Document RRvpk1ye4JRDMJJk3DJZ3B48

TECHNOLOGY Fighting Fire Toxicity: Experts Hold Conflicting Views At recent conference, some attendees say fire ignition should be prevented; others would ban specific plastics; some say issues are not dear Hi6<cm L. fUnri*, C&EN Washington Like fires themselves, the recent Na tional Conference on Fire Toxicity seems to have generated a lot more smoke than flame. Sponsored joint ly by the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the National Aero nautics & Space Administration, the day-long conference in Arlington, Va., had three stated purposes: to provide an overview of the work already in progress, to define the problem itself more dearly, and to project a practical and productive course for the future. Not surpris ingly, these were not accomplished in a day. Positions are long established and strongly held on the question of what to do about the major killer in fires in the U.S.--namely, the toxic gases and particulate matter gener ated as the fire bums. Two thirds of the more than 5000 residential fire deaths that occur in the US. annual ly are caused by inhalation of smoke and toxic gases, many of the deaths occurring several rooms away from the fire itself. Experts have become partisans aligned with one of several conflict ing camps. Some say that since all fires produce toxic products, the way to fight this toxicity is to prevent fire ignition or flame spread. Oth ers think they can zero in on specif ic plastics that are the worst cul prits in toxic gas production, and that these materials should be banned. Some think the scientific issues are not well enough resolved to know how to act, others that it is irresponsible to delay action any longer. Somewhere in the middle are many chemical companies that make synthetic materials or intermediates. On the one hand, they make the fire-retardant chemicals that are now available and that almost no one buys unless regulations force them to. On the other hand, they also make the plastics that ire charged with burning hotter and faster and producing more deadly combustion products than conventional materi als and thereby causir g most of the increased hazard of m >dem fires. Trying very hard to take the mid dle position, too, is Cl SC, which is Smoke and toxic gases, as produced here in an NBS test, are responsible for most residential fire deaths just beginning to concern itself spe cifically with this issue. According to chairman Nancy H. Steorts, CPSC wants to serve as a catalyst for elimi nating the effects of the toxic prod ucts generated in fires. It is, she says, one of the commission's most important projects. It has been des ignated a priority project for 1984 and 1985. Some inkling of the im portance CPSC placed on the con ference may be seen from all four of the commissioners' presence there, each making brief statements and moderating a session. CPSC is hoping that by being a relative newcomer to the fire toxici ty question, and therefore, essential ly nonaligned in the controversies, it will be able to serve the catalvst function. 'The truth of the matter lies somewhere between the two oft-quoted extremes, both of which oversimplify the toxicity problem," Steorts says. "On the one hand, there is the philosophy that everything that bums is toxic and to eliminate toxicity one must eliminate fire. On the other hand, it is the belief that toxicity is caused by a few particu lar products or substances and if these elements are simply identified, toxicity can be eliminated. The truth of the fire toxicity problem lies somewhere between these extremes but has yet to be determined." The conference itself might be judged an indication of the commis sion's possibilities for success. It was literally packed--enough to cause some concern among the many fire marshals in attendance. And it represented, both in speakers and audience, a very broad spectrum of the participants in the issue. Federal, state, and local government officials were represented, as were industry, consumer groups, university scien tists, private research laboratories, and private fire consultants. Posst- 30 July 9, 1M4 C&EN ;/ bly because of the very broad range of viewpoints, about the only con sensus the conference managed to achieve was that fire deaths are a bad thing and everyone would like to see them reduced. Among the controversies aired, but by no means resolved, is the question of whether present knowl edge is adequate for government bodies to restrict responsibly the use in buildings of materials whose com bustion products are particularly toxic. New York state is moving rap idly toward trying to do this, the conference was told by New York Secretary of State Gail S. Shaffer. Af ter an 18-month study, Shaffer rec ommended to the building code council last May that certain build ing materials and furnishings be subjected to performance testing to determine "the hazards they might pose to health and life in a fire situation." The animal test method developed by researchers at die Uni versity of Pittsburgh is the appro priate way to make this determina tion, Shaffer says. This is a bioassay test that uses rodents to measure the effects of combustion toxicity of materials that are burned in a sepa rate chamber. If Shaffer's recommendations are approved--and she hopes they will be within a year--mattresses; bed pads; furniture upholstery; interior wall, floor, and ceiling finishes, elec trical wire insulation and conduits; and water distribution pipes in stalled in buildings will be tested. Test results will be filed with the Secretary of State's office, and ma terials not tested by a certain date would not be allowed in building construction and furnishings. However, different animal toxici ty test methods give different rat ings of a material's hazards, and several of the scientists at the con ference expressed reservations about whether data from such small-scale, one-component tests reflect the haz ards present in a real fire. Many of the scientific reviewers of the re port on which Shaffer's recommen dations were based expressed these doubts, the conference was told, and the recommendations appear to ig nore these reservations. Proposed regulations were not the only topic to meet a critical recep tion at the conference. New scientif ic findings also found both skeptidsm and support. William T. Lowry, a toxicologist who heads a researcK" section of Southwestern Institute ot Forensic sciences in Dallas, pro posed that an as-vet-unidentified free radical produced when hydrtP carbons burn may be responsible^ tor a large portinnnt' ^ire deafKs* Lowry', like many others, ques tions whether carbon monoxide, a lethal gas produced in essentially all fires, can alone account for the New York propos-- using this test of smoko toxicity of building materials looking? URL 04226 r." ' In this lest. aevetoped by tfw Univerwy of ftttsbur^v *e toxoty of combustion gates * iwwwd by exposing up lo four mice to gases flew ' g past them from a furnace where the sample material to burned i The oak truly compatible _ . irsintri.iifliMo|alilr. i non-mi|>raling plastici/ce l for poi\ ^ ini I acetate. i Cambridge - Industries Co. 440 Arsenal St ' \ A \ Watertown, Mass. 0^177 ' Serving since 194k ^ July 9. 1984 CAEN 21 Technology r toxic gas deaths caused by fires. He triplet, and it is carbon-based. Fur New software aims atsampled the combustion products ther work should pin down its of a Urge number of organic com identity, he says. science applications pounds, looking for common prod Lowry's hypothesis intrigued ucts that might account for their some researchers at the conference. An integrated, interactive software lethality. Although he found no John A, Parker, chief of the chemi-' package for data acquisition, analy common stable product, he did find cal research projects office at NASA, sis, and graphics will be marketed a relatively long-lived free radical for instance, said that tree radical by Macmillan Software Co., New that is present in concentrations that processes play a large role in fire York City, for International Busi rise to more than 1000 ppm in fires. kinetics, and that many current tox ness Machines' PC computer. Adapt Its concentration was highest, he icity testing methods, which mea able Laboratory Software, Rochester, found, during the period when in sure the effects of pure gases rather which developed the package for capacitation generally occurs--from than the products of real fires, would Macmillan, designed it to match the three to 15 minutes after the fire overlook their possible toxic effects. speeds, precision, arid flexibility of begins. He proposes that inhalation "1 think this is probably one of the mainframe and minicomputers for of free radicals at this concentra most threatening pieces of chemis science, engineering, and mathemat tion could cause peroxidation of lip try "presented here today/' Parker ics applications. ids within lung tissue, cutting back said. Other researchers, however, The package, costing about $1800, the lung's ability to absorb gases, pointed out that carbon monoxide is the first product to come from and leading to unconsciousness. absorption through the lungs of test Macmillan Software, which was Since the free radicals are not indefi animals is just as efficient when the formed as a division of Macmillan nitely stable, they would not be pure gas is used as when the gas Publishing in late 1983. The aim of detected in autopsies of fire victims. comes from combustion products. the division is to develop and mar Although Lowry has not yet spe Thus the lung's capacity to absorb ket microcomputer software for en cifically identified his free radical, at least this gas does not seem to be hancing productivity of scientific, he does know some things about it. decreased by free radicals in com engineering, and research work. For instance, it is a fairlv simple bustion gases. O Besides running on the IBM PC, the new package will run on such IBM-compatible computers as Com paq and Columbia, although Adapt able has had trouble with some oth er so-called IBM PC compatibles. PHLOROGLUCINOL The first module, containing graphics and statistics programs, will appear in September. The second (1. 3. 5 trihydroxybenzene1 module, for data analysis, and the third, for data acquisition, will ap a The other organic intermediates from us: pear in October.. neta-dichlorobenzene Programs in modules use all 640 kilobytes (actually 655,360 bytes) of random-access memory to which the 2.4-dichloronitrofaenzene IBM PC is expandable. Programs also use the Intel 8087 math coprocessor chip to do calculations at minicom 1.3.5- trichl orobenzene 3 puter speeds and with greater than microcomputer precision to avoid round-off errors. 3.5-diaminochlorobenzene The data acquisition module works through widely used interface cir cuit boards of such companies as 3.5-dichloroaniline Data Translation, Keithly, and Tec- mar. Analog and digital input and ISK ISHIHARA SANGYO KAISHA, LTD. 10-30. Fuiimi 2-Chome. Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Telex: 2324306 ISK J output are available over 16 chan nels to take data from or to control instruments. The module either sends triggering signals to instru ISHIHARA CORPORATION <U.SJL)/Tr*n*menca Pyramd 41st Roor 600 Monteomecy St . Sot Franasco.Ce. 94111 Tel 41 5-421 8207 Telex 278010 ICUSA UR ISK(EUROPE) SJk /33-31 Rue Montoyer. Box 8 1040 Bruxelles Tel {02)512-54-50-512-72-78 Telex 23362 lTDD B ments or acts on receiving a trigger signal. The graphics program can divide the monitor screen into win dows of text or graphics so that the user can manipulate several parts of the package at once. tt July 9, 1964 CAEN Gail S. Swapper Secretary op State ' May 4, 1984 State of new York DEPARTMENT OF STATE ALBANY. N.Y. 12231 URL 042 Honorable Yvonne Scruggs-Leftwich Chairwoman Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council Two World Trade Center New York, NY 10047 Dear Commissioner Scruggs-Leftwich: Chapter 552 of the Laws of 1982, directed the Secretary of State to conduct a study of the toxicity of smoke and gases in fires. The legislation further required the Secretary to make recommendations to the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council based upon this study. The study report and my preliminary recommendations were previously transmitted to you and the Code Council. The attached recommendations fulfill the legislative mandate and follow-up on my previous transmittal. I will be pleased to continue to work with you to promote the implementation of these recommendations. Sincerely, INTRODUCTION It is estimated that 80% of the people who die in fires die not as a result of flames but from inhaling toxic smoke and gases. The reality of this statistic and the toll it represents in terns of human life were made particularly clear in a fire at the Stouffer's Inn in Westchester County in 1980 in which 26 people died. This tragedy prompted then-Governor Hugh L. Carey to establish the Special Fire Safety Task Force to review fire safety conditions in New York State with a special emphasis on the adequacy of existing fire codes and recommendations for their improvement. In 1981, the Task Force, working with the Department of State's Office of Fire Prevention and Control, issued its report to the Governor. Among its conclusions: most fire deaths are caused by smoke inhalation and further, the apparent increase in such fotolities has occurred as a result of the toxic gases and smoke produced when certain materials, now commonly contained in buildings and furnishings, burn. Accordingly, the Task Force recommended that the State undertake an intensive study of gcombustion toxicity* -- an increasing threat to human life and safety. The Legislature in recognition of the Department of State's leod role in fire prevention and control, authorized the Secretary of State to conduct a study of the toxicity of smoke and gases given off under various temperatures by materials used in building construction and furnishings. In undertaking this study. New York State has assumed a leadership role in developing public policy to address the causes and effects of combustion toxicity. Our work in the field of fire safety will serve as a model for other states and for the federal government to follow. While the study of combustion toxicity is in its early stages of development, the Department of State is committed to learning more about the problems of toxic emissions of burning materials. Contained on the following pages is a summary of the findings issued by Arthur D. Little Inc., which conducted the Department's study, and the resultant recommendations of the Secretary of State to the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council. URL 04230 il l Hi Idi i LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Chapter 552, Laws of 1982, recognized the growing concern of the people of the State of New York about iniuries and deaths resulting from the toxic behavior of building materials and furnishings when exposed to fire or high temperatures. At the time Chapter 552 was enacted, the Legislature acknowledged that while model test methods exist for rating the toxicity of combustion products, no adequate program exists to improve upon and integrate such tests into the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code. In light of this, the Legislature directed the Secretary of State to conduct a study of the toxicity of smoke and gases given off urder various temperatures by materials used in building construction and furnishings. The specific tasks to be performed by the study were as follows: to assess the hazards from imoke and gases produced by the combustion of materials usee in building construction and furnishings. to ossess the feasibility of developing or adopting a system of rating the toxicity of materials used in building construction and furnishings. The study was to result in the development of a set of recommendations to the New York State Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council. Considering the appropriate tests and standards that currently exist in the field of combustion toxicology, the Legislature anticipated that the Secretary's recommendations might take the form of performance standards for various materials at various temperature conditions. -5- ! ' 1 orating Combustion Toxicit Prevention and Building The firm of Arthur D. Littie of Cambridge, Massachusetts, was awarded a contract to undertake a study on the feasibility of incor porating combustion toxicity requirements into the Uniform Fire Preven tion and Building Code. Arthur D. Little considered four possible regulatory options available to the State of New York as follows: data filing, which would involve submission of data on com bustion toxicity to a designated agency; product labeling, which would require test results or similar information to be affixed to building materials and furnishings; performance standards, which would require products to meet or exceed specified test result limits; material-specific regulation, which would ban rateriats based on regulatory agency determinations. Fourteen test methods for evaluating combustion toxicity were identified and reviewed. Two methods, the National Bureau of Standards Test Method and the University of Pittsburgh Test Method, were selected for more intensive scientific analysis. Both are bio-assay tests involving the exposure of rodents to the products of combustion. The study concluded that: The University of Pittsburgh Test Method is the most useful test currently available for assessing the hazards of the products of combustion; and A filing requirement for numerical test data (LC^) is the appropriate performance testing standard at this time. (The LC^0 is the lethal concentration which will cause the death of 50% of exposed animals within the test period.) The Secretary of State submitted the findings of the Arthur D. Little study to scientific peer review prior to formulation of the i .following recommendations. J ztzw lan i 7* - Recommendations of the Secretary of State to the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council It is recommended that the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building s Code Council require that certain building materials and furnishings be subjected to performance testing to provide information related to the hazard they pose to life safety in a fire scenario. The results of these performance tests should be filed v/ith the Department of State in a Building Materials and Furnishings Data File and this information should be made readily available to the scientific community, the building and construction industry, the fire service and consumers of these products. The tests and standards that currently exist in the field of combustion toxicology are sufficiently refined to support such performance testing and disclosure at this time. The information subject to public disclosure as o result of adoption of these recommendations will lead to a tine when specific performance standards could be considered to minimize the hazards posed by building materials and furnishings in a fire scenario. The specific recommendations regarding the creation of a Building Materials and Furnishings Data File follow: It is recommended that the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council establish a Building Materials and Furnishings Data File in the Department of State, that will contain information on specific classifications of building materials and furnishings to be subject to performance testing, and that the file be available for public scrutiny. There is without question a need to increase the quality and quantity of information readily available to the public regarding the various properties of building materials and furnishings. The availability of this information will advance combustion toxicology -8- , VO Obi research and enable architects, builders, owners and occupants of buildings to make better informed decisions when selecting building materials and furnishings. * it is recommended that the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council require that the following classifications of building materials and furnishings be subjected to performance testing, the results of which shall be filed at the Department of State at the earliest practicable date as determined by the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council: Furniture Upholstery Mattresses Bed Pads Interior Wall Finish Interior Ceiling Finish Interior Floor Finish 0 Electrical Wire Insulation and Conduit Water Distribution and Sanitary Pipes installed in buildings It is recommended that the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council prohibit the installation of any building materials or the use of newly acquired furnishings subject to the recommended performance testing and filing requirements, if the manufacturer of such product has not complied with the performance testing and filing requirements. This will help to ensure that the performance test end filing requirements are enforced. It is recommended that the performance testing and data filing requirements imposed by the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council on these building materials and furnishings include the use of the University of Pittsburgh bio-assay protocol for measuring combustion toxicity. -9- URL 04236 This test method was certified by Arthur D. Little as an appropriate performance test considering those currently available in the field of combustion toxicology. It is recommended that the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council require manufacturers to disclose the percentage of halogens (chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine) contained in the products included in the categories of building materials and furnishings fisted above. This information should be incorporated into the data filed with the Department of State and should be calculated to the nearest percent. Bio-assay tests atone do not fully account for the action of acid gases produced by products containing halogens or other chemical elements which are inclined to release acid gases. This limitation is attributable to the differences in the way rodents and humans breathe under stress: humans, unlike rodents, breathe through the mouth, exposing the lungs and trachea more directly to acid gases. It is recommended that the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council require that information regarding the ignitibility and flame spread characteristics of the building materials and furnishings listed above be included in the Building Materials and Furnishings Data File. The following standard fire performance tests will provide the necessary information for those classifications of materials and furnishings^ to which these performance testing and filing requirements should apply: Wall and ceiling materials - the Steiner Tunnel Test, also known as ASTM 84, NFPA 255 and UL 723. 10 - URL 04 Interior Floor Finish - Critical radiant flux of floor covering systems using a radiant heat energy source, NFPA 253 and ASTM E 648. Upholstered furniture - NFPA 260A, Standard Methods of Test and Classification System for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture, 1983. This method is to be used for upholstered furniture, other than that used in facilities, such as hospitals, nursing homes, residentialcustodial care, and supervisory facilities, such as (!) educational, (2) assembly, or (3) residential occupancies. NFPA 260B, Standard Method of Test for Determining Resistance of Mock-up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies to Ignition by Smoldering Cigarettes, 1983. This method is to be used for upholstered furniture used in facilities, such as hospitals, nursing homes, residentialcustodial care and supervisory facilities or in public areas or facilities, such os (1) educational, (2) assembly, or (3) residential occupancies. Mattresses and Mattress Pads - Standard for Flammability of Mattresses and Mattress Pads (16 CFR Part 1632). The public interest in arriving at a meaningful approximation of the fire hazards posed by building materials and furnishings, is further served by requiring the disclosure of flame spread and ignitibility, in addition to combustion toxicity and chemical components. 11 URL 042 38 CONCLUSION The Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code Council will review these recommendations and has indicated an intent to act upon them in six months, in its deliberations, the Council is urged to consider whether complying products should be labeled, tagged or otherwise identified. Furthermore, It is recommended that the Code Council conduct a series of public hearings throughout the State prior to taking final action. Adoption of these recommendations by the Code Council will raise a number of issues for consideration by the Governor and the Members of the Legislature os follows: Possible restriction on sales of affected products which have not been tested or for \shich appropriate data hove not been filed. Extension statewide of the applicability of the performance testing, filing and labeling requirements and the related use of sales restrictions. This would provide that building materials and furnishings used in New York City> as well as any other municipality in the State not covered by the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code, be subject to the requirements. Appropriation of adequate funding to the Department of State to support the recommended responsibilities related to data filing and analysis. - 12 - -* Consumer Produce Safety Commission and Rational Aeronautic* and Space Administration are pleased to sponsor a NATIONAL CONFERENCE OB TIRE TOXICITT Tuesday, June 26, 1984 . Crystal Gateway Marriott* Jefferson Daria 'Highway Arlington, Virginia eeet-n nan / - MORNING PROGRAM - 7:30 - 8:45 9:00 . 'VVlW** Conference Registration and Coffee / Opening Remarks: Nancy Harvey Steorts, Chairman I Consumer Product Safety CoMisslon James M. Beggs, Administrator National Aeronautics and Space Administration 9:30 - 10:30 Federal Activities: The heading Edge* Moderator: CcmmlsFloner Stuart M. S utler Speakers:.' Richara Gann, Chief, Fira Measurement and Research: Division, Carter for Fire Research, National'Bureau of Standards lchard Ji Toblason, Manager of Aviation Safety Technology, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Administrator, 0.S, Fire Administration, Federal taergeney Management Agency Peter V. Preuta, Associate Executive Director, Directorate for Health Sciences, U.S. Consumer Produet Safety Commisalon Question.and Answer Period 10:30 - 11:00 Coffee Break UsOfc* 12:00 State and Local Activities: "Active Role Models*1 Moderator! liiiontr Tsrrenct SrTM1'*" Speakers: Cl I Shaffer. Secretary of Ststs of New York William Lowry, Ph.D., Chief, Dalles Institute of Forensic Sciences Edward V. Clougherty, Ph.D.j Chemist ut ... Boston Fire Department ~ ~ a. ? Question sod Answer Period 12:15 - 2:00 LUNCH: Luncheon Speaker: Aetronaut Robert L. Crippen, U.S.R., Crrsmter, STS41C Space Shuttle Mission - AFTERNOON PROGRAM - URL 04240 2:00 - 3:00 3:00 - 4:00 4:00 - 4:15 4:15 - 5:15 5:30 "Science and Technology" Moderator: fir. Raymond S. Colloday, Deputy Aeeoclate Administrator, National Aaronautice and Space Adminle tration Speakers: Richard C. Brooke, Chairman, Coordinating Committee on Tire Safety, Society of the Plaetlce Industry ___ Gordon Vickery, President ^ Foundation for Fire Safety Arthur E. Cote, Assistant Vice President, Standards, National Fire Protection Association Question and Answer Period Private Sector "Innovation and Application" Moderator: CoBlssloner Saundra Brown Armstrong Speakers: Jack Replay, Vice President Marketing Division, Weaver Produets, Owens Corning Fiberglss Aerospace Industry Representative Sally P. Glnter, Research Leader, Plae Retardant Chemicals, Dow Chemical U.S.A. Irvin A. Benjamin, Benjsmin/Clarke Associates, Inc. Question and Answer Period Coffee Break "Where From Bare? Blueprint for the Future" Moderator: Chairman Nancy Harvey Steorts Speakers: Richard J. Toblaeon, Manager of Aviation Safety Technology, National Aeronautics and Space Adminstratlon J^Ri<.chard Gann, Chief, Fire Measurement and Research Division, Center for Fire Research, National Bureau of Standards Steve Blegel, A1A, Vice President, National Institute of Building Science R. Jerry Johnson, Chairman, Public Affairs Committee, -Society of the Plastics Industry Gall Shaffer, Secretary of State of New York Peter V. Preuea, Aeeoclate Exeeuelve Director, Directorate for Heelth Sciences, U.S. Consumer Produet Safety CopiesIon General Diecuseion Period Reception Registration Form * National Conference on Flra Toxicity Name Title Affiliation _________ Telephone Address ______ ______________________________________________ Special Needs: (special diet, handicapped assistance* etc.) iwtro ian Hake checks payable to: Consumer Product Safety Commission Send checks for Conference registration and this completed form to: National Conference on Fire Toxicity U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission 5401 Westbard Avenue, Room 700 Washington, D.C. 20207 (301) 492-6957 Ton may, If you vish, make your hotel reservations directly with the Shoreham Hotel, Calvert Street and Connecticut Avenue, N.V., Washington, D.C. (202) 234-0700, only until June 6, at the special rate of $55.00 for a single room and $70.00 for a double. A limited number of rooms are available at the Crystal Gateeay Marriott (703) 920-3230, only until June 11, at $85.00 for a single room and $105.00 for a double. URL 04242 NBSIR 84-2871 T Fire Research Publications, 1983 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards National Engineering Laboratory Canter for Fire Research Washington, DC 20234 April 1984 U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL SUREAU OP STANDARDS ian NBSIR 84-2871 FIRE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS, 1983 V Nora H. Jason U-S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards National Engineering Laboratory Center for Fire Research Washington. DC 20234 April 1984 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE* MMoofcn Mdrig*. Sacrerary NATIONAL BUREAU OF BTANDAROS. Ernest Ambler. ObecTer URL 04244 ''Fire Research Publications, 1983" is a supplement to the previous editions: 1969-72 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NBSXR 73-246 NBSIR 74-511 HBSIR 75-736 NBSIR 76-1120 NBSIR 77--1277 NBSIR 78-1504 NBSIR 79-1745 NBSIR 80-2114 NBSIR 81-2272 NBSIR 82-2499 NBSIR 83-2706 NTIS Order Ho, COM-74-10989 COM-71-11448 CCM-75-11018 PB-257837 PB-269965 PB-284462 PB-295395 FB80-103335 PB81-203317 PB82-220104 PB83-238915 Only publications prepared by members of the Center for Fire Research (CFR) by other National Bureau of Standards (NBS) personnel for CFR, or by external laboratories under contract or grant from the CFR are cited. For documents that are available for purchase from either the Government Printing Office (GPO) or the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), the specific order number has been Included in the citation. GPO documents are obtained by vriting directly to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Orders must be prepaid. Remittance should be made by cheek or money order payable to the "Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office". NTIS documents are obtained by vriting directly to the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. Indicate the NTIS Order No. for each document requested. Microfiche copies of the documents also are available at a cost of $4.50 for doswatic orders. All prices are subject to change. However, for your convenience, a partial price list is provided below. Orders must be prepaid by check or money order payable to "National Technical Information Service" or by utilising your NTIS deposit account. Page Range Price 001-025 026-050 051-075 076-100 101-125 $ 7.00 8.50 10.00 11.50 13.00 126-150 151-175 176-200 201-225 14.50 15.00 17.50 19.00 ill TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Journal Artieloo and Conference Proceedings II. National Bureau of Standards Interagency Reports and Handbooks see III. Contract and Grant Reports t . IV. Author Index ... ... Page 1 7 10 13 iv 9k m iun I. Journal Articles and Conference Proceedings Alarie, Y., Stock, M. F., Matijak-Schaper, M. and Birky, H. H. Toxicity of smoke during chair smoldering tests and small scale tests using the same material. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology; 1983; 3: 619-626. Babrauskas, V. Estimating large pool fire burning rates. Fire Technology; November 1983; 19(4): 251-261. Babrauskas, v. upholstered furniture heat release rates; Measurements and estimation. Journal of Fire Sciences; January/February 1983; Is 9-32. Baum, H. R,, Rehm, R. G., Barnett, F. D. and Corley, D. H. Pinite difference calculations of buoyant convection in an enclosure. Fart 1. The basic algorithm. SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing; March 1983; 4(1)s 117135. Baum, B. R., Rehm, R. G. and Mulholland, G. H. Prediction of heat and smoke movement in enclosure fires. Fire Safety Journal; 1983; 6(3)i 193-201. Bell, J. R. Five die in Rockefeller Park Towers fire, Cleveland, Ohio. Fire Journal; March 1983; 77(2)s 63-65. Bell, J. R. Five die in Pittsburgh boarding home fire. Fire Journal; September 1983; 77(5)t 68-71,75. Bell, J. R. and Klem, T. J. Twelve die in fire at Kestchase Hilton Hotel Houston, Texas. Fire Journal; January 1983; 77(1): 11-15,20-23,54-56. Bell, J. R. and Klem, T. M. Hestchase Hilton investigation. Fire Services Today; January 1983; Is 12-17. Benjamin, I. A. Detector response in large buildings. In: Society for Fire Protection Engineers and the National Bureau of Standards, Nelson, H. E., Ed. Engineering applications of fire technology workshop. Proceedings; April 16-18, 1980; Gaithersburg, MD* Boston, MAs Society for Fire Protection Engineers; 1983. Best, R. $100 million fire in K-Mart Distribution Center-- Sprinkler systems overwhelmed. Fire Journal; March 1D83; 77(2) ; 36-42,80. Birky, M., Halek, D. and Paabo, M. Study of biological samples obtained from victims of MGH Grand Hotel fire. Journal of Analytical Toxicology; November/December 1983; 7s 265-271. Borgeson, R. A. and T'ien, J. S. Modelling the fuel temperature effect on flame spread limits in opposed flow. Combustion Science and Technology; 1983; 32(1-4): 125-136. Braunan, S. K., Chen, X. J,' and Matxinger, D. P. Polystyrene degradation during combustion. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition; 1983; 21: 1831-1845. 1 Braun, E., Krasny, J. F., Peacock, R. D., Paabo, M., Smith, G. F. and Stolte, A. Cigarette ignition of upholstered chairs. Journal of Consumer Product Flammability; December 1982; 9(4)t 167-183. Calcote, B. F. Ionic mechanisms of soot formation. Ins Lahaye, J. and Prado, Q., Eds. Soot in Combustion Systems and Its Toxic Products. New Yorks Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1983s 197-215. Carrier, G., Fendell, F. and Fink, S. Towards wind-aided flame spread along a horizontal charring slabs The steady-flow problem. Combustion Science and Technology; 1983; 32(1-4)s 161-209. Chen, C. B and T'ien, J. S. Fire plume along vertical surfaces: Effect of finite-rate chemical reactions. Ins American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Beat Transfer Division, Quintiere, J. G, Alpert, R. L. and Altenkirch, R. A., Eds. 21st National Beat Transfer Conference, Fire Dynamics and Beat Transfer; July 24-28, 1983; Seattle, HA; 1983. Cooper, L. Y. Buoyant source in the lower of two, homogeneous, stably stratified layers--a problem of fire in an enclosure. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Symposium on modeling of environmental flow systems. Annual meeting; November 13-16, 1983; Boston, MA. Cooper, L. Y. Calculating escape time from fires. In: Society of Fire Protection Engineers and the National Bureau of Standards, Nelson, B. E., Ed. Engineering applications of fire technology workshop. Proceedings.; April 16-18, 1980; Gaithersburg, MD. Boston, HA: Society of Fire Protection Engineers; 1983. Cooper, L. Y. Concept for estimating available safe egress time in fires. Fire Safety Journal; 1983; 5(2)t 135-144. Cooper, 1*. Y. Convective heat transfer to ceilings above enclosure fires. Ins Symposium (International) on Combustion. 19th ed. Pittsburgh, PAs Combustion Institute; 1982s 933-939. Cooper, L. Y. Design of effective water spray cooling in stairwell-sprinkler systems. Ins Society for Fire Protection Engineers, Nelson, B. E., Ed. Engineering applications of fire technology workshop. Proceedings.; April 16-16, 1980; Gaithersburg, MD. Boston, MA: Society for Fire Protection Engineers; 1983. Cooper, L. Y. Development of hazardous conditions in enclosures with growing fire. Combustion Science and Technology; 1983; 33: 279-297. 2 o *_> URL 04248 Cooper, L. Y* On the significance of a wall effect in enclosures with growing fires* In: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Heat Transfer Division, Quintiere, J. <3*, Alpert,' R. L. ana Altenkirch, R. A*, Eds* 21st National Heat Transfer Conference, Fire Dynamics and Heat Transfer; July 24-28, 1983; Seattle, HA; 1983* Evans, D. D. Flume flow in a two-layer environment* In* American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Heat Transfer Divsion, Quintiere, J* G*, Alpert, R* L* and Altenkirch, R. A*, Eds* 21st National Heat Transfer Conference, Fire Dynamics and Heat Transfer; July 24-28, 1983; Seattle, HA; 1983. Fernandez-Pello, A* C. and Hirano, T. Controlling mechanisms of flame spread. Fire Science and Technology; May 1982; 2(1): 17-54. Fisher, F, L., Howrer, F* tf. and Williamson, R. B. Room fire screening test procedure* Fire Technology; November 1983; 19(4): 238-250* Gross, D* Aspects of stochastic modeling for structural fire safety* Fire Technology; May 1983; 19(2): 103-114* Hasemi, Y. and Tokunaga, T. Modeling of turbulent diffusion flames and fire plumes for the analysis of fire growth* in: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Heat Transfer Division, Quintiere, J* G., Alpert, R* L* and Altenkirch, R* A*, Eds. 21st National Heat Transfer Conference, Fire Dynamics and Heat Transfer; July 24-28, 1983; Seattle, WA; 1983. Huggett, C. Rate of heat release--implications for engineering decisions. In: Society for Fire Protection Engineers and the National Bureau of Standards, Nelson, H. B., Ed. Engineering applications for fire technology workshop. Proceedings; April 16-18, 1980; Gaithersburg, MD. Boston, MA: Society for Fire Protection Engineers; 1983. Jeanes, D. C. Methods of calculating fire resistance of steel structures. In: Society for Fire Protection Engineers and the National Bureau of Standards. Engineering applications of fire technology workshop. Proceedings; April 16-18, 1980; Gaithersburg, MD. Boston, KA: Society for Fire Protection Engineers; 1983* Jeng, S-il., Chen, L-D. and Faeth, G. M. Structure of buoyant methane and-propane diffusion flames, in: Symposium (International) on Combustion. 19th ed. Pittsburgh, FA: Combustion Institute; 1982: 349-358. Jones, W. W. Improved numerical method for fire models. Eastern ' States Section, Combustion Institute; December 12-14, 1983; Atlantic City, NJ. Klote, J. H. Designing effective zoned smoke control systems. Building Design & Construction; November 1983; 24(11): 9092* 3 Klote, J. H. Smoke control by stairwell pressurization. In: Society for Pire Protection Engineers and the National Bureau of Standards/ Nelson/ H. E., Ed. Engineering applications of fire technology workshop* Proceedings; April 16*18/ 1980; Gaithersburg/ MD. Boston/ HA: Society for Fire Protection Engineers; 1963. Loftus/ J. J. and Peacock/ R. D, Evaluation of wall protection systems for wood-burning appliances. Fire Journal; September 1983; 77(5): 23-25,28/39. Mallard, W. G., Hiller, J. H. and Smyth, K. C. ns Rydberg series of 1,3-trans-butadiene observed using multiphoton ionization. Journal of Chemical Physics; December 1983; 79(12): 5900-5905. McCaffrey, B. J. Momentum implications for buoyant diffusion flames. Combustion and Flame; September 1983; 52(2): 149167. Miller, J. B., Mallard, K. G. and Smyth, K. C. Condensation of PAH during the soot formation process. In: Cooke, H. W. and Dennis, A. J., Eds. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 7th International Symposium on Formation, Metabolism and Measurement. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press; 1982: 921-927. Hiller, J. H., Mallard, W. G. and Smyth, K. C. Optical studies of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolysis and diffusion flame environments* In: Cooke, M. W. and tennis, A. J., Eds, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 7th Ir.ternational Symposium on Formation, Metabolism and Measurement, Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press; 1982: 905-919. Nelson, H, E. Credible engineering methodologies (as a solution to bridging the fire safety technology gap). Conference on communications between the fire research community and the owner-operators of buildings. Session on "Possible ways of bridging the communications gap"; November 10, 1983; Washington, DC. Uelson, H. E. How close are we to scientifically based fire protection engineering?. IFPEL - IV International Fire Protection Engineering Institute; February 26-March 10, 1983; Brunnen, Switzerland. Ohlemiller, T. Smoldering combustion propagation through a permeable horizontal fuel layer. In: Western States Section, Combustion Institute; April 11-12, 1983; Pasadena, CA. Ohlemiller, T. J. and Lucca, D. A. Experimental comparison of forward and reverse smolder propagation in permeable fuel beds. Combustion and Flame; 1983; 54: 131-147. Quintiere, J. and Tanaka, T. Some analysis of the FAA post crash aircraft fire scenario. Fire Technology; Kay 1983; 19: 7789. Quintiere, J. G., Birky, H., Macdonald, F, and Smith, G. Analysis of smoldering fires in closed compartments and their hazard due to carbon monoxide* Fire and Materials; September/December 1982; 6(3-4): 99-110. Quintiere, J. G., Alpert, R. L. and Altenklrch, R. A., Eds. Pire dynamics and heat transfer. 21st National Heat Transfer Conference, Seattle, HA, July 24-26, 1983. Proceedings: American Society for Mechanical Engineers. Heat Transfer Division; 1963; HTD-Vol. 25. Quintiere, J. G. Smoke measurements: An assessment of correlations between laboratory and full-scale experiments. Fire and Materials; September/December 1982; 6(3-4): 145160. Quintiere, J., Harkleroad, M. and Halton, Br% Measurement of material flame spread properties. Combustion Science and Technology; 1983; 32(1-4): 67-89. Robertson, A. F. Fire effluent toxicity--ISO involvement, approach and problems. Co-operating to fight fire. Third Symposium on Combustibility and Plastics; October 24-25, 1983; Toronto, Ontario: Society of the Plastics Industry of Canada; 1983: 42-50. Robertson, A. F. Fire test methods: Classification and application. In: Schaffer, E. L.f Ed. Behavior of polymeric materials in fire. STP 816 ed. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials; 1983: 3-12. Sibulkin, M., Kulkarni, A. K* and Halary, S. F. Honsimilar calculations for free convection diffusion flames. Combustion and Flame; February 1963; 50(1): 59-64. Smyth, K. C. Multiphoton techniques expand combustion diagnostic potential. Nature; February 1983; 301(10): 467-468. Snell, J. B. Hazard assessment--challenge to fire science. Journal of Fire Sciences; January/February 1983; 1: 4-8. Snell, J. E. Smoke toxicity--a view from the Center for Fire Research. International Fire Chief; July 1983; 49(7): 22-23. Steckler, K. D. Calculations of wall fire spread in an enclosure. In: CSNI Specialist Meeting on Interaction of Fire and Explosion with Ventilation Systems in Nuclear Facilities; April 25-28, 1983; Los Alamos, NH. Tamanini, F. Direct measurements of the longitudinal variation of burning rate and product yield in turbulent diffusion flameB. Combustion and Flame; June 1983; 51(2): 231-243. Wichnan, I. S. Flame spread in an opposed flow with a linear velocity gradient. Combustion and Flame; April 1983; 50(2) i 287-304. 5 URL 04251 Wichi.ian, I* S. and Williams, F. A. Simplified model of flame spread in an opposed flow along a flat surface of a semi infinite solid. Combustion Science and Technology; 1983; 32(1-4)s 91-123. Wong, K. L Stock, H. F. and Alacie, Y. C* Evaluation of the pulmonary toxicity of plasticised polyvinyl chloride thermal decomposition products in guinea pigs by repeated C02 challenges. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology; 1983; 70t 236-248. Zook, B, C., Malek, D. E. and lenney, R. A. Pathologic findings of rats following inhalation of combustion products of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Toxicology; 1983; 26s 25-36. 6 II. National Buraau of Standards Interagency Reports and Handbooks Baum, H. ana Rockett. J. A. NBSIR 83-2665. Investigation of the forced ventilation in containership holds; May 1983 175 pages. In; NTIS. note: PB83-209338. Chamberlain, D. L. NBSIR 83-2597. Heat release rate properties of wood-based materials; July 1983 90 pages. In: NTIS. Mote PB83-248682. Chapman, R. E. and Hall, W. G. NBSIR 83-2749. Programmer's manual for the fire safety evaluation system cost minimizer computer program; July 1983 96 pages. In: OTIS. Note: PB83-251447. Chapman, R. E. and Hall, W. G. NBSIR 83-2797. User's manual for the fire safety evaluation system cost minimizer computer program; December 1983 132 pages. In: OTIS. Note: PB84-16S665. Cherry, S. M., Ed. NBSIR 83-2800. Summaries of Center for Pire Research grants and in-house programs; December 1983 163 pages. In: NTIS. Note: P384-155340 Cooper, L. Y. NBSIR 83-2789. Buoyant source in the lover of two, homogeneous, stably stratified layer--a problem of fire in an enclosure; December 1983 21 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PB84-155209. Cooper, L. Y. NBSIR 83-2730. On tne significance of a wall effect in enclosures with growing fires; June 1983 41 pages. In: NTIS.' Note: PB83-235671. Cooper, L. Y. NBSIR 83-2748. Smoke movement in rooms of fire involvement and adjacent spaces; July 1983 38 oages. In: NTIS. Note: PB83-250951. Evans, D. D. NBSIR 83-2670. Calculating fire plume characteristics in a two layer environment; September 1963 47 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PB84-114578. Evans, D. D. NBSIR 83-2807. Thermal actuation of extinguishing systems; March 1984 28 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PB84-177164 Gouberg, A. and Hall, Jr., J. R. NBSIR 83-2677. Analysis of electrical fire investigations in ten cities. Interim report.; March 1983 57 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PB83-200113. 7 Hall, Jr., J. R., Bukowski, R. and Gomberg, A* NBSIR 83-2803, Analysis of electrical fire investigations in ten cities. Final report! December 1983 65 pages. Zm NTIS, Ilotas PB84-159789. Ball, Jr., J. R. and Helzer, S. G. NBSIR 83-2754. Civilian residential fire fatality ratest Six high-rate versus six low-rate states; August 1983 35 pages. Xns NTIS. Uotes PB84-102615. Jason, N. H. NBSIR 83-2706. Fire research publications, 1982; May 1983 18 pages. Ins H-ris. Notes PB33-238915. Jones, IT. W. NBSIR 83-2684. Review of compartment fire models; April 1983 41 pages. Ins 1ms. Note: PB83-208173 Kashiwagi, T., Ohlemiller, T. J. NBSIR 83-2689 Ka8hiwagi, T. and Jones, W. W. Thermal radiative ignition of liquid fuels by a C02 laser; May 1983 84 pages. Ins NTIS. Note: PB83-261503. Klote, J. U. and Bodart, X. NBSIR 83-2737. Computer analysis of a pressurized stairwell; August 1983 34 pages. Ins NTIS. Note: PB83-2G1503 Klote, J. H. and Fothergill, Jr*, J. W. NBS Handbook 141. Design of smoke control systems for buildings; July 1983 272 pages. In: GPO. Notes SD Catalog No. Klote, J. B. NBSIR 83-2715. Smoke control for elevators; June 1983 60 pages. Ins OTIS, Notes PB84-11S397. Lawson, J. R., Walton, H. D. and Twilley, tf. H. NBSIR 83-2787. Fire performance of furnishings as measured in the NBS furniture calorimeter--Part 1; August 1983 133 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PD04-155639. Lee, 3. T. NBSIR 83-2642. Fire hazard evaluation of shipboard hull insulation and documentation of a quarter-scale room fire test protocol; August 1983 47 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PB03-261196. Levin, 3. C., Paabo, M,f Fultz, H. L., NBSIR 83-2791 Bailey, C., Yin, W. and Harris, S. Acute inhalation toxicological evaluation of combustion products from fire retarded and non-fire retarded flexible polyurethane foam and polyester? November 1983 70 pages. In:: NTIS. Note: P3C4-140227. 8 Levin, 3. C., Paabo, H. and Birky, M. M. NBSIR 83-2678. Interlaboratory evaluation of the 1980 verion of the National Bureau of Standards test method for assessing the * acute inhalation toxicity of combustion products; April 1983 88 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PB83-198093. Nelson, H. E.r Levin, 3. H., Shibe, A. J. NBSIR 83-2659, Groner, N. ., Paulsen, R. L., Alvord, D. H. and Thorne, S. D* Fire Safety Evaluation System for board and care homes; March 1983 175 pages. In; NTIS. Note: PB83-192674. Peacock, R. D. NBSIR 83-2771. Intensity and duration of chimney fires in several chimneys; December 1983 135 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PB84-154327. Pitts, If. M. and Kashivagi, T. NBSIR 83-2641. Application of laser-induced Rayleigh light scattering to the study of turbulent mixing; January 1983 114 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PB83-183442. Quintiere, J. G. NBSIR 83-2712. Simple correlation for predicting temperature In a room fire; June 1983 48 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PB83-237495. Steepler, K. D. NBSIR 83-2765. Calculations of wall fire spread in an enclosure; November 1983 74 pages. In: NTIS, Note: PB84-123165. Steepler, K. D., Baum, B. R., Quintiere, J. G. NBSIR 83-2801. Fire induced flows through room openings--flow coefficients; March 1983 59 pages. In: OTIS. Note; PB84-176759. Tanaka, T. NBSIR 83-2748. Node! of aultiroom fire spread; August 1983 177 pages. In: OTIS. Note: PB83-255099. Tordella, J. and Twilley, Vf. H. NBSIR 83-2708. Development of a calorimeter for simultaneously measuring heat release and mass loss rates; June 1983 34 pages. In: NTIS. Note: PB83-222711 URL 04254 9 III. Contract and Grant Reports Alvord, D. M. NBS-GCR-83-453. Escape and Rescue Models A simulation model for the emergency evacuation of board and care homes; December 1983 151 pages. Available front NTIS. Kotes PB84-177153. Alvoru, D. M. NB3-GCR-83-432. Status report of Escape and Rescue model; June 1983 39 pages* Available from: NTIS* Note: PB83-236182. Brauman, S. K., Hatzinger, D, P. and Berg, R, A. NBS-GCR-83-428. Polymer degradation during combustion; April 1983 38 pages. Available from: NTIS* Note: PB83-216333. Bryan, J. L. NBS-GCR-83-425. Implications for codes and behavior models from the analysis of behavior response patterns in fire situations as selected from the Project People and Project People II study programs; March 1983 216 pages. Available from: NTIS. Note: PB83-198507* Bush, K. E., Bradley, H. L. NBS-GCR-83-427 and Bicks, Jr*, H* D* Users guide for the application of Table 1--Safety parameter values for the Fire Safety Evaluation System for National Park Service facilities; May 1983 96 pages* Available from: NTIS. Note: PB83-209320. Emmons, U. W. and Hitler, H. E. NBS-GCR-83-431. Computer modeling of aircraft cabin fires; June 1983 93 pages* Available from: NTIS* Note: PB84-101153* Pernandez-Pello, A. C. NBS-GCR-83-437. Fire propagation in concurrent flows; July 1983 77 pages* Available from: NTIS* Note: PB84-100155* Fisher, P. L., Williamson, R. B. NBS-GCR-83-421. Intralaboratory evaluation of a room fire test method; January 1983 120 pages* Available from: NTIS* Note: PB83-1G3386. Gahm, J. B* NBS-GCR-83-451. Computer Fire Code VI; Vol* 1; December 1983 116 pages. Available from: NTIS* Note: PB84-155787 Gahm, J* B. Computer Fire Code VI; NTIS. Note: PB84-155795. NBS-GCR-83-451. Vol* 2; December 1983 148 pages* 10 Itifr Harkleroad* M** Quintiere* J. and Walton* W. DOT/FAA/CT-83/28. Radiative ignition and opposed flow flame spread measurements on materials* US Department of Transportation* Federal Aviation Administration* Atlantic City* NJ? August 1983 96 pages* Available froms Nils, notes PB83-* Jeng* S~M*f Chen* L* D*, Faeth* G M. NBS~GCR**83~422* Investigation of axisymmetcic buoyant turbulent diffusion flamesi Turbulence properties and concentrations of major species? February 1983 73 pages* Available froms NTIS* Kotex PB83-175612* Kahn, !I. J. NBS-GCR-83-435. Detection times to fire-related stimuli by sleeping subjects? June 1983 97 pages* Available from: HTIS* notes PB83-227116. Kanury* A. H. HBS-GCR-83-448. scaling correlations of flashover experiments? October.1983 79 pages. Available from: NTIS. Note: PB84-121581. Krasny* J, F*v Allen* P, J* and Maldonaldo* A. Tech* Rep* 146* Burn injury potential of Navy shipboard work clothing. Natick* HA: Navy Clothing and Textile Research Facility? February 1983* Noser, E. FI., Peirce* B** Wells* A* NBS-GCR-83-439. Waking effectiveness of housebold smoke and fire detection devices? July 1983 92 pages* Available from: HTIS* Note: PB83-256511. Pearson* R* G. and Joost* H* G* NBS-GCR-83-429. Egress behavior response times of handicapped and elderly subjects to simulated residential fire situations? Hay 1983 46 pages. Available from: NTIS* Note: PB83-222695. Pits* W. J. NBS-GCR-83-435. Structures* inhibition and extinction of polymer diffusion flames? July 1983 123 pages. Available from: NTIS. Note: PB84-101336* Sargent* W. A. NBS-GCR-83-447. Natural convection flows associated heat transfer processes in room fires* Thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy? October 19s3. 525 pages* Available from: NTIS. Note: PB84-171172. Springer* G. S* and Do* H* H* NBS-GCR-83-433. Degradation of mechanical properties of wood during fire? October 1983 130 pages* Available from: NTIS* Note: PB84-122274. 11 Tan, Seng-Chuan. NBS-GCR-83-445. Transient horizontalflame spread tests on cellular plastics--experimentalresults, Vol. l.iOctober 1983 106 pages. Available from: NTIS, Notes PB84-135458. Tan, Seng-Chuan, NBS-GCR-83-446. Transient horizontal flame spread tests on cellular plastics--experimental results; Vol, 2; October 1983 159 pages. Available fromrs NTIS. Note: PB84-142272. Tan, Seng-Chuan. NBS-GCR-83-446, Transient horizontal flame spread tests on cellular plastics--experimental results, Vol, 3; October 1983 151 pages. Available fromss NTIS. Note: PB84-142272. Tewarson A, and Steciak, J. NBS-GCR-83-423. Pire ventilation; February 1983 29 pages. Available from: NTIS. Note: PB83-183293. 12 A V Altrlit T. C* 1, 6 Allen, P. J., 11 Alpert, R. L., 5 Alteaklrch, R. A., 5 Alvord, D. M., 9, 10 B Rabrauskas, V., 1 Bailey* C.t 8 Barnett* P* 0.* 1 Rata* H. R* 1* 7* 9 Bell, J. R. 1 Benjsals, I. A.* 1 Berg, R. A.* 10 Beat, R., 1 Blrky, M. M. * 1* 5* 9 Bodart* X. * 8 Borgeaon, R. A.* 1 Bradley* H. L., 10 Braneen* S. K.* 1, 10 Braun* E. 2 Bryan, J. L., 10 Bukovski, R., 8 Bueh* X. B., 10 C Calcote, H. F.* 2 Carrier, G., 2 Chanberlaln, 0, L., 7 Cbapau, R. B.* 7 Chen* C* H* * 2 Chen* I. J., 1 CBen* L-D, 3* 11 Cherry, S. M., 7 Cooper* L. T., 2* 3* 7 Corley* D. M., 1 3 Do* M. H., 11 E Emons, H. W., 10 Evans, D. D., 3 7 IV. Author Index F ,Faeth* G. M., 3, U Fendell * F.* 2 Femaadez-Fello* A. C., 3 10 Fink, S., 2 Fisher* F. L., 3* 10 Fotherglll* Jr., J. V.* 8 Fulta* M. L., 8 G Gahai, J. B., 10 Gosfcerg, A.* 7, 8 Groner, II. E.* 9 Grose* D.* 3 H Hall, Jr., J. R., 8 Hall* V. G., 7 Harkleroad* M., S* 11 Harris, S. E., 8 Kaseal, T., 2. 3 Helser* S. G., 8 Hicks, Jr.* H. D., 10 Hlrano* T.* 2 Huggett, C., 3 J Jason* I. H. * 8 Jesses, D C* 3 Jang, S-M, 3* U Jones, W. V., 3, 8 Jooet, M. G.* 11 X Kahn* M. J.* 11 Ksaury, A. M., 11 Kashlvagl* T., 8, 9 Kenney* R. A., 8 Klee* T. J., 1 Klote* J. H.* 3, 1, 8 Krasny* J. F., 2, 11 Kulkarnl, A. X., S 13 URL 04258 URL 04259 L Lawson, J. R. , 8 Lee, B* T., 8 Levin, B. C., 8, 9 Levin, B. M., 9 Loftus, J. J.t 4 Lucca, D.( 4 M Macdonald, F., 5 Malary, S. F., 5 Maldonaldo, A., 11 Malek, D. E., 1, 6 Mallard, W. G., 4 Matijak-Schaper, M., 1 Matzlnger, D. P., 1, 10 McCaffrey, B. J., 4 Miller, J. H., 4 Hitler, H. E., 10 Movrer, F. W., 3 Mulholland, G. V., 1 B Helson, H. E. 4, 9 Bober, E. H., 11 0 Ohlemlller, T. J., 4, 8 P ' ~' Eaabo, M., 1, 2, 8, 9 Paulsen, R. L., 9 Peacock, R. D., 2, 4, 9 Pearson, R. G., 11 Peirce, H, 11 Pitts, V. M., 9 Pita, W. J., 11 Q Quintlere, J. G., 4, 5, 9, 11 R Reha, R. G., 1 Robertson, A. F., 5 Rockett, J. A*, 7 S Sargent, V. A., 11 Shlbe, A. J., 9 Slbulkin, M., 5 Smith, G. F., 2, 5 Smyth, K, C., 4, 5 Snell, J- E-, 3 Springer, G. S., 11 Steclak, J., 12 Steckler, K, , 5, 9 Stock, M* F., 1, 6 Stolte, A., 2 T Taaaalnl, F., 5 Tan, S-C., 12 Tanaka, T., 4, 9 Tevarson, A., 12 Thorne, S. D., 9 T'len, J. S., 1, 2 Tokunaga, T., 3 Tordella, J., 9 Tvilley, V. H., 8, 9 W Walton, V. 0., 5, 8, 11 Wells, A., 11 Wlchnan, I. S., 5, 6 Williams, F. A., 6 Williamson, R. B., 3, 10 Wong, K, L, 6 T Tin, W., 8 Z Zook, B. C., 6 14 U.l. DCPT. OF COM4. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET |$m Instructions) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 84-2871 Fire Research Publications, 1983 2. Rarformins Organ. Report No 1. Publication Dot* April 1984 S. AUTHOR(S) Mora H. Jason A. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If Joint or other (ban NAS. saa Instructions} NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MASHINBTOM, D.C. 2A234 7. Contract/Grant No. A. Type of Report 1 Period Coearad f. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE AOORESS (Street. City. State. ZIPi URL 04260 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ( I Document describes o computer program; SF-IBS, FIPS Software Summary. I< attached. , ________ ___ 11. ABSTRACT (A 2DO-word or less factual summary of most significant infotmatlo*. If documoat include* a significant bibiiofropfiy or literature survey. mention It JieraJ "Fire Research Publications, 1983" Is a supplement to the previous editions: 1969-72 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 HBSIR 73-246 MBSIR 74-511 HBSIR 75-736 MBSIR 76-1120 MBSIR 77-1277 MBSIR 78-1504 HBSIR 79-1745 MBSIR 80-2114 HBSIR 81-2272 MBSIR 82-2499 MBSIR 83-2706 HTIS Order Mo. COM-74-10989 COM-74-11448 CGH-75-11018 PB-257837 PB-269965 PB-284462 PB-295395 PB80-103335 PB81-203317 PB82-220104 PBS3-238915 Only publications prepared by members of the Center for Fire Besearch (CFR), by other Rational Bureau of Standards (MBS) personnel for CFR, or by external laboratories under contract or grant free the CFR are cited. 12. KEY WORDS (Six to twafva entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only propar nomas; and separate key words by semicolons} Bibliographies; combustion products; compartment fires; egress; fabric fimhility; fire models; fire research; fire tests; flame research; smoke; toxicity. 11. AVAILABILITY ^ 1 Unlimited For Official Distribution. Do Not Rolaaia to NT1S 1 | Order From Superintendent of Documonts. U.S. Government Prlntlnf Office, Washington, D.C 20402. 233 Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 14. NO. OF PRINTEO PAGES 19 IS. Price $7.00 uscomm-oc *04j*no