Document RJnm3eLgyDOx3JX4L0z9278Qk

FILE NAME: Z,, DATE: ^ DOC#: , OCUMENT DESCRIPTIONE/K^,ZZZW^dZ,Z ZZZDZ MEMORANDUM DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE TO Gale Wyer Science Directorate CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL NAnON"L INSTITUTE FOR OCCUP....TIONAL SAFETY A"lD HEALTH DATE: October 18, 1979 Consumer Product Safety Commission FROM SUBJECT: Director, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Final Report - Interagency Agreement 79-29: Asbestos Emissions Testing of Hair Dryers for Attached is the final report 79-29 with the U.S. Consumer of work Product performed under Interagency Agreement Safety Commission for the testing of hair dryer effluent for asbestos. study and their contributions are: Institute personnel involved with the Charles L. Geraci, Jr., Ph.D. - Overall project direction, dryer sampling, and reporting Paul A. Baron, Ph.D. - Design, construction and testing of test apparatus Donald J. Murdock - Design and construction of test system James W. Carter - !EM analysis of filter samples Michele B~lyard - " " " " " David L. Smith - Sampling of dryer effluent. .V' SJtiA CLEAIlEDr ~CEPTEi)~' I 11 _.NO MFRSlPRVTllll .......)RODUCTS IDENllFlED RULEIUIKI~RCDG I IvUc,;( _WItH PQR,TIONS REUOJEl):~ ~ESTING OF HAli DRYERS FOP. ASBESTOS EMISSIONS Charles L. Geraci, Jr., Ph.D. Paul A. Baron, Ph.D. James t~. Carter David L. Smi th Interagency Agreeoent KIOSH IA-/9-29 with U.S. Consumer Product Safety Coocission 't' ," 'It-." u. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering Cincinnati, Ohio September, 19/9 REPORT TO THE U.S. COMSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY CO!U!ISSIO!. ON TI:STING Of HAIF. DRYERS FOR ASnE5TOS l1I5SIOl':S BY THE DIVISION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES AKD E~GINEERING NATIO~AL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Background Beginning in April 1979, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (~IOSH) furnished to the Consumer Product Safety Conmission (CPSC) the laboratory and other support services necessary to test the effluent air of hand-held hair dryers for asbestos fibers. ihe need to determine the possible release of asbestos fibers from hand-held hair dryers containing asbestos insulation materials was realized by CPSC as a result of nevs media disclosure of'asbestos release and a petition by the En-.,ironmental Defense Fund, Inc. (EDF). The petition presented by [OF requested that epsc proceed under the Consumer Product Safety Act to remove hair dryers containing asbestos from the consumer marketplace. Preli~inary evidence was presented by EDF which allegedly demonstrated the ability of several hair dryers containing asbestos insulation material to eQit asbestos fibers. To fully evaluate the potential consumer exposure to asbestos from asbestos containing hand-held hair dryers CPSC determined that the identification and quantitation of fibers emitted by the dryers having lengths and diameters of as little as 1 micrometer (urn) or less would be necessary. To accomplish this task any samples generated would require analysis by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) capable of performing energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The actual sampling of effluent air from the hair dryers would also require expertise and capabilities in the area of air sampling and the fabrication of controlled atmosphere test systems. Both the sampl~ng and analysis experience necessary to perform a study of this type reside within the Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (DPSE) of NIOSH. On April 12, 1979, BIOSH and cpse entered into an interagency Agreement to accomplish the task of evaluating potential consumer exposure to asbestos released by hair dryers. Objecth"e The primary objective of the project was to quantitate and identify asbestos structures in the effluent air of hand-held hair dryers during operation. Making this determination would require the following: 1. A count of asbestos structures and fibers sampled during operation of the product. 2. Qualitative identification by EDAX or SAED of fibers sampled as being asbestos or non-asbestos. 3. Determination of the size distribution of sampled asbestos fiber lengths and di~meters. 4. Determination of fiber count and fiber mass per cubic meter of "effluent air. To meet the needs of the project a system to determine asbestos emissions from hair dryers was fabricated and validated by NIOSH. A 's ampl ing of hair dryers, new and used, that contained asbestos was collected by CPSC and submitted to NIOSH for testing. All dryers ~ere , I , I I -2- I , I i tested as recei~ed fro~ CPSC. Test System The valid determination of asbestos release from the hair dryers demanded the test system meet several requirements. Previous tests (1-4) indicated that a valid determination of the amount of asbestos eoitted by various hair dryers would require a clean sampling system capable of accurately determining asbestos concentrations over a wide range. Therefore, the air entering the hair dryers in the test system was filtered to eliminate the possibility of external asbestos contamination and to reduce the amount of background particulate that might interfere with the electron microscope analysis of the samples- The high flowrate of air ~hrough many of the dryers precluded complete collection of the effluent. Therefore . the test system was designed to obtain an accurate representative sacple of the hair dryer effluent. The hair dryer test system consisted of several components including a clean air source, a sampling duct assembly, several types of monitoring equipcent and filter samplers. A schematic of the test system is shown in Figure 1. The high flowrate (up to 2 m3 /min) produced by some hair dryers required a high flowrate, clean air source to eliminate background interferences during testing. A t~st tunnel in the NIOSH dust laboratory ~as adapted for these tests. Two 60 cm x 60 cm high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in series were used to remove ambient particulate. The ducting around the high flowrate blower was sealed to prevent -3- reconta~ination air test chamber of the air introduced (volume -.1 m3). The into the specially constructed clean airstream entering the test chamber was deflected by a metal plate and diffused through a punched-hole screen. Excess air exhausted from the test chamber via a 25 cm square port through which the sampling duct entered. With the entire system operational and a hair dryer operating, a positive pressure in the hood of approximately 0.15 cm H2 0 was obtained. This pressure'was low enough to preclude any significant effect on hair dryer operation. The air velocity through the exit port was high enough ( 100 cm/sec) to prevent turbulent back diffusion of ambient air into the hood. That portion of the test system in which the dryer was placed is herein referred to as the clean air hood. A dry box glove was fitted to the manipulation of the hair dryer controls contaminating the hood with ambient air. side of the hood to permit during a test run without The air exhaus~ing from the of the test tunnel HEPA filter to the laboratory. sampling duct was prevent potential fed back into the asbestos escape inlet into A velocity profile was obtained in the return air duct in order to estimate the total air flow through the clean air supply. The velocity in the 12.7 cm diameter duct was uniformly 762 em/sec indicating a flowrate of 5.78 m3 /min. The diameter to the sampling duct ~ssembly duct and various tapered outlet of various shaped consisted of a one meter length of 18 cm adapters which allowed direct connection hair dryers. The duct was selected to be -4- large enough to easily contain three side by side 3i mm filter cassette samplers. The sampling protocol vas subsequently changed to use a single Millipore aerosol open-type 47 mm filter holder with a stainless steel body and support screen. The walls of the duct and tapered sections were coated with oil to prevent reentrainme~t of particles from the surface of the duct, thereby assuring that particulate from anyone dryer would not be detected during subsequent tests. Based on work by Liu and Agarwal (5) the losses in the duct of particles smaller than 5 um aerodynamic diameter were expected to be less than 10% for the flowrates of all the hair dryers tested. The air flow thr~ugh the duct for these flowrates was in the turbulent regime indicating that the potential source of any primary particle losses expected would be turbulent impaction on the of the duct rather than gravitational setteling of the particles. Sampling the hair dryer air supply and effluent was accomplished by using 37 mm and 47 mm filter cassettes, respectively, and 0.8 um pore size mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. These filters have greater than 99% efficiency for all particles of interest (6). A vacuum pump was used to draw 69.4 liters per minute of air through the 47 mm filter cassettee. The sampling system was calibrated usinb an American Meter Company 150 liter spirometer. An MSA Model G pump Was used to sample the supply air at 2 liters per minute with a 37 mm open-face cassette. Calibration of this system was accomplished with a soap film bubble meter. -5- , . 'i Sampling at 69.4 Limin allowed collection of a sufficient volume of effluent in a reasonable amount of time to allow an accurate deternination of airborne particulate concentrations. Any possible error because of the resulting anisokinetic sampling was judged negligible since the I:lajor source of error lies with particles larger and heavier than those expected from the hair dryers. Also, most treatments of anisokinetic sampling error assume laminar flow in the sample stream. As stated previously, the flow in the sampling duct was turbulent and not laminar. Three different real time particle monitors were used during the assembly and initial testing of the hair dryer test system. These instrument~ included a Royco Model 225 connected to a multichannel analyzer, a Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) ASAS-X particle spectrometer and a GCA Fibrous Aerosol Monitor (FAM). All of these instruments detect particles by their light scattering properties. The Royco Model 225 was used to determine the uniformity of distribution of particles across the sampling duct. Honodisperse, 12 um potassium biphthalate particles were generated using a TSI, Berglund-Liu generator. These particles were injected into the duct just downstream of an operating hair dryer which produced a duct air velocity of 58 em/sec. A probe connected to the Royco particle counter was inserted into the duct at the sampling location and nine representative locations across the duct were sampled. The coefficient of variation at these nine traverse P9int locations was less than 0.08, indicating acceptably uniform distribution of particles within the duct. Sampling the hair dryer effluent at various locations within the duct was thus expected to be representative of the -6- entire effluent. The PHS ASAS-X aerosol spectroceter was used to monitor the effectiveness of the air cleaning system. Particles in the 0.15 to 0.30 um range were monitored with the ASAS-X since this size produced a rapid instrument response and was expected to have the highest penetration into the clean air system. Ambient particle concentrations (0.15 - 0.30 um) were reduced by a factor of 40 in the clean air hood (see Table 1 ) . Background filter samples were found to be quite clean by electron microscopy, so no further effort was made to reduce this concentration. The production of particles by some of the hair dryers was also noted with the ASAS-X. TABLE I Particles Larger than 0.15 urn Using ASAS-X Spectrometer Ambient air 35-50 particles/em3 Clean air hood 1-2 particles/cm3 Test duct. dryer on 2-4 particles/cm3 These particles were apparently generated by motor bearing or electrical brush wear, although these concentrations were barely above the clean air background. The clean air system was found to be entirely adequate to supply air to all the dryers. Using the ASAS-X, it was found that the particle concentration in the hood was brought down to its baseline level less than one minute after the high volume blower was turned on. The third monitoring instrument used was the FAM. This device was used -7-  r to indicate the fiber concentration in the hair dryer effluent. The FAM responds only to the larger fibers (and not just to asbestos) visible by light microscopy. The FAM was used with several hair dryers. In so~e cases, a single fiber was noted in a two hour period, and in others, none were detected. A one fiber count in a two hour period indicated approximately 0.01 fibers/cc. The statistical significance of one fiber counted in the size. range limitations of the lAM was questionable for this study. Use of the lAM on this study was discontinued because of its lack of sensitivity at such low concentrations. It should be noted that the lAM was designed to operate primarily in the 0.1 to 20 fiber/cc range to meet the requirements of the OSHA standard for asbestos (7). Sampling Procedure Before positioning the dryer to Be tested in the clean air hood, the appropriate reducer was attached to the sampling duct. Various size reducers were fabricated to ensure the best interface possible between the dryer and sampling duct. The dryer was firmly clamped into position and sealed to the sampling duct reducer with duct tape. The dryer was then plugged into the power supply located inside the clean air hood. The clean air supply blower was then turned on and allowed to flush the clean air hood for 15 minutes and the dryer was then turned on. An air velocity profile was determined in the sampling duct using a Sierra Instrunents Model 440 thermo-anemometer. A uniform velocity profile indicated a good placement of the dryer. If the velocity profile indicated nonhomogeneous flow, the dryer was repositioned to produce uniform flow. Dryer velocities -8- were determined with a Taylor rotating vane ane~ometer. Dryer flow rates were also checked by i n t e r.f a c i n g a 2 inch plastic ~ pipe to the and determining the air velocity with the thermo-anemometer. dryer inlet A 47 mm diameter filter, Millipore AAWP, was placed in the stainless steel filter holfter and the assembly placed in the sampling duct. Also, a 3i mm filter, Millipore AAWP preloaded in a styrene open-faced cassette was -positioned inside the clean air hood near the dryer inlet. Pumps for both filter samplers were started and the dryer effluent was sampled for 2 hours. The dryer was accessed when necessary during the high-heat-low-heat cycle via the glove port in the clean air hood wall. At the end of the sampling period the 47 mm filter sample was removed from the filter holder and carefully placed in a 47 mm petri dish and brought to the TEM laboratory for examina~ion. Backgr?und ~amples were obtained both in the clean air hood and at the end of the sampling tunnel While operated without a dryer in the test chamber. TEM Analysis The asbestos analyses for the study were performed on a JEOL lOOB electron microscope equipped with both selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX). The microscope magnification was calibrated using 0.5 urn Latex spheres, and during the course of the study individual fibers were i~entified on a random basis by diffraction patterns and metal content. Due to the light loading of fibers seen on samples obtained early in the study, the decision was made to scan the entire grid in order to -9- f, " to acquire a representative sample. Each grid contained approximately 200 fields each measuring 80 x 80 um. Counting time varied from 2 hours for lightly loaded samples to 3.5 days for the most ~eavily loaded samples. Background samples of the supply air showed very clean, fiber free filters. A detection limit of one fiber per grid would result in a sensitivity of 9 x 10- 5 fiber/cc. Repres~ntative photomicrographs are presented in Appendix I. Sample Preparation The Millipore AA filters used in sampling the effluent from the hair dryers were prepared for analysis following the standard NIOSE procedure described in Technical Information Bulletin #77-204 ( 8 ) A disk was removed from the center of each filter with a No. 5 cork bore. The sacple disks were affixed to a clean glass slide and allowed to clear in acetone vapor for 5 minutes. The samples were then coated with a thin carbon film in a vacuum evaporator to provide an electron beam transparent surface to which the collected particles could adhere. After coating, the cleared filter disks were cut out and placed upside down on pre-coated 200 mesh copper grids which had been placed in a petri dish on absorbent Whatman #41 filters. The Whatman filters were carefully saturated with acetone and left to sit overnight to allow complete dissolution of the sample filters. When dry, the preparations were ready for analysis by electron microscopy. Fiber Count The sample grids were scanned initially to ensure that at least 70% of the preparation remained intact. A fiber search was carried out at a magnification of liDOX and fibers were sized and counted at a magnification of IO,DOaX. fiber clumps and bundles which exhibited unequal or ambiguous -10- dimensions were si~d in segments or were assigned an average diameter based on 3 or more measurements. In all cases, mUltiple measurements taken on fiber bundles, clumps. and clusters were bracketed in the data record to indicate that they be treated as a single airborne structure in calculating air concentrations. The length and diameter of each individual fiber was determined to allow calculation of the volume of each fiber. Calculating the volume of each fiber allowed an accurate estimation of fiber mass. The only assumption made was that each fiber approximated a solid cylinder. All recorded data were reduced by computer to obtain air concentrations and fiber size distributions. A description of the calculation can be found in Appendix I, Test Data. Summary During th~ testing program conducted for CPSC. 30 dryers were tested. Of these. 25 were home use hand-held appliances, 3 were table-top hooded models, one was a hobby heat gun, and one was a heavy duty commercial salon style dryer. Airborne asbestos concentrations generated by these dryers ranged from 0 to 0.11 structures/cc and the mass concentrations ranged from o to 7652 ng/m 3 During the test program, one asbestos fiber was detected in the entire group of background samples. The pooled results of these background samples resulted in a background concentrat~on of 3 x 10-5 fibers/ceo The pairs of results obtained by running each hair dryer on high heat versus cycled heat were used to determine an upper limit on the variability of the sampling and analysis. The geometric mean of the ratios of the structures/cc concentrations of high heat to cycled heat for 21 pairs of non-zero results was 1.19 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.S2 to 1.73. Thus, the successive sample ratio for each dryer cannot be considered significantly different from unity, indicating no significant differance between samples taken at high" heat or at cycled heat. The paired samples were evaluated to find the variability due to sampling and analysis techniques. The geometric standard deviation was used to determine the upper and lower 95% confidence limits on any measurement, N. These limits can be determined by respectively multiplying and dividing N by the factor 3.4. In "other 'Io1ords, at a 95% confidence the tr~e value for any measurement, N, is bet'lo1een N X 3.4 and N/3.4. Figures 2 and 3 sho'lo1 frequency distribution graphs of the hair dryer test results as a function of the number of asbestos structures emitted and the mass of asbestos emitted, respectively. In each figure, the bar on the extreme left indicates the number of dryers from which zero emissions 'Io1ere observed. -12- REFERENCES 1. "Asbestos Discharge from Six Hair Dryers in a Two-Hour Test". niV Associates, March 19, 1979. .').. "Hair Dryer Asbestos Emissions". Health, Safety and tnvironment Department, Johns-Manville Corporation, April 10, 1979. 3. "Asbestos Analyses: Son-of-a-Gun Hair Dryers Hodel TD-I and TD-2". Report to Clairol, Inc. by Walter C. McCrone Asssociates. Inc., April 30, 1979. 4. "Examination of Hair Dryers from CPSC (1/7166 and f17267) for Asbestos". Memorandum to Consumer Product Safety Commission from U.S. Department of C~mmerce, National Bureau of Standards, May 2, 197~. 5. Liu, B. and Agarwal, J. Experimental Observations of Aerosol Deposition in Turbulent Flow. Aerosol Science, 5:145, 1974 6. Air Sampling Instruments from Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 5th Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p N-6, Cincinnati, Ohio 1978. 7. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Federal Regulations, Part 1910.1001, Asbestos. Title 29, Code of 8. Zumwalde, R.D. and Dement, J.M. Review and Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Environmental Studies of Fibrous Particulate Exposures. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-204. U.S. Deparl.oent of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for' Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio. -13- AIR FLOW )0 HIGH VOLUME BLO\tVER RETURN AIR DUCT -----.- . HOOD _EX_HA_US_ T- -+--C~LHE~AONOD AiR -- __ _ GLOVE PORT - - - - Figure 1. Schematic of Test System -14- Number Concentr(Ltion Frequer0cy. 20 (/) ~ (J) ~ 15 H '"0 f....I .-f cU Jo-:-I t-i-f 10 ~ 0 H Q) S..0 - 5 - z;:j Number of Fiber Structures per cc Figure 2 -15- .J~;fCLSS CO?'1centratn~o7~ Frequency iJJ.J ~ () ~ 15 S-; '"U ~ .,......., cd ::r:: ~ 10 0 So-! (j) ,..0 S 5 ;:J Z Mas~ in Figure 3 -16- APPENDIX I TEST DATA AND SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS INFORMATION 1. Sampling rate: 69.4 Llmin (2.45 efm) 2. Sacpling time: 2 hours 3. Fiber counts are presented as follows: I = Individual fibers not part of a clucp or bundie B/C - Number of bundles or clumps T Number of individual fibers (I) plus the number of fibers contained in each clump or bundle 4. The structures/cc calculation treats each bundle or clump as one airborne structure e.g.: fro~ a count pf I = 5, B/C ~, and T = 45 the number used to calculate struetures/cc would be I + BIC = 12. Structures/cc = (FC/TEM) x ECA VOL FC - Total structures counted (~ + B/C) TEECMA ~ TEEfMfegctriivde afreilateerxamcoinleled ct(minmg ) area (960 mm 2 ) VOL - Sample volume in cc Example Calculation: If: I a 55 B/C = 30 TEM = 1.22 mm 2 VOL m 8328000 cc Then: Airborne structures/cc (85/1.22)960 - 0.008 (8328000) If effluent volume is 170 m3 , tgtal airborne structures in effl~ent = (0.008 structures/cc) x (1.7 x 10 cc) = 1.36 X 10 structures 5. The volume of each fiber counted, both individual fibers and those in clumps (T value), is calculated and its mass determined using a density of 2.4 grams/cc for chrysotile asbestos. Total fiber mass as reported is a sum of individual massess. -17- Sample Number: D-870-5361 ~anuacturer/Distributor: Dryer l'iame: }1 0 del / S e r i e s : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): .Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures Icc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fie ~ield Area Examined (mm ): High nea.t 673 8. 1 X 10 4 8328 1-171 B/C-4 T-181 1.6 X 10-2 1.3 X 10 6 13.9 1121 0.6-26 3.7 0.05-1.2 0.21 1. 24 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 673 8.1 .,. A 10 4 8328 I-23 B/C .. 1 T-25 7.1 X 10-3 5.7 X 105 8.8 709 0.8-23 4.1 0.005-0.8 0.22 0.39 I-Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clu~ps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -18- Sample Number: D-835-3535 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Uodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: Tota~ Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Hean F ibe r Length (um).: Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (urn): Total TEM Fiel2 Area Examined (mm ): High Heat 2632 3.16 X 105 8328 1-6 B/C~O T-6 5.2 X' 10.- 4 1.6 X 105 0.22 71 0.8-13.2 5.0 0.06-0.3 0.2 1. 32 High-Heat-Low-Heat eye Ie 2632 3.16 X 105 8328 1-13 B /e=2 T .. 20 1.3 X 10-3 4.1 X 105 2.2 693 0.7-9.0 3.5 0.05-1.2 0.2 1.3 1a1ndividual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/CaAirborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus ~stimated fiumber of Fibers in .Bundles or Clumps -19- Sa~ple Kumber: CPSC-8 ~anufacturer/Distributor: Dryer l~ame: Hodel/Series: AsbestosUs~ and Comcents: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): r:ffluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 849 95880 8328 Hi~h-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 849 95880 8328 !-21 B /C=6 T-56 Airborne Structures/cc: Iotal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range Cum): Hean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (u~): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined Cmm ): 2.5 X 10-3 2.4 X 105 15 1438 0.5-12 3.4 0.05-2 0.31 1.2 2.7 iuo- 3 2.6 X 105 8.6 1822 0.7-22 3.2 0.05-1.2 0.23 1. 25 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps !+B/CcAirborne Structures Counted I-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -20- Sa~ple Number: E-IOO-352 l1anufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Eodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Atrborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fi~er Mass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel2 Area Examined (mm ): High Heat 1284 154080 8328 I-I B/C-O T.. l 1 15 X 10- 4 1.77 X 10 4 0.096 14.7 no range 7 1 no range 0.25 1.0 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1284 154080 8328 1=4 B/C=O T..,4 4.2 X 10-4 6.5 X 10 4 7.7 3.8-36 12.9 0.05-1 0.5 1. 05 I-Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -21- Sample Number: E-100-377 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer ~ame: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer-Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1035 124200 8328 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fie12 Area Examined (rom ): 1.7 X 10-3 2.1 X 105 2.9 361 0.8-25 6.9 0.03-0.7 0.25 . 1.17 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1035 124200 8328 1-92 B/C-6 T-10B 9. 3 X 10- 3 1.2 X 106 17 2148 0.7-45 5.2 0.05-1.0 0.22 I-Individual Fibers B/CaBundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -22- Sample Number: E-840-5924 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer 1; ame : Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Rand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation vas present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 418 170160 8328 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 418 170160 8328 I-I B/CcO T-1 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effl~ent: Fiber Mass (ng/ro3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fie12 Area Examined (mm ): 39 6609 1.0-25 8.6 0.03-3.0 0.8 1.31 0.098 16 no range 5.3 no range 0.3 1.06 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -23- '.., Sanple Number: E-100-3BOA Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer !~at:le: Hodel/Series: Asbestos wse and Comments: Hand-held hair dryer. No asbestos Yas visible. Dryer Floy Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L) : Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1219 1 .5 X 105 8328 r-o B/C-O T-O High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1219 1.5 X 105 8328 r .. o B/CaO T-O Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fi be r Hass (ng /m3) : Total Fiber l'lass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (ue): Hean Fiber Length (um).:. Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fie12 Area Examined (mm ): 1.35 1.35 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B!C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -24- Sample Nucber: -100-361 Hanufacturer/Vistributor: Dryer :lame: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held, comb type dryer. The asbestos was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volu~e (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in ~ffluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m l ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Hean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mm ): High Heat 184 19017 8328 1=7 BiC=3 T=U 1.1 X 10- 3 2.1 X" 10 4 42 1-21 6.4 0.05-0.8 0.25 1.06 High-~eat-Low-Reat Cycle Dryer has only one" settin~ 832E; I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=AirborneStructures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -25- ,. ) , 'I Sacple Rumber: -100-376 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer ~ame: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and COQments: Used, hand-heid hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1104 132480 8328 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1104 132480 8328 1-5 B/C-O T-5 Airborne Structures/ce: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): ,Fiber Length Range (um): hean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter Cum): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Exami ned (mm ): 0.22 29 3.5-17 9.75 0.08-0.3 0.17 1.16 4.6 X 10-4 6.1 X 104 0.16 21 1.5-5.5 3.44 0.07-0.4 0.2 1.25 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted I-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -26- Sample Number: E-IOO-360 !~anu f ae t urer /Dis t ri bu t or: Drye r l~ame: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a component of the support for the heating element. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 618 74160 8328 1-314 B/C=24 T-386 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/ro 3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): aean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Hean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mI:l ): 34 0.3-50 0.05-1.3 0.2 1.23 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 618 74160 8328 1=177 B/C-S T-206 2.0 X 1C- 2 1.5 X 10 6 21 0.4-40 3.5 0.05-1.1 0.2 1. 22 I=Individual Fibers B/e-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted I-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated ~umber of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -27- '. Sample Number: E-I00-390 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Model/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held, comb type aryer. :he asbestos was present as a conical lining around the heating element. * Uncountable due to high background level of amorphous, opaque material from the dryer. Insulation material in dryer was identified as chrysotile asbestos. ** Low speed inoperative; therefore, only high heat test conducted. High Heat High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): 99 ** Effluent Volume (L): 11880 Sample Volume (L): 8328 Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: * Airborne Structures/cc: r~tal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mm ): I-Individual Fibers BIG-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted r-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -28- Sample Dumber: E-IOO-355 ~~anufa ct urer /Dis tri bu to r: Dryer Kame: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Co~ments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (urn): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mm ): High Heat 1417 1.7 X 105 8328 1=28 B/CaS T-41 3. 1 X 10-3 5 .3 X 105 3 5.15 X 10 2 0.5-48 4.9 0.03-0.7 0.19 1.18 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1417 1. 7 X 10 5 8328 1=8 B /C-4 T-30 1.1 X 10-3 1.9 X 105 0.35 60 0.7-10.5 2.9 0.02-0.4 0.12 1.16 I-Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T=lndividual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -29- '. Sample Nuober: E-100-375 ~!anu f ac tu rer /D is t ri bu t or: Dryer Name: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow ~ate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1398 1697760 8328 Righ-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1398 1697760 8328 1-8 B/C-1 T-10 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber hass (ng/m 3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined ('Clm ): 0.44 740 0.8-23 0.05-8 0.2 1. 19 0.69 1179 1. 8-13 5.7 0.15-1.4 0.4 0.95 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -30- Sample l'iumber: E-B05-1292 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer ~jat;je: ilodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held comb type dryer. The dryer was of a configuration such that the inside could not be inspected for asbestos position. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin) : Effluent Volume (L) : Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 98.7 11844 8328 1-0 B/C-O T=O Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter ~ange (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total rEM Fie12 Area Examined (mm ): 0.98 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 98.7 11844 8328 9.1 X 10-5 1.1 X 103 0.02 0.25 no range 20 no range 0.25 1. 2 7 I=Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=A1rborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -31- Sample Humber: CPSC-3 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer l'~ame: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used. hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 863 103560 8328 1-267 B/C-16 T-304 High-Heat-Low-Reat Cycle 863 103560 8328 1=139 B/C e l0 T=163 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diameter Range Cum): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Field Area Examined (mm:L): 0.031 3.2 X 106 16 0.3-55 3.5 0.02-0.9 0.12 1.15 1.9 0.4-24 2.5 0.02-0.5 0.1 I-Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/CcAirborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -32- Sample Number: E-IOO-354 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: tiodel/Se.ries: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 696 83400 8328 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (uo): Mean Fiber Length (urn): 'Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diaoeter (um): Total TEM Fie12 Area Examined (rom ): 439 0.8-12 3.3 0.05-1.4 0.22 1.13 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 696 83400 8328 1=9 B /C"'5 T"'27 1.5 X 10- 3 1.3 X 105 1.4 118 0.4-14 3.2 0.05-1.0 0.18 1.13 I~Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted r-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -33- Sample Number: CPSC-2 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer l~ a me : Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/~in): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1089 39960 8328 1-8 B/C-4 T-29 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (UQ): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fie12 Area Examined (mm ): 15 604 0.6-15 3.8 0.05-1 0.25 0.98 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1089 39960 8328 1-5 B/C-l T-9 6.5 X 10- 4 2.6 X 105 13 536 1.3-11.5 3.8 0.1-1.3 0.31 1.07 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clu~ps -34- Sat:lple ~lumber: E-IOO-359 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer llame: !lodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments! Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1064 127680 8328 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1064 127680 8328 1-0 B /C-O T=O Airborne Structures/cc: Total Stru~tures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ng/m 3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (umj: Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (urn): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mm ): 0.23 29 1.5-9.5 4.5 0.15-0.6 0.35 1. 24 l=Individual Fibers B/CgLundles or Clu~ps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -35- r I, Sample ~umber: CP5C-1 l~ an u fa c t u r e riD is t rib u tor: IJryer i:at:le: i! 0 del / S e ric s : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sat:lple Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1104 132480 8328 1-256 B/C-27 T-318 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1104 1.32480 8328 1=141 B/C=lS T-181 Airborne Structures/cc: TO.tal Struc.tures in Effluent: Fiber hass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mm ): 8.7 1200 0.5-42 2.6 0.01-1 0.14 1.2S 1.5 ){ 10- 2 2.0 X 106 4.3 560 0.3-35 3.0 0.03-7 0.14 1. 23 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Nut:lber of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -36- Sample NUMber: CPSC-9 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dry err: a t:l e : Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. ~he asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. * Fiber dimensions could not be determined Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber.~ength (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel2 Area Examined (mm ); High Heat 1398 167760 8328 1=0 B/C .. 1 T-2 1 X 10-4 1.7 X 104 1.1 X 10- 2 2.0 0.05-.15 0.1 1. 1 7 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1398 167760 8328 1-0 B/C-1 T-1 * 0.96 I=Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted I-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clu~ps -37- Sample Number: -100-353 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer i\ame: !1odel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (l/min): Effluent Volume (l): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): Fiber length Range (u~): Kean Fiber Length (um): Fibe r Diame t er Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fie12 Area Examined (mm ): High Heat 987 11&440 8328 I-I B/c-O T-l 1.1 X 10.4 1.3 X 10 4 1 7 no range 4.6 no range 0.4 1.09 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 987 118440 8328 I-I B/C=O T-l 1.5 X 10- 4 1.S X' 1.0 4 3.1 no range 4.1 no range 0.15 0.75 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-A1rborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -38- Sample Number: E-100-358 ~anufacturer/Distributor: Dryer t~ame: Hodel/Series: Lsbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held, comb type dryer. The asbestos was present at both ends of the outlet duct. Dryer Floy Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 618 74160 8328 1=2 B/eco T-2 Rih-Reat-Loy-Reat Cycle 618 74160 8328 1 ... 0 B Ic-O T... O Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: . 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Hass i~ Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Hean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range Cum): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Exami ned (mm ): . I~Individual Fibers B/eDBundles or Clumps 0.14 10 4-17 10.5 0.15-0.3 0.22 I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -39- Sample Number: E-100-374 Manufacturer/Distributor: Drye r ~~ame: .lodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, table top hood type dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a sheet under the heating element. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: High Heat Hish-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle t 1302 1302 i , j 8328 8328 j I I B/C1--O12 B/C1=-O15 II I T-1l T-12 I 1 1 X 10- 3 1.4 X 10-3 I ; Total Structures in Effluent: 1.7 X 105 2..2 X 105 Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): 19.8 0.278 Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): 3104 43 Fiber Length Range (um): 1.3-48 1.1-6 Mean Fiber Length (um): 7.5 2.8 Fiber Diameter Range (um): 0.1-1.5 0.05-0.3 Mean Fiber Diameter (um): 0.3 0.17 Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mm ): 1.22 1. 21 I-Individual FiheTs B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/CmAirborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -40- Sanp 1e Numbe r: CPSC-26 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer l1ame: 1:0 de I / Se r i e s : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, table top bonnet type dryer. The position of any asbestos insulation was not noted. Dryer Floy Rate (L/min) : Effluent Volume (L) : Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 277 33240 8328 r .. o B/C ..O T-O High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 277 33240 8328 1=0 B/C-O T"'O Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ng/m 3): Total Fiber Uass in Effluent (ng): F ibe r Lengt h Range (um): aean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range Cum): Mean Fiber Diameter Cum): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Exami ned (mm ): L 23 I~Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+BfC-Airborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Esticated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -41- Sample Kumber: CPSC-22 Manufacturer/Dis-tributor: Dryer l\ame: Model/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, table top hood type dryer. The asbestos was present as a pad under the heating element. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 220i 264840 8328 I-a B/C-O T-O High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 2207 264840 8328 1=0 B/C=O T.. O Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber hass in Effluent (ng); Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter Cum): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mm ): 1. 13 1.23 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted I-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -42- Sample Number: E-B50-5327 Manufacturer/Distributor: Ii rye r Name: t-todel/Series: Asbestos lise and Cooments: Used, stand mounted professional dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a l1ninr to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1044 125312 8328 1-650 B/c-137 T .. 13i5 High-Heat-Low-Hear CYcle 1044 125312 8328 r-450 B/C-72 T .. 720 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m 3): Total Fiber l-t'ass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (un): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mm ): 7652 918211 0.15-95 7. 1 0.04-15 0.4 0.83 0.08 9.6 X 10 6 651 78088 0.2-95 6.1 0.01-3.5 0.3 0.73 1=1ndividual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps 1+B/CaAirborne Structures Counted T-1ndividual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps ' -43- Sample Number: E-860-1440 hanufacturer/Distributor: Dryer I\ame: liodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: esed, hand-held hair dryer. The insulation was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sa~ple Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 687 82440 8328 1=18 B/C-1 T.. 20 Hish-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 687 82440 8328 1=17 B/C=5 T-37 Airborne Structures/cc: Iotal Structures -in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Piber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEll Fieli Area Examined (mm ): 1.1 89 1.0-11.5 3.5 0.05-0.7 0.2 1. 08 789 0.9-31.5 5.0 0.7-1.4 0.25 1.3 Iclndividual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-1ndividual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps ~umber -44- i\ , " Sample Number: E-805-1291 ~anufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Hand-held dryer. Its asbestos insulation was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 829 99480 8328 r-360 B/C-17 T-410 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Biameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mm ): 26 2627 0.3-43 0.03-1.2 0.18 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 829 99480 8328 1""148 B /C .. S T-174 1.4 X 10-2 1.5 X 10 6 30 2975 0.1-95 0.05- L 5 0.2 1. 3 2 I=Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps . -45- Sample Number: D-B1S-0580 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: l1odel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Hand-held hobby heat gun. insulation was present as a lining of the barrel. The asbestos Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber_Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fieli Area . Examined (mm ): High Heat 182 21840 8328 1-324 B/C-20 T-=439 3.8 X 10-2 8.4 X 105 4154 91395 0.8-90 6.3 0.05-13 0.36 1. 05 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 182 21840 8328 1=100 t/C .. 6 T-121 1.3 X 10-2 2.9 X 105 168 3700 0.4-60 0".03-3.5 0.33 0.93 1 K 1ndividual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps 1+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-1ndiv1dual.Fibers Plus Estimated ~uober of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -46- Sample Number: E-840-4024 Manufacturer/Distri~utor: T.ryer l,ane: ~'lodel/Seri es: J fsbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held dryer. ~o asbestos was present in the dryer. It was run as a control. Dryer F 10\" Rate (L/oin) : Effluent Volume (L) : Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1284 154080 8328 1"0 B/CaO T-O High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1284 154080 8328 1 .. 0 B/C ... O T... O Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (n8/~ 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Hean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel2 Area Exami ned (mm ): 0.83 1.29 I=Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -47- APPENDIX II PHOTOMICROGRAPHS 1. (Plate supply 479) - Supply air air (Hag. = IOOOX). sample showing absence of dust and fibers in 2. (Plate (Mag .... 548) 2000X). Very long asbestos fibers associated in a loose cluster 3. (Plate 549) small fibril Typical asbestos fiber fragments (Mag. 2700X). bundle showing splayed ends and 4. (Plate 555) -Typical asbestos clump/bundle orientation of some fibril. (Mag. - 5000X). association showing random 5. (Plate clumps 551) - A large cluster of individual fibers, large bundles, deposited as a single structure on filter (Mag .... 3300X). and 6. (Plate 562) - Numerous asbestos fibers and in close proximity on filter (Mag 1300X). bundle structures deposited 7. (Plate 553) (hag .. 2000X). Typical small chrysotile fiber bundle deposited singly 8. d(Peplaotseite5d56o) n - fiElxttererm. el(yMaglar=ge170c0hXry).sotile bundle 15 to 25 um in diameter 9. a(dPhlaetreing552to) s- uArfsabceesto(Ms agfib er67b0U0X,n)d.les with organic globular particulates 10. f(iPlltaetre 5(M63ag) =- I7L0a0rgXe). asbestos bundles deposited as a single structure on 11. (Plate 56,0) (Mag'" 1200X). Large asbestos fibers associated in a single cluster. 12. s(tPrluacteture5.60)Oia- g Larg2e00DasXb)e. stos bundle and fibrils associated as a single 13. (Plate 557) - (Hag = 10DOX). Typical heavy loading of asbestos structures on filter. 14. (Plate 465) - Sample of bulk insulation material taken from a dryer. 15. Example EDAX spectrum from a dryer air sample. -48- ~ti~~i:'; . "':'- APPENDIX III PHOTOGRAPHS OF TEST SYSTEM I . Turning on dryer- 'starting the test '. Engineer installing sample filter in the wind tunnel for the hair dr'yer test- ~J'.I i I \ '"' . IV',,I- k' - C.I~ .' lI'j'\'"1\1" ~ ;. - .. "'O'"!...~W.it_C..... L:._"""""'_L""''''U''''''''''''_i:;U:l_.~.X:C~ ,C"'i:,-..-::.' - .....- - _... - ~---.-- - --~- ---~--------~---  Test set-up for hair dryers insuring a clean air supply t~,[~ttl~'1;~jiiMIilWu@f~rr'J~K;t:L':~'.~~~:.:~~Y!:~i!i!~~:i~ Test set-up for- hair dryers insuring a ~clean ai r supply Chemist identifying & analyzing the fi bers from a ha i r dryer tes t on a transmission electron microscope . ",~.,".t;.,I_!,':":,,:;;.."..,-;..'.;a.'...n.~.;I.J:,...l....~...."...."...."........'.... ;; Pi !lel ! \!!! :~;.u\IiI;'I!;!:!i~t ~:! :;::;: !!!!!! :::::; !!!!!! !:~:!:!;!: :;::::: !!::!,'! ;::: !!!.'! l " ~ ~ I" ..111ft' ......... """ 1 !~!.!:,I !,!!...!..H! ! ...,. :!!! ,... ".;,,, !:!:!:.';' If'" "II ~ _.ca.!. lt'!f/.~ l !..:.'.!.'.!.~..!.,.!.!.!.!.!.."oo.,...."..!..'. .... !,n- . . . . . . . . . I!. Turning on the dryer - starting the test P .. r-::'. i ~.:.....,.. -.~;~ . . _...... . ~--~ ~,~--- ---_...._.__.. -- .-----.... ---------_.... -~ -..._..." "--_.,,-------....-., ---'. .~ I , ..........'"'."."'.... ~ r ' _ .........~~.,..,. .....~ , -"~'. " .Il: . ( \ ( ,"'~ ""~\" II I;~ ~i~t'"" \\ .j ,(' \~\"-> -- J >'~ \~\ ) . "" ...... ~~ 3<''- ... .-/~-......; . ,. ~ "'- II .4 .... - .... Filter samples in petri dishes showing size of portion removed and TEM grid (left) Open- face aerosol sampler loaded with a membrane filter