Document RJgmO0J19rbMpyr3zqEyqYKG8

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT AL-1344 l Clayton Environmental Consultants No. 21, March 1986 An Improved Method for Analyzing p-Dioxane and Tetrahydrofuran in Water Samples by Paul Epstein, Ph.D. Technical Organic Supervisor Dioxane (not to be confused with dioxin) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) are cyclic ethers commonly used as industrial chemicals. Dioxane is used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, oil and spirit dyes, and other organics. THF is used as a solvent for several polymers (particularly polyvinyl chloride), and as a reaction solvent for Grignard reactions. Dioxane is the more toxic of the two com pounds and has been listed as a carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) based on the National Toxicol ogy Program (NTP)1'1 findings. This NTP listing also means that p-dioxane must be listed as a carcinogen in any Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) hazard communication determination. Clayton recently investigated an incident of groundwater contamination with p-dioxane and THF. The project required a rapid Analytical Notes Tetraethyl Lead Both Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and American Con ference of Governmental Industrial Hygien ists (ACGIH) have exposure limits for tetra ethyl lead (TEL), an anti-knock additive to leaded gasoline. Both the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) and the ACGIH thres hold limit value (TLV) are expressed as total organo-lead and not in terms of a specific organo-lead compound. Sampling and analyses of TEL is generally carried out by the following two methods: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) S383, Volume 4, NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods This method requires collection on (Continued on Page 6) method for measuring low parts per billion (ppb) levels of dioxane and THF in drinking water. The common methods of measuring organics in water, such as solvent extraction and concentration or purge and trap methods, cannot attain ppb limits of detection (LOD) with very water-soluble compounds, such as THF and p-dioxane. Direct injection of the contaminated water onto a GC-FID (gas chromatograph-flame ionization detection) is a viable method, but cannot attain LODs at ppb levels. Heating the purge vessel during the U.S. EPA method 8240<21 for volatiles can achieve low LODs (10 ppb) for these compounds. This PERISCOPE OSHA Proposes a 1-PPM Benzene Limit...Second Time! The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recently proposed that its permissible exposure limit for benzene be reduced from 10 parts per million (ppm) to 1 ppm, with an action level of 0.5 ppm. In 1978, after five years of discussion, OSHA set a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 1 ppm for benzene. Following a challenge by the American Petroleum Institute, however, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned OSHA's 1-ppm limit, and the PEL remained at 10 ppm since that decision. Benzene is a constituent in gasoline and in many common industrial solvents. It is also used as an intermediate in the production of styrene, phenols, and maleic anhydride. The OSHA proposal calls for desig nating areas where the benzene concen tration exceeds the PEL, measurement of employee exposures, methods of expo sure control, personnel protective equipment, medical surveillance, hazard method, however, has two disadvantages. It is undesirable to introduce large quantities of water vapor into the GC/MS (gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer) system and it is not cost effective. Clayton has developed a new method that consists of adsorption of THF and p-dioxane onto charcoal followed by desorption with methanol-saturated carbon disulfide. The desorbate is then analyzed by GC-FID. (See diagram for a typical chromatogram and chromatographic conditions.) Spike recoveries in the range of 59 to 90% were obtained for p-dioxane spiked water (Continued on Page 3) communication, and training among vari ous other requirements. The proposed revision was based on OSHA's preliminary determination that the standard was needed to reduce the risk of leukemia and other adverse health effects of exposure to benzene. Informal public hearings are scheduled at four locations across the country in March and April 1986. The most controversial aspect of the proposed rule is the absence of a short-term exposure limit (STEL) similar to the one in the existing standard originally developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard [Z37.40-1969]. Significant aspects of the proposed standard include: Initial monitoring to be completed within 60 days of the effective date or within 60 days of the introduction of benzene into the workplace. Only monitoring conducted within one year of the standard's publication date can be used to determine compliance to the standard. Restrictions regarding application of the standard to bulk wholesale storage (Continued on Page 2) A Marsh & McLennan Company 409473 0352 0 PERISCOPE (Continued from Page 1) facilities, containers, pipe lines, work operations where the only exposure is from liquid mixture containing 0.5% (reduces to 0.1% five years after publication date of the standard) or less benzene by volume, and oil and gas drilling, production and servicing operations. Employee referral to a hemotologist/internist by a physician following abnormal blood test results and temporary removal of the employee. The affected employee is to be returned to an area of benzene exposure only after a physician's approval. Engineering and work practice controls be implemented within two years of the standard's effective date. Mandatory respirator qualitative and quantitative fit-testing. EPA Turns Full Circle on Asbestos Lee Thomas, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator, surprised many recently when he announced that EPA will ban the manufacture, importation, and processing of asbestos products over 10 years. In February 1985, EPA announced it would not seek such a ban, preferring to shift the responsibility for regulating asbestos to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Consumer Product Safety Commission. EPA received much criticism for its decision in 1985 and was accused of bending to pressures from the Office of Management and Budget (0MB). The proposed ban, announced January 29,1986, will initially prohibit the manufac ture and importation of asbestos cement pipe products, roofing felts, flooring tiles, vinyl asbestos floor tile, and asbestos clothing. Over the next 10 years, the remaining uses of asbestos will be phased out. This ban will accelerate the already declining use of these products. The proposed rule will also require firms that mine or import asbestos to obtain permits. This will restrict the amount of asbestos mined or imported each year. EPA is soliciting comments on the pro posal. The agency will hold hearings beginning May 14,1986. Formaldehyde The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recently proposed to amend its existing regulation for occupational exposure to formaldehyde [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table 2-2). Formaldehyde is one of the most com monly used chemicals in commerce. It is used as a wood fungicide, germicide, disinfectant, and a binder in wood products. It is also extensively used in the production ot urea and phenol resins. In addition, formaldehyde is used in dyes, inks, paper, permanent-press clothing, and many other consumer products. In proposing the new standard, OSHA announced that the current permissible exposure limit (PEL) for formaldehyde does not adequately protect employee health. OSHA has proposed the following alternatives to the current standard, which was initially developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI): lower the existing 8-hour, timeweighted average (TWA) exposure limit to either 1 or 1.5 parts per million (ppm) from the current 3-ppm limit, and delete both the existing ceiling concentration limit of 5 ppm and the peak exposure limit of 10 ppm, (permitted for up to 30 minutes in an 8-hour workshitt). The first alterna tive , however, is an amendment to the existing list (Table 2-2T) while the second alternative proposed merely replaces the current standard with an "expanded" occupational exposure standard. The second alternative includes an "action level" of either 0.5 ppm or 0.75 ppm, measured as an 8-hour, TWA. The proposed standard contains requirements for employee exposure monitoring, establishment of regulated areas (where exposures to formaldehyde may exceed the PEL), methods to control exposure, personal protective equipment, housekeeping, emer gency plans, medical surveillance, hazard communication, training, and recordkeeping. The most controversial aspect of both proposed alternatives was the lack of a short-term exposure limit (STEL). OSHA recognized widespread support for a STEL. If a STEL is included in the final standard, the most likely level will be 5 ppm during a 15- or 30-minute. OSHA has said, however, that it would consider values higher or lower than 1 ppm. Acting on the recommendations made by the Advisory Committee on Con struction Safety and Health, OSHA is proposing a single standard for industry. OSHA, however, recognizes alternative approaches. These include: making a general industry standard more applicable to construction modifying the general standard developing a separate standard The informal rulemaking hearing is scheduled to begin on April 22,1986. The above Periscope articles were contributed by Michael A. Coffman, C.I.H., Manager of Industrial Hygiene, and Timothy Kass, C.I.H., Senior Industrial Hygienist. Main Offica 25711 Southfield Road Southfield, Michigan 48075 (313)424-8860 Branch Offices 2141 Kingston Court, S.E. Suite 116 Marietta. Georgia 30067 (404)952-3064 Raritan Center 160 Fieldcrest Avenue Edison. New Jersey 08837 (201) 225-6040 555 South Flower Street Suite 4100 Los Angeles, California 90071 (213) 657-5222 Editor--Deborah H. Montgomery Southlield otfice Clayton Environmental Consultants, Ltd. 400 Huron Church Road Windsor, Ontario N9C 2J9 (519) 255-9797 3300 Bloor St., w. Suite 3100 Toronto, Ontario M8X 2X3 (41 6) 232-1537 Bowring Clayton Environmental Services The Bowring Building P.0. Box 145 Tower Place London, England EC3P 3BE 01-283-3100 2- - 409473 0353 p-Dioxane and Tetrahydrofuran (Continued from Page 1) samples at spike concentrations ranging trom 10 to 500 ppb. For THF, recoveries ranged from 88 to 110% in the 9- to 90-ppb concentration range studied. Detection limits are dependent on the sample size. Typically, a 1-liter sample can be analyzed with a LOO of 5 ppb. This method can be used effectively in combination with the direct injection technique which serves as a prescreen. We are currently conducting additional studies to determine the applicability of this methodology to other water-soluble organic compounds. For additional information on this method, contact Paul Epstein at (313) 424-8860, or write to him at 25711 Southfield Road, Southfield, Ml 48075. (1) Second Annual Report on Carcino gens, NTP 81-43, December 1981, pp 131-133. (2) Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste-Physical Chemical Methods (SCV-846 2nd Ed. 1982 - Table 1). Chromatogram of p-Dioxane and THF at 100 ppb. Instrument Detector Column Oven Injection Port Detector Head Pressure Injection Size HP5890 FID 60 m DB-5 capillary 55C 250C 275C 21.5 PSIG 1 ui Upcoming Clayton Breakfast Seminars MAY THROUGH AUGUST 1986 DM Subject Location April 29 May 6 May8 May 13 June 3 June 4 June 5 June 17 June 19 July 8 July 10 July 22 July 23 August 5 August 6 August 7 August 19 RCRA PCB PCB Chemical Management in the Workplace & RCRA Asbestos Management Update Chemical Management in the Workplace Chemical Management in the Workplace Asbestos Management Update RCRA Chemical Management in the Workplace Asbestos Management Update Cherrricai Management in the Workplace Chemical Management in the Workplace Asbestos Management Update Chemical Management in the Wbrkplace Asbestos Management Update Chemical Management in ihe Workplace Woodbndge Hiilon 120 Wood Avenue South iseiin. NJ Hotel Sotitel 5601W 78th Street Minneapolis. MN Hyatt Regency Indianapolis One South Capitol Avenue Indianapolis. IN Omni International 101W. Fayette St Baltimore. MO Hyatt Regency Dallas Al Reunion 300 Reunion Boulevard Dallas, TX Sheraton Amarillo 31001-40 West Amarillo. TX Motel Meridien Houston 400 Dallas St. Houston. Tx Warwick Hotel I7fh & Locust Street Philadelphia. PA Warwick Hotel 17th & Locust Street Philadelphia, PA Sheraton al Staiion Square 7 Station Square Dnve Pittsburgh. PA Waldorf Astoria 301 Park Avenue at SOth St. New York, NY Marriott Pavilion One Broadway St. Louis, MO Marnofl Hotel 75 South Wbst Temple Salt Lake City. UT Seattle Sheraton & Towers 1400 Sixth Avenue Seattle. WA Alexis Hotel 1510 Southwest Harbor Way Portland. OR Hyatt Wiishire 3515 Witshire Bfvd. Los Angeles. CA ' The Westm At Fountain Square Cincinnati. OH The seminars begin at 9:00 a.m. with a buffet breakfast. This is followed by a slide presentation and a question-and-answer period. A panel, including Clayton staff and industry experts, will field questions from the audience. The seminars end about 11:00 a.m. There is no charge for the seminar. To reserve a place, please call or write to Karen Moehr at Clayton's Southfield office (313/424-8860). 3- - 409473 0354 Meet the Clayton Staff ...Charlie Blake where Captain Blake earned a Bronze star for his service in the U.S. Army. In Viet In each issue of the Clayton Newsletter, avoiding serious injury to himself and Nam, Captain Blake's standard attire in we will introduce a member of our staff, others. The incident did not diminish cluded a nylon flak jacket, which he wore on allowing our readers to see the "other Charlie's enthusiasm for aviation. He did, (almost) all occasions. When asked about side" of Clayton's professionals. This however, conclude that it was advantag his passion for the (DuPont) nylon jacket, issue, we profile Charlie Blake, Manager eous to have a twin-engine craft. Those of he replied, "This was one product about of Clayton s Marietta. Georgia office. us who have flown with him since have a which I could be sure of the quality control:' new appreciation for the term' 'redundancy.' ' Upon returning to DuPont, Charlie was -- Editor On a typical Saturday, if he is not tinker assigned quality control responsibilities. ing with his Beechcraft Baron or one of his Shortly afterward, he joined the Aetna three Porsches, Charlie can be found in Insurance Company in Hartford as an in Clayton's Marietta office pondering over the dustrial hygienist/laboratory chemist. next week's schedule, trying to squeeze in Charlie talks fondly of his initiation into the two extra emergency "rush" asbestos industrial hygiene world by his mentor, projects. Soon after, he is on the phone bar Rudolph (Rudy) Schmidt, who apparently gaining feverishly with other Clayton man had most unusual ideas about laboratory agers to borrow or steal an experienced instrumentation. helper to staff the "emergency" jobs. While reviewing x-ray diffraction results Charlie Blake has been with Clayton for for silica analyses on one recent project, over seven years. He first joined Clayton's Charlie launched into a long discussion Southfield office as a senior industrial about his struggle with the colorimetric hygienist and group leader. When the posi (Talvitie) method he used at Aetna. "The "Clearwater-St. Pete Tower, this is Comanche 7697 Papa, declaring emer gency. I have just had a complete engine failure --request clearance for emergency landing!" "Comanche 7697, you are cleared for emergency landing, any runway, any surface!' This exchange between Charlie Blake and the airport control tower took place shortly after takeoff when the single engine in his Piper Comanche belched out a thick cloud of smoke and died. Unable to glide back to the airport, Charlie lined up the tion of manager became available in Clay ton's newly opened Atlanta office, Charlie eagerly volunteered for the job. Before coming to Clayton, Charlie had spent his entire working career in the south, and he always wanted to go back "home" -- a remarkable transformation for a Connecti cut boy. After earning his chemical engineering degree at the Worcester Polytechnic Insti tute, Charlie joined the DuPont Company in Chattanooga as a process engineer, making nylon. His four-year career with DuPont was interrupted by the Viet Nam War, industrial hygiene laboratory instrumenta tion in those days was basic" Charlie said. Rudy Schmidt even made his own reticle (for the microscope) using a specially created spider web. After Aetna, Charlie spent the next six years formulating, controlling, and dispos ing pesticides and herbicides for the Helena Chemical Company in Memphis. I first met Charlie while performing an industrial hygiene/environmental audit at the Helena plant in Des Moines. After intro ducing myself to the plant manager, l asked (Continued on Page 5) crippled aircraft parallel to the beach (stay ing a safe distance from the bathers in Tampa Bay), and made an unexpected (and unrehearsed) amphibious landing. That evening, Charlie and I were to be in Milwaukee to meet with a client. Charlie, then in Tampa, was to pick me up in Detroit after making a quick stop in Atlanta for some personal business. After an anxious wait of several hours, my telephone rang. In a calm voice, Charlie told me that he'd had "an unusual flight experience" that morning and was calling from the Tampa General Hospital. He quickly added that he expected to be discharged within a couple of hours after treatment of a few minor cuts and bruises he suffered during his "uncon ventional landing!' Charlie felt that the plane might be salvageable since it "landed" in shallow water, but the files containing project information and the pump calibra tion data were beyond saving. Also gone were the six MSA gravimetric pumps and a dozen specially prepared silica gel tubes he wanted to use for sampling amines. The accident investigators complimented Charlie Blake, Manager of Clayton's Marietta office, embarks on yet another environmental Held survey. the pilot on his skillful emergency landing, 4- - 409473 0355 Charlie Blake (Continued from Page 4) to talk to the process engineer to review the chemical processes and the unit operations involved. Soon after, Charlie walked in carrying a roll of drawings, sketches, and a chalk in his hand. Later in the day, I asked to talk to the company environmental engi neer, since the air and water emissions appeared to be an important concern at that facility. I was ushered into Charlie's office. The second day of my survey was devoted to industrial hygiene: "Can I speak to the industrial hygienist or the safety engineer?" You guessed it, back to Charlie's office! Welcome to the world of pesticides! That afternoon, Charlie explained every thing I always wanted to know about pesti cides. Until then, I had not realized that there could be much humor in that busi ness. Our discussion turned to toxaphene, a sticky, brownish material made from chlo rination of camphene ("pine pitch;' as the farmers call it). "What accounts for the potency of this material?" I asked. "Well, the farmers have their own inter pretation of its toxicology," Charlie said. "They call toxaphene the "trappin' toxin!' "The trappin' toxin?" "Yes, they feel the bugs die because they just get trapped in the sticky pine pitch!" Charlie also explained to me the seasonal nature of the business. He said the timing of the pesticide spray was critical. "If you wait too long to spray bole worms, they get so big and nasty that the only way to kill them would be to drop the barrel on their heads" It is his diversity of experience that has helped Charlie thrive in the consulting envi ronment, tackling projects that sometimes appear to be a strange mix of science and detective work. These days, our conversa tion often drifts away from industrial hygiene and toward hazardous waste. Dis cussing a recent project where the Clayton laboratory found 1- to 2-parts per million of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in some water samples, I asked Charlie, "Does that look serious?" "I guess it's all relative',' Charlie said with a shrug. "Trichloroethane is not the same thing as toxaphene or parathion, but on the other hand I wouldn't want any 1, 1, 1 in my drinking water." How about in the fuel tank of your Beechcraft Baron, Charlie? Contributed by: Jaswant Singh, Ph.D., C.I.H. Senior Vice President New Building Progress Despite the cold and wet weather, foundations have been poured and construction is under way on Clayton's new $2,000,000 main office and laboratory in Novi, Michigan. The artist's drawing above depicts the design of the building. New York City Toughens Asbestos Laws by Kirit Vora Manager, Edison Office In 1958, Henry Johns started an asbestos roofing manufacturing business in his New York basement. Within a few decades, the "magic mineral" was being applied, as fireproofing, in many steel framed skyscrapers in New York and other major cities. New York City wants to carefully control the "magic mineral" which they now believe is the cause of significant disease. Following the state of New Jersey's footsteps in regulating asbestos, New York City recently approved amendments to its administrative code for the control of asbestos. The new law will require that renovation or demolition work, which disturbs asbestos, must be performed in accordance with procedures established by the city. Workers who handle asbestoscontaining materials would have to receive proper training. All asbestos projects would require a permit from the commis sioner of Department of Buildings. More over, it would be unlawful for any person to handle friable asbestos (in the course of performing work for compensation) with out a valid asbestos-handling certificate. Under the New York City law, an asbestos project means any form of work in which renovation or demoliton would disturb 260 linear feet or 160 square feet of asbestos material. Fees that the city may levy on asbestos work include: application fee for a permit fee for issuing or renewing an asbestos handling certificate fee for certifying or recertifying an asbestos investigator fee for approval of an asbestos removal plan $800 $ 100 $100 $1,000 New York has announced that within 18 months the commissioner of environmen tal protection will submit a report to deter mine if the presence of asbestos poses a risk to building occupants during "nor mal" day-to-day operations (when no renovation, alteration, or demolition is occurring). Other cities are developing local laws to license "asbestos handlers" and specifying requirements and restric tions on asbestos removal, renovation, and remodeling projects. The city of Phila delphia has proposed a comprehensive as bestos law similar to that of New York City. We will report on further developments in this area in the forthcoming issue of the Clayton Newsletter. For more information on these emerging asbestos laws and regulations, please contact Kirit Vora of Clayton's Edison office at (201) 225-6040. 5- - 409473 0356 Analytical Notes (Continued from Page 1) XAD-2 followed by solvent desorption and analysis by gas chromatography using a photoionization detector. OSHA-Field Operations Manual Method Requires collection on activated char coal. preceded by a 37-mm glass fiber prefilter. The charcoal is acid-extracted and the extract analyzed by atomic adsorption spectrophotometry. Samples are collected at a flowrate of 1 liter per minute for two hours. The NIOSH method can determine specific organo-lead compounds whereas the OSHA method determines total organolead without speciation. Clayton's laboratory has performed analyses using both of these procedures. In our recent experiences, however, we have found significant interferences in determin ing TEL using the NIOSH method. The interferences are particularly significant in environments containing the petroleum products (due to the presence of many other organic compounds). As a result, we recommend the use of the OSHA method for determining TEL in cases where the pur pose of the sampling is to determine com pliance with the OSHA PEL or comparison against the ACGIH TLV. / Improved Dioxin/ ^ Furan Sampler Measurement of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) has become increas ingly important because of their high toxicities and their frequent presence in residues from polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-related fires or PCB fluids that have undergone "over-heating:' The limits of detection (LOD) in air required for these compounds are extremely low [1 to 2 picograms (pg) per cubic meter]. The instrumental LODs for PCDD and PCDF are in the 10-50 pg range for low resolution quadrupole mass spec trometers. Conventional industrial hygiene sampling de\.ces collect samples at flowrates in the 0.2-2 liters per minute (L/min) range. This would necessitate an unusually long sampling period to achieve the sample size of 70-120 cubic meters required to reach the detection limits necessary for these compounds. To achieve the low LOD, the New York State Department of Health*1) designed a sampler capable of drawing up to 10-20 L/min of sample. This sampler was used at the Binghampton office build ing in the aftermath of a PCB fire. The sampler consisted of an aluminum glass fiber filter holder followed by a silica gel cartridge in a Teflon housing. Modifications of the sampler, particularly the use of the fritted disc, enabled us to collect large volume samples (within a reasonable 2-3 day period) without experi encing excessive pressure drop. The modified sampler (shown in figure) consists of all Teflon 47-mm glass fiber filter holder in series with a glass cartridge fitted with a fritted disc backplate and containing 10-20 grams of pre-extracted and activated silica gel adsorbent. The Teflon filter holder is lighter in weight and less likely to be reactive (than steel or aluminum) if the sampler is used for other organics. The filter/adsorbent design allows separate particulate and vapor measurements to be conducted. Changing the adsorbent to Florisil, XAD, or tfharcoal allows the sampler to be used for measuring other organics at very low detection limits. NOTE: The complete sampling assembly for PCDD and PCDF is available from Clayton. For additional information on the availability of this sampler and sampling instructions, please contact Paul Epstein at (313) 424-8860 or write to him at: 25711 Southfield Road, Southfield, Michigan 48075. (" Chemical and Biological Investigations of a Transformer Accident at Bingham ton, N.Y., P.W. O'Keefe et al.. Environ mental Health Perspectives 60, May 1985, pp 201-209. The above analytical notes were com piled by Robert Lieckfield, C.f.H., Man ager of the Southfield laboratory, and Paul Epstein, Ph.D., Technical Organic Supervisor. Teflon Figure. PCDD/PCDF Sampler 6- - 409473 0357 Research on Venturi Scrubber Design Parameters by S. Viswanathan, Ph.D., A.W. Gnyp, Ph.D., and C.C. St. Pierre, Ph.D. Windsor Office Clayton Environmental Consultants is involved in the evaluation and design of dry and wet gas cleaning devices. When funda mental design parameters are not available in the published literature, the Clayton staff has conducted studies in association with the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Wndsor. For some time the cooperative efforts have focused on the assessment of performance characteristics of Pease-Anthony Venturi scrubbers, which are effective in removing particulate matter from moving gas streams. These gas clean ing devices are popular because they offer significant advantages, including lower initial costs for comparable collection effi ciencies, small floor area requirements, no internal moving parts, and capabilities for the safe handling of wet corrosive gases. A recently completed study by Clayton examined the correlation of film flow on the walls of Pease-Anthony Venturi scrubbers. Previous investigations had shown that a fraction of injected liquid will flow on the walls as a film instead of being atomized by the high velocity gas stream in the throat. As a result, accurate predictions of pressure drops and collection efficiencies were difficult, if not impossible. Wthout reliable film-flow data, optimized scrubber designs could not be achieved. Experiments were conducted with the pilot plant size Venturi shown in Rgure 1. Liquid flowing on the walls was extracted through porous sintered metal plates, positioned on adjacent walls at three axial locations. A range of gas and liquid flowrates normally encountered with industrial size units was examined. The empirical correlation, F = 0.0122/[(L/G) (Ro/d0)], 'VG'-29 illustrated in Figure 2 is useful for predict ing the film flow on the walls for 4.0x10"* < L/G < 1.9 xIO"3 m3 of liquid 2.1 < do < 3.9 mm 40 < Vg < 80 m/s a'r where F = fraction of total injected water flowing as a film L/G = liquid to gas ratio, m3 of liquid/m3 of air do = nozzle diameter, m Vq = gas throat velocity, ms Ro = half the Venturi throat, M This newly developed film-flow correla tion provides a means of estimating filmflow rates in commercial Venturi units where measurement is not practical. Figure 2. -------------!--------------- l(L/0)(R./tf4ITV5P'2* Editor's Note: The Clayton Newsletter is distributed to over 15.000 engineers, industrial hygienists, and risk managers. All readers are encouraged to submit articles, case histories or past work experiences to be published in our newsletter. Please contact the Editor at Clayton's Southfield office for further information. 7- - New Seminar This spring, Clayton will introduce a new breakfast seminar dealing with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of November 8,1984: RCRA II. Clayton's new RCRA seminar will highlight the impact of new regulations on waste classification and disposal procedures, management of underground storage tanks, small quantity generators, handling the disposal and burning of waste oil, delisting petitions, waste minimization, and the requirements placed on operators of disposal sites. With focus on the financial and liability implications of the amendments, the program will provide practical guidelines for coping with the new regulations. 409473 0358 Clayton News Briefs New Staff The Southfield laboratory welcomes the following people: John Cullen, Senior Laboratory Technician: Tom DeLisle, Chemical Technologist; Susan Schiffert, Chemical Technologist; Colette Wiley, Chemical Technologist; and Deborah Woolnough, Environmental Chemist. Staff News Frank Bastian of Clayton's Edison office became certified in the comprehensive practice of industrial hygiene earning the title of Certified Industrial Hygienist. Bonnie Zeman of Clayton's Atlanta office was recently promoted to Administrative Manager. Lab Notes Clayton was awarded a four-year contract to perform analysis for industrial hygiene, hazardous waste, and water samples for the U.S. Air Force. Presentations Fred Wilt of Clayton's Los Angeles office, spoke to the California Cast Metal Associa tion in San Francisco on December 10 and in Los Angeles on December 12. The topic was Federal and State Hazard Com munication Standards/Right-to-Know. Paul Epstein, Technical Supervisor of Clay ton's Southfield Organic laboratory, ad dressed the Michigan Chapter of the Air Pollution Control Association (APCA) on PCS Fire Incident/Regulation on Novem ber 6,1985. Frederick Cooper, Manager of Air Quality Services in Southfield, acted as session moderator and technical program chair man at the Michigan Chapter APCA autumn meeting on November 6,1985. James Bolger, Southfield's Manager of Waste Management Services, lectured at the December 11 Boston Regional Meeting of.the American Society of Safety Engineers on the subject of L.U.S.T. (Leaking Underground Storage Tanks). Charles Blake, Manager of Clayton's Atlanta office, spoke to the Greenville Chamber of Commerce in Greenville, South Carolina on January 15 on "Health Aspects of Right-to-Know." Dr. Jaswant Singh, Clayton's Senior Vice President/Technical Director, addressed the Houston Section of the American In dustrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) on "Managing PCB Risks" on January 23. Stack Sampling Course Clayton Environmental Consultants, Ltd., in cooperation with the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Windsor, is again offering its popular "The Windsor Stack Sampling Course',' at the following locations: Date Location April 28 - Windsor, Ontario May 1 June 2 - 5 Montreal, Quebec July 16 -17 Vancouver, British Columbia Engineers, chemists, and technicians from industry and government will benefit from the practical and theoretical informa tion presented in this course as required to plan, execute, and report on a stack sampling program. Emphasis will be placed on the develop ment of sound sampling procedures for gaseous and particulate pollutants, and the use of those procedures to comply with current and proposed Canadian federal and provincial air pollution regulations and codes. The course is comprised of lectures, practical problem-solving sessions, and the sampling of an actual operating stack. For further information, please contact Dr. Shekar Viswanathan at the Windsor office at (519) 255-9797. CopyriQht 1986 by Clayton Environmental Consultants 3/86-22M 409473 0359