Document RJV1K5borggp1NgY65o79Qg9k

FILE NAME: Drilling Muds (DRM) DATE: 1963 DOC#: DRM004 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Book Excerpt - TOC & Index [Composition and Properties of Oil Well Drilling Fluids] Composition And Properties Of Oil Well Drilling Fluids by W alter F. R ogers Domestic Production Dept.... Technical Service Gulf Oil Corporation \ rnnu) RornoN G u l f P u b lish in g C o m p a n y Houston, T exas COMPOSITION A NO PROPERTIES OF OIL WELL DRILLING F L O W S Opynght 1948, 1P53 and 1963 by Gulf f'uhiisiumi Gompaay, Housion, Texas. All right reserved. Printed in the United Stales of Aiumr., This hook, ax parts thereof, may nr* be reproduced in any form without pemisgkm of the publish,'!;:. Library of Corieress Cat.alojr Card No. fib ;I(jo71 Contents Preface to the Third Edition........................................................ vu 1. Introduction to Drilling Fluids................................ , ,. . 1 H istory Of d rilling m uds; types, of drilling fluids: func tions of drilling thuds; drilling conditions affecting m ud; drilling llutd cost; mud m aterial. 2. Drilling Equipment and Drilling' Fluid...................... Mud reserve- and circulating pits; mud weight, pit level, and flow m easuring device;;; m ud ag ita tin g and m ixing devices; mud pum ps; screening devices; desanding equipment; centrifugal concentrator; degassing equip m ent; handling sack and bulk m a te ria ls ; liquid m ud.... new and reclaimed. 3. Test Equipment, Procedures and Specifications..............122 Density; viscosity a n d g e l s t r e n g t h ; wall-building tests; sand content; mud re sistiv ity ; cheWtkal aaaylsis o f filtrate and mad; specific gravity; Seving tests; moisture content; oil content of emulsion mud and water co n ten t of oil base wraths; h igh temperature aging equipment; testing lost circulation agents ; ex trem e pressure lubricant testing-; su rface active a g en ts; valuation te s t procedures; sp e d ilea lions. I. C harts and Tables--Mud W eights and Volumes.......... 188 Relation of specific g rav ity and weight of m ud to vol umes; field mud systems; lab o rato ry m ud system s; amount of weight m aterial required to m ake mud of desired weight. 5. Manufacture of Drilling Fluid Materials........................205 Rariunx su lfa te ; barite -production and coosum ptten in the U.S.; bow anti where tori to is .mined; bentonite; VJ: la ; , Hte; ! S 'CAU'al g e d o g y :j (} (oH'SI: liium g ;. i:i:tIiuD:,".UJ':' iff b e n to n ite ; in\y ;md rio muso yield clay;;; sale way;; clay: ir-m ride; aieba e orhoaute; m m sta rc h ; carboxymeth.vi c e llu lo K ; a o r y b n iu d s; natural gums; ltiolncular ifehydyated phosphates; .jui-braeim: lignoisuifomUns; mica; sugar cune fibers; irranuhir rmuerlal. 6, Rheological and Wull-ThuMhrg' Properties of Drilling F luids.........................................................................271. T hixotropy and viueoslfy of m ud; flow pvoperlies of N ew tonian fluids; flow p roperties of p lstic type fluids; Uotarm im ttion of yield, point and p lastic viscosity from pipe viscom eter data; plastic flow properties from ro ta tional viseonietcr d ata; t urovd e nt .flow of plastic .fluids; thixotropy and its effects on flow of plastic type fluids; effect of viscosity and thixotropy on sefli lug o sus pended solids; ilitvation unci wail building c h ara cte r istics of row 's; fundamental deration loss relaticms; effect o tim e on fluid loss; tem p e ra tu re effect; pivs"uve. effect, 7. Clay Cheinifry. Dispersarlo and Fluid Loss Agents. . dil-l T in (day mineral.-,, suctclui o of in onnuorilU antc; offer; ff clny dispersion on vffcosuy pln-umuma.; properties nil rommecesai bentonite ,md cloys; hydrati'C i of ben tonite; effect of neutral woBovaicnt salts; effect of polyvalent salts; effect of pH on hv-ntoulte; effect of hydroxyl ion on beiitoniw; disjw rsants or viscosity re ducers: mechanism of viscosity reduction by thinning agents; (Ihemicuis propose/! as thinning agents; dis persing properties of th ii.n m ; tem perature stability of d isp e rsa n ts; fluid loss reduction; p a rticle x i d i s t r i butio n : organ It; fluid lust; ugom s; dispersant;; as fluid loss, agents. S. Water-Clay Muds...............................................................424 Effect of particle distribution on fluid loss and skin dam age; n a tu ra l m uds nod fresh w ater m uds; conlam inating effect of high solids content.; contam ination by .sodium chloride a n d by cctucni; p o l y p h o s p h a t e treated :atui>; and caustic-quebracho tre a te d nude; high di red m uds; chronic iigiiusuim ine: sanne muiut; sea w ale1' m ads; sa tu rated sab. (vatei nubs; calcium m uds: calcium effect- cn Ix-ntonito m ods; calcium adsorption by d a y suspensions in presence of sodium chloride; effect of calcium on prvhydrated clay iu the preserve of sodium hydroxide; effect o calcium on posthydratca clay; effect of caustic mi lime solubility; polyvalent CON i'E N .i si XI cation m ud system s; limn trea te d w a d ; n u d w n ww'iii m uds: nypiam -supfactuiii: m ud; calcium ehl'miriedlmm calcium 'gmwuiiuiiiii: r a id urn oh Writs m w i; ca'- fiutti nihoUii m id ; mirmiv hydroxide m ud: low s&nds mud, 9. Oil-in-Water Emulsion Muds.........................................531 T heory or emuisimii,; erttnlsit'uji-s and em ulsion m uds; physical properties of oil emulsion muds; preparing and m aintaining emulsion m ods; effect on drilling rate; effect on hit life; effect, .m so re hole s a g e : effect tin pipe torque.. crag, balling, well eom pistinns, logging hiterareratioiis, taro arm logging interpretation;; emus. 10. Oil-Base and invert Emulsion M uds.............................. 562 Applications; composition and chem istry: laboratory tests on invert emulsions; operating characteristics am i costs; logging in oil m uds; effect on w ell com ple tion; hole gauge; effect on drilling rate; yackwr iluids. 11. A e r a t e d F l u i d s ...- P a c k e r F l u i d s ....F r i c t i o n K e d u e c r s . .6 1 0 Aerated fluids; foaming agents; inhibitors; clear packer Raids; iwnipoiufckm oi ss !t so ia tie n s; i: w- rosion by salt solutions: friction reducers; wail stickmg. 12. Lost Circulation.......................................................- - .63d Forces ivqnifwl io fracture underground formations, m ethods t:o p rev en t lost circulation; how to find point of loss; how to .stop loss; vn<hi`'i;tiw of m m wef^ht- p jm p p r o s s v o m i d us,' of wtuimp; ineveaso in mud viscosity nnd pci s tre n g th ; aerated w ater or air lU'ilim g-; d n llin g hHnd; lornm lion cement. Irig- or in# agei'da. 111. Patent Literature A bstract............................................... 679 P a te n t* pertaining to drilHr.g fluids listed according to patent. !iuimo;r, Cciitmns muno. of p a te n t hoidms d;iU-:i filed a n d issued, arid fn o ri wcpiiuiatLon of patent. A AH'fOHiM-; Pr' ^Si!; - fnrn'nTUJMS. 3 4 , 3 5 . 1 17 A- 5y!<Xi'MiCV.. ;jfJ'vi..nK co p u ly n r ? , snnh-euiar sir.{-tun-, ?53 acryUtc copoi ycc'-c, manufacture, 2.`>2 Aoryiaornd, in: mala. 252 Atvytlc. rtcid, Im-vi-cA;. 252 A i.Tyi*'i'.H5it-H, 0.<`.5cripuon; 2.5 ! (.-vxnul>, 252 Aerated Hnids, 610 t on. drd.iiai; rat*.::, 61? corrobon vsihi.bi.!;ot for. 0 ' 1 redaoboil of '>quow hob* pcev-uve. 6:7 mason? tor osvrsg, 6 iO Mexa; *1e.r, A. W., 76?, 566 A-nbivy'. Id. A-; 5. ''to. 3*34 Anhydrite . ormuuru?; dm, source of, 2'J cflbct on mud mairuonanup 466 i/en-ovru by soda. asli. 442, 44f) rcrwxval by b b u d n n n pbosphn Ay -h'2 removal by bttrmm carbunaic, 456 Annular pressure drop for typical inud-c AH AnnuAr pressure drop rebuk'm, 235, 400 Apparent fiMtdity. 20 ; Apparent visonsity, i U. 2iU rib-cf. on ihi w mb: on, 262 mhnum so plastic vh.vvitv. T6g. 200 Ashley, W. H.. 4; 2 Asphalts. rob-rl <si: fluid lo.v;. 4 j2 Vmpolime day, eoi.s..icj>tvoi i r. 12.8 . 2 13 h-ciron vm c,.vaph, 2)i- h r loss. yt'oloyp ijiadou., o?o Ovcair-'-ir. 1:43 coiiiny arid .rc.a-'ad;;--iui'iy 245 B Babbit!, H. .,. 8UO. 315 iiab-.on, t \ C .. . 5. 6 Bardeen. f 644 I>-:rs2<an, F. M2, r'16 Ruri'o, A PI spcdi'u'ioiions, 105 .yyerapo quantity per ft?, b a il Coa-m 210 iirst rand use, 4 flow s h m for fkdtk>ri mo-.-ess. 222 ^toc-r;:' deser;pf:on, 20/ gs-.iOHU occurrence. 20/ hand mini-up 22b in Arkansas., 2 16 ir: MisSf/urb 21V reming and preparation. ge n e ra l 2 6 production by i.Wuvbum, 221 pruduction by washer operations. 2!0 sa.oks `''quirs.-d t.o vcdylu ncd. 91 m . &i. i9> tons |>:(' i(2)0 teev. 2 12 vor.s i well, 212 c.'.ihjXnmnd inlrnny'. 22:3 IAS. ronaumpbvi.p 23U iy.S. producvion. 216 world .''-on.'Sit-spfivO. 223 world1 sources an d (yjaiibvur-, 12 I.b.ntirri chem bi:?y of gyp rc.Hajv.'il, 445 tMilli pic of mod tiC.'r.rro.'fit. 4^ ' Bmj uuv hydroxide, t:\vid. 42.1 Rarisim suliate. ecuhvaiuni of, J74 bead type lost c h r u i a u o n nam r, ' 65 Beasley. A. iA, 564, 674 Brad. R. W.., d d . Ay 279. 3HA 294 Ikdnsndu, V, N . 132 Beeson, Li. M . 504 Behrens, It VV2, 6 | i RAdAliie. 337, 3 1' Baker, K. vv,, o n BmslomiX'. axis arpdou <4 calcaurii it: o; ;V'd3c c; <hhn'K'h', 486 A Pi .spccU'IcntiOfiS, 135 chut:? of coviocrcu .-.obuj vs. viscosity 348 cakium m o:n;mAon 3y -odium sails 360 auise of ham rxch.ieye capacity. 5,40 crnx.se of disperskm and hydratum. 3.v i.ausf* of th ixonopv arid gel tnmnmh 352 Uayei oil {or h.m A r a d a o c n . 6 `4 olftri ;>:' alum inum chloride, 364 eiTpCC of base evrisnoge ;.m Md, 7>`.}K eoe iN u e x Bcfticfiite (c o a ti effect of each/!!; in prcst-nce .4 sodium liydi'OXdu, 48y fife of calrmm on prcitydratcd m ,item i, +83, -!9U effect of Ciiiekmi ini pn-dv'J\'0;! material 183, +`J! effect of hydroxyl i<m, 368 effect of p H on viscosity, 364 effect of polyvalent cations, 3Si, 482 effect of iodiufB chloride on floeiHihUsn, 380, -183 effect of vsliun'i chloride tin hy:h';iy;<i material, 353 effect of sodium diloride on unltydrated matcriaS, 330 cakmim-nfffect of water on lattice spacing, 3*iS, 352 electron niicrograpfi, 247 evaluation of. i?8 first .tit:, 3, 3 flow sheet for 'Hiinii'Vii.isnc, 237 Hydrationrlfect'or utite sparino ain; smini and roftsv.tiiw-.niic. 232 mud yield, 339, 347 effect on lot ma,lion damage, 420 Bcntoniia, acnc/at KC-ioey nn.d deposits, 229 ocemretp e in li.S.. 232 order of replaceable cations, 351 planar r r d bn.-ken bond chantey 351 ssc.ButU'viteci id water rn a -o r, spacing. :HS, 352 tot, :' tf, ' USi'tl oil i ; y ,:41 U.8. qtratn lititot tootitror], 239 use for Huh: loss, 405, 482 Bergman, W. E... 441 Bingham Holds, 131, 217 deny diagram, 277 i'rlti'oott, 2B4, 2it/ yield point, 279, 288, 2(.IH yictd-iffttcrmitiaiict,". iti m-, 780 Bingham, E. C,, 277, 27v BishJiit, S, l.., 7 Bits, core, 20 desitriplirtf!, i ! 7 Kctrsepownr, 110 Btowourc, efif.-t of gel strength on, 317 Bobo, R. A., 278, 297 Bowie. C, F., 405, 427 Boyd, W. E , 39 Brarkisli wares- ecu!, -188 Bra valsile, 337 Broughton, G., 544, 426 Brown inti. VV. 03, 360, 366, 400. 461, 62?, 629 Bruce, <3, 14.. 310, 3 U , 312 Buelrngfiimi, , 200 Buttitacitan: nation. 285, 287 But Ite, VV. H ,, 6 Burciyn, H. P., +64, 465 Buri, A. N,, 4119 8y<k. H. T., 325, 328 C Gai<hum cctftie uid, 52) Calc iuni carbonate, source arai m&nufacture, `46 Calmimi chloride mitri, 51ft i'R'eet on hoi- szc^ 510 field !rtnitmctu, 3-i y properties of field murk, 520 Giikhmp effect on bentonite 402 Calcium. chlorkM iinc-cakiom UgnosolioimU* mud, 515 i.al-'iam chloride. aoiufklity in v^Ucic 62tf U)dk;n: iihkndc, solubility in water, 62 :> 'ir.c chcukky utuVnlhy in nuer, 62? Calcium {ormate mu<k 521 Calcium muds., general parpuse, Ik! Cakm m nitrate mud, 520 Caleimn stiliate muck 509 (alcnm; treated mud, gruferai lows. 402 viCiicod cypi'ic 405 ramiCi of calcium com/enir-mon. 494, 405 Caustic yoila, elicci on lime solubilitv. 492 C.-'+kulatians, weight material U> make fixed votame, lOr hydrostatic pressure oi mud, 205 mr.rmucd ww^ht using cuh-mm c.irhovi^te. 195 tKT<iascd votame by B<kHsv.'/ dav . 193 increased W ight hy iuklmg ehyy 129 um-ertsc in weigh f Huy niaim ah IDI iftetciisrd volume from barite. 192 mud weight m halam-c JI.HP, 202 barite to calie weight of otte barrel. !lC sa>: barites to rake weight M 100 ha reels, X95 Ca-kuhtimis', .sax bant?' to t:v* weight... h.,V:U.';. ! 94 sax clay to raise weicht'--f*>i,Vulaf 194 to deenrase weigh? with water, 2 0 i to prepare mistture of glvet voturrte per cent, 2d? : '\ ds-.x BOO ( iiKlwfi], 0. K.. '>00. 3; 5 . a n n a d . VO "\ . [;>;i 141. 70 Giiwmn. Ci E.. IO, 20. 706, 3fft, H`>9. m , U , 075 Cd.rpeder, P. 0. 444 O a H w r g h t . R. S.. 122 Curboxrvmrihvt:rif;i!i.,se`, dnui U?*s agmH, 0)7, 4oK; 1D!>. 4 f0; 'H J, 413 d iscn c:'raoo hy heai. 41.6 h m us-.. 1 nty*uf-'c *.*ti'ft c.4. 250 tiiojf.'rdar Sju hire, 751 Cnn.eui <orCain Gabom - to of, 27 Coment., elicci: on iy;. H ween mud. -H8 reinovai from muti w;th auebracho, 451, 402 re:noval from mud va ih SAA P. 451, 45;.; removal irom n-ud miih s'diu-n ;.i!Uirbonam, 4 5'), 452 ren\ov;4 from mud with mdium p. ^plmuu 4 49 u;-e for K>m circulation;. 0?3 Ci nudiumil nan-ip.*, 75 Chmiiifumn coiruvieiv.ml paekr-mes, 99 diesa on mud of'di, i 00 sepnraioit of solid Ozcs, 96 i c o n . < 07 Chancy. P. E.. 424 CherdraJ funk*, 9 Chisholm, C. 462, 513 CkGum , W. V.. i i i Chirk, E. a , 644 Clark, i t C. Chi. 500 Clay, mCmpt-on oi calcium in pvosimee of 5,4p 16m c h id of o u n c e sminu v-.. vOcosbv 3-ih d f o ' d dopmaior.' on visunshy, 9 H ei'Cii : stn i ue;r on pay ride si/.e. 540 ionnatiof; hv nnm henum 335 :rc.di wat-T... evaluation oi', P 7 geology raid occurrence, 243 knv xid medium yudd, 242, 349 mimny and maQuEirLtirth 243 n ud propri tC* of typical eiavn 3 4a xih WHtcf....vommopuon in U.S.. 2l3 sah vv.uv-r...e-.-uiiiiiiion .,4. ; 78 tons ieri] .in US.. h i;: Cscosky in lime waver. 500 Ciav volume, lest for dispersion. 348 Co-Ac R J.. 496, 506 ' Colombo, U.. 351 C o G m , B. 526 Colorimeter indicator (as- pH, H-9 Uonlcn J. F. , 228 Cam burnus phesc. 552 Coni iiturrh. runouiU asmi in V S 'M tic-w Gayram o/ rminuCmiure, 248 'uanufaciare ci, 247 Cnn'odn by calamai chUn-Me, 522 a d d u m i.biorltln-sodruti' mirate, t i c r,if Gru ddoi ti'/'/im chandr, 623 rnh.ium aurate. `>25 i;yp smisi. 62n sodiimi U:bride. 625 sobiurn chSortdc-i-ah-.iUi!! chiofide, 633 sodiuva d'I.oridc-sofi'nm: c.arbr/ayu;, 825 sdrum m irile. 692 Cr.van. j. C., 565, h'j-i OraTM. K, 0 ,, 19 Chuioal vdodtv, rnvk'in 2 0 ;, 500 Orctt. .R,; o (eunu.'nyhanu li. A..; 5.50 Cuttin#. 4 shixotropy un fttdn.^ 308 raC- oi' CsU in Urr-nar fiow. 309 oh iniI in 'urbule.nt ; ;osv, 309 vemova ;ou- Itoin, 312 RutenpiaG law ior .ictilirm mtes, 309 etili ne r.itc rn ho ics mal pits, 30S ?Jip vdocitv. 12 btoken law (or sr.idi.rii' rate.?, 308 Gvdooes. capn.dty, 95 method o; opera?:') and iheorv, 92 pcrrnmamccj 94 si/e, 96 L>arby( I l C. H.. 355; 360, OO.'F 57i Daris.-y. 1C E-, 424 Divis/c:. 4Y.. 226 Duwfiou, IC VV., 7 Duvoj H. D., E 1-9. 6.3 O rinuidhev te.ulr.xp CC> De;as>incf equpment, 1U0 Dcnsjtv-. sichiii(ion. iUS insliunicnt fo? mcasuvemeri of. 12 4 im thad of eacuhition, JB8 of c.nniK'n rdnera!>:, 206 Dexarder, Krccns. ^ettlins-. i vdtmin. 90, 91, 92, 93, 94. 95, Dickite, cC6 Dickinson. C .. 20. 547, t>75 l)jn'ercr;i.iel fluwiiader, lesi ciruuhnlon, 71. Dispersa nts. B07 iasi use, 4. h -.ietCri or* mud'C 3/2, 4 // c h a n v t' i'lstic iiropert.ies, 3/6 efieci: ou iriud. 373 ^valuation of. 180 as ihiid .loss a^cntF- 417 H ID JNDPX Dispcrst-d piK-uv;. 53k Dorifti', j F., Vi'S Doll, H, G., 59?. Dougins fir bark, fresh water uiad. 380, 385 cenuiiii cut mud. 33B Drilling blind in iosf: cirndatio. 35b,'" 083 Drill pipe* corrosion inhiinlors fur, 8(4 mu'.nral. vomnir. 1Hi wall vohmG 1*5 wall =.*118 ijK-.5.wl volume, .1.17 Dumi, T. H., 133, 2/8. 2 7 9 ' 2B9, Du-Nouy surface a; isdon -quipirMirit, 17! E Eckel. R., 550 RvaiisVw. M.. 603 Evaiis, F. 277, 278, _>fH, 26? E&wi' body... lost circulntloo, tFM* .Electric logging..oil base an d uwr.G: .'nmKSions, 592 Emukiin* vs, for czir.ium muds, 543 for fresh water muds, 3 4 1 for lime treated muds, for oil it; water emulsion*. 538. 54?, 546 for salt water mods. 541 Emulsifier te n n g , 173 Emulsion muds, advantages, 531 esuly history. 531 cost of, 559 '.'iliwA on bit Fi'-c, 55(i effect ok bit bailing, 555 effect cm drilling rate, 548 HIV. 7. on hole gage, 553 t il e d on log interpretation, S3? mixing oil for, 544 effect of oil on weighting agents, 560 effect on physical properties, 54f> effect on p i t- torque and dratr. 55') preparation asiri mainiemmea. 546 reel i.m rubber pin t.s, 548 v.ifect cm well eomptetlims, 3?ti Emulsions. mcchainea!., 535 partidi? sizes, 533 theory of, 532, 565 EndeiltH, 336 Extreme pressure lubricants, 62h Esti'uiii" pressure PC ' .u; , \.twpoiv:it>n -A (ih) effect on torque and drag, <>30 'ester, '68 theory of action, A'A'` use u wall stn.kirpi; toil F i ;,:v3ei i f N.. 3/1, 398, 390, 426 Fanil yG M eter, 133 F a m i n e equation, / 7-1 farnhann H. H,, 2/8 Fd'fm hn'rnrr, VV., 4 Feldspar, 38,5 Fibers, o v e r cane, 266 Fidiarr, j. iv, 270, 393 Field InSiUli: cncnnifn;-, i l l Filtration loss, down hole raiciihSWM, 329 dvimelie; tests, 225, 330, 331 effect of tempera tare, 324 uffnei of time, 32 i eunatiun, 319 Fisher. H, B., 444 Fluids joss o rw tiii, vvajuiuioii of 179 Fluid loss, cite* I of dopCt ClIHS 1 17 effect- of oil. emulsions, .540, 541. 548. 54.5 d i e d ; of particle /.vc distiibutlen, 405, 426 equipment, first development, (i. '113 Fluid loss tesrett, high pressure-high temperature.. Ho low pressure, 542 Fluidit)n 273, 284 Foamiue; agents, 61] eosts for use, 61H results of laboratory lesting, hi 1 testing. >71. 611 Fcu-ct, T. E,, 370, 393 Forntiition pressure, cause of abnocunii 34, 25, 647 Fresh water day*, evaluation of, i 7; Fresh tvatee mud, iv lut, ns cai'livfatc for gyp eontamittiMtOtt, 443 cement nmim-a! i vaj la,a H-asap:;.;: 449 -sco.cui removal by sodium r;ioarboiiak*, 450 fWicii? removal by quebracho 451 ehcndx.'ry of gyp contamination. 1 chtonw Ugnc^ulfo>n.ixii*, ii'r;ucti. jr>0 fiisodium phosphate for gyp am fein hm<tion, 44 2 effect of high solid* content 452 !N i> K X l I Vit'-Ax \\ .UM' Mud [CUM-) i:>-:;iur.)ir;s m gjh conta mifiatton, -V?)D, fjaiupk*. of (iii-iiu -quebr&cho treatm cni. 45'1-? 457 fxampie {rp.;.iirat:m wuh pfilypriOipbatf.-i, 454-, !5(> fkk cxample v>i higl; soiids con`un - '-[ c:i:ntn'i nute?., 4 'd hi.*a pH.-red mud, 4511 holti cox'.difiim *pvmg trouhlt.:. 421 Imm of Sfili: ini uih iiiiri conumt soda xsh u> i'iTr.maic uyp COHUKulmtiiOi;, ; 12 ^.i-eps io reduce diiHniUy rnm vi:, ili 7 treatm ent with siirfactat, 464 1 rirtion laetor .s. Rcyriolds Norrher rt.iri, 7:70 Eunuci viscosky es. gel stiengti: 4 3 1 0 Caliati., sudiuin. 260 Galli:' Cid, 200 (Ins '"attinie, e!f-:T,t ot and eliminatimi, 31 Cnvn:.r>, A, l.. 133. 303. 304. 344. 345, 33!. 352, 301, 366, 3f>8, 19'< C a t . C. 1-, 405, - a i , 034 47 :I O: C,' U , convoli Storntf-r to fnimp pressure. 1i) convcrnoO ai SioiYner eaiues, 3ii? I.-fcct mi B iiP V*heu pulliiig pipe, 316 Kann V-G meter. 141 furinul, 139 Tilt;- of tortiituion. 304 uetiiOsl of ionaatin, 369 i.lune of vahres iov Meo:, 30 7 shearomeu'r". H I tduc-sieeugih curees. 303 to prevent sttstlnx of sphericu! partielm , 315 O i::.:': incSUi viscOsit.y. H i O halti iuu, fluid loss ugem, 4U8 Gidiey. J. I,., 420, 518, 519, t02 Giikerson, P. A., 174, 506 Glas elw.irodr for pH, 150 Glonn, E, E,, 429. 524 Cioins, W. jr,, 405, 550, 615, 649. 053, 7)65. Sh. 675 Gray, R.. UH. 215. 243. :'A?. 406, SCO, 515, SO Greathouse, W. 1.) , 022 Givorilctr materials, majiidiiciurr for lost circulation, 267 Gregory, \V B., 287 Cfceu, H., 278, 290, 505 G nS uh, K. IV 526 (, ' u-.'cs. R. I i ,. Si 6 Guar guv:, flair! loss acre'., 408 i ; 11i1 S. ::S i'iutti loss ageist. 40H Gauss, natural, 7)53 chemist.'y of. 254 scicit;*. 243 Gyp rnuds, 509 Gyp-chrome tigmisultonatii muds. 5 Hi tliiiii loss of. 514 field example, 5 li y-ubuien propeiiies, 613 G )p romaiitinatinn, outrr, 20 Gyp, effect ott fresh water mud, 439 vinoso! by Cm um carbonate, 453 i'Crrii.nnO !)'/ (jisod 7u, n phn.oonn 1n2 removal l>y sods fish. 442. 14S> Gyp ifmei. 6:el use. 8 tryp-stiii'accint mud, .514 11 Hail, H. ,\6. 3116 5i3, 5(5 Hal I, VV. I... 576 Halloysitc. 356 liamthoruBiuioh Bcrtvc, 161 Harness, G. L,, 2if> Hand, R. S.. 344, 426 Harris, R.. I.., 8, 5:6) Haul;.' P. K,, 3 Hu use r. A , 7151., ,351 Hi-aving shale, 2i> Hectoritc, 337 Huggertr. A. 1 Hermes, h. Vt., 499 .Belmich, VV. E., 630. 632 ile n d ricb . S B., 339, 312 Hesvett. D. 1'.. 21') Hicks, E, 257 iliilm . K. N.. 587 History of ddinng nmii. 1 t 1O' u,u , i>. j..., !:0.) Hods. R, A., 278, 2i>7 Howard. G. C., 644, 656, 667 Hudgnus, C. M , 622 Huisraan. P, 'H., "! Hurdle, j, M,, 512 Hyde, R. 469 I Timm, 337 effeei of hydroxyl ion on, 56i> 8 ',2 Invert emuhk'ii euuU, >66 rhwttistry of; :>6t tvmpostion of, fi73 costs. 086, 530 cost of wcightiy aeems ire 608 i'.S'f;i l ;fi ori: pciimcabiHi y. 59> effect fin dr.ilmg rem, 6CHeffect on lude tei,'!:. hc f.ffeoi OS weil completions, 693 Otn Uihcn lor, e 6; sampIcs o, 574, 376. 577 lalxwnorv evaluations of. 578, 580. 581 ioga log i, 592 mechanical ltjuirancsiis around rigs, 58 IS ncinc li:.nl luntuqg, 6 ;H operating characteristics, '>85. ni); testing, 885 ose nt a parser fuiff, f;U7 Inai oxde, tirsi u>e, 2 history o use, 245 j jeffus, I) M., 00, 109 Jenny, .4., 350 je t Guss, 7" Jet Hopper, 73 Johuson, IL, 593 Jo n . P. H.. 4. 5, 6, 123. t :! jen er, V. T ., 00. 09 K Kaoln, 3.36 Kaolinite. 335, 336, 338 Kaoni! rumerai*, 336 K aw lcr, H. H., 250, 406 Kayar.it giuri, as fimi! loss agent, 408 Kelly J.', 417 Ksliv, W. P.. 489 fe rn , I,. A., f74, 676 Kerr, R, C,, 278 K ernen. C. V., .>`96 K runter, R. F,, 331 I, Landers, j,E ,, 622 Lawton, I. C., 5 Le t'7!i.stc.ir test, for e h m and weicht m steiu iss muti, 57 for specific gravitv, 55 Lewis, '}. O.. 2 Lewis, W, K., 253 Lignins. 261 as .'neuere for ccierr-in ul t o d , 336 as iltitwers tot fresh water yb.iI, 380 sr Odincr's tor high pH-calcitiiu nuul ifiS as thinn.'rs for high p i i .fresi, water imiti, 388 mining .tu creparation, 26! sou iT.r. o minili! lignins, 26! Lignite, as thiastevs for ireth water mud 387 rifeci ou fluiti loss, i 3 c.iUStki'MiiJ, f i l m on Huid ios5, 4 li tfuxmf, on IWid o^,, X9 tcm pm tttre $kifeit.y, 404- .'ijinosujfooatti. 2f2 as thinners (or oornoiu-L Mt mud, 'M'> .sili.ium 2*>2 t'didu/O-etw.r or. iluk! loss. 419 Cedr-ium-thuncr :3e lune.treated rnud 490 calci .mt-witri calcium chloride-lmse riun, 31.3 chrome, Ol chrome- its thinner for fresh water muti, 387, 390. 459 chrome...as tlmu-r j gvp mini. 389 chiome, as thinner in sal; coutamiit.itrd mud, 889 i hrotnc--ns thinner in sc.i water ttmd, 391 crut,ime....rifeci of cia r on viscosuv, 388 chrome... effect on fluid loss, 420 chrome---effect o gypsum on action i! LiitnosulLnute, duomi, ek example with satine muti, 469 Jifil example with sea water mud, 477 met iSDsiu of 'himno astio u, 460 timpe.rvUur stability, 403 with brackish water mud, 4fif! with gyp muds, 570 LiipiimtlfoOat, ierro chrnui, effect of temperature on fluid low, -! 12 Lime, ;;s a corrosion inhibitor, 6 4 solubility- in music solutions, 492 Ltllienibul, W, B., 133, 138, 371, 372, I..me trralntl mud, mlvamagcy of use, 999 composition and theory o control 995 field 5 0 1', 503 fieli! preparation, 500 high temperature olidlficauoi, 502 origin and early history. 7, 494 special tests, 496 Liquid mud, rc-ccaicu, 108 Umjlcy, A, J - 630, 632 nvbux 813 A.. G-, '.'78, MG. V i l B 5 Lost circulation agent (.iters. 164 I .s' cireubrhm. :<iiapuisdfe c`.'iy squeeze, o ?0 beroonitc d'cyct oil squeirem 6/5 caused by hailed id is, 630 caused by fast pipe ruruM-ag. 619 `.au>ed by spudding M-by, 649 development from abnormal pressure y<mcs 646 ddferenbal How meter, 71 earth as a thick wait rvlmdcr, 639 effect of ciriHin o o pie, t>49 effect of reduoi it j; i -c surges, 662 d iect of videos! x tr J "d strength, 659 elusth: iadurfi, h'Afi binding poim of low, 651 find mg with tempi- r:<l ;o e suivev. H.')l muling with transducer, (if>4 from fracturing. 637 gntcb-rits required b>>* uurteessed formations. 642 methods of preventing. 656 plastic fi-.dlure, 64!, 64B pressure gradients for. 64 i , 643 prevention by drilling' blind, 663 prever.'iort by reducing mud weight, 656 pieveiHtion by reducing pum p pressure 656 preventmn by ws'.hiii time, 656 preveiaum wun eraied water drilling, 662 p j e v m l o n with sealing agents, (63 si-Liing cement plugs, 674 use of cementing 6/9 use of poribuid cement, 672 l,ot circulation /.ories, v nous types. 635. 656 Low 6 me i;.'id, y tu m G uv and composition, 507 Low solids mud, >22, 57?, 542 effect on drilling rate, 526 me ot day extender. 526 use of ffoc.euh'Hits, b-M use \A nib 525 methods of ioj'imuion. 521 l.urnii'ais. j . J 526, 5 2 /. 5/1. M MacDon ald. G. C.. 53 Mnr.Eachrrn, J. P., 588. bib* M a cM ich u d viscometer, 132 M6.M urray. W, id. 2 Kfaycobar. 006 Magnolia bow jime mtui, 493, 508 Marsh, i t . 5. 1.22, 78 Marsh funnel, early use, i21: first use, 5 Ust...equipment .md procedure. 126 MoCaskilf, j. If., 409 Merkid, W.. 287 McGhee, FL 462, 525. 542 Mmara.v L, 278 M<-!ros,' j. 0., 33. !3ii, 37 i. 372 Mica. source and itutnuGrrure. 264 j>pi:eific.2tIori tor lost dreuG iion, 265 Micas, hydrous. 337 M - l . low lime mud, 693, huh Miller. G.. 562. 563. 595, 598 M i l i u m D. J., HS. 322, 390, 429, 331 Mist, dialing, e.fV'Xt on d 6116- sate, 6! 7 Misting iijtftnts, 611 eOSi-u >12 results of iaborarorv test*, Oil testing method. 171 M;;.ra. R. A.. 364 Mobility. 284 Moisture content <4 mud materials, 156 Montmoriiloniic (see bentonite also) affect of dispersion on viscosity. 344 Tnlrmrab. 537 pbv.mai aii-j chemical ptoperi ies, 3*1n n i c t u w a n d ionuaia>n, ..617. 34 1 M onaghan, 14 if... 420. 5 ML 519, 602 Mm yen. R A., 395 M a d alkalinity oonienq 1;?3 Mud balance. 325 Mo,cs, P. I.., 31 Mud barges, 199 Mud, bulk-- -handling and vrpupuK-nv. 104 Mm:! rake compaction. 32?. 399 M ud ealrhuri content: 1.3! Mod reisfriimius. 9b Mud ciioira-; ,d an-ilyscs. I i '>:> Mud chloride ro n tm i, i 50 Mu<i sbreulailne; pits, sivx volume, 58~fi8 M ud ciicai!.;li.n& system. 54-57 M ud circulating time. 83 Mud costs, 36-38 Mud ay.Jone-q 92 Afnd density*...-specific grc.vivy. 204 test equipment and procedure. 124 Mud diichc.'q 6'' Mud ("valuation procedures, 1?4 Mud hemes, 63 Mud functions, cleaning and lubrmaimu Oil, It cleaning hole bottom, U deposition of wall cake, 1H Ht 4 i NdEX Mud Functions (cont.) effect <>n eaiiljg costs, i7 effect Off {tail pipe corrosion, 18 effort on electric logging. 16 effect on producing formation*, lit overcoming formation pressores, ! 4 (aeavinff tunings (tom hole, 11 safety and fire ii.mrffs, 17 settling cutting*, 12 Mud guns, 73 M ud Houses, sacked materials, 102 Mud jet devices for emptying pits, 6+ Muff jet hopper, 79 Mud laboratory rrers, ISI Muff Ihm? content. 133 Muff materials, 40-50 Mud mixer sod stirrer for pits, 78 Mud mixing devices, 72 Muff oil cotent....retort method, 150 Mud particle penetration into formation, 429 Mud particle {as dutribntksn, 428 Mud panicle size*, 426, 034 Muff pH test, H8 Mud pressure- peritic gravity, 04 Mud pumps, , anrrduyA, 75 discharge volume, 3(413 duplex-double acting, 80 horsepower output, iH Mtui, reclaimed liquid...efiect on field cost, J no reclaimed liquid-- wate -d a y . H Md semuis, rota.ry, 88 vibrating, 83,-87 Muff reserve pit*, 57 Mud m iittvU y test, 147 M ud solids Conte? text, ckiv* ami weighting l $7 Mod solid, effect cm vtfosiiy, 34 Mud *peWfiui<ms, API, 184 Mud stirrer* (or pits, 76 M ud tanks, bulk, 107 M ud testing, fit id atjutpinent, ! 11 Muff test equipment and procedures, 122-183 M ud testing techniques, first reports, 22 Mud test procedures, first assembly, <! M ud trunks, bulk, 106 Mud types, iff, 42.3 Mitci viscosity, effect oft lost circulation. 658 StorjtMtt^qnipatcnt arid procedure. 128 rotational....general, 150 M ud water W ent- -retort method, 15`J Mud weight, hydroslie. pressure, 202 205 msi.rumeriis, 05-67 quantities of materia! to mer*, 191 relation to well depth, :U, 35 spring balance method, 2?. Mad, a a rja ,. j, |\ 564 M u m h W . W. J., 462-5iff Muscovite, 337 Mus4.1t, H.. 39 Muds, fresh water, 4 32 Muds, natural-- fH<! use of, -!:H N Nacrite, 3!U> Nelson, M. D., 15+ Nelson, \\'. A., 2.30 Newtonian fluids, 130, .;?! flow diagrams. '17 units and dimeiwicms, 271. 7.72 Newtonian... Plantir viscosity, ratio for mud, 293 Neziuiko. M,. 50(> Nichols. ! , W., 548 Nus*, W, V.. m . 278, 279. 209. 295. 310. 312. 315 Nonitonite, 337 iSVtfdsh, K. IX. 349 O O 'Brten.. T. a.. 47 i, 473 Oil base mad, as packer- fluid, (07 application of 564 composition of. 367, 568, 570, 572 cost, 583, 388, ,590 desirable properties, 562 devetopmejU of fluid loss, '>67 development of v-ascmjiy, 565. Oh7 dhpbcemeni. of water- c.Uv timff, 583 examples, 568. 570, 572 effect on core permeability. 595 rife on drilling rase. ftlH effect on hole gage, 602 effect on wcJI tftmpfetkm. 593 fieW examples. 583, 588 laboratory evaluation r.f, 579 Jogging in, 392 med-ianicai requirements around a y 58'.! mixing and handling; 478 testing of, 384 viscosity-prsissure r-dadar;, 687 visvcisity-tcmpcraturc relation, 586 water ramtent ot, 561- Oil content of mud. reton: aa- da A. 144 <) O O } O - 1 F: 4; T<: id P: F V-, F- Id t>; Fi NDF.X 8t:> h i C: : 19*<ai T l - . d , fit'Si, U/SC, 8 <>ii <> waes emulsions, 531 1 Aduni mod, 515 emiRvrs 538 iresti water, 538 iir;:'- treated, 536 m e d u m n a l Lvi)t'. 555 s,ik wmev. 541 t h o n y of, 532 Oil w d b , average depth hy year;, 2 i *1 dr'ed per v-;u, 2 i 3 Oimhani/s. C , 43b O p itii:. ii'iici v.:u!u?`j ! i 3 O rganic fluid loss agenti;, 408 ivakurfion of. 170 Ad ; humau*. H, D.f o30 j. 8,. IV l> packer fluids. 007. 619 oom|c addon o: sait sofuiuvrcs, 602, 023 621-, 625.. 626. 627 vosi c.f d o u r packers fluidi;. 621 suit M-oluitous fo i, 010 Pardh-: slot lus* droiiluilon paner, UH Pnr s. K.. W l i1. rk, 3.. 5 5O 527 Par* y H. A . 216 Pnrv.ep i.C P,. 4 P- t.u;]'" si/.<`s><Alc< (. un lost ;.iri .dation 663 Partiel*' si?,'s <:>; mud, 42e. 03 ' Patrick*;, B. P,. 237 Perkins, H. W4. 8. 154. 0 7, 548, 550, 551, 557 rVrourahility r ed u d io n iev nmd articles. 429 Permeability vi mnd cakes, .326 Per;icone. C.. 3iO, 5r 0. afa], 461 PhoipKiue., ii$ rlnners lor r id d u ia muds. 384 ed en , of tempo rature on retention, 3P5 meduW'Rm of mud visce-.-otv j educ fion, m molucuiarlv oh:hvdrai*><;. 964 i: cin mm;ul a ecu on 25 0 poi y manufacture, 25 7 precipitation bv calcium, 39? pyre*- rnariu/aeJm'e. 250 thinner for fresh water mud, 378. 451-, 350 Pit level devices, 08, 69 Pi,voir. R. j , S., 2 8 7.3 09 PI.ase body-...lost circulation, 638, 641. Plastic How, '277, 2 / 8 Plastic fluids, 130, 277 stag* of flow. 278 i0ast.tr ihndv viaeodiy, and yield by jo la timed visr&mcter, 292 viscosity m d yield bv d o e viscometer 389 Pi: n r .. ncwiuuum vAcodty r a i d for mud, 296 P u c u e viscosity.. 131, 284 tdlect m pressure flow cak u latk m s. 257 .eolation to apparent vde-osit-v. i 38, 290 values of muds, 293, 294 Plus'- iluv, '.;?(i} 285 Pokouiih: 1:nv4 274 Pollard. J, A., i Poisson ratio, P.58, 6-10 Poivaavlorm iiie as fluid lose :e<eiu. 498. 409 Polyvalent ration muds- enend tvom, 493 Pressure, emic<U? 275 Pressure drop, across bit, 3 0 1 in iamirmr llow-plastic. fluids, 400 in. t i n b o k n t dt:>vv-p|rt>?.ic fluids, 3*50 P r c s w cnnlicnL for idling, 641 Oar vertical iraoturra. h-ltl, 61 1 Prokop, C. L , 531 PiV'TocafcchuiC a d d . 261 Pvrophyidve. 5h9 Q Quebracho. 258 as thinner for fresh water mud, 378. 387 as -hfimcr for aiolum mud. 3I.M r.o thOincr-o r hie'n pH ulciion rmid, 585, P-6 .is thinner for `..oment cut mud, 38b as thinner in salt *.:ont,mdn.uvd nmd, 5B9 chemistry, 2.39 ePAcr on rknri loss, 41 7 held example v/ith Iredi watt:)- mud 154, 167 mattuiad'urc, 259 pr-dpmit;o.n L-y cabnum , 489 R Rabhanscn, 13 VV., 7 Randan. V. V ,t 37 i Record^ L, R., 57 Red-high pH mud, 4 50 Reed, C B.. 314, 346, Vrdf 356, 42h Reed, R. M., 617 )  "V V " - i l l I 5 P a 3~ lin - 3 " 1 > ?~ B ? ? ^ X> .r; Z. O:j. V' S -i-' 5 ai `t-: ''--, I j2 I- i , ? r: ./: \r \T;- Sc_ ir 3 t 2 -s ?. = a y| S < i - I - c .~~11=--h ~ : ~ ~ r (** H .-- s. : s- H > y S i ~C7i -, h O "I ^ i' S t. r. -- ' S < i c *= f: | i | i l !is : H i.. H :TM r~> ; S .s =% 1 -I .: X, S 1 1 s >3 - 3 ? ? I ? 3 a . 'i i? 4 y ifin iy IS' 818 .<N O X Watkins, T. K., 8. 54 Wedec shaped lost ouTulaticm tester. 1fst> Weichert, J. 8, 552, 548. 551, 553, 555, 55* Weigel. W. M , 217 Weiner, L. 1-).. 40 485 W einuitt. I>, l , 322, 326, 329, 351 Weiss, W, j ., 516 Well pressures, abnormal....causes of, 18 W erdnil, 0 , ],, 145 Wetting agents. 336 Welting steal by oil emulsions, 536, 515 Wherry, K T,, 230 VVhethairt, P, 1;... lie White. R. J., 168, 817, 864, 666 Whiting. R. L.. 371, 393, 59 Williams, (1 K , 310, 311, 312 William*, C. O., 462 Williams. M.. 329, 330 Wilson. D. L., 538, 542, 545, 548, 553 y Yield point. 279 effect of thititiers on. 37 i Yield point of held naejs 293 Yield point, by pipe viscometer, 269 Yield point by rotational viscometer. 292 Z &< her, V, R ,, 41 Zeta potential of btmiomla, 550 Zinc chloride... calcium chloride, solubility, 627