Document RKzwkqyQGGQ5nj0j0QNmZVQ8

KEHQRAHrH COICEBRIKO THE. PLAlT OF *nr * AKKII'w.'U'i CRUCIBLE PRODUCTS p owVw.**pi^/i'l-WAVr L0RAI3 , OHIO This plant was visited on May 12# 13^2, for the purpose of consulting with the management and inspecting the plant.# to determine the present hygienic conditions# with special reference to the lead exposure of employees in the foundry and in adjoining workrooms # and to make recommendation for safeguarding the health of the employees. For this purpose information was obtained in conference with Mr* O. L. fraith# General Manager# and Mr. C. T. Williams * Assistant General Manager, concerning the nature of the work# the employment policies# the number of employees# the sickness and health records, the hours of work and recent changes thereof# the recent changes and improve ments in equipment# recent changes in the products# and th medical and hygienic supervision of th plant. A cursory survey of the plant vas made to observe the actual conditions cf work and the facilities for production. Sanitary and hygienic facilities, likewise, were examined. Mr. J. V. Coleman# Foundry Superintendent was consulted for information of various types# in the course of the plant inspection. In addition consultation was arranged with Mr. Ban K, Cook# attorney for the Company, in which the salient facts concerning a case of allegedly fatal lead intoxication in a young man# (Benjamin rohonyos), formerly employed in the furnace room of the plant, were discussed. Various items of recorded information about this case were submitted to th writer# including a copy of the necropsy report of I'r. John B. Dornleson# (who also acts as medical consultant to the plant.-# end a copy of the report of R. F. Hanzal, ?h. B.# Biochemist in the Institute of Pathology of Western Reserve University# Cleveland Kk 0021702 9 Ohio, on an analysis of a portion of the brain of the deceased Pohcnyoa for its lead content. Unfortunately clinical records de scribing the onset, course, and nature o f the deceased man *3 illness were not available ,and therefore the diagnosis could not be arrived -t with even approximate certainty, he opinion vas expressed that there was no adequate .foundation for a diagnosis cf load poisoning in the meager hearsay Information about his illness, in the necropsy findings, or on the analytical data on the brain. Concerning the latter, it was pointed out that the lead concentration cf 0.1 mg. Pb per 0 grama of fresh brain, as reported by the analyst, is inouffi- .ent to justify the diagnosis of lead encephalopathy; that, in fact. if it oould he established that this result had been obtained through l.ho use of highly sensitive and accurate methods of analysis, it would tend to the contrary conclusion, since it is but little beyond the rang of concentrations of lead that are found in ,;-he brain of normal persons without occupational lead exposure, and also is not vithin the range of values found in the brains of fatally poisoned versons * fhe available facts concerning this case are referred to early in this memorandum because the possible existence of lead exposure sufficient to cause fatal pluabisia is an highly Important matter in relation to th environmental conditions in. this plant. Uo stone should be left unturned to establish the true facts in this case, not so much because of medico-legal considerations, as because of the need on the part of the management to bnov just how serious is their re sponsibility for further safeguarding the health and lives of the employees of this plant. Accordingly other tissues of this man should Ki? 0021703 be obtained from Dr* Donaldson, if possible .and otherwise by exhuma tion of th body if that can be cion, for analysis in this Laboratory. It is probable that only by such analyse can the significance of this man*s occupational lead exposure be determined. ether means of measuring the lead exposure of his associates, and thereby arriving at an indirect appraisal of that of the deceased man, will be referred to elsewhere in this memorandum. General pertinent facts obtained in conference with the manage ment of the plant are briefly set forth as follows 8 - (!) The employees number about 225 at present of which some :3f to 'o era women. The latter are new to th industry and are mostly omul eyed in inspection and shop work - not in the foundry in which the lead hasards are believed to be small. (Observations referred to later indicate that ther is ccaao question on thio score. i Th usual ruinbor of employees ir. about 1^0, the unusual census* at this time being rue to the pressure for production brought on by the war. A considera ble number of young -men formerly in the employ of the plant are now in military service. Therefore there are quite a number of new employees Including th women* There is also a considerable number of men with disabilities that disqualify them for military service. Th labor turnover is considerable , but there appears to be littl dissatisfac tion among the employees, most of whom are of local origin. There is some anorehensioa at present because of the hazards of the work. '~ ' \ (p; About 110 persona (most of the vcjsaenj are employed in the machine shop where the lead hazards are relatively slight. Another 110 are employed in the foundry and melting room and in adjacent rooms opening into the foundry, in which work similar to that in the foundry 0 0 2 1 7 4 h is carried out. The lead hazards of these workers vary somewhat * hut are generally similar. It is believed that the melting room is the most hazardous area. 'There have been from 20 to hQ cases of lead poisoning or of illness believed to have been load poisoning* during the past three years . Those have all occurred in the spring of the year* Prior to that time the froquency of occurrence of plumbic is estimated to have been approximately half of tills rate* such cases also developing in the spring time. The case of Benjamin Bohonyos, previously referred to* is the only one in which there has been the suspicion or allegation of fatal poisoning. All of the cases of poisoning have occurred among workers in the foundry and melting reran. That is* there have been no oases among the employees in the machine shop, ho cases have occurred among the women. Bsprovomeata have boon mad in the plant froa time to time* these consisting largely of additions to the general ventilation, dome tine ago (the exact date was not noted), a special type of venti lator making use of the strong convection currents* was installed in the roof of the melting room* This lias a capacity under certain speci fied conditions of S7*C00 C.F.M.* and is capable of providing 172 air changes per hour in the melting room. A suggestion of Mr. BcWitt Huffman* of the Division of Safety and Hygiene of tho Ohio Industrial Commission, uTith respect to additional ventilation of the melting room, is being complied with* and two fans each having a capacity of 20*200 OoF.M. havo been obtained for installation in the side wall of the melting room just above the melting pots. (Mr. Huffman recently in spected the plant and made certain recommendations which are a matter X X 0021705 5 of record.) An additional improvement is almost completed, in that wash-room and locker room, and lunch-room facilities are being provided for the foundry workmen. 5 . 'There are no oreemploymeat examinations at present. How- over* a periodic check-up of foundiyssen is made by X/r* Donaldson, consisting of a physical examination (detalla unknown) and an hematologic examination. These examinations are repeated at 90 clay intervals unless Tv* Donaldson advises that the workmen he returned for reexamination after a shorter interval. Men who have oaaplainto of illness are sent to l>r. Donaldson at once. (Inquiry m s not made concerning the proce dure in the case of men who may fail to return to work because of seme type of illness. vikother these cases are investigated or whether they 3re left to the discretion of the worker, his family or his private phy sician* is net clear, It Is believed that ease mechanics should to set uo for establishing the facts in such cases, for th guidance of the management.) p . There la no instruction or supervision of the workmen at present* with respect to matters of safety and personal hygiene, fho employees eat within the foundry and other rooms at will and at irre- guiar times. They also drink milk at odd times, and keep the bottles near thorn at their work. To doubt th milk and other food becomes contaminated with lead-containing ducts to scan degree, both by the nettling of dusts upon the milk bottles and the lunch kits, and by the dirty bands and clothing of the men. Dust deposits in the nose ana throat of the workman aro also dislodged and swallowed at such times. There are no regulations with respect to changes of clothing and bathing, or as to washing before eating, or as to th us of masks, and there is no program instruction and supervision whereby the habits of the employees can be properly guided* On this account there is a great deal of unnecessary lead exposure among the employees# and this is the nor Important at this time because it can bo prevented almost entirely by means that are relatively inexpensive and possible of achievement in this difficult .period. It is entirely possible that the establishment of effective precautions in this regard nay roake the difference between serious danger and reasonable safety among the greater proportion of the employees of this plant. Further information mis obtained in the tour of the plant. The hazards arising from exposure to lead compounds are the most Impor tant and vIX recoivo detailed attention. nevertheless# there are other types of exposure to b considered# among vhich the exposure to ollica. cannot be 'holly ignored by the management. Siliconis must always bo thought of in foundry 'fork# and it is suggested that this problem vill eventually require some consideration in this plant. . ^resent # bearever# this matter is relatively unimportant # and no further mention nil! be made of i t lead exposure in the foundry and adjacent rooms Lead-containing materials in the atmosphere of the foundry exist in tvo forms# - (1) fumes given off from mixtures of molten metals at high temperature^ and (2) dusts arising from molding sands# from tho cleaning and grinding of castings# from tho condensation of fumes, from the oxidising surfaces of cooling metals # and fresa a variety of other sources. Both fumes and dusts contaminate the air breathed by tho workers# and to the extent that these fumes and dusts are born Into other parts of the plant by air currents, or on vehicles or tho 0021707 tr * clothing# shoes# and bodies of workmen, they are spread throughout the plant area feme idea of the extent of the dustiness m s obtained by noting the accumulation of dust on rafters, window ledges, shelves and other undisturbed surfaces in different parts of the plant. Some of the dust is carbon, and much more of it is disintegrated sand. Most of it contains appreciable quantities of lead, and therefore it must bo accepted that load exposure has existed wherever such dust has -enc-- trated; also, that potential exposure continues to exist whenever a breeze or other air current passes over the deposited dust, picking up come of it as it goes and carrying it along to be breathed by persons within its pathway. reference has already been made to the contamination of the food and milk of workmen by reason of the deposit of dusts upon and in them,aa well as through their contact with unclean hands and clothing. Such lead, of course, is swallowed Some portion of this is absorbed and is, therefore, a source of danger* A greater clanger arises from the inhalation of dust and wherever lead-bearing dust is distributed into the air breathed by workmen, there is the possibility of dangerous lead absorption. A still greater danger exists when the .finely divided fumes of lead are given off by molten metal, for the reason that the fumes when breathed are more easily and quickly absorbed than the larger particles that go to make up dust. The absorption of inorganic lead ccs&pounds through the skin does not occur to an appreciable or hygienlcally significant degree. `Th intact skin absorbs practically none, while the abraded akin is a wholly unimportant source of occupational lead exposure. On this account cleanliness is important only in preventing the swallowing and the inhalation of finely divided lead compounds Kfc 0021708 A. The fumes in this plant are not adequately controlled. Those arising from the furnaces are removed to a considerable extent by the ventilator in the top of the melting room* However# at times they are drawn into the foundry proper# and even at best they are not forcibly picked up at their point of origin and. carried outside the bulld'::g. The skimming of the crucibles causes the release of a groat deal of fuse which is not effectively removed. Ultimately cone provision should be made to take care of this * by skimming under some type of ventilated hood # or by cMssaing the crucibles or pots within an area that is adequately ventilated by the furnace ventila- tor3 -- i-o ->>'sire~!er some noc 1-1.%kc structure that seo&rates the furnace area from the remainder of the melting room- The tilting furnace# 112cev5.se$ should bo ventilated when metal Is being poured into pots, "hose fumes will hardly be removed adequately by general ventilation. The fuses given off by pots in transit to the molds trail out the moving pot end are breathed in fairly high concentration by the following attendant. 'These fumes are also given off upward end all about. They are not picked up by the roof-ventilators - '' in number# each with a capacity of 8550 C.F.M. in the center elevated cay - with adequate speed or efficiency# but ar merely swept slowly into the general stream of air removed by the ventilators. Direct and forcible ventilation of the pots so as to propel the fumes to the roof ventila tors is needed. The fume are also given off profusely when the metal is poured into the molds# and also when the remainder of the batch is poured out into an open ingot mold. When the castings are being poured the fumes go upward fairly well# but they arc entrapped to some degree by the structure of the comparatively low ceiling of the bay KZ 0021709 in which th e c a st in g i s don e. C e r t ain ly th e v e n t ila t io n a t t h is p oin t should he improved eventually. 3. The dl3oemlnation of dust in the plant is not controlled uffieicntly. First, it is not removed at its point of .origin as * l-./n " *'TfK*3 '^ 0'K`V O t- ^^ largo castings with a grinding apparatus without any ventilation* he was seated on a low box or stool and the casting was on the floor. The debris collected on the floor near by. A better way of handling tills would be to have the casting on a bench, tho top of which was made in the fora of an exhausted grill. An alternative errangenent would bo a Bench fitted with a hood at. the back with exhaust entilatlon* Another example of this nay bo seen in the room in Which metal is cleaned in a cabinet This cabinet is not dust tlcht. Certain unneces sary openings permit dust to be thrown into the e.ir of the room, vith the result that there is serious exposure at the back and to tho right of this cabinet, where none should occur* Boconcl, the dust produced in certain operations is not con- "ined to the area of the operation. The areas adjacent to the feumbry are not separated from the foundry to a sufficient degree. Consequently the people within these rooms or spaces are exposed to dusts from the foundry in addition to those that m y be created by their own work. It is an Important principle of preventive practice to isolate groups of workers so far as possible from unnecessary exposure. Tight partitions, doors and windows, and tho elimination of unnecessary traffic from dusty areas into areas that can be kept clean,go far to curry out this principle Third, dusts are created at points at which they would seem to be unnecessary For example tho sand**reworking apparatus creates a 10 tremendous amount of dust in starting up* by bloving the dust on the floor la clouds fra beneath it. Shis could be prevented by a change in the design of this portable equipment by moistening the area of th floor in which it operates, or by carrying tho sand to some other cite, lor reconditioning fourth, dust is 'permitted to remain whore It an bo dislodged. nechanic&Xly or by air currents. A f t e r s ledges * shelves and ether flat areas are heavily covered* All unnecessary places for the deposit of dust, should be removed ant?all that remains should be cleaned by acuum at regular and frequent intervals so us to prevent unnecessary ntaiainatloh of s H ^T*vi& ...y* Oi. u. *, y.. ;,nt' plant* listcilcd p-vr'v *? " w w . ./ V ? * "7*., ' "ovatv''"-? y r* ..*%' iit v ) honld be given, and! all plant procedures should bo examined and re- -s-?*v=V* ti.frii-*W>U> fV.h&JiW boa-,i?-(* of 2.Inina ting all operatienc that create and isceminato dust Vy w -V*r-:.4c*. * Ch .`in indicated ':roviouoly* tho instruction and regulation of the workmen are not such as to prevent the unnecessary load exposure associated with careless and inept personal conduct, lao habits of the non with respect to oorconal cleanliness, place and time of eating,, use of respirators aad the like are not conducive to safety and they mist bo corrected. * The medical supervision is not open to serious criticism in any general professional cense, so far as the writer is aware, however, th necessity of dotmining tho actual severity of tho lead exposure of the workmen, as well as certain medico* legal considerations, suggest that it is lacking in certain respects, especially with reference K g' oo2i7ii 11 to ursesroloyment examination and quantitative determination of the extent of punctate basophilia in the blood of workmen. -here Is also a requirement recently imposed by the Ohio Industrial Commission that quantitative load analyses be curried out on the urine of persons reported to the Commission for compensation for lead poisoning Ihero are certain other reasons for the belie* that lead analysis say be hel.vful In appraising the liasarda of employment in this plant, and of these more vill be said later, fuffice it here to say, that assistance in this respect can be given by this Laboratory if it :1s believed by the management to be eesirablo bith respect to preesraployment examinations a it should bo "ointecl cut that certain types of chronic illnesses and disabilities should disqualify workmen for employment under conditions of significant ex" osuro to lead compounds. More importantly, the diagnosis cf pliaabiem in its incipioncy say often depend upon infoimtion obtained about the general health of the employer before exposure lore the previous medical history as veil as the blood' picture before exposure to load# are of great importance for a number of reasons. Apparently there are more cases of complaints of illness among the workers than have been, noted previously. This In our opinion, Is an -Innortant medical problem- A number of factors have probably combined to bring it about. The lead exposure is greater during the winfcex* months because of the poorer general ventilation that is almost inevi table iii cold weather. This is generally true in brass foundries in our experience. Although this factor has existed for years,and there fore is not a new problem, it is more significant during tho present sorted because the general level of lead exposure in the plant has been increased by the operation of several factors. There ic little doubt K 0021712 that the? increased production associated with the war, baa iiicreacod the quantity of lead that passes through the plant. Thera la some likelihood that the lead concentration in brass castings has been sub ject to progressive increase during recent years (Plant data or: this -oint have been requested. ; The hours of work have also been increased; and tiro total number of day3 of employment per w e e k - or month, =uxd per gear have gone up. The result is that the total annual lead expo sure of many of the employees has increased, with a consequent increase !.n the rate and gross quantity of their lead absorption. ider these o.ircunstances, granting that the exposure is within hygienically aig- n l f l e a n t l o v e ly i i h ig h e r f re q u e n c y o r o c c u rre n c e ox* le n d : .n c i z o n in g i e h . Certain other factors could be mentioned but the point need co uxooreo *4* to? ei quite apparent that under present eircucstaneos *.idonto of .loug poisonxng ./uQ lead trace ...*1 ..jjier.-eUii s on the increase. ' els is on of many Xante co i: by the *ur- The occurrence of cases of poisoning is accompanied bp- apprehension especially among the newer employees, among: whom also the incidence of actual poisoning is likely to be diopronorticnatoly high, fie remedy for this situation lies in tho coabinoei efforts cf the plant cuussqeEGnt and the attendant physician. Thcr former must do everything in their paver to reduce the load exposure, and to bring it irithin limits of safety. The latter a m t put forth a greater effort tixan is normally called for, to protect tho more susceptible persons by locating them in the least hazardous jobs, to recognize the earliest toxic affects of lead absorption, to differentiate them from other chronic or i:atercurrent illnesses, and. to transfer those persona Who develop pro dromal or incipient symptoms of plumbic into -work that will give thorn K 0021713 - le-ss c-rposur. In addition it la highly importent that mistakes in ia^icois shall not to made, especially on the side of failure to coccgaizG load poisoning# since these will lead to bad feeling and dis trust on the part of the employees. Cnee they are convinced, that the "hysic.ian can neither be deceived nor Influenced either by themselves or the r.anagcmsnt, his position in relation to themselves and their nrivuto physicians , vho m y not always take the trouble to inform themselves or to deal fairly with cither their oatlenta or. their colleagues -,,* will he established. 'v*i-S - * r, *1 ho advantageous to eliminate hazardous lead exposure from this plant- This m y be costly, but in our opinion the cost of permitting hasardons conditions to exist will become prohibitive! s.,.3 "'*<%"n'ir'^>> .iductry uhe control of lead exposure in und in other Industries is essentially an engineering problem, which, when. equipment and expert advice ore readily available, is not uti3ur* nountnblo. hfe believe that the operating design of brass foundries is destined to be altered by localising molting and pouring operations in pe -art v:f the riant ebon adequate ventilating equipment enn be con* r.-sntrated,by installing conveyer systems for stclcc, and by isolating the ether less hazardous occupations in. areas in which lead exposure will be reduced to the vanishing point. Such steps are probably not feasible at present, and therefore present recoaaiendations must concern themselves with loss fundamental and somewhat less effective improvement It is hoped that the principles on which these recommendations are cased will bo reco<5ttised, and that present emergency procedures will bo followed eventually by adequate preventive steps- K f 0021714 1!,* Becommndations A. Medical rocoimsendaticna 1. All persons applying Tor employment in the foundry, or in any other area in whieh lead exposure m y occur should have an cxamina- .fui to determine the status of their health. The examination record ' " ;-I-'P'Pi^ ?*?A ***r.'V'?**-/"*t7 *"H^'"*./y*'*TA *.*'* T"4 *7"^ **M> employment , data of a complete physical examination, and certain laboratory results Including those obtained by a routine examination -r the urine to detemine its reaction, the presence or absence of .T-rmin and sugar, and the natuz4 of the sediment (microscopic :, as 'o'l ;; Those? obtained by examination of the blood, the numbers o' crythrocyte3 and Xoucocytca, the typos of leucocytes, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the numbers of stippled erythrocytes should be 7c ' 'rninc-c. 7or bppicnic control as veil as for ac^ioo-loral pt'troecies the extent of stippling in the blood must bo ascertained by nemo satisfactory quantitative means* 2. Periodic examinations should be carried out at such Intervals vo m y be Indicated, These should consist cf a come lote checking of nil proviohcly recorded quantitative ilto cueh as weipht -e: `.U'C -ailoe, blood prossure, urinalysis and hematologic fata * and in addition the subiactive ccsaplainfeo of the employees should ;.o investinted care- fully, avoiding loading questions and suggestion so far as possible. Persons with symptoms or signs suggestive of incipient lead intoxication should be studied carefully and if circumstances warrant the procedure, samples of blood and/or urine should bo obtained for analysis for lead (Method3 for collecting and forwarding such samples will be given in a later "art of this aoaoraaduai.) ' .. K t 0021715 15 3 All illnesses among employees exposed to lead should be ice with caro tho plant physician .sly unrelated ih'S < ** occupation. Bv</ery effort .should be made praaptly rrive at a dia osis&Y*. bY**> that will stand! up unde** critical legal inquiry. "uch additional consultation or laboratory investigation as may be n o : ;v ^ - < \ f'H'i.? 'f* P -- a '5 * y i~ 'I -**[',t*y * P> -t << *;-b:-=* .-- > } ^ ''C% "v p .v /% -- r\< *v'i ^ ^ - r?-n *? "! -*. y v.. < -- 4 jr w 'w --^ O ' V ' U aL^ih w ^ '.? -.*.iU #1 -- - S-.-vji *><V.A < >A` -j V. -i. ...C^ ^ v*..* w- f\ :r.cans of excluding lead exposure as a actor are still in existence If much time elapses between the onset of illness and the collection of `-recise information required for diagnosis, it may later be impossible to establish the facts. Only when it has been established that the occu- *- `-vr-i.r'-rv*'*?**,'** *' *":1 C* %/' <* as the ^rofeesionaX duty of trie plant physician been completed so far as the industrial aspects of the case are concerned. Treatment of the ease m y or m y not be 'oruoei by him according to the circumstances * however * so far ac possible be should see that proper treatment is given in cases of occu pational illness, Whether by himself or by a colleague* t. There should be cam mechanism for the prompt investigation of illnesses that prevent employees from reporting for work, lost cases of load poisoning bo neglected at the onset inch investigation should bo sufficient to establish the nature of the illness, '.nils can usually be done in the first instance by a non-medical representative of the plants but early medical Infonsation, obtained either by the plant doctor or* through a private physician* should bo had. i 3 . The plant physician should visit t^i plant at regular int -.als* no as to maintain familiarity with the oc&ditlons in the plant, and with tho work in which employees engage. lie should know the specific hazards of tho various occupations at first hand* and should keep abreast HE 0021716 of all changes in the conditions and operations in the plant. With this information in add5.tion to Jmovledge of the condition of the men* tho 'hysiniaa should he in position to recommend transfers of non to work nvclving loss exposure frea time to tins as circumstances ssy indicate. 'tore */ill ho said on. this point later. b It is believed that some observations sho-mul'Vd? h1:o0 mmade at : ir urly fate far the purpor-o of do o f t-he lead o r DO** :;nre in the plant. Such observations vill establish tthhee degreeoe the -resent hazard and thus provide hotter basis for udrepseesnt aa:sa ttoo tthhee frequency -and character of the examinations of workmaenn.. -ITLtdis viillll an*ls oV/ vivo a base line for appraising tho success of measures taken subse- euenfc-Xy for reducing the load exposure There are several means by vh ich t ''1*' s ca n b<j d o n e. AI: .--s. . v- >%* l a t e r d a t e b y cm I n d u s t r ia l 0esaais s I o n . In ialco ob cer v ^ <* ? 3 upon t h o i ipanion xu votuct oo nuen moro useiux uo The analysis of saanles of blood * u r in e :uid ' e c o a oretain2d fr e n car . dence of the extent of the exposure and vill establish the degrees of tho oresent danger more effectively than can bo done by any. other means. Hie samples can be obtained by Dr. Donaldson in conjunction vith regular />r special examinations, or they can be obtained by other means. With, out going into detail as to the procedures that might bo used. It vould seem desirable for Dr. Donaldson to consult vith us so that ve may jointly decide what is the best mean of accomplishing the purpose under present conditions. Both tho methods and the cost associated therewith - can be arranged to suit tho circumstances. To this end it is suggested that if it Is feasible Dr. Donaldson night come to Cincinnati for a 0021717 17 day, (or ore IT he wishes }, ia Which we shall ho glad to place any information and facilities at his disposal. B. "ocossaendiitior.s for the reduction of load c l o s u r e . (Fundamental Improvements in operating procedures and equipment have been suggested 1. -The cleanliness of the plant can to .greatly increased by -he a;:;oenatic improvement of the housekeeping All unnecessary bust and debris should ho cloaned up and kept cleaned up. The use of brushes me! '.-rooommss f:foor tthis purpose is contraindicated. The rafters, window- ledges schoellveess, eetc. should bo cleaned off regularly ay means of a owe p*pv^/ov O'derations that cause unnecessary dissemination of .ould done awaj with and satisfactory procedures should ho substituted for them Materials, equipment, castings in process and all -rebar -dbloots should bo handled and located in a n overly manner so as to facilitate cleaning. h dloaners should bo carefully instructed in their work and supervised in respect to both their work and their care to avoid unneces sary exposure. Workmen also should be instructed against sweeping i brushing, and the use of air pressure lines so as to avoid creating unnecessary dust. f. All the operations of the plant should be looked at criti cally with the .idea of eliminating sources of dust and fume. . here is is believed that respirators should be worn, theso should be worn. The respirators should be cleaned and maintained in perfect condition by a responsible person. The men should also be supervised to see that they use respirators when they are required. 5* The cleanliness of the men must also be increased by proper facilities within the plant and by a program of education and supervision. 18, 6. A locker-roc*a sufficient to house two lockers' for each fsundry m n should he provided together with bathing facilities. (Tito facilities being provided are excellent In some respects, out they can ' >e rearranged to advantage without excessive coot or inconvenience. ) h e end or side of this should be for clean clothing. This side should bo so arranged that men do not enter It ex:cept when t:ley arc clean f-TiOl^XC-1 enter It vhc-n coming p'*. vorit i. `Eovlnp f'-t q-% clothing, (down to t.he shin), and. hanging them In the locker? then coving to tho opposite side, they remove their vorfc clothing frcei the fhor lookers, .'aid after crossing in tlicaa, they enter the foundry. hi Pht? onC. of tho shift, the ,-r> i--ip `vU-.'ifv71 to 1-0 dloan side, put on the >*. :-/ >v ..Cr-o'.-p,1vn^ .ant. Ho man vno ' ontaminateD his p: tv'r- c>thing ho wears homo ^>..-n y , "5 O'. "$-p up e ^Y-tr* yj y, vo vi'/ j^ > w ..,,"o W V* -~1 O f 0 r- vho risk of wholly urn. and the air he breathes vhi 7 * fork clothing must b provided on some mutually or;recable lasts, and arrangessent Exist be made for having such clothing laundered from tone to time f Facilities must be provided to enable the men to wash u p and ;-o free their clothing of excessive quantities of dust before eating lunch. (The separate lunch-room newly provided la a good idea. It must be seen that it, rather than the foundry arid adjacent rcasas, is used for that purposo, and also that It is kept clean and free of dust ) minty shoes and clothing, and above all dirty hands will continue to K* 0021719 19 cause contGsslmtiori of the food eaten there unless sesna proper technique is developed to prevent this result* Food and milk ssuat not b kept ' id eaten la the foundry. T M s mast be forbidden and prevented by supervision* It is better not to drink milk than to drink it under ' ho :resent conditions. o In ail of tho oreeoclnc matters , It is rr-r.-arenfc hint instrue* "'on and supervision will bo required to oecosspliah anything useful * iccordingly* responsibility must be vested in ocaeane who will have the *ncvlcbgc ? tact and above all ,tho tine to look after these matters 'u^orvision of men and critical examination of machinery and operations f.vh a .lew to safety care and insnootlon of safety equipment one similar fork devoted purely to hygiene and safety engineering, is a l r.'o-ciuiaisadng end responsible job. Such work is needed in this -slant 7lli wearact to ;lnotruatlon, regulations advicing ucavxien au to couaraolo and "r-equirod practices;* together with th *ew reasons-W --^ -..I- - . therefor**i w -<-- Jf .s. n4oL .uI.i"1c(- ' co .ssted. r ;foty mootings can also bo hols from tine to tine as the opportunity end need for thorn arises. flies should not bo empty "pop talks but rathor useful discussions <f necessary and .important matters * in which tho a m are encouraged to make suggestions to raise questions .% certain additional roccsusaondatIona 1. Ihero is on means of reducing tho esepesure of certain indi viduals tho hazards of whose work are recognized as being unusually cover. This consists in the rotation of workmen from jobs involving 'over exposure* to work in which tho exposure is smaller or perhaps oven negligible- In this plant the workers in the machine shop need have no significant lead exposure* and in tho main they do not* this -rovideo a sizeable reservoir for the absorption of men who nay be able to continue without illness* if they could bo rotated into the chop from K E 0021720 20 themselves* cause lead exposure* end If certain of the preceding recosEsendatlons could do carried out effectively* the lead exposure in much of th foundry would he ao low as to provide opportunity for surcease from severe load exposure, Ihc furnace non# the 'sklssaers and -ourcrs are probably exposed nor severely than the others. 'these men* .:roans, could bo rotated periodically. -erne consideration of the ''nstbilitieo here ought to bo given by the management* and some further discussion of the principles and the time factors involved in such a rocedur could be !nd with Dr* Donaldson In such a x-my as to provide n. hholllaeat basis for a program of this type. h hefereneo has been made to Instructions oo worizmon. ;;.on- latl'io oot of Instructions la attached hereto as an append in. It will bo necessary to adapt these to the local situation. It may be necessary `"c v--ioto or modify certain rules to fit "`resent Ccclll :f.oo^ .end ':o rare further changes and improvements as tine goes -.jo * rato? May 19* 13*3 figned s Tb fr er t 'irr'^iroHoci7^i^T* r* flic lettering laboratory of Anpliod Physiology* College of I'edidno* university o f Cincinnati * Cincinnati Ohio RR 0021721