Document RJ9Yg4b7Eda5470rr3Or3BLy7

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT HAROLD L. 1CKES, S BUREAU OF MIN R. R. SAYERS, Direc INERALS YE 1940 ComplUd under the supe H. HERBERT HUG Economic* end Statistic \ v UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTIN WASHINGTON i 1 mU bjr th Superintendent of Document*, Washi N49765 106 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 plans. Numerous reports are to the effect that mine development and plant construction lack the desired efficiency. In any event, the U. S. S. R. still must import large quantities of copper to supply home requirements. A development of possible significance wns the sudden shipment of largo quantities of refined copper from the United States to the U. S. S. li. In the first IQ months of 1939 no such exports were reported, but in November 5,200 metric tons of refined copper were shipped there, December 15,500 tons, January (1040) 24,100 tons, February 5,800 tons, March 5,100 tons, and April none. Rumor stated that much of this copper was ultimately for German con sumption, and in the early months of 1940 the Allies are reported to have interrupted shipments destined for Vladivostok. Further rumors claimed that the U. S. S. R. later had copper up for resale in: the United States market. A recent report6 states that the Moscow "Pravda" of November 17, 1939, contains an article describing the construction of the Sreduralmedzavod (Central Ural copper-refining plant), near Sverdlovsk. The following quotation is of possible interest: The ore, ground first coarse then fine in crushers and ball mills, passes into the flotation baths, from which it comes in a moist mass, where the copper is mixed only with pyrites tailings. Here the drier takes up the task of eliminating the 10 to 12 percent of moisture, which at present increases the weight of concentrates shipped to the refineries. The drier conveyors and drums are now installed and ready to operate; a start is scheduled for January next. ; The complete working of the recovery process is still, it is felt, hampered by the lack of facilities to recover the sulfur gases released in roastinp. At the present a chimney ISO meters high is supposed to release these gases so high up as to prevent injury to vegetation in the vicinity. But it would be much more profit-, able if the authorities erected a chemical factory to recover and utilise the sulfur, estimated at 100 metric tons daily under full operation of the refinery, instead of, wasting them. '. The output of concentrate has been steadily rising, and for 10 months of this year was 61 percent higher than for all of 1938; the proportion of metal recovered from the ore has also risen, from about 75 percent to 82 to 84 percent. ` The present management of this plant is weak, and much engaged in futile paper work. In 10 months of 1939 a total of 729 orders were issued by the chief engineer's office, ranging from the purchase of a pair of pliers to some important, production process. The engineers attempt to limit their elforts to actual pro-, duction, but are constantly assigned to other work. There must be a change of system here, to secure greater efficiency when the plant is in full operation. ` Yugoslavia.--This country has been successful in sharply increasing its mine output in recent years. For 1939 a record production of 63,000 metric tons was reported compared with 49,500 in 1938, 42,300 in 1937, and an annual average of 35,000 metric tons for 1932-36. Smelter production totaled 41,658 tons in 1939, 41,993 in 1938, and 39,410 in 1937; the average annual smelter output for 1932-36 was 38,700 tons. The Mines dc Bor, operated under French control, is' responsible for virtually the entire production. In January 1940 it* was reported 7 that this company had arranged with the Government to sell part of its output to the State and to have the remainder, available for its free disposal. Naturally, efforts were being made tq\ prevent shipments of any Bor copper to Germany. An electrolytic refinery was completed and opened on July 2, 1938. Exports of crude copper began to fall when the new refinery was assured. Imports, into the United States of unrefined copper from Yugoslavia fell from 17,300 tons in 1936 to 14,600 in 1937, 9,600 in 1938, and 8,600 in 1939; * Russian Economic Notes, vol. 2, No. 3, February IS, 1040. pp. 6-7. 1 The Metal Bulletin (London), No. 2454, January 0,1040. p. 4, V" LEAD*1 By E. W. Pe h k s o n a n d H. 'f: SUMMARY OUTL Page Oeneral summary...................... 107 Salient statistics.............................................'""" ,03 meetfo production................ 109 otai production...............................................................109 Primary lead................................................ * ' jog . Refinery production....................................................109 _, Domestic New su Consum Prices........ Foreign tra Imports - Source of primary lead......................." ' " jjq Exports ,MSLeelAaoondoentpipdmiragoormydnuolleancalttisdloe...n.a......d..................................................................................................................................................................*....m.nno'imWWWIonrtooledrrrlldndaascppto ................................................. 113 Review b Conditions that affected the lead indus roved in 1939; production and consump _her and stocks were reduced. Product from domestic ores increased 27 percent in Uiat in 1937, the highest on record sinc oreign ores and base bullion increased 22 of lead ore decreased, but there was a mar base bullion. Exports of refined pig lead w reduction exceeded demand during the fir ocreased slightly, but domestic shipmen Jily and by the end of the year stocks h <WJ-end inventory since 1929. Prices rem .80 cents per pound at New York from Jan .urrng the third quarter of the.year raised ound, which held for the remainder of th ae year was 5.05 cents a pound compare notations on the London Metal Excha .. ptember; for the first 8 months of 193 tween New York and London prices was ?e,als Prlmarlly wlttl ttls smaing. refining, and c details of mining operations see separate reports issued for the pQg MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 Salient siatistics of the lead industry in the United Slates, 1926-29 (average) and 1936-39, in short (ons 1925-29 (average) 1936 1936 1937 1938 1939 Production of refined primary lead: From domestic ores.............-----............ From foreign ores and base bullion.... Recovery of secondary lead: As pig lead.......................... In alloys................................ 660. 626 123, 104 310.605 14,055 783,629 321.560 126. 600 163,400 16A.800 113,000 280.000 | 270, 400 387, 698 11,468 399.166 137, 500 125, 400 202,900 443.142 24, 176 467,317 164,000 120, 600 275,100 331.964 61,705 383.609 119, 400 105, 600 224.900 420.967 63,008 484,035 (') <`> () Total production of pig lead (primary and secondary)............................................................ 481.360 Imports. * Lead In base bullion................................... Lend In ore...................................................... Exports of refined pig lead.....---............. 05,747 40,006 08.048 2.692 20,025 6,082 Refined primary lead available for con* sumption..................................... ................... : Estimated consumption of primary ana secondary load............................................... 690,916 900, 2M> 318.000 638.000 Prices: New York: Average for year cents per pound. 7. 47 4.06 Quotation at end of year... do -- 6.25 4.50 London average ........................... -do. Mine production of recoverable lead... 6.87 064,230 3. 12 331,103 World smelter production < f lead........... I1.860,000 1,524,000 630,050 312 20.713 18,313 383,433 633, 650 021,817 1,800 34.103 20,001 449, 464 078,700 4.71 0.01 6. 03 4.76 3.91 6.16 372.919 464. 802 1,020,000 ,1,861,000 603,069 16.200 45, 370 45,800 339, 708 640,000 4.74 4.86 3. 33 69,720 1,874,000 (') 48,002 30.842 74,302 416,031 607,000 6. 05 6.60 1 3. 09 413,979 1,874,000 1 Dote include taa*"fml5irled (or immediate consumption plus material entering the country under bond. A?ewe for 8 months; London Metal Exchange dealings suspended In September. ,Figure 1 shows trends in the domestic lead industry since 1900. 60 -----------1 United Stales (dome tic) percent--ag.e..of.w--or< d productic n Fiu u r e 1 -Trende In the lead Industry In the United States. 1000-1939. Imports Include load in ore, base bullion] pig lead, abd scrap; exports inolude pigs, bars, and scrap lead exported in manufactures with hAriAfit of draw-back. LEAD World smelter production of lead was a 1939 as in 1938. Production outside the percent in contrast to the 22-percent incro Output decreased in Mexico, Canada, Be Spain. Australia increased its output, an virtually unchanged. Data on world con available. Some foreign producers operat the 10-percent reduction program agreed outbreak of War in September lead price were fixed by the British Ministry of Supp ment contracted for Empire supplies. DOMESTIC PRODUC Refilled pig lead produced in the United S main sources--domestic ore, foreign ore an Rry materials. The following table lists th these sources from 1935 to 1939: Total pig lead produced in the United States Yoar From do* mestic ores and baso bullion 1935........................................................................................... 1936........................................................................................... 1937........................................................................................... 1938........................................................................................... 1939 ................................................................................. 310, 605 387,698 443, 142 331,964 420,967 ' i Data not yet available. PRIMARY LEAD Refinery production.--Production of refi increased 26 percent but was only 62 perce Production from domestic ores increased 2 that from foreign ores and base bullion incre tion from foreign materials was the largest only 51 percent of the 1925-29 average; it of the total output of refined primary lead. Refined primary lead produced in the Un Production by-- Year Classes (short tons) Sour Desllvorlied lead 1 * Soft lead ' Desil Undesilverized verlzed Total produc tion 1 From doinost ores an base bu lion 1936......................... 1936......................... 1937......................... 1938......................... 1939......................... 192, 644 239,944 272,061 243,891 280,366 36, 233 47,462 66,317 31,986 05,349 96, 783 111,760 139,949 107,792 138,330 324,660 399, 166 467,317 a83,669 484,036 310, 60 387,69 443,14 331,96 420,90 >Tho lead oonteut of antlmonial lead Is oxcluded. * Des 'Includes lead derived from Missouri ores and other nonargentif 110 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 Source oj primary lead.--Of tho total refined lead produced in 1939, 87 porccnt was derived from domestic ores and 13 percent from foreign ores and base bullion, the same proportion as in 1933. Production from foreign ores decreased 25 percent in 1939. Refining of foreign bullion was resumed on a large scale in 1938, chiefly because of the closing of one Mexican refinery during the latter part of the year, which diverted bullion to domestic plants. Output of lead from this source more than doubled in 1939, amounting H.0 38,416 tons, or the largest quantity since 1929. Details of the sources of lead from domestic ores are given in the section on Mine Production. Refined "primary lead produced in the Untied States, 1955-30, by sources, in short Ions Source 1036 Domestic ore............................................................. Foreign ore: Canada................................................................ Europe................................................................. Mexico................................................................. South America................................................. Other foreign..................................................... Foreign base bullion: Mexico................................................................. 310, 606 1,030 1,080 6,800 2,&72 2,863 13,669 300 Total foreign................................................. Grand total................................................... 306 14,055 324, 560 1036 387, 608 172 2, 277 1,133 1,486 3,883 2,460 11,401 87 67 11, 458 309,156 1037 443, 142 3,088 6,343 388 3.836 8,407 2, 241 23, 393 782 782 24,176 467,317 1938 1939 331,004 420, 007 7,320 3, 562 14 9, 745 0,887 2, 334 . 32, 802 7,680 4, 763 188 227 8. 800 3,025 24,062 18, 208 676 18,843 61,705 383, 060 37, 403 0 044 38, 410 03,068 484, 036 Antimonial lead.--Antimonial or hard lead is an important by product of the refining of base bullion, but the quantity derived from this source is only a small part of the country's yearly production. The major part is obtained from tho smelting of antimonial-lcad scrap, and some is produced by mixing metallic antimony with refined soft lead. Several lead-smelting plants handle scrap materials exclusively. A large quantity of hard-lead scrap also is treated at primary smelters and refineries, and the production of antimonial lead at these plants is shown in the table that follows. Further information in secondary antimonial lead in 1939 is given in the chapter in this volume on Secondary Metals--Nonferrous. Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refineries, 1935-39 Year Produc tion (short tons) Antimony content Lead content by dilferenco (short tons) 6hort tons From Percent domestic ore From foreign ore From 6crap Total 1935........................................................ 1936........................................................ 1937........................................................ 1938........................................................ 1030......................................................... 16,384 23,230 27,624 24,123 21.096 1,720 2,102 2, 679 2, 809 2,031 10.6 9.3 9.4 11.6 9.2 4,686 7.442 7,833 6,769 4,117 401 600 1,721 3,386 3,169 9,479 12, 030 16.301 11,170 12.668 14. 066 21,008 24,046 21,814 10,064 LEAD SECONDARY LEAD A largo numbor of plants operato exclus secondary materials. The following table s secondary lead at such plants during the ye of Bureau of Mines work on secondary me siderably in 1939; as a result, completion o nocessarily delayed. Statistics for 1939 w time this report was written. Further d appear in the chapter on Secondary Metals-- Secondary lead recovered in the United (Compiled by J. P. Dunlop] Pig lead (short tons) ; Lead in !; Year At pri At sec alloys (short ' mary ondary Total tons) plants plants 1034........................................ 1936........................................ 1036........................................ 1937........................................ 1938........................................ 33,667 44, 748 34,666 20,986 24,800 60,043 112,052 102,944 124,614 94.600 124,600 166,800 137, 600 164,600 110, 400 83,009 113,000 126,400 120,600 106, 600 LEAD PIGMENTS Lead pigments manufactured in 1939 c lead, u 23-percent increase from 1938. Of were derived from refined pig lead; litharg white lead 39 percent, red lead 18 percent, orange mineral 1 percent. Leaded zinc oxid the principal pigments in which the lead con Details of production and consumption of le the chapter in this volume on Lead and Zinc Lead in pigments, 1985-39, by sources i Load Id pigments from- \ Year Year i Domestic ore * Metal Scrap Total t 1935................. 1936................. 12,109 185,161 15, 062 204,097 i 1937................. 17.363 204, 961 144 197. 404 37 220,096 127 222,451 1938................. 1939................. i Includes also lead recovered In slno oxide and leaded tino oxide. ' No pigments from foreign ore. 1 Revis MINE PRODUCTION The output of recoverable lead from dom creased 12 percent over that in 1938 but wa 1937. Lead from the Central States increas 1939 and that from the Western States 6,26 Eastern States decreased 1,616 tons. Lead souri rose 34,652 tons (29 percent) in 1939, 112 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 40 during the last quartor of the year. Load from Oklahoma also was greater than in 1938, but that from Kansas declined. Idaho was again the leading lead producor in the Westorn States group, followed in 1939 by Utah and Montana. Load from Idaho decreased slightly in 1939, as there wero decreases in output in both the Coeur d'Alene region in Shoshone County and in the Warm Springs district in Blaine County. Lead from Utah increased about 2,000 tons as gains in the Park Oity rogion (owing to reopening in May of the Silvor King Coalition anaPark Utah Consolidated mines) and in the Ophir district more than offset losses in the Bingham and Tintic districts. Lead from Montana increased 7,228 tons in 1939. Most of the gain was in the Butte district and was due to roopening of the zinc-lead properties of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., but gains also were reported at the slag-burning plant at East Helena, at the Flathead mine in the Hog Heaven district, and at the Comet mine in Jefferson County. Lead in Arizona was about the same as in 1938, but that from Colorado decreased, as the Sunnyside property in San Juan County was idle throughout 1939. Lead from New Mexico increased slightly, as gains in Grant County more than offset the loss in San Miguel County owing to the closing of the Pecos mine in May 1939. Decreases in lead were also noted in the Pioclio district, Nevada, and in the Metaline district, Washington. Additional details of production by mines, districts, and States can be found in the State chapters in this volume. Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1925-29 (average) and 1985-89, in short tons Wostern States and Alaska: Alaska..................................... Arlrona....................... ........... California............................. . Colorado............................... . Idaho....................................... Montana.............................. . Nevada................................. . New Mexico....................... Orogon.................................. South Dakota...................... Texas....................................... Utah....................................... Washington......................... Wyoming............................. Centra] States: AUrUkdaonIss a..s.................. Kansas............... Kentucky.......... Missouri........... Oklahoma......... Wisconsin......... Eastern Statos: New York......... Tennessee........... Virginia................ North Carolina. 1025-29 (average) 1036 1930 1937 1038 1039 982 0,743 2,070 30,112 141,010 18,871 0,807 66,730 21 213 140,509 1,323 370,007 070 7,783 667 5, 673 70.020 16. 680 12,676 7,280 30 4 522 63,510 103 3 103, 430 10,608418 482 7,267 01, 330 19.059 10,712 6.620 79 468 9,886 840 823 12,354 1,186 9,786 103,711 17,957 0,347 6,512 109 395 80,458 2,830 218,387 094 10, 671 405 0. 465 02. t77 0.327 4,079 4,040 23 342 66,657 4,284 037 10,771 526 8,222 60,081 16,656 4,236 6,302 16 227 67.634 , 3,718 209,214 . 38 . 552 20 121 135 202, 240 58,300 1,745 280. 137 38 436 10,802 132 07, 403 23,420850 132,082 24 294 11.400 60 110, 428 26, 427 004 148, 636 '40 180 10, 008 80 167, 631 20.840 1,091 204,885 7 176 16, 239 101 122, 027 21,004 320 158,873 13,6 87 166,281 27,720 108, 481' 4,006 4,082 5,096 4, 000 604,230 331,103 6.000 372,019 6. 630 464,802 7,806 4 7,000 0,720 6,284 6,284 413, 97f PrdUCti0n f LEAD District State 1936 Southeastern Missouri rogion. Coeur d Alono region " Joplin region....................... .............. BiDgbam. _ TlntlcOUy..r68l0a-":::::: Opblr.........................!*_ Warm Springs . ............. Butte..................... ........... San Juan Mountains" Oro Blanco................ Metallne.............. ' ........... Mlssourl. Idaho___ Kansas, boma. Missouri, Oklo- 34,840 Utah........................... -------do..................... ..................... ----- do........................................... ------do............... .................... Idaho........................................... Montana___ !!!!'!................ Colorado............... ..................... Arlrona............. ......................... . . . . . - 36,203 13,180 . 6,833 2,302 32 10,302 2,428 4,717 1 1 Kush Valiev Eagle........... .............................. Piocbe.......... Central............. I Hog Heaven. ........... Harshaw.. ............. Washington........ .............. _ Utah................I..]]"................. Montana.................................... - Nevada........................................ New Mexico.!..!!!............... Montana............... ................. 4,007 1,121 4, 056 1,801 Old Hat................ Willow Creek... ............. Cataract......... .................... Smeltor... ................... Red Cliff. ............................ Port Hill....... "!..................... Leadvllle. . .................... Wallapal.............. .................... Upper Mississippi Vailey' Tombstone.................. Flint Crcok...........J................. Blabee (Warronj...!!.......... Tybo...................... " Banner.. .......................... Austlnville'i.".'...................... Arlrona........... ...................... ......... do...............1*1"'................... New Mexico............ '........... Montana.............. ......... .........do..................... ...................... Colorado............... ....................... Idaho............................................. Colorado......... ............................. Arlrona........... ............................. Iowa, northern niYnolV. Wis consin. Arizona.................... Montana........ !!!........................ Arlrona........................................... Novoda____.............. .................... Arlrona...!! .............................. Virginia......... ............................ 202 5,162 ' 3 1, 227 1 1,230 166 8 1,288 1 70 286 ' 1,081 088 200 | 6,610 r87 1 1 3 1 8t. Lawrence CouDty'i"."'" New York........................ !!!!!! (J) 8 __ 1 Not listed according to rank. 1 Bureau of Minos not at libert STOCKS SS "the Uniw Staies "d 1036 1930 Baflned pig lead............. .Antlmonlw lead___ !!!!!!!!............................. ...................... 216.606 8,711 165,150 6, 697 In base bullion: ii).' At smelters and refineries.. hfci Jn transit to refineries ............................................. gAf In process at refineries................... !................................. 222, 308 16. 072 16,233 171,866 9,187 1,070 14,100 Ud In ore and matto and In prooess at smoltors____ fe----------- ------------------- ------------------- 1 33, 166 58, 662 3U,033 j 24,357 60,008 240,311 1 1 2 6 20 114 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 In the first half of 1939 the excess of output over shipments for virtually every month resulted in increasing inventories. Stocks of refined and antimonial lead at refineries totaled! 115,900 tons at the end of 1938 and had reached 129,600 tons by the end of June. Accel erated demand as a result of industrial improvement, in anticipation of war, and more largely because of actual opening of hostilities in September, caused a reversal of early conditions in the latter half of the year, and stocks declined monthly from June until they reached the lowest level of the year at the end of November' when they stood at 58,100 tons. A slight excess of production in December carried stocks to 58,800 tons at the end of the year. These were the smallest year-end inventories on hand since the end of 1929 and only a little more than half the amount on hand as the year began. Stocks of lead in ore and matte and in process at smelters, and base bullion at smelters and refineries, in transit to refineries, and in process at refineries, were 5 percent lower at the end than at the beginning of the year. DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION . New supply.--The following table shows the refined primary lead available for consumption from 1935 to 1939. The figures do not consider variations in producers' stocks, and as these have changed considerably during the past 5 years the quantities stated do not indi cate the true trend in actual consumption of new lead. The supply available for consumption in 1939 was 22 percent higher than in 1938 but was equivalent to only 60 percent of the 1925-29 average. The total consumption of lead, as indicated by the second table following, also rose 22 percent in 1939. Refined primary pig lead available for consumption in the United States, 1936-39, in short tons 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Supply: ' 1,322 324, 660 325,882 * 6. 982 318,900 > 2,690 399,156 401, 749 18,313 383, 433 2, 238 467,317 400. 655 20,091 449, 464 1,005 383, 609 385, 674 45,806 339,70S 6.388 484,036 489,423 74,392 415,031 i Includes small quantities of old, reclaimed, and scrap lead. 1 Includes small quantities of foreign lend reexported. * Includes e small quantity, not separable, of "sheets." Consumption by uses.--Owing to the return of large quantities of secondary lead in discarded and obsolete articles and from the lead consuming industries, the total consumption of pig lead greatly ex ceeds the supply of new lead available. The following table gives the American Bureau of Metal Statistics estimate of the total consumption of lead by industries, 1935-39. LEAD Lead consumed in the United States, 1985- Purposo White lead......... Red lead end 11 tharirn Storage batteries_____ Cable coverlnr Building. . Automobiles... Ammunition____ Terneolate. . Foil............... Bearing metal........... Bolder...................... Type metal............ OaJrlog.........." Castings___ Other uses___ - 1935 1936 ......... ...................... ......... .................. " 54,000 40,000 16, 500 638,900 633,550 . The principal use of lead is in the manufact metts 30 P0rcent or more o f?n that PTC8; Consump d,ur" 1939 was 19 percent higher than in , frnm ^QOQ 1 reiatlon.to the record year, having h?rtnnrH'hntf Pmt!d out Minerals Yea n Sf f rotums quickly to the tra i noticeably curtails the need fo White lead is regularly the second-largest use f TbBtnmi)UriP0rei1SuWe C0med])y Producers be of lead con3umed in the manufa 199Q fi 6 P6rCe?t 0V6j 1938 but laSged 37 pe rnntiw !oyfur ,Crd coemption, and again the largest use for lead. Since 192 that purpose has dropped 66 percent, althou ToTnnH 97Ve I938; 23 P^ent o TR9 27 pfr<r?nt m 1930 but fell to ll.perc fadnr0 of the utility industry to purch ishare of total lead requirements of the country .mfluence on the lead industry. The building in ha^hl^n iL therS m ,resPect lead consum Wd in resc re opsrade m recent years and lead !ii'u thaa m 1.938, bu.fc lfc was 48 perc lead and litharge--exclusive of quantities used '^?eenttarly 9, percent * the total lead used in ^edfcTi nthe proportion for that purpose in kM929 l6nd than *,n 1938 and ^ooU8eTs for lead- am hwWnt 1939 than m 1938. It was one of t foregomg table to have been higher than 3 percent larger than in that year. 116 MINERALS YEARliOOK, 1940 PRICES The two major markets for lead in the United States are New York and St. Louis; much of the lead produced in the United States is sold at prices based upon quotations in these markets. I he New York quotations are influenced to some extent by the lower prices usually prevailing on the London market, so that the New York price seldom exceeds the St. Louis price by as much as the freight differ ential, which normally is 0.35 cent a pound. .' , In view of the startling world events in 1939, prices for lead were remarkably steady, fluctuating less than those for other common nonferrous metals. The average monthly quoted price lor pig lead at New York, outside market, was 4.83 cents a pound m January. In the first half of the year the monthly average varied only 0.1 cent a pound. The average for July was 4.85 cents. In the first halt of the year monthly refined production exceeded shipments, except m March, when a virtual balance was temporarily established. After June, however, the situation was reversed and, as a result of improving demand, shipments began to rise while output hold at former levels. The declaration of war between Germany and 1* ranee and Great Britain in September was the signal for sharply increased demands. Shipments, which averaged 40,000 tons for the first 8 months of the year rose to 60,000 tons in September and 66,000 in October, then declined slightly to 64,000 in November and 45,000 in December. Weekly domestic sales of lead reached a new high record in the week ended September 9, when they amounted to more than 42 000 tons In all of September transactions aggregated 104,000 tons, the largest monthly total on record. In an endeavor to discourage excessive purchases, producers assured consumers that no shortage was likely, but with little apparent success. They maintained a conservative price policy in the face of spectacular sales during the latter part of the year, and price advances were proportionately far less than re quirement gains. Production trended upward in the final quarter but failed to equal shipments until an approximate balance was at tained in December. The average price at New York for August was 5.04 cents; it rose to 5.45 cents in September and was at the highest levels of the year--5.50 cents a pound--throughout the final quarter. l ead Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead at St. L 1987--89f in cents per pound MoDth January...................... February.......................... March____ ... Anril....................................... May............................. June.............................. July.............................. .. August.......................... ' September........................... October......................... November................... December............................ Average...................... 1937 1938 St. Now Louis York Londou St. New Louis York 6.86 . 08 7.06 .03 5.86 6.86 6.85 . ao .23 5. 66 4.88 4.72 6.03 a. 20 7. 20 a. is . oo .00 6.00 . 46 .39 6.71 6.03 4.86 6. 97 6. 19 7. 20 6. 71 6.28 6.03 6.30 6.02 4.63 4.03 3.72 3.64 4. 72 4.48 4.35 4.36 4.26 4.00 4.73 4. 76 4.85 4.96 4.94 4.09 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.16 4.8 4.90 6.01 5.10 6.09 4.84 6.86 0.01 <5.16 4.50 4.74 r Statistics, 1040. p. 466. Average daily quotation Louis (open market), as reported dally In tho American Metal Marko m?nUroraWostm0r 080 MctaI Markot' dal,y iasuc9' ^ New Y %f,al Statistics,!^, p. 460. Average price of foreign loa Board^ 8t&t Bt,cs' averted to conta per pound at average exchange ra J London Metal Exchange dealings suspended for duration of the wa (8 months),^ p0UDds 8U*Ua8 P long ton, as follow*; 1 > 4 Averago for 8 months: Comparable average for Now York waa 4.83 _ There were narrow movements in the Londo In January the average price (United States e cents, it rose to 3.20 cents in February and th the low point for the year--3.00 cents. A slo to 3.30 cents in August. Quotations on the Lo were discontinued at the outbreak of war in S ential between selling prices in New York an higher in 1939 than in 1938, continuing the g vear. The differential in 1939 ranged from low point occurring in February and the high in for 8 months was 1.74 cents. In 1938 Now ranged from 0.94 cent to 1.77 cents higher-th and the average for the year was 1.41 cents average difference was 0.86 cent, and in 1936 w In September 1939 it was announced that t supply had established the maximum price o per long ton ex ship and of foreign lead at 16 December control prices for Empire and forei per long ton, duty paid, delivered. 11: Tr it* 118 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 LEAD FOREIGN TRADEs Although imports of lead in ore, matte, and bullion increased 31 percent in 1939 compared with 1938 and exports of pig lead showed a 62-percent increase for the same period, the total of pig lead exported in 1939 approximated the lead in ore, matte, and bullion imported; domestic exports of pig lead for some years have comprised princi pally crude material imported for smelting and refining in bond and earmarked for export. Imports.--Aside from the significant increase m total imports of unrefined lead in 1939, a not.icea'ble feature was the 84-perccnt decrease in imports from Mexico of lead in ore and matte and a compensating 232-percent increase in imports of lead bullion from the same country. Although Mexico, for years the principal source of unrefined lead imports, contributed 65 percent of the total tonnage imported in 1939, Canada's imports of ore and matte increased 77 percent in 1939'compared with 1938; however, Chile and Peru supplied less unrefined lead in 1939 than in 1938, the total decrease for both countries being 22 percent. Total lead, imported into the United Stales, 1936-39, by classes, in short tons - Year Lead In oro and matte 20,026 20,713 34,103 45,370 30,842 Lead In base bul lion PIr s , bars, Total lead and old contont 2,602 312 1,800 1C.200 48,002 1,322 2, 500 4,003 3.236 7,139 24,039 23,615 40,800 03,901 86,883 i pate Include lead Imported (or Immediate consumption plus material entering the country under bond. Total lead imported into the United States, in ore, base bullion, and refined, 1936-39, by countries, in short tons 1 Year Canada Moxlco 236 1.692 6,749 3,174 5,641 0,786 10,501 17,008 38,467 52,059 Now* found* land Bouth America 6,837 3, 966 1 0,643 0,861 13r 229 13,426 16,627 Europe Othor countries Total 612 341 535 680 1,971 25 265 4, 225 8,164 10,684 24,039 23,616 40,806 03,901 86,883 1 Data include lead Imported for Immediate consumption plus material entering the countryunderbond. ; Lead remaining in warehouses in the United States, D [Statod la the form in which the material was ent Year Lead In ore and matte Lead (n base bul* Ho d i Ye 1036................................. 1930.............. 1937................................. 22,698 33,401 67,609 2,173 1,930 2,622 1938.................. > Pigs, bars, sheets, and old lead included with base bullion. Lead 1 imported for consumption in the United S Year Lead In ores, flue dust, and mattea, n. s. p. f. Lead In. base bullion Pigs and bars Short tons Value 8bort tons Value Sbort tons Value 1936............... 1936............... 1937............... 1038............... 1939............... 8,273 6,836 6,613 0, 722 12,317 $268,964 225,668 607,946 643, 164 1,063, 612 1,164 763 186 304 1,764 $66,669 45,340 12,788 31,147 166,298 1,308 1,979 2,366 2.001 4,772 $83,841 97, 614 174,077 84,109 176,437 i * v,8lud at $10,678 ol "reclaimed, scrap, eto.*' w ialtw3fndudedn?n t<?t'a?vaJua ton'' *30,810 ln 1M7; 180 tons>Ja0 Miscellaneous products containing lead imported for . States, 1936-39 Year 1936................................... 1936................. 1037.................................... 1038......................... ' 1930............................................ Babbitt m< tal, solder, white metal, and othor combinations contain* ing lead Gross Lead weight content (short tons) (short tons) Vaiue 128 334 618 ' 136 67 178 77 46 Total lead imported into the United Stales in ore, matte, and base bullion, 1936-39,\ by countries, in short tons 1 ;: ' Exports.--Most significant during 1939 was ui pig-lead exports to Europe, which rose fr [ Country ; In ore and matte: 1936 68 1.102 7, 980 0,818 3,716 346 1936 1,419 674 10, 462 3. 966 4,007 296 1037 6,211 474 16, 970 10.132 2,316 1938 3, 173 2, 107 24,023 6,317 0, 760 1939 6,024 1,844 3,846 7,174 12,364 1938 to 33,152 in 1939. There was it sharp purchases by Germany, but of note also is the ..exportations to Belgium, Denmark, Hungary c.pnd Sweden jumped from 51 tons in 1938 to 13 |there was a fourfold increase in exports to J |with 1937, purchases by that country in 1939 In base bullion: 20,026 1,746 784 1A2 20, 713 39 62 221 34,103 1,007 239 404 46, 370 14,444 198 664 30,842 47,915 84 908 |cept over those in the preceding year. Expo |iipm increased noticeably from 78 short ton decrease of importance during the year was 2, 002 312 1,800 16, 290 48,903 jue possibly to refining of bullion in that co 1 Data Include lead Imported (or immediate consumption plus material entering tho oountry under bond.; ment of the material to the United States fo 1 244610--40------ 9 * Figures on Imports and oxports compiled by M, B. Price, ol the Bureau ol Mines, Irora records ol the --------- - VA,au nd nmnestio Commerce. mi 120 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 Lead ex-ported from the United States, 1936-39 Year Pigs, bars, and old Short tons Value Foreign lead exported In manufactures with benefit of draw-back (short tons) Year 193fi................ 1 6,982 18,313 20,091 > $472,017 1,390,454 1,838, 262 8,005 8,312 8,670 1938.. 1939. Pigs, bars, and old Short tons Value Foreign lead oxfKDrtcd in manufactures with benofit of draw-back (short tons) 1 45,806 f $3,364,016 74,392 4,647,219 9,061 10,369 Includes small quantities of foreign lead reexported, i Contains sheets and pipes; figures not separable. Pig lead exported from the United States, 1935-99, by destinations, in short tons Destination 1037 1038 * 1039 Countries: Belgium................................. -- Brasil............................................ Canada......................................... Denmark..................................... Finland........................................ France........................................... Qermany........................................... Hungary............................................. Japan................................................... Kwangtung...................... ............. Mexico................................................ Netherlands...................................... Norway.............................................. Philippine Islands......................... Sweden........................................... - United Kingdom............................ Other countries............................... 338 46 11 6,324 38 188 6,982 796 45 2 8,029 8,049 223 5 123 442 18,313 43 28 662 111 7 101 ........... 660' < ) 668 1,092 7,320 66 8,122 ll2 560 2, 220 416 30,203 314 11,403 1, 037 23 78 916 20, 002 45,866 688 047 6 1,609 616 640 8,333 660 34,790 99 2,922 2,101 1,091 674 7,340 9,411 2,806 74,392 Continents: North America......... South America......... Europe......................... Asia............................... Africa and Ocoania. 167 668 212 <6*,)945 8, 282 1,021 133 8,865 12 8, 337 784 2,940 7,080 32 12,002 303 1,050 31,600 5 3,346 1,317 33,152 36,122 466 t Includes small quantities of foreign lead reexported. * Includes sheets and pipes; figures not separable, i Less than 1 ton. WORLD ASPECTS OF LEAD INDUSTRY International cooperation.--The Lead Producers Association, repre-? sentijfc 60 to 75 percent of the lead produced outside the United States, agreed on November 1, 1938, to a 10-percent, reduction mj output; this action represents the first positive step toward control oL the lead market since 1932. The output of cad durrng the first 6! months of 1939, however, was higher than for the same period of 1938|,| Early in September, after the outbreak of hostilities in Europe,! dealings on the London Metal Exchange were suspended, and meta|3 supplies and prices were placed under supervision of the Nonfcrrougj Metals Control created under the Defense Act. World, production.--Lack of adequate production data preclude any reliable estimate of world lead output during 1939. According the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, lead m ore production 1938 was 1,772,012 metric tons. Of this total North America prog duced 836,702 tons (47 percent); in 1939 the American Bureau l ead Metal Statistics reported North Amer metric tons. In 1938 South American o 5 percent of tho total; in 1939 it was re looQ mino production of lead in tho We 1938 was slightly over half of the total wo and may indicate a lower world product Smelter production of lead in 1939 is e inoo , tlie ,Unitcd States incr 19J8 to 404,257 tons m 1939, represent production for the latter year. Australia siderably, whereas Mexican output show World production of lead, 19S6-S (Complied by R. B. M Country 1936 20 Argentina................ Australia...................... ........... Belgium................... .................... Burma.......................... '..I"'.......................... Canada............ ................................................ China............. ................. "".................... Chosen............. .................................................. Ctecboslovakla... ...................................... France................................................................ Germany *.............. .............................. Austria................. ................................ Oreece............ ,................ .................... Hungary............................................................ Indochina............... *..................................... Italy.......................... .......................... Japan................I...II I '.................. Mexico....................... , ........................ Northern Rhodesia....'............. Norway...................... ............. Peru.............................'**'" J".............. ` Poland..............II..Hill'...................... Rumania..................... IIIIIIII.............. Bontb-West Africa..I.II...........---- Spain...................................... ..................... Tunisia.......................................................... Union of South Africa......................... j l p. s. r ............................;;;;;.............. United Kingdom.............................. ' * . United States (refined) '.II............... - Yugoslavia.......................................I. II11 4. (12 221,431 68,080 73,217 148,668 1,600 1.728 3,080 14, 676 122,300 8,048 4,679 14 18 35, 803 7, 442 178,922035 677 6, 462 18,819 4,657 "62,'742' 25,390 "44,'863* 22,350 204,075 7, 664 1 18 6 7 16 11 2 4 15 139 8 4 36 8 214 8 16 4 *"40, 21 '"6d 13 362, 6, 1,383,000 1, 478, !i UIitrles where smolted but uot nocessarlly refined *atVr^fM?tCBnBolchaVt l.'PYantfo (Included? d reao8dfrom dome3t,Q aad ere; refine ', ' . W.orU, consumption,--Owing to disturbed Consumption of lead m " 119o3a9n-c-a--n--n--o1t rb--e Statistics reported world c 4,038,100 metric tons. REVIEW BY COUNTR Argentina.--1The Compama Minera Agu ePjroolad Co., supphed 94 perce 1 v t A9?!' During 1938 the flotat 1/4,445 metric tons of ore conta Pe,rcent z^nc> an<l 325 vaa, 29,^56 tons of concentrates were fiHv * concentrates amounted to 36,72 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 148 its behalf for th. world.prieo o. -eg *&*tX* STbSSLS^ - : payment m dinars. The g f^nrawanken 'Alps of northern YugoKlezica lead-zinc PM*1 lIJ Central European Mines, Ltd. (British),, slavia, now operated by the Lent or6 averages about - are well-described bv Lch , ^ and the zinc content appears to 13.5 percent lead and 5 peicen L. shaft. The flotation plant lP;&uS $&- p-- ber 193#, pp. 201-216. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND By H. M. Me y e r a n d A. W. M SUMMARY OUTLINE -*v General summary.......................................................... ? 8elient statistics.......................................................... : Production........................................................................ Lead pigments............................................................ L Zina pigments and salts.......................................... iPonsumptlon by Industries...................................... White lead.................................................................... Basic lead sulfate....................................................... Red lead......................................................................... rOrange mineral........................................................... .i Litharge......................................................................... ;Zlno oxide...................................................................... rape 149 160 160 160 151 152 152 163 153 164 164 164 Consumption Leaded line Lltbopone.. Zinc sulfide Zinc chlorid Zinc sulfate Raw materials Prices................ Foreign trade Lead pigme Zinc pigmen Lead and zinc pigment manufacturers rep ; 1939 over 1938, owing to gains by industr `nsumers of pigments, namely the paint, "vering, paper, and other trades. In general, activity in pigments, as mea creased until it reached the highest levels uarter, then receded somewhat in the fin uoted prices for white lead were higher th changed from the levels established in cers reported that they received 12 and 2 lues for the two grades of white lead.tha uotations for the other lead pigments rose t producers apparently did not receive th cases indicated. Prices for various grade "ate were stationary throughout the year d zinc sulfide showed a declining tendency ducers' values but seemed to be influenced he metal. ' Ithough sales of lead pigments increased atity whereas those of zinc pigments in ents fared better inasmuch as they ga ie'compared with 24 percent for zinc p 5^-29 averages, however, zinc pigments 1 eir total value in 1939 represented 70 p i-29, while that for lead pigments was ularity of leaded grades of zinc oxide co tBales for the year established a new high .pjride in 1939 were 60 percent above the 1 F the lead-free grades were 26 perce eriod. It is noteworthy that owing to pwhite lead paints are now available in W total valuo of imports of lead and zinc ed little from 1938 t,o 1939, but the v W in 1939. 150 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigments industry of the United States, 1926-29 j (average) and 1936-89 1926-29 (average) 1936 1936 1937 1938 1939 ' Production (sftles) of principal pigments: White lead (dry and in oil) Lithopone................... do-- 104,483 84,846 41,302 164,208 26,600 177,745 06.831 70,030 28,776 99,097 20,976 169, 486 118,407 80, 240 34,890 126,800 40,512 168,319 08,213 83,002 33,931 114.052 40. 343 164, 771 i 100,213 68,711 30, 183 70,120 38.210 126,7^0 08,429 89,618 39,976 114,562 42,684.1 142,769 Valuo of products: $60,002,000 $28,064,000 $34,200,000 $35.076, 000 '$28,351,000 All tine pigments................. 41,314,000 26, 600,000 27,802,000 28,038,000 23,301,000 $36,185,000 28,794,000 Total...................................... 101,406,000 Value per ton received by pro ducers*. 178 176 193 133 124 Lithopone................................ 98 64,664,000 124 104 121 103 93 84 62,068, OX1 126 110 133 90 87 82 63,714,000 140 143 100 103 104 78 51,652,000 ' 123 122 137 117 107 79 64,279,000 131 12) 140 117 ,, 114 Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of Imports........... Zinc pigments: 1,346,000 30,000 ' 2,160,000 Value of Imports........... 931,000 Export balance_____ 2, 535,000 612,000 2,000 392,000 408,000 434,000 646.000 12,000 420.000 375.000 579,000 686,000 17,000 610,000 414,000 705,000 610,000 10,000 339,000 285,000 564,000 716,000 iaooo 925,000 280,000 1,350,000 it i Revised figures. Titanium pigments again absorbed a larger share of the market for! white pigments than in previous years. It was estimated 1 that produo tion of titanium pigments approached 165,000 tons in 1939. AccordJ ing to this report, one of the largest paint manufacturers completed] and put into successful operation a pilot plant using a recently developed process. ' PRODUCTION In this chapter sales are used as being more significant than produo tion, for no account is taken of stocks on hand at the beginning and eq( of the year. The quantities consumed by the producers in mam} facturing products at their own plants are included under salef Production figures are used only in calculating the metal content f pigments and salts in the section of this report on Raw Materia^ Used in the Manufacture of Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Saljj The total value of sales of lead and zinc pigments rose from $51,65? 000 in 1938 to $64,279,000 in 1939, which was 63 percent of the averoj for 1925-29. The increaso in 1939 was caused by greater sales., lead oxide pigments and all zinc pigments and by nigher avera values received by producers for several items. [ Lead 'pigments.--Increased quantities of red lead, orange miners and litharge were sold in 1939. Sales of white lead (dry) were slight! higher, and sales of white lead in oil and basic lead sulfate decline Changes in sales from 1938 to 1939 ranged from a declino of 5 percei for basic lead sulfate to increases of 30-32 percent for litharge and lead. The average values received by producers for all lead pigmen i Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, vol. 47, No. 2, February 1940, p. 70, LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A except orange mineral were higher in 193 for red lead, litharge, and orange minera but those for white lead were stationary November 1938. The figures given in thi are exclusive of the amounts used in the oxide. For statistical purposes and to av basic sulfate so used is reported under le use of basic lead sulfate has expanded ; totaled about 7,700 tons in 1939. Litharg of which a higher tonnage was sold in 1925-29, the advance being 6 percent. Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers 1938 Pigmeut ir. ^Basic lead sulfate or sublimed lead: White................................ ............. .. Blue....................................................... Red lead........................................................ : Orange mineral......................................... , Litharge....................................................... iWhtte lead: Dry....... ................................................ In oil *................................................. * * Rovlsed figures. Short tons Value (at p clusive of co Total 6,030 771 30,183 127 68,711 $655,203 88,873 4,121,428 27, 647 8,359,629 1 29,813 3, 681, 052 70,400 11,617,660 1 Weight of wblto lea lcad pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in iiS short tons fci Year White lead Basic lea or sublim Dry In oil White i1w936.. WL 27.072 34, 776 32,661 1 29,813 30,609 68,869 83,632 05, 552 -70, 400 67,920 7, 672 7,631 7.614 6,030 4.088 Revised figures. %nc pigments and salts.--Sales of leade rchign record in 1939, being 6 percent pages of 1936 and 1937 and 60 percen tl.925-29. Sales of zinc oxide and litho lt I higher than in 1938, but amounted the 1926-29 averages. Average quot ies of lead-free zinc oxide were uncha 89J and the average values reported b (the 2 years. Prices of leaded zinc ox ^939 than in 1938, and producers report the| average value they received. On t^tions were lower in 1939, the top o "ding with the bottom of the range fo >244815--40-------11 152 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 Large quantities of basic lead sulfate now used in making lead* zinc oxide are included as part of the leaded zinc oxide total and, avoid duplication, are not shown as basic lead sulfate. , Complete data covering the production of zinc chloride in recent ! years are not available owing to the refusal of one large producer to! supply an accurate report. 11 Sales of zinc sulfate in 1939 almost equaled the high record estab-| lished in 1937. 1 Zinc pigments and ealle told by dometlic manufacturers in the United States, 1938-89,| 1039 1939 . ii Pigment or salt Bbort tons Value (at plant, ex clusive of container) Total Average Short tons Value fat plant, ex* a elusive of container) c Total Average ^ Zlno oxide 1....................................................... Leaded zlno oxldo >....................................... Lltbopone....................................................... . Zlno onloride, 60* B...................................... Zlno sulfate....................................................... 70.120 38.210 128, m (J) 7,767 $0.263.342 4,072,422 0,075,012 <*> 439,479 (117 107 79 <'> 67 114, 662 42, 084 142,760 (*) 10,167 $13,446,443 4,880,471. 10,401,102 (*) 682t831 (mi ni 9 71. <*> 1 57 i Zloo oxide containing 6 percent or more lead la classed as leaded tine oxide. 1 Data not available. (* f-jL Zinc pigments and sails sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 19S6-39& in short tons " 1036 1038 1030 Year leaded Zinc oxide zinc oxide Llthopono Zinc chlo ride (60 B.) ZincsulfeUj ................................................................ ..................................................... ................................................................. 99,607 126,800 114,662 70,129 114,562 29,976 40.612 40,343 38, 216 42,684 169, 486 168,310 164,771 125, 746 142,769 m 0) oVc) 0) 7.881 0.721 10, ea 7.767] ia ID: > Bata not available. CONSUMPTION BY INDUSTRIES White lead.--Prices received by producers for white lead werf higher in 1939 than in 1938, and the increased values per ton weraj responsible for the improvement in this industry for the year. Ton" nage data showed relatively little change in sales of dry white lead and a drop of 4 percent in sales of white lead in oil. Normally 9fi percent of the white lead made is used in the manufacture of pamfy As stated in Minerals Yearbook, 1939, the Lead Industries Association began a 3-year promotion campaign in 1939 designed to increase thg use of white-lead paint. Early in 1940 it was announced that white* lead paints were now available in colors. Previously white lead wa generally available only in paste form, and it was mixed with linsee oil on the job and tinted to taste or specification. ' Late in 1939 a Canadian article called attention of the lead indust to the thousands of gallons of white paint being used on the road, and curbs of England in preparation for "black-outs." A markel summary on page 7 of the Metal Bulletin, London, January 16, 1940J pointed out that paint makers--at any rate, those of the lead-pa' section--had suffered a sharp decline in business. The summa ^ stated that it might have been expected that Government construction LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS work and camouflaging would have of ithat most camouflage and road paints In March it was stated that the F lead would be revised, and a prelimin in the year, however, the Technical : that no change should be made. The y TT--W-251A--White Lead, Basic Carb ^Semi-paste containing Turpentine, wa :iRnd the latest amendment (Amendmen rDistribution of white-lead (dry and in oil) sales, Industry 1936 ipslnt........ . Ceramics. Other____ ii 91, 297 1, 834 3,700 96,831 1 Revised flguroa. v Basic lead sulfate.--The outstanding the manufacture of paint, 93 percent o being for that purpose. Increasing qu being used annually in making leaded jused are included in tHe totals for leaded ithe totals for basic lead sulfate to avoid tonnages. In 1939, 7,700 tons of bas king leaded zinc oxide compared with an 1937. Distribution of basic lead sulfate sales, 1986 Industry 'Paint*........................ Bobber..................... torage batteries., ther......................... 1036 7,770 166 374 8,200 1 I Bed lead --Total sales of red lead g aring better in relation to that year than `he principal use of red lead is in the man d 62 percent of the 1939 total was so nsume the second largest quantity of . tlet gained in the same proportion as -n ' ' Distribution of red lead sales, 1936-39, Industry > batteries.. V'T" 1036 17,687 8,721 867 1,631 28,776 10 2 1 3 J54 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 Orange mineral.--Ink manufacture and color pigments have alter nated as leading consumers of orango mineral. Ink manufacture led in 1939 and used 49 percent of the totpl sales reported. Distribution oj orange mineral sales, 1935-39, by industries, in short tons Industry 1935 85 125 42 252 1036 71 77 100 248 1937 70 51 79 200 1938 20 1039 64 127 ' 131 Litharge.--Sales of litharge made a good,showing in 1939; they were , 30 percent higher than in 1938 and 6 percent higher than the annual, average for 1925-29. Leaded zinc oxide was the only other pigment covered in this report that exceeded its 1925-29 average in 1939. All uses of litharge showed notoworthy increases in 1939 except varnishS and linoleum, which remained virtually stationary. Storage bat-1 teries, the principal use, took 44 percent of the total in 1939. Blacks oxide or suboxide of lead used by battery manufacturers reached a new| peak of 45,000 tons compared with the previous record of 42,000 tonfl| in 1937 Sales of black oxide are not included in Bureau of Mine*! totals for litharge. The preparation of lead oxide for use in storage batteries was the subject of a new patent issued in December (U. a.S Patent 2 182,479). Since 1931 insecticides have been the second! most important use of litharge. Sales for this purpose rose 40 percent! in 1939 but were 10 percent below the record tonnage m 1937. inea ceramics industry attained third place as a consumer of litharge " 1939, having displaced the oiJ-refining industry. Distribution of litharge sales, 19S6-S9, by industries, in short tons Industry Storage batteries.......... Insecticides.................... Ceramics......................... Chrome plgmonts -- OU refining................... Varnish.......................... Rubber........................... Linoleum.......... ............ Other.............................. 1935 36,007 J4, 665 6,761 6,617 7,860 1,610 3,171 220 2.960 79,030 1936 38, 700 14,602 7,762 6.662 7, 259 4.247 2,147 254 4,553 80,246 1937 32, 228 18,242 7,577 7,330 8,311 3,366 1,650 204 4,925 83,902 1938 32,514 11,736 6,389 4,590 6,411 2,449 880 231 4,011 68,711 1939 39,7$ 16,41 8,6? 7,(9 2,41 ,{] Zinc oxide.--Sales of zinc oxide advanced 45 percent in 1939--ti greatest percentage gain of any of the load and zinc pigments. SaJ of this product, howover, were only 74 percent of the annual avera for 1925-29. The rubber industry takes most of the zinc oxide sol and this use comprised 61 percent of the total in 1939. Consumptia of zinc oxide in rubber rose 52 percent compared with increases oi." and 34 percent, respectively, in paints and ceramics. Floor covenr and textiles regained part of the ground lost in 1938, when sales: 66 percent, as consumption advanced 86 percent in 1939. Of zinc oxide produced in 1939, 59 percent was made by the Ameno process and 41 percent by the French process compared with 62 r 88 naroent. respectively, ip 1938. fbe proportion of Frenoh-pro' LEA!) AND ZING PIGMENTS AN oxide made from scrap zme rose sharply in total compared with 32 percent m 1938 an forge quantity of zinc oxido is used in tho m oxide. I his tonnage is included in the to and is excluded from zinc oxide totals to av ing zinc tonnages. The rubber and ceram aycea to a new pelleted type of zinc oxide Distribution of zinc oxide sales, 1935-39, by Industry Rubber................................. Paints....................... ' *' Ceramics................ .............. Floor coverings and textiles Other......................................... 1936 67,734 25, 280 4,028 7,179 6,407 90,697 1930 72,886 33,149 6,102 7,178 7,480 126,800 ^Leaded zinc oxide.--The manufacture of . (97 or more percent) of the leaded zinc oxide become increasingly popular in recent yea eve m 1939> exceeding the pre y1*TM3.6 andr1^37. b7 6 percent. The total 7,(00 tons of basic lead sulfate used to incr this product; this tonnage is excluded from b |yoid duplication m reporting metal tonnage h Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales, 1935-39, b Industry 1935 1936 29,632 . 40,166 36 32 308 324 29,976 40,512 'Lithopone. Lithopone statistics are repo niiar lithopone content of high-strength Tpone sold as such. Before 1936 the figu udard-strength plus high-strength produc snt varnish, and lacquer has consumed tai lithopone sold in recent years. Sales cent in 1939, but tho quantities employe erings and textiles, the two largest uses, than the total. On the basis of somewha |>aration of the quantities shown in the -Brings and textiles indicates that 14,000 Mt-base floor coverings and the rest for (oddoth, shade cloth, artificial leather spr uses in 1939 included 2,407 tons for It was reported in midyear tha ,^PPjp tons capacity had been completed r fr>,the second plant of the type in the co and Metallurgical Engineering, vol. 47, No. 2, February  Igg MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 4 0 >iirt6ution 0/ lithopone sales, 193S-39, by industries, in short tons industry Floor coverings and textiles............................... Rubber........................................................................ 1035 124,616 10, 440 4,436 10,066 169,486 1936 1037 122, 461 23,085 4,008 7,866 168.319 122,915 20,104 . 4,383 ; 7,279 154,771 1038 101,024 16,400 3,148 6,274 125.740 1030 113,065 17,426 3,189 8,146 142.760 The use of ordinary-strength lithopone in the manufacture titanated lithopone. which usually contains 15 percent Ti02, pas increased rapidly since the output of this product was begun.- It declined however, in 1938 and fell rather sharply in 1939,.when 13 700 tons were used for this purpose compared with 17,000 tons in 1938 and 19,400 in 1937. These figures are included m Bureau of ^inc^sulfide^Production of zinc sulfide was reported by four plants in 1939, as in 1938, but since ono producer dominates the mdustry, the Bureau of Mines cannot publish representative statistics. Most of the zinc sulfide is mixed with regular lithopone hieh-strength lithopone. Two patents on zinc sulfide were issued recently: United States Patent 2,175,273, purported to be an improved process5^ for production of zinc sulfide, and United States Patent 2 187 130, which claims that zinc sulfide-containing pigments are ren- ^ dered' stain resistant by incorporating m them a minor quantity ofJ relatively insoluble metallic thiosalt, such as thiocyanate, thiosulfate,; ;j &U%i^cidoride.--Complete data on sales of zinc chloride are not reported to the Bureau of Mines, but returns from producers respon-1 sible for more than two-thirds of the output indicate the following.| distribution of sales by uses in 1939: Percent Soldering flux...............-.................... Dry-cell batteries............................ .. " Oil refining. OtherB......... Wood preserving.................................. *" Vulcanized fiber----------------------------- Percent ! -- 4; 100 j Zinc sulfate.--'The trend in sales of zinc sulfate was upward froa 1932 to 1937, and a new high record was established m 1937. balea^ fell in 1938 but in 1939 virtually equaled the record of 1937. UI tna total sales in 1939 (10,157 tons) 3,897 tons were reported as sold t the rayon industry, 2,168 tons for agricultural purposes l ,309 ton for chemical manufacture (including the medicinal trade), 583.ton to paint and varnish manufacturers, 556 tons to electrogalvanizem and 172 tons for glue manufacture; 1,472 tons were undistributed. 4 break-down of the 1,472 tons under "undistributed undoubtedlj would increase the tonnages under some or all of the uses itemized. | RAW MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURE OF LEAD AND ZINXj PIGMENTS AND SALTS if Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts arc manufactured fromjj variety pf materials, including ore, refined metal, and such miscellany ous secondary materials as scrap and waste from various mdusw7* LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A ET81 193A93 perceA of the Iead "1PB ,ad and 7 Percent from ore. T 23 nerepJf 3r9 Wr<3 64 Pcrccnt fro.m oro, 1 23 percent from secondary materials. Metat content of lead and zinc pigments produc lvoo--89, by sources, in Source 10 Lead Id pigments > Domestic ore...___ Metal................... Secondary material ............. ................ * 175,840 ' Revised*figures^ rec0Tered ,n lln<J oxld" 8ad leaded lino oxid * Zina ashes, skimming,, drosses, and old metal. tab!es gl/e V16 aurpeof the dhppfL Ch pi?meJit apd 8f t' Plg lead 13 e rf ?jr mdirectly, m the manufacture ' ho 3 aPfd,oraih(e mineral and is used also , lead sulfate. Zinc oxide is the only pigmen `,?!ov,Ti-(ire 18 emPloyed in theunanu i ide'^opone, zmc sulfate, and basic FfnA^Qf11-th5 z.mc m lithopone and : ymtedbtates is derived from secondary m d"ded mcrease m the quantity of secon ; manufacture of zmc oxide since 1933. T slab zmc in the manufacture of French pro L*ad conlent 1 lead and zinc pigments produced by d by sources, in short to Pigment Ute lead............... . 1 lead................ litharge..................... gOttnge mineral___ Me lead sulfate,, dedtfnc oxide.. fJIUTUed figures. 1038 Lead Id pigmonts pro duced from-- Domes* tic oro Pig lead Second ary ma terial Tota lead I pig' ments 2, 830 0,106 76,115 26,608 60,600 91 730 763 ` 103,8161 ` 76,11 26,60 60,60 0 03,,0646 175,84 158 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 Zinc content of zinc pigments and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, 1938 39, by sources, tn short tons Pigment or salt Zinc oxide................. Leaded tine oxide. Lithopone................. Zlncsulflde.............. Zlno chloride........... ZId c sulfate........... 1038 1939 Zinc In pigments and anils produced from-- Second Domes Slab zinc ary ma tic ore terial Total line in pig ments and salts Zinc In pigments a nd salts i produced frorn-- Total zinc in Domes tic ore Second Slab zinc ary ma terial pig ments and salts 37,080 16,713 18, 602 . 12.697 ...........\l O) . to c) 931 7,466 8 1,396 60.238 18,602 23,906 8 2,326 40,126 21,050 13,064 H 1,167 17,117 6 47 ""(`f " 16, 429 13,709 <<! 1,074 812,671 Zl, 066 `27,410 2,831 i Data not available. PRICES The total values reported by producers for lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts are given in the tables in the first part of this report. J The average values received for all important lead pigments increased , from 1 percent for litharge to 25 percent for white lead m oil On j the other hand, while the average value for leaded zinc oxide rose 7 percent, that for zinc oxide remained unchanged and that for Jitho- J none dropped 8 percent. The range of market quotations, as reported Q5,yuothteedOpirl,icPesainfot rawndhiDterulegaRd ewpeorreteur,nachpapnegaresd in tlio from following table, November 1938 s throughout 1939. Quotations for other lead pigments in general followed price changes in pig lead, moving upward after the middle of the year and standing at their highest levels at the end of the year. ^ Prices for zinc pigments apparently were not influenced by pnee changes for the metal. Quotations for lead-free zme oxide were stationary throughout 1938 and 1939; those for the 5-35 percent leaded grade ranged from 6.25 to 6.38 cents in 1939 compared with ] 5 90 to 6.38 cents in 1938. Quotations for lithopone and zinc sulfide j showed a downward trend in the latter part of the year against the; trend for most commodities. The average value reported by producers for zinc sulfate in 1939 was unchanged from. 1938 but quotations for this product had a narrower range in 1939, both the low and high quotations coming between the extremes reported for lJoo. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pig (or delivered in the East), 1936-39, in Product 1030 Basic lead sulfate, or sublimed lead, less tbau car- lots, barrels.............. White lead, or basic lead carbonate, dry, carlots. 0. 26- 6.76 barrels........................ * Litharge, commercial, powdorod, barrels Red load, dry. 96 porcoat or loss, loss than corYo'is'* norrels.______ . OrsEge mlDeral, American, small lota, barrels': 0.6th 7. 26 0.00- 8.60 7.60- 9. 60 Jx-wnite lead. fix-red lood............................... ............ |10.60-11. 26 Zinc oxldo: ........................ *................................. American process, lead-free. batrs. oarlnt* American process, 6 to 36 percent lead, barrels, carlots.................... French process, rod soal, bags, carlots French process, green soal. bogs, carlots...................... - Freneb process, white seal, barrels, enrlots-. Lithopone, domestic. 6-ton lots, hops '' Z nc sulfide, less than carJots, bags, barrels Zinc chloride, works: " ............. 6.00- 6.26 6. 13- 6.38 6. 60- 6.76 6.00-0.26 0.50- 6. 75 4.26- 4.60 9.25-11,75 Solution, tanks............... Fused, drums. . Zina sulfate, crystals, barrels. .. 2.00 4.25 6.76 2.05- 3.95 FOREIGN TRADE 8 Imports of lead and zinc pigments rema and exports almost doubled in value b 193 ^por.ts over imports amounted to $1,351,50 than half the annual average for 1925-29. lead and zme salts gamed 16 percent b 1939, of lead arsenate, the only salt reported separa . fhei following table shows the value of va imported and exported m 1938 and 1939. Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead a 1938-39 19 Imports Lead nlgmonts: White lead.. . Red Ic a<3............... Litharge................. , Other lead pigments.......... ........................... 123 271 Zinc pigmonts: , Zinc oxide... Lithopone............ Zlncsulflde........................................................ ................. ....... .. -- Lead and zinc salts: Lead arsenate......... - Other lead compounds Zlno chloride........................ Zlno suJfate................ ............... 9. 085 4i 708 285, 406 Grand total........... 48. 098 1 Data not available. by M-B-pr,M' of the B 160 P. MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 0 LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND Lead pigments and salts.--Imports of these commodities are insignif While lead, red lead, and litharge exported from the icant. The most important item is the group of lead compounds, destinations, in short tons Ii t.. which include lead acetate, lead nitrate, and others, and imports of :V these compounds rose from 85 short tons in 1938 to 104 in 1939. Whito lead l' Imports of suboxide of lead increased from 16 tons in 1938 to 20 in Destination ft 1939. 1036 1037 1038 193 I& Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1936-39 Countries: Areontlne............................................... . 120 80 97 Brazil................................... ,, 12 28 72 1 Canada..................................... ... 74 126 220 2 Short tone Mexico...................................... 161 44 71 1 Netherlands............................ 387 83 222 4 Total 1 Netherlands West Indies. 366 Year Baslo carbonate whito Red lead Lltbargo Orango mineral Lead com pounds value Panama..................................................... 453 206 108 1 Philippine) Islands................................ 170 272 386 4 Others...................................................... 486 383 231 3 load 1,862 1,236 1,411 2,0 61 2 302 $38,228 32 2 1 6 186 37.878 34 1 (*) 6 I 63.084 20 1 1 85 22.644 11 2 1 104 28,248 I Includes also--1935: Lead pigments, n. s. p. M78 (4,405 pounds): 1030: Lead plgincnU, n s p (..319(33 pounds), sublimed lead (basic sul(ate) 58 (15 pounds), and subpxldc of lead, n. s. p.(., 55,264 (39,010 pounds* 1937- Lead pigments, n. s. p. (., 58 (100 pounds), sublimed lead (basic sulfate), S2 (10 pounds), and suboxlde o(leadmsPH, 39,396 (65,453 pounds); 1938: Lead pigments, n. s. p. (., 5108 2,330 pounds), and subox de of lead n s p (., 55.335 (31, 834 pounds): 1939: Lead pigments, n. s. p. (., 3690 (6.270 pounds), and suboxlda of lend! n! s', p. (., 56,020 (40,445 pounds). 1 Leu than 1 too. The principal exports are white lead and litharge, and theso two items made proportionately large gains in 1939. Exports of red lead and lead arsenate also rose in 1939. The total value for exports of the items listed was $875,235 in 1939 compared with $605,075 in 1938. Exports of white lead, red lead, and litharge comprised 3 percent or less of domestic sales of these pigments. . White lead was exported principally to the Netherlands, Philippine Islands, and Canada, whereas the principal recipients of red lead and litharge were Canada, the Philippine Islands, and Argentina. Lead pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1936--39 Continents: North America...................... . _ South America....................................... Europe...................................... Asia............................................................. Africa...................... ................................... Oceania.................................................. 764 218 707 1740 (0 1 Less than 1 ton. 470 448 6 170 221 3 232 279 6 336 460 4 118 23 <l) 0) Zinc pigments and salts.--Imports of zinc increased in 1939, while those of lithopone and pone ranks as the most important zinc pigm imports of this commodity represented only Bales in 1939. Imports of zinc oxide (dry* a tons, a gain over the 645 tons received in 193 Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption in Year Zlno oxide Dry In oil 1 Short tom Lftbopone sulfi Year 8bort tons White lead Red lead Litharge Lead arsenate 2,337 1,862 1,236 1,411 2,024 760 810 034 806 1,324 1,280 1,386 1,462 1,694 2,077 . 678 414 621 611 866 Total value $006, 734 600.800 077.815 606,076 876,236 1936........................................... 1936.................................. 1937....................................................... 1038....................................................... 639............................................... Y --~---------------------------- ---------- 1,932 694 680 679 1,486 96 96 66 2,641 Exports of zinc oxide trebled in 1939 and we lead-free zinc oxide by domestic producers. S pally to Canada, Brazil, and the Philippine Isla pone jumped from 1,734 tons in 1938 to 4, amounted to 3 percent of sales of domestic thfLU' half the total was shipped to Oanada a Mexico, Cuba, Chile, and other scattered nat 162 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 Zinc pigments and salts 1 exported from the United Slates, 1935-30 1035 1030. 1037 i zinc salts not separately recorded. Destination Countries: Argentina.......................... Br&tll....... ........................... Canada............................... Chile.................................... Cuba................................... Mexico--------........ Philippine Islands------ Others............................... Continents: , North America. Boutb America. Europe................. Asia....................... Africa.................... Oceania............. t Less than 1 ton. Zlno oxide 1936 1037 1039 65 39 704 20 80 14 16 403 1.330 48 32 1,683 12 207 67 416 699 2,963 86 6 514 13 48 9 HI 340 1,103 104 286 898 69 84 105 281 1,669 3,486 882 1,972 130 140 00 148 62 467 6 67 161 160 669 11876 169 3 140 I GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, AND (MINE REPORT) I By Ch a s . W. He n d e SUMMARY OUTL Page I Summary...............................................................................103 I Markets a Calculation of value of metal production........... 103 | Review b Gold recovered from Alaska ores and gr fine ounces valued at $23,685,795, an inc 664,973 ounces valued at $23,274,055 in 1 from placer mines. The value of the go the total gross value of the gold, silver, Copper was produced in 1939 only as a by the output of recovered metal fell to 256 pounds in 1938, when it came mostly from All tonnage figures are short tons and do not include moisture. The value of metal production herein r at the following prices. Prices of gold, silver, copper, lead, Year Gold > Silve 1936. 1936 ; 1937. 11938 Per fine ounce $36.00 36.00 36.00 36.00 35.00 Per fi ounc $0. 7 .7 .7 . 6 . 0 _ i Price under authority of Gold Reserve Act of Jao. 31, 1934. 7r*0u,.1i8v, 1.o83u7t, twov JyQanii.( 3u1ij, 1if9fu34i,, wmaws 0fA20u..6v7iy+ ($20.071836) periifuinqeV > 1936-87: Yearly average weighted Treasury buying price guying price for newly mined silver. jjv * Yearly average weighted price of all grades of primary meta >.64646464. t' $0.67878787. The following tables show the mine upper, and lead in Alaska in 1935-39 overed metals; the output of gold and Operation; and the output of gold, silver, Rat'ion and' cvanidati`on mliillls (with or w it) in 1939, by regions. l