw n t enabled . . . . - * t to convince the workman AU this may appear to be outside the scope o f the supervisor's activities since after all his job is concerned primarily with L * fr the dust inert but also i * - - roy lo r the u*stah.u*oa * y i Radiating[ iequipment which would " ftp u tlck sl tihat were already pees- satisfied and the ccrn- b ,re ta in the services of a production- However, m ost industries place the responsibility for carrying out safety measures on the foreman and it is apparent that his department will suffer ii tliesc w e not properly enforced. Safety therefore in cludes precaution] againji occupational dis ease a t well as accidents so that snow knowl : of the fundamental edge o f methods lor controlling exposure 1 know about in from d m g c n w i d u t i , toxic fumes o r other 156 u.1ujfnaJ So ftly harm ful m aterials is a proper part of Ire ll*c heavy m etals like lcH. supervisor's arm anuot mangauc-c ran be highly ox (t is not advocated that his Holies be so iron these Mibsianccs has 1 expanded as to encroach upon the field oi lor many years. A c industrial hygienist but i* s reasonable Recently s crio u ' and evo f y J and logical to suggest that be equip himself lias hem found to occur (to * L with the essential details concerning occu pational risks ia th e depanm eru Ire mar' ages. T his inform ation can be readily obtained iron his company medical de partment or (brooch other agtncies such as the Division of Public Health of late and federal governments. These bureaus wel beryllium aw l Sonic of i u c o * ^ g 2 another occupational cn ru l ^ T |2 "S ilv e r's Disease" lias product^ age to tlic Jungs o wmker S u m o a ris in g tiun i Uc fusing j 1) the chief ore of aluminum. ,* the* ture of uriitkial abrasives. - come irepiicy of this type and Iheir services are usually available without charge. Much cooiiixoj) and mi understanding exists about tire capacity r*1 vutii.ns dtiMc a rista e iron) occupational procedures to cause physical disability. E**Kgcraied re* ports and m isrepresent atioo hy individuals Generally speaking, he partirle ^ is uMl .lingcm us is in the r.in*r*f to three m icrons in diameter | b r j ^ r lian these seldom ccarh |fc or terminal air saces o f the lung arc filtered out by the "cilia* prorelive mechanism of he i unfam iliar wilh llcir specific properties and large bronchi. Tlicrc is abo have incrimiriaicri ccrtaiu materials known deuce that particles below nor. in lc quite inactive and absolved others proven to poese harm ful qualities. Fxpe* rirnec xrvtianikUeil through years oi inlcnsivc study- and research indicates that tie great iD tjotile o f industrial d u st' have little elic it on health oilier ilian tlicir nuisance value and contribution toward poor housekeeping. However, ibe fact th at itey are unlikely to cause occupational decease should not he used as an excuse to do nothing about iliem. A good working environment lemand that bey be removed in spite of their in nocuous diaraetcrisiics and (he smart supervisnr ivill do all be can to accomplish their in size may 1 rciaiucd in ht iirn l quantities to result in iUwmx menu ih at Hie visible dost u> % {dace may not be as lange torn m t* 3 | leles tvhieh arc not seen l*y dir liuUisirial hygienists em plum e tftjj also point out (hat although jIm- m u visible dust in the atmosphere hi ilu a | of a certain job appears real, it 41 necessarily m ean that Hie woihm%| tvihuc significant quanti lies of hnwfdjl tu-1rs. T he exposure may he h*iJ j awl of b n c t dnvaiirm. or liw a f l l hr rat hi ug level of tlic empburr sutlicieutly clear that no mnlur l*d t | elimination. vois rk 'l The wide assortment of dusts me: wilh in industry makes Iheir classification to "harm ful'' and "inert" categories difficult. Tliosc arising from organic sources such as animal and vegetable produce as a rule do not cause serious liarm lui are capable of producing local irritation bkc dermatitis o r skin rashes, denial eoodilioas. and inHamrualioo of ihe eyes and tlie raucous mem brane lining of th e upper air passages. T he majority o f harm ful dwsu encountered in manufacturing processes arc inorganic in character. T he spevibe cBcct ou health varies. Chromium, carimitun, arsenic, and their compounds produce local irritation as do the organic d u su but they can also cause general intoxication i f present in uf&cicnt asmunta. The usia W iiuuca ciivcu u u u W illi the cxreptiOu ui ^ uxile lew o f tlic sfuicnifBU--* M live dam age to Iiuir tissue >* * lum l previously, not every r - j j l pnx-.l does develop occupatneul M At the p resent tinc it is K>rrrihlg u the m ost important sour* " J R al disease o f tbc lungs are frtt^ P mbined silica and ash alos. Uun dioxide which makes u? ^ ucly tjO per cent o f the rocks and - die llic carill's o u s t, is the speed* ** ailment affecting lungs ' dusty trades, know n a s siJkcad. J ( is very im portant to fcrops* I this widely known acquired from any material I /W atlriui llytfnr 57 f t i i it happens coly than ten microm in have been inhaled over such as Cram two *a average* of ten year, usually means quartz naoy varieties. There o f free silica, r fibrosis of the lung tb e a ction o f uncombined (eristic podular siladov s ilgcuogram of iImkc afKtkas is llie only way die elected as ii crotex no early, uncomplicated staK<- ;j produce e-ray patterns lo differentiate from siiicrdated illnesses may rc. The x-ray picture oUinhalalioti of iron oxide orpc welders and grinder' which arc all too often (ken seen in silicosis. Since (uderosis) is harmless, lilt f such misdiagnosis arc ob- with industrial diseases of A W . t r * * charged with evaluating M fnptfbr has resulted in employees bc m i t f m i t u t y alarmed, forsaking llieir flib ria U D i seniority while indunry w M H workmen and production. H 3T-- has also pud luijii'i rhiiiiv for disalithty In a wtuaimu o i tiii> vort (lie Mipcrvtsor suffers along with the rest siocc liis de pat cmeru is bound to l< aflerted t v tlicse eondhious. T o attempt to td l the supervisor all he siiuuW know about (he extensive subject of industrial dusts is au impossible assign went Suffice it lo say that the more lie learns shunt them tlnough liis own volition, the heller Ibs fualifications for liis job u til Le. Through such enterprise Jac will enter 3 new held TMf endeavor and discover a fascinating experience wliidi will pay d m .lrnds U xh to himself and his company. Tlie complexny of |ir<A4riu* which con front th e director nf any departm ent in today's exacting rcr)uircueors presents a (ormhlablc cliallengc to bis resources, and this, along with the working man's reasonable msistence on a te tte r place lo work. th-utnoMrxics that a knowledge >>t irvluMrial bygim e mav well Ik a must u u p -ri ini i.rctor itt >Ik tffiriiu i discharge 01 l s dune. T lic Iksi ireatmeat o f any i l i i c i 't associMlnl Tk-itli industry is not 10 lei it happen iq the first place The |m>bl(ia is tor engiocees rather than physicians, but. regaidle's t,i the one m i w hom th e hurdcu ialls. the haul outcome d|>cnds upon the interest and clliricury of tlic iiu a who manages a tk(Mrimrnl. onal Dermatitis; Teamwork in Engineering and Medical Control By W A IT E R F. SCHOLTZ Industrial Hygiene, Alhs-Cha3 m ers Mfg. Co., W est Allis. W is. bkM tftttrptcd the challenge that oceuBnuus presents to im lnsim l 1 sccordiugly it can be stated _ k f f c r care and iiucniivc cduca- * ^ 2 y * " ** tupatiooal dermatitis can W l * great savings effected. : Bun lotion noil maintenance wes workmen can be prodermatitis producing oils, ^Tb< ideal control measures . al] along the line-- I o i the basic matefabricated part, is becoming >0 cognizant 01 the benefits of Rood guvvernive nvSMuvN tlu l they are not o n ly reiving 0 the w orker alone, put arc seeking the team w ork o f every'>oc concer Bed. Since tlic proof oi Uk pudding is in the eating. 1 would like 10 Mate wliat lias firn done through a concentrated program of occupational d o marine cr<mret and preveatiuti wJiich st..ried in 1`MJ at the W est AlhS works of oui company. This concentrated program h as resulted in a 7-1 per cen t de crease and a rcductioa from 1 03 lo 2.7 in the number o f eases per million manhours of exposure. 4 4 1 'i .5 1 & t vi 0 '* %V ' 0: IH1 m* ii" mi t i t i ii. lii; i l i !i 1i i i 'i : i-i : Juimslrid Stiffly Tabic 1 conilo*^ )'c.i|i)l acetate .............................. Tcnarhlnfocrtiaw TclTact0irtt>fcfne <twhloo- (tiiykflc) ............................ Tli*n*c ........................ TririWr**iM',K` .......................... T n rp v w iP C ................................ \ v k n r h i M i .............................. 300 tm _>oo 1 too 2) TaWc 2 Som e Comm on Solvents in d T h eir Relative V olatility t '.'iiurr im trm u'x a t ih*' ro iali/.iv iaJtt'X im ruui'ij 1 -thiilv y'tii-.fiHu,, lutL-.r N .el.iic .............................................. 31 \t n i ..- air ............................ 4 In n i air * lU u/tur i:mi (aliti . 5rl- t-ulk<tr ..rl* i i. ir.v til"4-1 k.i : I .M r* K1 Kll.vl a-clanl-'.ilivl .*1.-1m.I r .vhvUiw dll IduCtdi- - Ktli> l * t W r .......... so-iair - Mwhvl d.oWd i! 14 . . . 12 . .> . 3 . . . \S M rihsl .'hsl .-h" N.:|4i*l..i Hir-hro>* |V-.,.>1 ... r i - i f ...................... r j -U.ittr .......... r .-il.viene fpcrrhl" "- . 1`* .. 0 . il>l"i' ........................ T .lui ne -Wd ........................ T. 1.1.1 1 mi 8 i* Tabic 3 V entilation K ale D este Dal* fat a N otnbct oi C o ro n ai Sol*u .Veciioic ...................... . .'.1 A r n k u n i n l i - .............. . 54 acviajc ............ .I Al Vinyl . tii'h - l . ;s 1kv>/mI ........................... Ihilxl a n i. He .............. ih 1 ,i-lh .x 4 t ......... i ;,rl- ji di'iUlnh- ----- ,. /* i xrl-.n K-irarWnrnb- . f ?j I c lh 'x d ie .................. i 'Ih.x.lve ivl;i(r - lA vl.-h rsaw -n e ----tV,4il..n'-cuA-iH- .. Si*. JL.**- tisi-**tu .h i.-c-- d iti `1" T K dn 1 i>i. r t l t l . it die Uhnule l -ll.tl tilH f ........... M.shvl .I1.vtr - Vlrtbvl .vn--.-Kv \l. 4vhi. .T.dvrttt.w N`.i|J.ili < il I*"**' lV rebba--t M ' "* I'p-pO ..oriate l*r..pil '!*! --lem l <iv.iw *i|h l 'l`*.li-l T rietib.fed'lhTM " \.H 'K .SS I../ f t s . M Jt-i W e le Importance of Non-Siliceous Dust in Industrial Operations By EDW ARD C J. URBAN H y p c n e Eng.. Saranac L ab o rato ri . S aranac Lake, N. V. concern rrltte d the licahli n mining. imiiH'lliti:. grm alc _djc fontwlrc iiclm trv uu*l in :(hbw io a l i n l "`ln-.lv t rules'* foe l n t k fkiit. In le m lor the of ike w orlrt< from breathing particulate m aiicr, aumhe a the "l o f th eir *uvhjuim s. whirl) grease. U a l u shown l*y e*-rticHieAl riuly primary elem ent' make Np IS per H j j j A t earth's < ruM --ihi' i ' Uiced Al # a i u i ) asswupfifvi i**r tin* ui.-r 10 dm 1 titirkim v In the -r.I. r .%f ilu-ir pre these a r c : u x v y . 'ilim n, sinbon, magoc-nirv, .'al.-itim. ^vlimn The chief deian u . ovygc in 47.2 per rent of all rack. <Si> constitutes 3* ikt cent. T h e ix dem enu' cmiliir>l. lulal lint U ly a aw k hw keen further dcii-rmincrt tin t eight o r simple ro*nlMimir>nx o f tlie^e arc present in 'tf.6 per rent o f !. Ti>e principal U tBaxide (S lQ tl which occurs in t0 pa- cent of all nvk<. Tlic rc- cnenpounds arc rhirlly nxi*l-e o f tUe van deam sut previous! v iHuiioncsL ( U o l l y siUcon dioxide i- (tfcvuUv aridi' *he metallic oxides arc Ic.au hi elior- b Mure, l i ti n o diosiiie i m in forms. Twelve |>rr m u n i 'K as " "fit* ladependem v`-fiq.uinf. I'rrc Srtra au n tn g 48 per rent m iJwr silirnri * '* 4 a c u r i in complex chemical comliinilk the basic oxides a s "silicates." !? * A kates arc the chief rock forming tod several liundrctl species lav e H tttificd u i many varieties o f Free SiSca. i J P * h k h are present m ore Htuiuxily atooiphcrcs o u he classed as * # either crystalline o r amorphous. lime Silica tle atom s arc _ l*d uniform patterns living debate situnuK . Ouarta u u * farm ed a t 1cm- t a C and ii the il*ft m u It <<Tirs as the ir.liiMry rr\^ a|R ir fnnn o r : crv|il>'rv>aa|l*w d e l* 'nf-iiv, lliul. f i e r i o r ja-jxr. Tlw Iw.i hiph lem prraiurc v;inelic< o f cryjolliiic fre e sriicx .tre T rid n m ie u-lihh rcs.ilK from ItotiusJ shove 87Q lettrres f . :al Cri'!lnhah*c fn * n hcviinp al-ve 1470 terree C Roth o f tlicse arc iul o-inmon in m tu re l^_ do occur in in d n stm l proc esses which involve high lem pcralurrs. In F ree Amorphous Silica the awnm are arraocivl in a nmi-tmifonn m anner am! as a reuli. the ja r t i c l la v e no Wniic n o te wire. Several varieties of Opal D roir 1u liti efiSS may Ik- included natorul liiomtirouic cardi. A listinetion howevrr. iiiiM lie niiule between d natural muterai a ii ic 1`Kind in place and the iljat.xitaceoii entrili vi`teli ior imhistrial reasons ha Inn Iteaii-il to Ineli icm ticplw cs. T ltis latter i>nIucl rati ciurlili C rislokdtlc in varyipj; quaniities. \'i|rc o ' Silk-a i t silicon Coxtile which Was Wa l d ir a fusi. mi Icroperalurc witli die iwnt-TaJ -nit rrC tuuig its ntnorphnns slate. I Mritii: llu- (.m -A'tifAl years techuoh-gt:d .Ivaiit-riMcitls ;uul imlitStrial tlemoiKls have created a variety of new artificially l>fihiccd atnorphoas silicas. Tliesc synthetic i< /d u fis arc for ne as filters, insuhlvvi. rlitfu'-ioii o tatiu g i i f f traikU-s.vti lig h t', mi arcn -th a iii : cotton ilirc.Rl. a M iW titac fur ri tain m aterials in vtilearaenl ruhlv-r ainl :i> u:acr rcitdkot coatings for ctaU. ii is a well rcfO fliid tact, substantial*! by laltoraW y re x a rc h and observations in industry that free o-ytaUine iilica aa q u arti i< (Ik specific causative agent o f die pul' uvularv ilisOJc Silim siv F urther, it l.:ut been `mtuiHKx )< u a ifr in the cons'uk-raliuii o f inlusirvU Just xiKKtircs winch iitv.dwd a Mi tra hazard lo imply tluil q.cirir was pfevent ;u.d that it a s the eliciuwal siihstanec of `hivf rfltttc ta U causc of W prep.mdcranee <>i piarti in Ute rKk nmteraU o t (he c a rd , and *wr lack o f knowledge rcJaiift* to the losicity of otltcr Silicon dioxide forms, tltis view was to be canceled. Recent studies, particularly those made at The Saranac Laboratory, however, la w Sffly / ruintrltd il.-iddi II, 1; 47 dctnn-traied tliat n r u i o v.iric-it- <i tree sihro other llu n q u art/. y d sm ufar (o purtx in chemical composjiioti. o n produce pul* miAury lung diaoxc* in :w in u K Thc^c Inns; cltiiiiccN a r c n o b le S ilicas. In ariditiuo. clinical s tu d io have reported th a t *h;toroaccous ca rI t . (o r example. m ay prrxlme pulm onary chances in curlers inh-iliui* diil ;unl Ihat aranrplious n atural lialouun- is less fiarird o m than is il*c crystalline crA/oh-ififc countii which w as form ed subsequently lv iugfi U iujvraturc atrnung jtrrc"Cv. Currently nWrvattuu. .tie um kruav at tlic S aranac L aU u ain ry J*.. ciiurciung ilic c llc r u n | n .hiikWiIn i ujiulatian o i several *( the new artificial amurphtnis Kr:iliuu TU lower limit oi p . m . 1. . ,, which chemically contained SiKh d isiulficn tintt rtcrowils was - j I T 11m fiquid was combined in tl:c Lab- to he m the order of 0.1 micron. with a ami horned. The PI'CcTrlMiiIet iISs a volcanic rg.i---*--*--- T l--iis t1 ^ " " 'r W iiun.-l u o n i the earth aud t i le r s*tbjru*j |M OiUt-slrial p r o c e s s s l i O w s | l g n u t photograph whirl/ w xi pro- few hia p irtk lc s arc p re sau winch y j I f i n outside agency, (be primary tlu u mu- wiK-ron in site w * h s s n yery fine in sine. W e think (tot In an iln'ir< m -|h'ilo uucr.n*rai4j of p ( k l F iphcxo arc Late.x that bud Lcen t^rm - vmnile of common j/uitr dm * 0 d * * sample as a rcicreoce for site tuarlr l d l>ecn RraimJ ami UiII-imIL': p i ^ * 1** dI/sir111 to reduce ' l** a urse -TWX - J diffraction j a tle n a f each Qf Only a tew panicles less lews one (m l r httoiols sliow wulc diffuse rings in >Uc are pro c ili rfrdnf that rhe m aterials ; u t amnrpfioiis * -- 11UI svvro that idiiar^raphv mi oysullioc iu M nnuurc On die ,-cw that llrt iirdiw uy d io icrj^ | a( the X-ray the m aterials are indis- >iliras. T Imsc 'luilic- a r c cinix aui n> m o rcsjwcts. ' l l tirst refute* 1 tire F in n i c < w and tire s ro iu d |., 1 rlu-un-lrv o i iIhsc icw OUM-ri.iiioi ...........-- - . products. nnvr<>*cu|>e 10 nh^UUUIr thi o c h preparation may l v c Ixcn ^ !s lilkat with the metals present. Oic o i !* earlier fuii|irdifii'ivc studies The Msudii'atKC o i util nm rogiaM.- t U ftrtiom i to tlw o p rrim c ittal ol>- mode in iIns cuuiMrv - i tin- -ire h-drihMiiou 1-irlu V s is a sul*|rcl winch rcccivn , ' ^ l IMtMM with the four Silicas arc sum >i ilna>. nxim l in u i p i ii - iirln -iiu l mii-ti- iikiit- was rr|B<itci| l>\ 1 [. };l*uiu'l>! <>} /lie U S Jli-aHli S cfiM f mi W il Same o i hi* work i- d m n n a- R c ifn iirc A no ilir sliii-. V liglu Ik III iiu>'r<-'>|- system itlii/ii'O W the l i litJ lir /'. Ibe qM 4 Analysis of tlx paicni or hulk tlu x x h l l a s Uxb that i jwri/clcs '-JjMPWhl * oA.. *B><. and eC. .ssliuiw/wwedu uthuact stilicon Iiuiui:h in >UC. even w thev are * u the d u e l constituant. In i tluit lW,, o,,- |mi" s tltcy will u - | < ru ***w M m m i 1 of the oxides o f con. lUimi- V\/U I1* 11 i-cUed with dw exjwf.d an Ifcv wtfKsiu/a. sodtuui. caicuu/i :mil iaia.%- veil It a m ugiiU iraii'n i I 'li.unciri* was I'.m t I u . l*T*> * 11* " 4 f /in 4au"o pprie~vennit., aScomn ee momistmure :u-i used whirl allowed particle ns small as T t a S .n .o J t l.alf.ltof> will. 0l> hr <ftttthlmoaatiimoon wwBithh l(ihlet osdliicc.ai .was .5 jnicron to I mvasirci| ami souN-uliat l.iiir iltlte*Ml kiwi'"' *,,'1' .:itmruiji'*i.4Jt,h * each sample ami tyva%e rcemoviaeidl by smaller particles to i x v x u The lam hull- 'breed tre e stliens. All tdhiee aacermw^-JJ - < V h i The corrcspooiiinK tucreasc in lolal catcs tli.tt the greater percentage o i th e iib n/ii'row.^.jc m HrC- TT hhee p|..i.nni^dl< * 1 ^ * <*** irulii'aird. I'rejararhat A particles w ere la r c r r than 0 5 micron 11. I~ ranjcerl fiiMM .Ui 10 .2 inicn.n. TTiluic%vrr u j in the afetcticc of heat- D is Green re purled in Ih r Traiv-artinns o i Ilie F araday Society in I'Ufi. the rlaia sito o n on llie s|i,li; as hViiTvrtcc 11. W ith 11 inamii- com pim ub arc idctiiilicd as 5 ^ la f a n silica. Consequently A and D I'ri-fNtration was iiia<lc by a ! j wbwhuhy atnorplioua. Heating in tlw chemical |irc.i. It. C . :iu>l D W" I t f * 1 n a in n x ia ls w as required to ticnumi iif l.NW ili.miricrr. i\hi'h Gfern imiL m r i h l s .-i I nut'll .a w ere wr.wirr>l ml . 11:111 a s 2 wticroa were seen, i h* tala dim* a hw iicr |>cteem age o r tine ( a r m i e s . l i ''S / K in ,S m i c n u i u i s / / c . H u n i| ix s K vicrem v A. iiro iu fjy fue to the difference m 1lie n n K n im aiiin n o i :lx tu n v -ic n s However, these data d o agnir in lire tact dial must o i (he dusts observed were micro scopic in size, that is. they were 2 micron in size and lirg er. It lias liven the coulrntiwii o> o/ii' uivi-di- (anil .n luirli trni|~-nilurcIn .<11 i')r``iri -it-flu in inn r graph ' hurt A, the I*r>ucn > |xiru-*k-s .uc y b | 1 gad C ll is judged lk i| these r|uKaks may be jutrily gl.o^eS or siknes. nuc ui -1/: w ith kiiuv vuri:uc areas * Species o f lalior.ilory uiiiiuh In u idiirtiiKraph ni l 'ru'hict H. *'" slvs ali: >uh Min;m u pie. T l.t' *>:- ** l.vi' a h-swr iciiilciK'* i- i'*r iK.-iri-gates. In 1`riulitci C. the p artidci arc muk'r mu' uiuroci in *izc in stu c **' they lend l<j rcssaiildi; | "rvducl I* * r ' '**> ^10 the inlakuiort o i these four W I Vzm each tty, S ji rkxy* ]n;r week Udl o two y c a rs/o r huigvr. The phene concent ratio* o f i k these anim als were sulijected 2dS to Q2 ng/cu f t O n the , f^ o fc gical fmduiu's A and D pro- damage and were pulsed to gators tliat llicrc is a li/ml to tlx- ru n t to wind 1 solids can 1 rcdixcd in M /r by ordi nary disintegration method-*. T h is limit supposedly b imposed by t lx operation of cofxsiooal o r surface tension foccs upon each separate ir.ijpndil o f m atcn.it as 1 is appcurntiec. T he Itrlii |.r*nina l> dills red others mi sevvr.d respects. i>. otd 1 prepare! oui*hic of tlx laibomiocj ' to us in hntk for study. Trese w ric then generated as aetoi-ols hy UiNvetuinatine iccliuics P(ar3:i^ disease prrulnavl wax not like quaru. U ami C were con* "i t can be nude from these have important signifi- dusl cx|X urcv being; form ed during t l x process n | dtsuttc- 1. Particles .*5 fine as 02 micron can he breathed and rctaiucil ire the lungs in sufficient quantity to produce disease. 2. Forms of iic e silica other than quartz can proifucc puhnotury damage. Aluminum pocumarouiovis. o r Shavers Disease leu been recognized as a specific disease, fillercnl from oil- r pneiumx'iMuO'r-. induiling silicosis, ft fa s occurred in baux ite workers, particularly tlui>c exposed to rtcetric lio m rc fumes. An eleviron pfcoiomicrograph shows the particles to be modi !e*s lio n ewe m icros in siac. O icm kally the (wkc is cont|viscd chicHy o f ahimmuin azul amor/ilMMis >iln.a with poshly shmc glass present. S lavers D i'cavr is anotfier example o f s*d? nucro>co|>ic par tides causing pulm cm ry datuage. Industrial cuvirotunents which contain pre dominantly vuli-rrocroscojiic dust part iclee or more juoperly. dry ncroK i^i'c a ir.J pruldcrn lor tlx uulu.<*rtal hvciciusi. I*irM; TLv |*arlich'S arc lia> xiwJl to l< >cvti by o o lu u iy micros*orie icrliuicc. At iIhi present time rMutaiiiitu atuM>NpIicric coneciHraiK um?g i u t i ' m ill lx- iu:ule on xome weight l*ai?. I h c proj'r mile rum ot these panicles n tiy Ik dilticuli. l ln v v u i 1. and seme o f diem dcliuiidy arc. fine rnou^h ia sire, to pass through a No. It Ulvitunan filter patCT. Some because o i Uicir iccwliar byilropffuluc property 'ajin-t t'C wetted by ordinary liquid coHevunR agent. The rnrticks of one o f the m aterials with which we arc launlnr, carry a 't a lk clargc high vnougli to disrupt tin- up iai*>n o f Ilie vheJrosbitic |>ri i|iii:iior. FuriK 'r, am i pi- i - aWv o f m ost Hiif>orLince. if tire (n a lc r a i has any degree o t ii\ictty, lua-ut* if tlie Imcue.vs n l th e particles, allow ahle c>iwcntraliouS o f cspoMuc w ill ttcres'arily have 10 be Ijw. IItv coWi viiou 4>t stun* i>ill d u st to w eight accurately w ill in itself tc a |rrdlcm Secood: Tile ilclcraimatioci o f the ciicinir.d composiiimi of ilic e acrusols will rcipure mote ilrtailed aualytkol woik wliirli will luchalc chcnussry as well as X -ray d iffrac tion studies 5/icro-elicmu.il >uctlu>b ouy lav e to he applied as ilk: '.iiiiuunis u i dust collected may lc sm alt Obviously new and specialized methods Loth for the collection and analysis o f such aerosols will have to be developed. And finally, a dust control system to fit specific 1K IndiOtUil W 7v N88L +4S&AMH-L n r . 4 0 * * rctpiirnitciUs vviicli m ay I f -It tierrut im m those o f nf*tm*ry lusts must i-c flcvived. It n n v ,ipi<c,u llm tins <l<<-rmVrAn h i ' related tnaialy to Uwts conmuiing *Uka. Most o f the view* which la v e ben pre .scull'd, however. can he ^piJccJ v p n N y as w d l to other n a tc ria K Kven v illi suliiianccs which la v e I'cv-u cotvsivlert'd inhcrcnrJy tiKn. il dm uht he rcrngni/r.1 tbat nrrt.vin fa c to r' w ay >i]rrai<- t* a l u r this iW ltiflN. Referring ap o o to Shavers liscaw. pow dered metallic ntmuiiuun aw l hy.lm iol alununim have I w n used as ilirn p u im - .m enu in tile control o i silicm h nn (he theory that paniculate n is u tx n iuUl>it'd ly these material. On tl>c other hand, revent lalv ora to ry studic? inlcrutal in duplicare Shavers hseise at the Univcrsiiv o t Toronto lave dccnaustratoi H a t Mib-ticroap*i: alumina hy IM.-I o r in cooihoviicKi -ill iilira fume :ut evutsc tune d i a u i t '. Ac .!> oJij*usie. villi asbestos the iiLr.-' huu-cr ileus ID-20 m i'fotxs appear to c*u-*: i--c;-c wtd- the tirtcr partirles In not. .New iwlwsircil pe*--''*'~ .r- l>viue *tcvefcapoJ ivImcIj n ili/r lieat ..cl liid t - nerey icU'ascs. In rtiect. m-s* met>nk u ih^wi- icgraiiuu have Ut u crr-iii-d The diluent* irons -well a h-ivc propr/tics Htu. lv Jiuoviit 11in llir IIIM,^V pl.v.st Such laciors may Itare ^ * W*M a s ch an ce in paeltde w t. arc;, -urlac- -ntiit^>. chxU iot i a.[,M>f|Hinn .uvl a b ru p t inn ipubw, alter i b ii U-liavmr. Know the Facts -- E lectrical H azards I i u r n ^ l pro-W uno activity ifa r t^ vav-l nweliam ratiott is a signiK. * m crraiinv rorrrsprwfcltttglv bte-et Interlocking For Safety o f iir4iu*'*. T h e experience u m ines in h uelan.) and more rcrony country arc exam ples. O n bon hn > By A. L R IC H E h t * - . I tie f o D iv , M tniw tpoltt-H Q W yvitll R tc a h t o r C o., F re e p o rt. HI. oie-u terit I inert. I'uluvmary cE b t^ l hu" -. ..i o*! m iners leivc orm wri l i f t t with some words w e ll be usutg a iith o n tie ' jeel lli.n tin- <~artrm.w ** ju st a fancy word meaning {uicitt u< the rn .il iveil is i o p * 4 thing takes place, soueilutig 11 wouM ais ar 11i.ii l|c irruK. r somctlimg is prevented from Ita/ar!." <r "siliceous lusts' am! ' j t o n (his definition, we cau n ip u i 'u n 'c mmnc mans ot irct l io n .p a r t/ may lx; ra ja lik oi is an iulcrluck. U-lweea i n i faster, better, easier opera tvent r n r ii o m wbivli arc hllercur lew ihstric witches can |iiolm.c. An .ictnxi *! <|iMri/ ii< d i || |l I two-luml dcctric trip fur if in. rea-aug taxteern in 'cnaiu -nviromucms a rc the '-ob-nurr. >-..** leles and rm im icrjU tcscudi m I.: itfMc * -hirtiuiuc tlu-ir \ m ailer .! n> mall impori w* * n ^ a r d > that these -mail huu.v 1 * 4 pm a n tra l. 0))Cfax'> la v e ui^ W tl praductioo as much ax <iC-illicit, m % WtXBC they fell safe and the eJec| t | taiiA rt worked m w e easily Uian fr ita a o l (rip. This t> j* of machine *4 la the eftoke of ^ u ic vTiny comPM W aid iosan/Ke comivinicv exithit po ipcriic-' different it* m ate rialt ij.n in . li iliev |^ . p th p p ia o i elect riv interJncks arc w ^ t A* keltic swiicli u tiid i m ill, oo * S|ki when yoi ic irig c ra to r door is 1* so example Iwitch" is another connnun leva. * *wt*| % switch which stops m otion o r f*** a aigsal when somethiug moves to a ***** place. A switch fastened to a lailic ^ will turn oil Ik; m uior wlictl M is coming agam st il. a f t Such use of limit switches to 1 H * A i u from dam aging tlwmvelvcs S V * * ^ Iht am m nest and best-paying Inriore driving j?ut c u . T hat -U "noolorgcunig' mlrrloctc. T his m niiuryjiiKCing m' c is tu st one i.i the ways lieu suuclics produce saicly hi some ways tlicy ihink fu r live otcaioc. as well ;is act for lus hnnds ami eyes. Theyc:iu make a rparhiuc refuse to run m ud jll is in orlet; they c.ui .-lop 3 nachtiK wltcn sotBctlaing iv w rcini; ll*cy can oxmpel things to he done in ihc right orilcr. T b i. means safety to die nj;rator and to cqiup> incut. It can aUw ins produrt quality, We see electric interlocks and limit svnlchrs in uarlnncs as different ir*%m each other 3v juke Loses .ami automatic pilots . and in d a i telcpfrme ofuipm ent This %nccc*s, fo r so many p u r poses, depends on ividl-kiwn-n Lajc prm ci pics conihined with nSiug live )<sl type o i switch fo r the particular job. Tins is as true in working over ait old machine to make it automatic-, nr io p ro n .tc <afcty. a^ iloigH in^ new -qtnpmciu. O n eiifier kind if juli, use o t dir right switch can make tlC ihifctCRCC hclwrvn a m arlnnc winch gives long, rcliaidc. ate .-.ervicc. -uf nor wlueh is always m i rouble. J w It ia a easy io |hu oo any j y **AW u to design inio new erpiip- T hree Fundam cnU l Kinds of Switches 11ere arc three general kinds o f electric o f electric interlock and sw iidici used in iulei 1*<U ami lonit work. which do thiijgs automatically Tlvc one longest i<cl Ls simple contact', .^f06 baro;l- U suahy ilKy which arc tunved will out sn ip action LVuJjht-pcaijioo of a m ad due p a n . or ally such c o n u c n are m onnud on leaf Sng o f a pccssmc g;uge or springs. Another form uses t a r s on Cle *vrug device m ore accu- face of a cylinder which turns under fixed i o done by eye. They re- contaot* o r bcosho. Their simplicity re c d d y and accurately than ommends such units, and they serve well to don't forget. N either a re switch sm all m o u n ts of power when p re what to do neat. O o cisian is not required, and there is plenty blinking light or of operating f n n and notion. Picking up off th e ban d brake your telephone works n e b a wild.