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*>* MINER YEARB 19 Volume I of Thr METALS AND M (EXCEPT FU N49781 v$u; Prepared by the staff of the i$.V' V-^. BUREAU OF MINES iS; .M.;'_C-: DIVISION OF MINERALS if-" Charles W. Merrill, Chief Sr Frank D. Lamb, Assistant Chief Ja t Lead By O. M. Bishop,1 A. J. Martin,1 and 4** Page Government programs and regula Domestio tions 688 Defense Minerals Exploration Administration688 Smelte tio Antim General Services Administration. 689 Seco Domestic production690 Mine production.690 Smelter and refinery produc tion 696 Stocks___ Prices___ Active lead smelters and re Foreign t fineries696 Technolo Refined lead697 World re TABILITY of the lead price, the la S since 1942, and good overall commercia mented by Government purchases fo featured the domestic lead industry in cutback in automobile production resulted of lead, but total consumption during the less than in 1955 and exceeded the averag by 4 percent. The conflict in Egypt and b had little effect on the supply of lead in the no fluctuation in the New York price, wh pound from January 13 through Decembe there was a delay in arrivals of lead, whic average monthly quotations for spot lea Exchange from August through December Supplies of lead in the United States 1,318,700 short tons in 1956--a 2-percent in total, 27 percent was derived from dome percent from secondary lead recovered, and pigs and bars and lead in ores and concen increases over 1955 in mine production a of secondary lead was nearly the same i total supplies exceeded consumption by 10 ducors' and consumers' stocks increased o continued Government purchases for the pile. Exports of pig lead were only 4,600. in 1955. > Commodity specialist. * Statistical assistant. 688 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 Except for the usual July decline, which was accentuated by the steel strike, variations in the monthly consumption rates were small or moderate. Loss of time at the mines caused by strikes was con siderably less than in 1955. Total mine and smelter production of lead outside the United States increased, but the rate of gain was lower than in the United States. In mino production Canada, Mexico, and Yugoslavia were the only large producing countries that reported declines. Smelter output increased in all important producing countries except Mexico. GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS AND REGULATIONS The Export Control Act of 1949 and tho Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, were extended to June 30, 1958 (Public Laws 631 and 632--84th Congress). In May 1956 the office of Defense Mobilization established the eligibility of lead and zinc for acquisition to the supplemental (barter program) stockpile during the fiscal year 1957. The supplemental stockpile was authorized under the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (Public Law 480). In June 1956 the Commodity Credit Corporation began to acquire these metals under section 303 of tho act, and actual deliveries began about August. Procurement was limited to lead and zinc of foreign origin but included metal smelted in the United States from foreign ores. TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United States, 1947-51 (average) and 1962-66, in short tons J947-51 1952 1053 1054 1955 1966 (avorago) Production of refined primary lead: From domestic ores and base bullion.. 377, 285 From foreign ores and base bullion___ 72,025 383,358 89, 494 328,012 139,670 322, 271 164,441 321, 132 158,025 Total..................................................... 450,210 472, 852 407, 891 480,712 470,167 Rccovory of secondary load........................... 484,021 471,204 480,737 480,925 602,061 Imports (goncral): Lead In pigs, bars, and old.................... 278,280 623, 050 390,510 281,041 284, 720 3,382 380 8G0 I^nad In ores one! inutto........................... 73,188 104,001 160,899 101,261 177, 479 Exports of refined pig lead............................. 1,384 1,702 803 506 403 Consumption of primary and secondary load.................................................................. 1, 130, 705 1,201,604 1,094,871 1, 212, 044 Prices (cents nor pouud): New York: Average for period............................ 15.77 10.47 13.48 14.05 16.14 Quotation at end of period............. 16. 00 14. ! 2 13. 50 15.00 16. 54 London average for period..................... 16.58 10.82 11.48 12.08 13. 10 Mine production of recoverable loud 1........ 400, 719 300, 102 342. G44 325,419 338,025 World smolter production of lead................ 1,080,000 1,900,000 2,000,000 2,100,000 1,220,000 349,188 193,120 642,308 600, 756 283,302 100,452 4, 028 1,200,717 10.01 10.00 14.52 352, 826 2,370,000 1 Includes Alaska. DEFENSE MINERALS EXPLORATION ADMINISTRATION The DMEA program to encourage exploration and increase domestic reserves of strategic and critical minerals and metals was continued throughout 1956. On exploration contracts for lead and zinc tho Government provided 50 percent of tho approved cost of the project. Twenty-two such contracts were made in 1956, authorizing a maximum Government participation of $1,162,896, which was matched by an PERCe/T THOUSANO s h o r t t o n s LEAD 1 Unite d Sloles percent of world product! on .. Fig u r e 1.--Trends in the lead industry in the United sumption includes primary refined, antimonial, and s pigments made directly from ore. Imports are facto of tho lead content of ores, mattes, and concentrates bars, base bullion, and scrap. equal amount of private capital for an anticipate $2,325,791, an average of $105,718 per project. of the program in 1951 through December 1956, ing lead and zinc were executed, which authorize pation of $11,006,089 3 and total expenditures (c and private capital) of $22,018,886. Additional a list of DMEA contracts for lead and zinc ex 1956, is given in the Zinc chapter of this volume GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRA The General Servi.ces Administration (GSA) c sible for stockpile procurement and administratio foreign aid programs as agent of the Inter Administration, and administration of Defense grams including domestic purchase programs. Includes sums provldod through amendments to contracts and also fun eoutrocts which were subsequently canceled or terminated upon complet 690 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 produced from domestically mined ores were made against the long term stockpile objective for this metal. No new contracts with foreign producers for obtaining lead under the Defense Production Act of 1950 were executed in 1956; some lead produced under contracts negotiated in preceding years was delivered. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Statistics on lead output are compiled on a mine and smelter and refinery basis. Mine-production data are compiled on the basis of lead content in ore and concentrate, adjusted to account for average losses in smelting. Pig-lead output, as reported by smelters and refiners, represents actual lead recovered. Smelter and refinery out- Eut usually differs from the mine-production figure owing to tho lag etweon mine shipments and smelter treatment of ore &nd concen trate. MINE PRODUCTION Domestic mines produced 352,826 tons of recoverable lead in 1956, or 4 percent more than in 1955. The 5-month strike that affected 15 operations in Idaho and 1 in Montana was settled on January 31, 1956, and no other prolonged work stoppages at lead-producing mines oc curred during the remainder of the year, Considerable exploratory work was carried on, as good commercial demand for lead, supple mented by continued Government purchases for the national stock pile, resulted in a stable lead price from January 13 through December. Although the quoted price averaged about 6 percent higher than in 1955, some of the gain in income from this source was offset by increases in wages and in the prices of many items of equipment and supplies. Missouri maintained its position as the Nation's largest leadproducing State for the past 50 (revised figure) years. For the same years Idaho ranked second and Utah third, except from 1925-27, when their standings were reversed. These three States supplied 67 percont of the totaldomestic mine production of lead in 1956 and 71 percent in 1955. Other important producing States in 1956, in order of rank in output, were Colorado, Montana, Oklahoma, Arizona, Washington, and California. A brief review of mine production by areas and major producing States and mines follows. Western States.--Ten Western States produced 56 percent of the United States total mine output of lead in 1956 compared with 54 percent in 1955. Production in Idaho--the largest lead producer in this group--was almost tho same as in 1955, and that in Utah de creased slightly; but increases in other States raised the 10-State total output 8 percent above that in 1955. Except for 1946 and 1955, Idaho's mine production of lead in 1956 (64,321 tons), was the lowest since 1899. The strike that closed a number of mines in the Coeur d'Aleno region on August 23, 1955, was settled on January 31, 1956, and the mines resumed operations. The Bunker Hill Co. Bunker Hill and Star lead-zinc mines, the State's principal lead producers, were not directly affected by tho long strike, but their output of lead was less than in 1955. Other important producers included tho American Smelting & Refining LEAD TABLE 2.--Mine production of recoverable lead in t (average) and 1962-66, by StateB, in State 1947-61 1952 (average) 1953 Western States and Alaska: Nevada......................................................... Utah.............................................................. 163 27,102 11,601 25,607 64, 705 18, 687 8,824 n1o60 50,784 7,462 1 10, 520 11,199 30,006 73, 719 21,279 6, 790 7,021 1 2 56 50,210 11,744 9,4 8,0 21,7 74,6 19,9 4,3 2,9 41,5 11,0 Total......................................................... West Central States: Total......................................................... States east of the Mississippi River: Total....................................................... 241,108 17 8,776 124,077 17,673 150,542 3,147 156 1,400 81 3,316 961 9,069 400,719 228,608 4 5,916 129, 245 15,137 150,302 4,262 00 1,120 18 3, 792 2,000 11,252 390,162 194,3 3,3 125,8 9,3 138,5 3,3 1,4 2,7 2,0 9,7 342,6 Includes 4 tons from North Carolina la 1964, 2 tons la 1965, and 10 to * Includes 4 tons from Iowa. Co. (Page and Frisco mines); Day Mines, Inc. and Hercules)' Sidney Mining Co.; and Luck tho Coeur d'Alene region, Shoshone County; a in Blaine County and Clayton in Custer Coun In Utah mine production of lead declined The United States and Lark lead-zinc mine (U Refining & Mining Co.) in Bingham district, S the State's chief lead producer by a wide mar producers included the United Park City Min Mining Co. mines in the Park City region ( Counties) and the Eagle-Blue Bell (Chief Con group in the Tintic district, Juab County. Colorado's output of recoverable lead increa over the 13-ycar low recorded in 1955. The Id State's largest lead producer in both years, ex milling operations in San Miguel County. T Pandora mill at Telluride (rebuilt in 1955) r 1956. On November 30 the company closed in Ouray County and centered its milling at t Rico Argentine mine (Dolores County), the E Jersey Zinc Co. (Eagle County); the Keystone Smelting & Refining Co. (Gunnison County), 692 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 (Ouray County), the Emperius group (Mineral County) and the Resurrection Mining Co. group (Lake County) were other substantial lead producers. Montana mines yielded 9 percent more lead than in 1955. The Anaconda Co. mines at Butte, Silver Bow County, produced 80 percent of the State total in 1950; the ore came from the Ansehno, Lexington, and Orphan Girl mine? (lead-zinc ore), the Emma mine (manganese ore), and the Greater Butte project (development ore). Smaller producers included the Jack Waite mine in Sanders County (idled by a strike from August 23, 1955, through January 1950) and the Maulden mine in Beaverhead County. Lead output in Washington increased 13 percent. The principal lead producer was the Pend Oreille Mines & Metals Co. lead-zinc mine in Pend Oreille County. Other mines that produced considerable lead but were predominantly zinc producers were the Grandview (American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co.) in Pend Oreille County and the Van Stone (American Smelting & Refining Co.) and Deep Creek (Goldfield Consolidated Mines Co.) in Stevens County. The Deep Creek mine suspended operations on November 21, 1956. Increased output from several mines raised Arizona's lead produc tion 22 percent over 1955. The principal producers were the Iron King mine (Shattuck Denn Mining Corp.), Yavapai County; the Flux mine (American Smelting & Refining Co.), Santa Cruz County; the San Xavier mine (Eagle-Picher Co.), Pima County; and the Athletic mine, Graham County. Lead production. in California, Nevada, and New Mexico also increased sharply. The Anaconda Co. Darwin and Shoshone groups of lead-zinc mines in Inyo County again produced the bulk of the California lead output. The gain in Nevada was due mainly to expanded operations at the Combined Metals Reduction Co. and Bristol Silver Mines Co. mines in the Pioche district, Lincoln County; to shipments of ore from the former Metals Reserve Company stock pile at Jean and of lead residues derived from manganese ores treated by Manganese, Inc., in Clark County; and to shipments of lead and lead-silver ores from small-scale operators in other counties. Most of New Mexico's lead output came from four groups of mines in the Central district, Grant County, that were predominantly zinc producers and were operated by the American Smelting & Refining Co., New Jersey Zinc Co., Peru Mining Co., and United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. West Central States.--The mine output of lead in the West Central States in 1956, as in 1955, came from the Southeastern Missouri lead belt and the Tri-State zinc-lead district (Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma). Arkansas mines have produced no recoverable lead since 1952. Mines in the Southeastern Missouri lead belt produced 35 percent of the Uuited States total mine output of lead in 1956 and 37 percent in 1955. The lead-belt output of 123,400 tons in 1956 was 2 percent less than in 1955. The St. Joseph Lead Co.---much the largest leadproducing company in the Nation on a mine basis--operated contin uously its Bonne Terre, Desloge, Federal and Leadwood groups of LEAD mines (each equipped with a mill) in St. Indian Creek mine and mill in Washingto daily capacity of the 5 mills was around mills recover zinc concentrate as a byprod the Mine La Motte Corp. and the Nation a mine group and mill. Ore mined by th tained commercial quantities of copper, cob to load. In the Tri-State (Joplin) district, prod was 20,400 tons in 1956--a small increase o however, declined 18 percent to 57,200 to the American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co throughout 1956, but the company 1,50 several mines were in production. The 15 Eagle-Picher Co. operated continuously but handling both company and custom ores. its smaller Bird Dog mill and several large g and Kansas and was the principal produc Tri-State district. The National Lead Co Ballard group of mines and 2,100-ton co number of other companies in-Oklahoma ore to the Central mill. States East of the Mississippi Eiver.--I ores were mined in four States east of the New York, Virginia, and Wisconsin. In recoverable lead but mined chiefly for fluo Southern Ulinois-Kentucy fluorspar region some recoverable lead was mined in North The total Illinois lead output was 3,800 t in 1955. The principal producers were zinc-lead mine in Jo Daviess Comity, N Ozarlc-Mahoning Co. and Aluminum Co. o mainly fluorspar) in Hardin County, South Wisconsin's output of lead--all from G Counties--increased sharply, along with producers were the Eagle-Picher Co., Amer Co., and Piquette Mining & Milling C producers. Lead production in Virginia was about Austinville zinc-lead mine and 2,400-ton Zinc Co. in Wythe County operated ste tinued its underground development prog the workings of which will be connected workings by a 13,000-foot tunnel that wa year. In New York lead output, at 1,600 tons, The lead was recovered from predominant Balmat mine of the St. Joseph Lead Co. in The 25 leading lead-producing mines in listed in table 4, yielded 76 percent of the 10 leading mines produced 67 percent an percent. 694 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1656 TABLE 8.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1947-61 (average) and 1962-66, by districts or regions that produced 1,000 tons or more during any year, 1962-66, in short tons District or region State 1047-61 (avor- ogo) 1062 1953 1054 1066 1056 Southeastern Missouri re* Missouri................. glon. West Mountain (Bingbam). Tri-State (Joplin region)... Summit Valley (Butte)___ Utah........................ Kansas, south western Mis souri, Okla homa. Montana................ Utah........................ Upper Mississippi Valley.. Iowa, northern Illinois, Wiscon- Red Cliff................................. Tlntlc....................................... Rush Valley 6e Smelter nil*(Tooele County). KeDtuoky-Soutbera nols. Utah........................ Kentucky-south ern Illinois. Pima (Sierritas, Papago, Arltona................... Twin Buttes). Pioche...................................... Nevado................... California (Leadvllle).......... Colorado................. St. Lawrence County.......... New York.............. Elk Mountain....................... Creede...................................... ........ do....................... Eagle........................................ Montana................. Magdalena.............................. New Mexico.......... Old Hat................................... Arizona................... Warren (Bisbee).................... ........do....................... Animas............................ Colorado................. 122,487 79,013 29,206 28,017 122, 042 67,330 34,328 27, 350 125, 273 69,885 29,311 13. 273 125,173 64,812 20,071 18,314 125, 357 59,820 31,712 10,679 123,395 GO, 221 32,891 20,373 13, 629 4.801 10. 296 6, 487 6, 046 3,344 3,023 1,870 16,163 (') 7,494 7, 657 () 4,135 4,480 3, 632 10,767 8,694 4. 735 7, 440 8,269 4, 339 1, 400 3,688 11,616 6,432 . 6,674 (!) 4,336 3, 220 14,331 6) 9, 054 6,008 (') 4,012 2, 004 3,809 14,080 9, 440 0. 147 (') 0) 5,776 4,682 4, 306 2,000 0,177 3,310 1,707 3,007 2, 344 1,840 (') 3,378 2, 261 6, 448 6.302 1,405 1,081 906 761 800 1,681 230 291 1,730 6, 404 9, 687 2,819 3, 080 4,279 3,702 1,921 2,695 2, 790 (*) 2, 230 <*) 1,804 3,456 4,632 6, 024 1.120 1,001 1,613 733 900 1,046 400 1,044 1,251 3,013 1,828 3, 464 2,600 3,600 2,788 2,104 2,753 2,688 6,026 4,320 2, 135 2,454 3, 171 5,017 2, 097 0) 1,007 3,061 3,035 2,698 () 2,520 1,849 1,348 2,033 2,330 2,165 1,871 1,275 2,177 1 2.212 (') 1, 105 2, 085 0 1,810 2, 683 2,416 2.388 1,804 3,306 3,072 (l) 1,935 () 1,404 () 1,660 1,435 1,187 1,037 1,608 1,484 1,372 1,307 1,607 1,600 2,178 0) 1,102 (0 1,200 1, 179 706 1,207 1,167 "'i.'iso* 47 <*) 05 (') 088 1,056 1,000 653 1, 307 1,113 1,031 800 617 413 78 34 4 1,212 .... ................ ............. t Figure not shown to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. TABLE 4.-- Tw enty-five leading lead-producing m ines in the United States in 1956, in order o f output LEAD 696 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 THOUSANDSHORTTONS ---------- V1 \I V UA % A l a 'W -- /'-vVv -- -- ---- <947 <940 <949 1950 1951 <952 1953 <954 1955 1956 Fio u r b 2.--Mine production of recoverable lend in the United States, I9A7-5G, by months. TABLE 6.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States,1 1966-56, by months, in short tons Mouth 1055 1050 Month 1055 1056 January... February.. Maroh___ April........ . May...... June.......... July........... 27, 036 27,600 31,535 28,010 20,130 28, 625 26,026 20,813 28, 221 30,855 20,640 20,802 20, 480 28, 242 August.......................................... September................................... October........................................ November.................................... December.................................... Total.................................. 27, 390 27, 300 28, 640 27, 370 27, 443 338, 025 30, 727 27, 781 31,503 20,277 30, 466 352, 820 * Includes Alaska. SMELTER AND REFINERY PRODUCTION Refined lead produced in Lhe United States was derived from three sources--domestic mine production, imports of foreign ore and base bullion, and scrap material (treated largely at secondary smelters)-- and was recovered at primary refineries that treat ore, base bullion, and small quantities of scrap and at secondary plants that process scrap exclusively. Refined lead and antimonial or "bard" lead was produced by both primary and secondary plants. Because of the large quantity of bard lead (such as battery scrap) molted at secondary smelters, the output from this typo of operation was principally antimonial lead. Statistics on the production of refined lead and alloys at secondary plants are given in the Secondary Lead section of this ' chapter. ACTIVE LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES Primary lead smelters and refineries operating in the United States in 195G: California: Selby--Selby plant, American Smelling & Helming Co. (smeller and refinery). Colorado: Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelling A Refining Co. (smelter). Idaho: Bradley--Blinker Hill smeller, Bunker Hill Co. (smeller and refinery). Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Smelling <fe Refining Co. (smeller and refinery). Indiana: East Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Ine. (refinery). irtf1niii t ^ l i ^ igiiriBitiMOBl)iiitM ~ > fit)P ' 'i ' if 'LEAD Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Missouri: Herculaneum--Herculaneum plant, refinery). Montana: East Helena--East Helena plant, A (smelter). Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha plant, American S New Jersey: Barber--Perth Amboy plant, A (smelter and refinery). Texas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American S Utah: Midvale--Midvale plant, United States (smelter). Tooele--Tooele plant, International Sme REFINED LEA Primary refineries in the United Sta refined lead in 1956, or 13 percent more Of the total refined lead produced, 542 sources (64 percent domestic and 36 pe TABLE 0.--Chemical requirements Cor le Silver: Copper: i From ASTM Standard Specification B29-55. ' Corroding lead Is used to describe lead that has been rofln * Chemical lead Is used to descrlbo tho undesllverlzed lead * Acid-copper lead Is made by adding copper to fully refine * Common desllvcrizod lead Is used to descrlbo fully refined TABLE 7.--Refined lead produced at primary 1947-51 (average) and 1952-56, by sou Sourco 1047-61 (average) 1052 1 Refined lead: From domestic ores and From foreign base bullion. 377,286 70,0G1 2,804 383,358 80,002 402 Total from primary 450. 210 10, 038 472,852 3, 070 Total refined lead........... 400,848 475,022 A verage sulos price per pound. 80.168 $0.161 Total calculated value of primary refined lead <........ $142,260,000 $153,247,000 $122, 1 Excludes value of rofined load producod from scrap at prim 46681S--68------ 45 .98 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 is from secondary sources (scrap). Table 8 gives the production refined lead by source material and by country of origin. Of basic interest both to lead producers and consumers was final .option of revisions by the American Society for Testing Materials : the ASTM Standard Specification for Pig Lead (B29-55 4). The visions were brought about by the fact that some grades that had en listed had not heen commercially available for some time. ABLE 8.--Refined primary lead produced in the United States, 1947-51 (average) and 1962-66, by source material and country of origin, in short tons 8ourco 1947-61 1052 1953 1954 1055 1056 (average) reign ore: Total........................................................ iclgn baso bullion: Grand total............................................. 377, 286 383, 358 7, 037 6, 270 18 5, 608 20, 204 22.834 6,888 7,113 454 r 2.344 9 48.026 24, 608 70,001 89, 002 1,418 1,233 124 89 2,804 72, 925 450,210 70 177 165 402 89, 494 472.852 328.012 10,880 20,673 109 5, 876 60.828 36, 240 130,711 42 120 168 130,870 467,601 322, 271 17,311 47,160 805 16.700 58,341 23.800 104, 353 88 88 104,441 486,712 321.132 20,701 36,019 100 If), 123 44,855 30,15G 157.803 102 102 158.025 470,167 340, 188 23,811 26, 558 11,183 76, 073 55,469 103.084 30 36 103, 120 642, 308 ANTIMONIAL LEAD Primary lead refineries produced 60,800 tons of antimonial lead in '6, a 4-percent increase over 1955. Three of the 5 producing plants leased their output in 1956. Distribution of antimonial lead proction at primary refineries in 1952-56, by source material, is shown table 9, as is also the avorage antimony content. Antimonial lead was an important byproduct of the refining of se bullion, although the quantity derived was only a small part of e total domestic output. The major production was recovered from jolting antimonial lead scrap at secondary smelters. DLE 9.--Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refineries in the United States, 1047-61 (average) and 1952-56 Year Produc tion (abort tons) Antimony content Load content by difference (short tons) Short tons From do From for Percent mestic eign oro oro From scrap Total 51 (avorago)........................... ................. .................. 70, 302 68, 203 62,373 50,873 64,044 66,820 4,600 4. 392 4,637 3,621 3, 665 3,348 ft. 8 14. 038 8, 700 42, 274 7. 6 12, 093 5, f.73 36, 146 7.3 10, 306 10,721 30,749 5.0 6,136 7. CGI 43,505 6.0 6, 250 0, 327 46. 003 6.0 0, 730 6,918 40, 821 <15, 702 63.811 67. 836 6ft,352 60, 489 63, 478 '.wluetrlal and Engineering Chemistry, T^ead ami Us Alloys: Vol. 48, No. 9, pt. II, September 1066, LEAD SECONDARY LEAD Some scrap lead was treated at primary part was processed at many plants that spe ary materials. Secondary lead was recove monial lead, and other lead and tin alloys. Recovery of lead totaled 506,800 tons in more than in 1955. Lead recovered, as me domestic mine production for the 11th succ 38 percent of tne total supply. Detailed lead appears in the Secondary Metals--N volume. TABLE 10.--Secondary lead recovered in the Un and 1962-66, in short to 1947-61 (average) 1952 1953 As roflnod motal: 10,038 128,214 3,070 137,032 4,21 122, 30 138, 852 140, 102 126,67 In antimonial lend: 42, 274 186,292 35,146 187, 806 36, 74 199,80 Total.................................. 227, 6G6 118, 603 222, 951 108, 241 236, 65 123, 60 Grand total: 484, 921 471,294 480,73 Value........................ $153,035,795 $161,766,068 $127,625,09 LEAD PIGMENTS The principal lead pigments marketed w red lead, basic lead sulfate, and leaded zin were manufactured chiefly from metal, but wero converted directly into pigments. production are given in the Lead and Zinc chapter of this volume. CONSUMPTION AND Domestic lead consumption (including le directly in manufacturing lead pigments million tons in 1956, less than 1-percent d 1955. Of the total consumed, 767,100 ton both primary and secondary soft lead); 31 in antimonial lead (tho greater part of whic tons was in alloys; 20,800 tons in copper-ba recovered from ore in producing lcadea zinc fied pigments; and 43,300 tons wont direc products, such as caulicing lead, weights, e during tho year, about 71 percent wont to storage batteries), 10 percent to pigments, (including tetraethyl fluid), and 3 percent 700 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 196a classified uses. Production of the 3 principal lead-consuming items-- batteries, tetraethyl lead, and cable covering--took 31 percent (the same as in 1954 and 1955), 16 percent (14 percent in 1955), and 11 percent (10 percent in 1955), respectively, for a total of 58 percent, or 697,100 tons. Shipments of automotive replacement batteries declined-3 percent from 25.4 million units in 1955 to 24.7 million in 1956, according to the Association of American Battery Manufacturers, Inc.5 Of the total lead consumption (excluding lead contained in leaded zinc oxide and some other pigments and the lead scrap that went directly to end products), New Jersey took 17 percent; Illinois, 11 percent; Indiana, 8 percent; California, 7 percent; Pennsylvania and New York, each 6 percent; and Missouri 5 percent--a total of 60 per cent in 7 of the leading lead-consuming States. With the addition of Louisiana and-Texas, 9 States accounted for 74 percent of the lead consumed. TABLE 11.--Consumption of lead in the United States in 1965-56, by products, in short tons 1665 1050 1955 1056 Metal products: Ammunition.................... Bearing metals................... Brass and bronze................ Cable covering.................... Calking lead........................ Casting metals.................... Collapsible tubes............... Foil........................................ Pipes, traps, and bends... Sheet lead............................ Solder.................................... Terne metol........................ Type metal....... .................. 46.816 34. 607 24,043 121,166 60, 406 16.141 11,136 6,186 29, 767 20,466 88, 740 2,382 28,607 Total.................................. 495,320 Storage batteries: Antlmonlal lead.................. 106, 787 Lead oxides......................... 184, 246 Total.................................. 380,033 44,438 28. 321 27,063 134,330 64,070 12, 032 10, 045 4, 593 28, 028 30,249 75,200 1,709 26,709 489, 686 191,568 179,203 370,771 Plgmonts: White lead........................... Rod lead and litharge....... Pigment colors.................... 18,540 87, 603 16,000 10,383 16,951 79.190 13, 866 10,354 131,435 120,370 Chemicals: Tetraethyl lead.................. Miscellaneous chemicals.. 165,133 6,402 191,990 3,146 170, 025 105,139 Miscellaneous uses: Annealing............................ Galvanizing......................... Lead plating........................ Weights ana ballast.......... 6,059 2,313 848 7, 673 6, 809 1,668 916 7,250 Total.................................. Otlior,(unclassified ueos........... 16,803 18,338 16, 723 18,131 Grand total...................... 1,212,644 >1,209,717 > Includes lead content of leaded zinc oxldo and other nonspeclfled pigments. * Includes lead which wont dlroctly from scrap to fabricated products. TABLE 12.--Consumption of lead in the United States, 1955-56, by months, in short tons 1 Month 1955 1956 Month 1956 1956 93,301 86,290 90. 077 00, 700 101,020 84)394 110,562 100,201 97,765 97, 838 104,418 88;325 107,168 112,001 116, 280 108, 0-19 104, 616 Total.................................. 1,212,644 107, 711 00, 670 112,170 102, 408 01,176 1,209,717 > Includes lend content of loaded zinc oxldo and other nonapocificd pigments and load which wont dlroctly from scrap to fabricated products. American Metal Market, vol, 64, No. 28, Feb. 8, 1087, p. 8. LEAD TABLE 13.--Consumption of lead in the Uni product and types of materi Antlm Soft lead le 257,454 179,203 110,057 196,067 10,830 14, 462 767,073 1 1 3 1 Excludes 43,376 tons of lead that went directly from scrap oontained In leaded zlno oxldo and other nonspeclfled plgmon TABLE_14.--Lead consumption by State Refined Antl soft lead le California............................................................. Colorado............................ ................................. Connecticut......................................................... Illinois................................. ................................. Indiana................................................................ Kansas................................................................... Maryland............................................................. Massachusetts..................................................... Michigan.............................................................. Missouri............................................................... Nebraska.............................................................. New Jersey.......................................................... New York............................................................ Ohio....................................................................... Pennsylvania...................................................... Tennessee............................................................. Virginia................................................................. Wisconsin............................................................. Alabama and Georgia *................................... Iowa and Minnesota........................................ Now Hampshire, Maine, and Dolaware___ Hawaii and Oregon........................................... Louisiana and Texas......... 1.............................. Undistributed..................... .............................. Total........................................................... 62, 660 1,419 18,261 93 1,562 76,091 50,380 2, 270 121 21,073 8,800 10,509 61,175 11,518 131.943 60, 293 21,625 39,638 7,165 '530 1,866 7,009 10,203 '996 22,022 2,193 7,970 1,287 2,366 1,100 426 144,544 103 1,389 767,073 ' 1 31 i Excludes 43.375 tons of lead which wont directly from scr lead contained In leaded tine oxide and other oonspeclflod plgm 1 The following States are grouped to avoid disclosing Individ , STOCKS National Stockpiles.--The General S tinued throughout 1956 to purchase un and zinc monthly from domestic produc pile authorized by the President in Mar purchase directives from the Office of D load and zinc of foreign origin were acqu year for the supplemental (barter-progr 702 MINERALS YEARBOOK, I960 the quantities obtained were released, but it was generally under stood that the totals acquired during the period July-Decembcr were in excess of 100,000 tons of zinc and 50,000 tons of icad. Information released by the Department of Agriculture showed that during the period July through December 1956 supplemental-type strategic ma terial purchases included contracts for $23.8 million worth of lead and $41.5 million worth of zinc. Producers' Stocks.--Lead stocks, as reported by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, are shown in table 15. Stocks of refined and antimonial lead include metal held by all primary refiners and by some refiners of secondary metal who produced soft lead. Smelters' stocks of ore in process increased during the year, as did refiners' stocks of pig lead and antimonial lead. Supply of lead in 1956 (1,318,700 tons) exceeded consumption (1,209,700 tons) by 109,000 tons. TABLE 15.--Stocks of lead at smelters and refineries in the United States at end of year, 1947-51 (average) and 1952-56, in short tons (American Bureau of Metal Statistics] 1047-61 1052 (average) 1063 1064 1065 1066 Lead In base bullion: Lead In ore and matto and In process at 30,286 7,986 38,271 11,404 4, 422 10, 174 32,000 77, 325 147,606 31,406 12,165 43,SCO 17, 683 3, 105 19, 759 40, 447 65, 771 149,778 66,036 16,116 81,152 17,020 2,867 26,713 47,500 67, G88 196,340 77,930 14,789 92,710 18,170 1,723 27,164 47,067 62, 074 201,850 21,106 9,893 31,080 16,632 3,7G4 27, C25 47,921 71,812 160,822 20, 435 11,740 41,181 12,222 2, 846 25,092 40,160 77,918 159,259 On December 7, 1956, the British Board of Trade announced in London 6 that it would shortly start discussions with trade officials looking to curtailment of Government-owned stocks of lead and zinc. It was announced officially that sales of lead and zinc from the Gov ernment stockpile would not begin until around the middle of Janu ary 1957 and that sales would be made in an orderly manner to avoid "unduly disturbing" the market. No details were given as to the actual quantities of the metals to bo released. Primary refiners' reports to the Bureau of Mines indicated stocks of 30,200 tons of refined lead at the end of 1956 compared with 21,900 tons on January 1; stocks of antimonial lead increased slightly from 9,100 tons to 10,700. Stocks of lead in ores and concentrates increased from 42,900 to 44,900 tons during the year, but stocks of base bullion at refineries that receive bullion and smelters that produce bullion dropped from 15,600 tons to 11,100. These data represent physical inventory at the plants, irrespective of ownership, and do not include material in process or in transit; they are therefore not directly com parable to the data in table 15. American Metal Market, vol. 63, No. 231, Dec. 8, 1066, p. 1 LEAD Consumers' Stocks.--Stocks of metal a secondary smelters which are also consu cent during the year. Stocks of soft same, with most of the increase in antimo in the alloys. TABLE 16.--Consumers' stocks of lead in th 1952-66, by type of material, in sh Year Refined soft lead Antimonial Unmelted lead white scrap Lea al 1962......................... 1963......................... 1964................. . 1965....................... 1050 1...................... 80,888 76,801 82,039 73,480 73,673 20,309 14,867 17, 673 23,081 40,226 3,877 3,607 3,199 2,914 > Beginning 1050. consumer stocks of scrap wore added to sec smelter metal stocks were Included wltb consumer metal stoo PRICES The New York quoted price for comm pound at the beginning of 1956; it rose but dropped back to 16.00 cents on Jan during the remainder of the year. The grades of lead sold in 1956 was 15.70 c 14.90 cents in 1955 and 13.70 cents in 19 St. Louis and the slightly higher New Y a pound. Government purchases for th important factor in sustaining,the_leadj)r and abroad. Quotations on the London Metal Exc high of 126% per long ton on January per pound United States currency, com TABLE 17.--Average monthly and yearly quote York, and London, 1954-56, in Month 1964 St. New Lon St. Louis York don * Louis January................................. . February......................... ......... March.............................. ........ April.......................................... May........................................... Juno_____ ........ July............................................ August....................................... September................................ October................................ November................................ December............................ .. Average.................. ....... 13.06 12. 62 12. 73 13.71 13.80 13.91 13.80 13. 86 14.40 14. 77 14.80 14.80 13.86 13.26 12. 82 12.03 13. 01 14.00 14.11 14.00 14.06 14.60 14. 07 16.00 16.00 14.06 10.86 10.39 10.86 11.77 11.88 12.26 12.04 12.17 12.07 13. 67 13. 48 12. 97 12.08 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.92 16.30 16.30 10. 34 14.94 > 8t. Louis: Motnl Statistics, 1967, p. 617. New York: Me Metal and Mineral Markets. * Conversion of English quotations Into American money by Federal Reserve Board. 704 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1968 change for the month) to a low of 109J on May 31 (equivalent to 13.7 cents per pound). The bid price on December 31 was 11GJ( (equivalent to 14.5 cents per pound), and the average for the year was 116.33 or 14.5 cents. FOREIGN TRADE 7 Imports.--General imports of primary lead in all forms totaled 459.100 tons in 1956, an increase of 17,700 tons or 4 percent over 1955. The imports comprised 196,500 tons contained in ore, flue dust, and matte (an 11-percent increase from 1955) and 262,700 tons of pigs and bars (a 1-percent decrease). Of the lead contained in ore, flue dust, and matte, Peru supplied 28 percent, Union of South Africa 23, Canada and Australia each 16, Bolivia 9, Guatemala 4, and other countries 4 percent. Of the pigs and bars, Australia fur nished 31 percent, Mexico 30, Yugoslavia 15, Peru 13, Canada 6, and other countries 5 percent. Exports.--Exports of lead in 1956 amounted to 7,800 tons, of which 1.100 tons was contained in oro and bullion, 4,600 tons was in pigs and bars, and 2,100 tons was in scrap. TABLE 18.--Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, and reclaimed, by countries, 1947-61 (average) and 1962-66, in short tons, in terms of lead content 1 (Bureau of the Consus] Country * 1047-61 1652 1963 1054 1066 1950 (average) Oro, flue dust, and matte: North America: Canad&'NewfoundlaDd and Lab* Total................................................. South America: Chile..................................................... Total................................................. Asia: Afrlcu: See footnotes at end of table. 10,030 1,209 204 3, 605 345 15,813 J 6, 757 3, 132 24 13, 300 331 32, G34 40 154 411 MO 705 1,837 13, 676 61 lfi, MJ3 12, 048 4, 721 605 2,497 126 19,987 18,473 3,197 7 28, 213 85 40.076 425 * 68 2, 440 1G0 2, 664 22, 643 JI3 22,050 39, 242 6,391 1,090 3,443 40,166 40, 603 2, 086 1,630 2,167 (B 47,082 33,090 5, 208 2,767 2,201 3 43, 250 18.984 3.341 255 32,842 90 65,612 14,946 173 350 38, 734 110 64,310 696 13, 812 409 646 44, 223 82 69,072 2,980 92 3, 072 2, 100 2. 100 2, 035 2.035 2. (133 29,777 "'jjfl," 607 03 19 32, 473 36.520 " 4i, 676 41,676 30, 692 6, 004 2,060 3.866 8 44.439 17. 177 118 1,440 65,174 184 74.093 24 * 422 2, 222 2, 044 44, 208 44.208 Figures on Imports and exports compiled by Mao B. Price and Elsie D. l'agc, Division of Foreign Activities, Bureau of Mines, from records of the Bureau of tho Census. LEAD TABLE 18.--Total lead imported into the Unite pigs, bars, and reclaimed, by countries, 1 short tons, in terms of lead content1--Conti Country 1947-61 (averago 1962 Ore, Quo dust, and matto---Continued Oceania; Australia............................................ 8, 454 33 8, 0 8.487 8,05 Total ore, flue dust, and matte.. 73,188 104, 6 Base bullion: North America: 46 1,647 2 1, 603 176 258 6 1,349 26 12 0) 3,382 38 Pigs and bars: North America: C&uada-Newfoundland and Lab* 60,824 113,079 14 104, 63 108,87 1 180, 617 303,42 South Amorlca: 24. 671 (') 24,671 63 42,16 42,80 Europo: . 1,924 3, 643 4,954 606 419 223 21,622 69 1,78 * 6,06 2,74 6, 60 4,21 63,99 71 Total................................................. 33,160 76,023 Asia: 761 1,564 031 2,946 r.......... A frlca: 456 0, 870 117 Total................................. . 673 6, 070 18, 781 82,800 200, 638 610, 720 Kee footnotes ut end of table. 706 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1966 TABLE 18.--Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, and reclaimed, by countries, 1947-51 (average) and 1952 56, in short tons, in terms of lead content '--Continued Oountry 1947-51 (average) 1952 1953 1954 i960 1060 Reclaimed, scrap, etc.: North America: Canoda-Newfoundland and Labredor.................................................. Conol Zono.......................................... Mexico............................................ Panama................................................ Other North America...................... Total................................................. South America: Peru...................................................... Other South America....................... Total................................................. Europe: Other Europe..................................... Total................................................. Asia: Total................................................. 4, 032 310 120 86 1,110 134 243 6,040 32 157 62 241 266 11 191 544 010 131 386 2, 146 41 4, C08 J, 236 5, 944 0,047 868 101 872 300 622 8,800 207 196 20 513 47 454 345 229 1,075 ' 203 346 141 G80 371 206 147 28 98 138 329 1,310 50 69 202 14 103 442 1,203 21 21 3, 023 35 1,298 180 298 6,153 7, 608 37 815 6, 120 331 195 16,096 173 ICC 1,653 173 1,819 5,808 29 0, 701 322 340 17,148 209 230 629 * 3 < 348 431 110 103 130 167 170 209 1,640 1,801 ----- --- 47 20 60 26 5 Oceania: Other Oceania........................................... Total............................................... Total roclalmed, scrap, etc.......... Grand total..................................... 10 17, 751 354, 859 338 12,339 628,109 ` 97 6,439 552, 278 6, 655 443, 243 2,009 20, 580 4G2, 208 1,255 20, 738 470,875 1 Data ure "gcneml Imports", that Is, Include lead Imported for Immediate consumption plus material entering the country under bond. * Less than 1 ton. * Republic of Korea. . * West Germany. , LEAD TABLE 19.--Lead imported for consumption (average) and 1962-66, b (Bureau of tbo Census Year Lead In oros, flue dust or fume, and mattes, n. s. p. f. Lead In base bullion Pigs and ba Short tons Value Short Value Short tons tons Valu 1047-61 (average).. 65,332 *16,143.039 1952.............. 107,621 32. 768.909 1953............. 67,030 16,214,084 1064.............. 196,054 *47,067,209 1955.............. 166,433 *38.142, 741 1950............. 191,302 50,621,209 2,992 2,951 742 41 31 *844,818 257,853 $73,42 1,137,813 610,718 165,01 294,068 379.119 96, 28 10,149 274,286 *68,419 263,977 73,032 11,311 262, 204 *77,718 i in addition to quantities shown (value included la total as follows--1047--51 (average): 17,896 tons, *4,291,358; 1952: 11,35 1954: 7,217 tons,* *1,450,036; 1955: 18,944 tons,* *3,930,668; 1956: 20 * Owing to changes In tabulating procedures by the Bureau of th with years before 1954. TABLE 20.--Miscellaneous products containing in the United States, 1947-61 (ave [Bureau of the Censu Year Babbitt metal, solder, metal, and other combin containing lead Gross weight (short tons) Load content (short tons) Va 1047-51 (average)................................ 1952........................................................ 1953........................................................ 1964........................................................ 1065........................................................ 1956........................................................ 1,336 1,640 2,375 2,309 *2,286 4,106 843 999 1,343 1,572 * 1,283 2.526 *1,0 1,3 1, 8 i 1,9 < * 1,9 *3,3 > Owing to changes In tabulating procedures by the Bureau of t with years before 1064. * Revised figure. 708 MINERALS -YEARBOOK, 195 8 TABLE 21.--Total lead exported from the United States In ore, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, anodes and scrap,'.by destination, 19(7-51 (average) and 1952-66, in short tons 1 [Bitrenu of the Census! Destination 1047-51 1052 1063 1064 1055 1066 (average) iro, matte, base bullion (lead content): North America: Canada................................................. Total................................................. 463 ( ) 463 w Total ore, matte, base bullion... Pigs, bors, anodes: North America: Canada................. .............................. Cuba..................................................... Mexico................................................. Other North America...................... Total................................................. South America: Brazil.................................................... Chile..................................................... Colombia............................................. Venezuela............................................ Other South America....................... Total...................................... .......... Europe: Total................................................. Asia: 1 t Pakistan.............................................. Philippines......................................... Other Asia........................................... Total................................................. Africa.................................................. 463 95 22 61 35 3 13 8 16 242 191 60 66 61 6 (J) 251 82 3 699 23 4 14 61 02 31 . 1 114 80 14 95 335 10 Total pigs, bars, auodes............... florlh America: Total............................................... . South AmorJca.......................................... Eurouo: Netherlands.................................. United Kingdom............................. Total............................................... 8*e footnotes at and of table. 1,384 (`) () (*) (*) (*) M (<) () w (`) 836 830 836 40 18 52 23 1 10 7 2G 177 433 103 10 84 231 67 15 1,033 22 22 4 16 78 280 149 627 2 1, 702 20 20 65 65 1,038 1,038 1,038 18 12 1 1,322 18 1, 334 84 102 1,334 6 1,049 1,056 1,065 32 18 1 28 23 25 29 33 36 8 34 100 46 203 104 76 44 18 08 21 20 4 11 41 27 12 161 202 22 22 {:........ ::: 405 102 25 34 430 226 02 1 803 690 27 370 27 370 0) 103 318 i 30 20 2,000 2, 039 1,000 1,610 13 38 30 44 6 10 1G 2 20 43 90 137 -------- 6 44 74 4 27 86 28 16 23 42 63 I1 1G7 306 2,128 10 1 2 13 2,128 6 56 96 180 16 43 133 2,051 403 4,028 1 11 405 880 2, 496 664 1,039 LEAD TABLE 21.--Total lead exported from the United Sta pigs, bars, anodes and scrap, by destination, 194 in short tons 1--Continued Destination 1947-51 (avorago) 1962 8crap--Continued Asia: Total................................................. 8 (*) 75 2, 673 i In addition, foreign lead was reexported as follows: Ore, motto, 1962-64, nono; 1066, 3 tons; 1066, 6 tons. * Less than 1 ton. * Revised figure. * 1047-48 not separately classified--1940--Belgium-Luxembourg, 3 tons; United Kingdom, 279 tons; total scrap, 747 tons. 1950--Can tons; Germany, 264 tons; total scrap, 1,576 tons. 1061--Canada, 20 Germany, 146 tons; United Kingdom, 20 tons; Japan, 196 tons; tota * West Germany. Tariff.--Tlio duties on pig lead and lead remained at 1}i6 cents and % cent per pound, 1956. The rates of duty imposed on lead Act of 1930, in specified years, and changes m agreements 1930-54 aro given in the chapte The rates were not changed during 1955 or TECHNOLOGY With further increases in wages and the pri ment in 1956, emphasis continued to be p provements in methods of exploration, minin a means of keeping production costs down. on utilization of lead in new alloys and oth would broaden the market for lead. Much formation was provided in articles contribu dividual companies, trade journals, Federal others engaged on research. The Federal Bureau of Mines 8 and the Fe published the results of several investigation 1 Campbell, T. T., Block, F. E., and Fugate, A. D,, Recovering Le Bureau of MLncs Rept. of Investigations 6210, 1956, 16 pp. Hazen, Scott W,, Jr., Exploration for Load and Zinoat the'Madon CharTee County, Colo.: Buroau of Mines Ropt. of Investigations 621 Koynolds, John R., Mining Methods and Costs at tho Morning Co., Shoshone County, Idaho, Bureau of Mines Inf. Clro. 7743, 1056 * Hostermun, J. W,, Geology of the Murray Aroa, Shoshone Coun 1066, pp. 725-748. (Contributions to Economic Goology.) Jlosterman, J. W., and Wnlloco R. E., Reconnaissances Ooology Geol. Survey Bull. 1027-M, 1950, pp. 676-612. (Contributions to Ec Simons, F. S., and Mupcs, V. E., Geology and Ore Doposlts of th Hidalgo, Mexico: Geol. Survoy Prof. Paper 284, 1960, 128 pp. Harrison, J. E., and Wells, J. D., Goology and Ore Doposlts of th Creek County, Colo.: Gool. Survoy Bull. 1032-B, 1956, pp. 33-127. Crook, Qilpln, and Larlmor Counties, Colo.) Gllluly, James, Qenoral Geology of Control Oochlso County, Arlz 169 pp. 710 MINERAUS YEARBOOK, 1960 A paper 10 *dealt with ore-body evaluation and the application of geology to development and mining problems in the Southeastern Missouri lead belt. The paper included section', on history of the application of geology to mining operations; on "the geology of the lead belt and of the ore bodies; evaluation of ore bodies; recommended development, by type of ore bodies; and geologic aids to mining. A marked increase in smelting capacity was obtained through modernization of presintering practices at a lead smelter.11 The charge uniformity and control provided by the new preparation plant that was constructed permitted consistent maintenance of all subse quent operations at their highest capacity levels. Results of a stud}' of diffusion in liquid lead and experiments under taken to aid in evaluating existing theories on diffusion in liquid metals were published.12 * The. following statement summarized certain data contained in the article: The diffusion of lead and of trace amounts of bismuth in liquid lead have been investigated by the capillary method, using RaD and RaK as tracers. The results arc compared with existing theories of diffusion in liquids, the agreement with theory being fair. The heat of activation for self-diffusion in lead is found experimentally to be close to the corresponding activation energy obtained from viscosity data. The pioneer data of (troll and von Ilevesi for the self-diffusion of liquid lead, using Thl3 as a tracer, fit in witli the present results. A manufacturer reported 1,1 development of a new, activated, rosincore, lead-tin solder with outstanding noncorrosive characteristics and minimum odor. The solder spread was said to be 30 percent greater than with most conventional rosin-core solders. The activating chemicals used in the solder are not toxic to the touch or to the respiratory tract.. The solder fluxes quickly and pierces oxide film and corrosion products ou the parts to be soldered in less time than conventional solders. A new process for making tetraethyl lead was being tested in a research laboratory. According to a report,14 1th5e new process differs radically from any heretofore used or proposed for manufacturing tetraethyl lead. The chemistry of the process involves a reaction between a metal alkyl and a lead compound. It was stated that while the development work was still in its early stages the process showed considerable promise because it eliminates certain intermediate mate rials and steps involved in the present manufacturing operation and has proved superior to processes now known. An article 16 *o*il lead and its alloys supplied data (including a bib liography) on engineering advances in lead alloys and in smelling and refining, research progress, corrosion studies, testing and inspection, new publications, and radiation shielding. Pilot production of limited quantities of lead metaniobale, an unusual new high-temporalure material with numerous possible de fense applications in guided missiles and jet engines, was announced by a manufacturer of electric equipment and appliances.19 The lead `Snyder. F. Q.r and Emery, J. A.f Geology In Development and Mining, Southeast Missouri Lead Belt: Min. Eng., vol. 8. No. 12, December 1056, up. 12HM224. " Lee, Hurold E., and Ingvoldstod, Donald, Modernliatlon of Bunker 11111 FrosliUorlng Practices; Min, Lng vol. 8, No. 10, October 1956, pp. 1001-1006. ** Rothman, S. J.r and Hall, L. D., Diffusion in Liquid Lead: Jour. Metals, vol.8, No. 2, February 1956. pp. 199-203. 15 American Metal Market, vol. 63, No. 197, Oct. 12, 1D6G, p. 6. M American Metal Market, vol. 03, No. 235, Dec. 11, 1056, p. l. ' Roll, Kompton H., Load and Its Alloys: Ind. Kng. Ohom., vol. 48, No. 0, pt. II, September 1966, pp. 1731-1734. " Amorlcnn Metal Market, O, K. Starts Pilot Output of Now Lead Material: Vol. 63, No. 176. Senl 12, 1066, p. 12. LEAD metaniobatc is a piezoelectric material when acted upon by outside physica retains most of its properties up to materials, such as barium titanate and erties at lower temperatures. The lea the form of small, aspirin-size disks. WORLD RE World mine production of lead inc consecutive year, reaching an estimat percent more than in 1955. Small or made in tho United States, Peru, U. and Australia; and decreases in Can Italy, Spain, Yugoslavia, and Morocc were mined in nearly 60 countries in 19 than 100,000 tons) furnished 67 perc these countries, in order of size of load Australia, U. S. S. R., Mexico, Canada Smelter production increased for th world total in 1956 was estimated to percent gain over 1955 and a new reco producing countries, output increased i Australia, West Germany, and Belgi France; and was almost unchanged in Six countries that were the principal p plied 64 percent of the total world sme which produced 109,000 tons of lead smelter. World smelting and refinin States were listed in the 1953 chapte new primary lead smelter of signific from 1954 through 1956. TABLE 22.--World mine production of lead, 1952-56, in sho (Compiled by Augusta W. Jann and Country 1947-61 19 (average) North America: South America: Chile ....................................................... Seo footnotes at end of table. 167, 181 26 2,484 1298 242,676 * 470 400,710 813,854 16 4 27 390 83 22,306 27,660 2,623 6,227 238 60,043 2 3 10 126, 987 * 16 724 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 short tons of ore yielding 61,800 short tons of zinc concentrate, 10,300 short tons of lead concentrate, and 6,800 tons of copper concentrate. Ore reserves at the end of theliscal year were 2.6 million short tons. The lead and copper concentrates produced were exported, and the zinc concentrate was shipped to the company Risdon electrolytic-zinc plant. Lead and Zinc Pigment By Arnold M. Lansche 1 and HIPMENTS of lead and zinc pigm S totaled 491,000 tons or 7 percent less white lead in oil and zinc sulfate in pared with 1955, but those of red le zinc oxide, lithopone, dry white lead, and TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead 1 and zin States, 1947-51 (average) a 1 1047-51 (average) 1062 10 Shipments of principal pig ments: White lead (dry and In oil)................ abort tons.. Red lead....................do___ Litharge.....................do___ Black oxide*............ do___ Zinc oxide..................do___ Leaded zinc oxide short tons.. Lithopone................. do___ 44, 661 32,428 165,068 69,053 146,081 58, 787 118,376 26,663 30, 026 140,708 75,803 142,210 37,802 61,832 20 81 154 81 148 30 62 Value of products: ........ .. All lead pigments............... $81. 761.800 $72,230,000 $64,303 All zlno pigments................ 63.702,200 63,050,000 66,475 Total................................... 145,464,000 136,180,000 120,778 Value per ton reoolvod by producers: White lead (dry)................. Rod lead................................ Litharge................................ Zinc oxide............................. Lcadod zlno oxide............... Lithopone............................. 361 366 330 240 248 118 403 376 348 307 313 137 Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports............ Value of Imports.............. Zinc pigments: Value of exports............ Value of Imports.............. 1,020,400 613, 400 4,837,600 460,000 033,000 451,000 4, 362,000 90,000 700 is 1, 468 287 Export balance............ 4, 786,600 4, 744,000 1,064 1 Excludes basic lead sulfate, data withheld to avoid disc operations. 1 Production by battery manufacturers. Throughout 1956 the production of le zinc salts was adequate for all demands lead and zinc, their ores, and scrap--wer and zinc prices fluctuated slightly in ear < Commodity specialist. * Statistical assistant. 726 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 at. 16 and 13.5 cents a pound, respectively, from mid-January through out the rest of the year. Slight price increases wero noted in most of the pigments and salts during the year. > DOMESTIC PRODUCTION The value of shipments of lead and zinc pigments in 1956 (except for basic lead sulfate and zinc sulfide, which cannot be shown) was $122 million, a 4-pcrcent decrease below the 1955 value. Lead pig ments comprised 55 percent of the total value and zinc pigments 45 percent, compared with 54 and 46 percent, respectively, in 1955. Lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts manufacturers, their plants and products, were listed in Minerals Yearbook, volume 1, 1953, and subsequent changes have been noted annually in the yearbooks. In 1956 the New Jersey Zinc Co. discontinued producing lithopone because of decreasing demand. Pacific Smelting Co. began pro ducing lead-free zinc oxide at Torrance, Calif., during the year. LEAD PIGMENTS Combined shipments of the lead pigments declined 9 percent in quantity and 3 percent in value in 1956, White lead (dry) shipments were down 2 percent from those of 1955, but the "in oil" variety increased 7 percent. Total 1956 whitelead shipments were slightly higher than those in 1955 and composed 14 percent of all lead pigments shipped in 1956, whereas in 1955 ship ments were 13 percent of the total. In addition to these lead pigments, production and shipments of which are given in table 2, 107,000 tons of black or gray suboxide of lead was manufactured by battery-makers for their own use in 1956. This suboxide, which is sometimes called a leady litharge, is used in place of litharge. Comparable quantities in 1954 and 1955 were 79,000 and 113,900 tons, respectively. Suboxide production required 102,500 tons of pig lead in 1956, 109,000 in 1955, and 76,000 in 1954, TABLE 2.--Production and shipments of lead pigments 1 in the United States, 1956-66 1965 1960 Pigment Produc tion (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value Produc tion (short tons) Total Avorago Shipments Short tons Value 1 Total Averago White lead: Dry................ In oil........... Rod lead.............. Litharge............... 18, 249 7. 861 29,017 148,346 113,874 17, 868 7,717 29,272 148,611 $7,006,318 3, 638, G60 10,018,471 48, 470,892 $302 472 342 320 17, 218 7, 203 28,012 132,069 1U0,950 17,448 8,250 27,076 131,626 $7,20G, GG8 4. 133, 609 10.186, 102 46, 671,080 $413 601 304 346 > Except (or baslo load sulfate and orange mineral; data withhold to avoid disclosing Individual coiupauy confidential operations. At plaot, exclusive of contalnor. * Weight of white load only, but valuo of paste. l e a d a n d z in c p ig me n t s a n d TABLE 3.--Lead pigments 1 shipped by manufactu 1947-61 (average) and 1962-66, in Yoar Dry White lead In oil Total 1947-61 (avorage)........................ 1062................................................ 1053................................................. 1064................................................ 1066............................................... 1966...............................................: 26, 642 16, 779 10, 784 17,235 17,868 17, 448 17,919 10, 884 9,433 8, 330 7,717 8, 260 44, 661 20,003 20,217 25. 671 25,676 26, 698 1 Excludes basic lead sulfate and orange mineral; data withheld to a confidential operations. * Production by battery manufacturers. TABLE 4.--Lead content of lead and zinc pigment manufacturers, by sources, 1966-56, i 1966 Pigment Lead la pigments produced from-- Ore Domestic Foreign Pig lead Total lead in Pig ments Lea Dom Leaded zinc oxide... Total................. 4,616 4,616 1,930 1,930 20,888 26,304 133.511 109,023 289, 720 20,888 26,304 133,511 109,023 6,646 296,272 4, 4, 1 Excludes lead Iq basic lead sulfate and orange mineral; data with company confidential operations. 728 MINE RAILS YEARBOOK, 1956 White lead, red lead, litharge, and the gray and black suboxide were made directly or indirectly from refined lead and constituted 98 percent of all lead used in pigments. The lead content of leaded zinc oxide made up the remaining 2 percent of the lead used in pig ments. Basic lead sulfate is not reported herein, except to the degree that it enters leaded zinc oxide; lead silicate is included with wliito lead. ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS . Combined shipments of the major zinc pigments declined 10 percent in quantity and 5 percent in value in 1956. Shipments of lead-free zinc oxide decreased 8 percent. Shipments of leaded zinc oxide were down 17 percent ana those of lithopone 10 percent. Average values of zinc pigments, as reported by producers, were above prices in 1955. The average price for zinc oxide in 1950 increased $13 per ton to $271; leaded zinc oxide was up $23 to $282 per ton and lithopone up $7 per ton to $147. Zinc sulfate shipments were above those in 1955 by 35 percent, but declined 2 percent for zinc chloride (50 B). The average value of zinc sulfate increased $0 to $153 per ton, and that of zinc chloride was up $32 to $124 per ton. Zinc ore, refined metal, and such secondary materials as scrap metal, residues, drosses, skimmings, and zinc ashes serve as source materials for manufacturing zinc pigments and salts. As in preceding years, zinc oxide was made from ores, metal, and scrap. Of the lead-free zinc oxide, 21 percent was made by the French process from metal, 69 percent by the American process from ores and residues, and 10 percent by "other" processes from scrap residues and scrap materials. Lithopone and zinc sulfate were made from ores and scrap and leaded zinc oxide from ores only. The proportion of zinc oxide production derived from metal and scrap was 31 percent in 1956 compared with 32 percent in 1955. Zinc Oxide,--Lead-free zinc oxide shipments declined 8 percent from the 1955 total. leaded Zinc Oxide.---Four grades of leaded zinc oxide classified according to lead content were produced in the United States. The 5- to 35-percent grade constituted the bulk of production; smaller quantities were produced as less than 5-pcrcent grade, over 35- to 50-percent grade, and over 50-percent grade. Output in 1956 (comparison with 1955 in parentheses) for the 35-perccnt lead and under grade was 24,100 (27,900) tons and 2,100 (1,900) tons of over 35-percent lead. Lithopone.--Lithopone shipments wore down 10 percent from those in 1955. The lithopone statistics in this report are given on the basis of ordinary lithopone sold as such, plus Iho ordinary lithopone content of the high-strength product. An insignificant quantity of titanated lithopone was produced in tho United States in 1956. The trend has been downward almost continuously since 1937, when 19,400 tons of ordinary lithopone was used in making the titanated pigment. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS TABLE 5.--Production and shipments of zin States, 1965 1965 Pigment or salt Produo* tlon (short tons) Shipments Short tons Value 1 Total Ave Zinc oxldo1................. Leaded zinc oxldo1.. Llthopono................... Zinc chloride, 60 B._ Zinc sulfate................. 166,639 29, 725 43,819 54, 877 24,280 168,541 32, 061 42,846 54, 161 23,864 $43,561,776 8, 466,466 0,002,832 4,967,800 3, 467,446 $ 1 Value at plant, exclusive of container. * Zinc oxide containing 5 percent or more lead Is classed as zinc oxide Include a small quantity containing less than 5 p TABLE 6.--Zinc pigments and salts 1 shippe States, 1947-51 (average) and Year L Zlno oxide zln 1062.......................................................... ........ 1953........................................................................ 1954................................... .................................... 1955......................................................................... 1956......................................................................... 146.081 142.210 148,627 140,285 168,541 154,955 1 Exoludoe xlno sulflde, data withheld to avoid disclosing 460818--68------- 47 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1958 E 7.--Zinc content of zino pigments1 and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources, 1966-66, in short tons 1966 1066 at or salt Zino Id pigment* and salt* produced from'* Ore Do For mestic eign Blab Second ztne ary ma terial 1 Total zloc in pigmerits and salt* Zinc lo pigment* and salt* produced from-- Ore Do Formestic elgn Slab Second elno ary ma terial * Total zinc In pig ments and salt* ......... 68,200 due oxide.* 10.823 ne................ (> pigment*... wide.......... -nte............ o 34, 421 4,893 o w 22,119 22,119 23,473 137,293 16, 714 16,839 169,649 12,871 12,871 <) (0 67,320 9,636 ( ) < ) 20,831 6,362 <*> () 18,894 18,804 21,083 <>) 12,133 <*) 127,128 14,807 * 18,839 160,864 12,133 <> te rtncsulfide; date are withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential operations. junsj are higher than those shown In the report on Secondary Metals--Nonfcrroua because thoy .rlno rocojered from byproduct sludges. residues, etc., not classified os purchased scrap material. withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data ddeesd*wlnUohsulUlfhaotepopnroa.duction, CONSUMPTION AND USES general decline in consumption, as measured by shipments, ttributed to decreases in the volume of business in industries onsume large quantities of the pigments and salts. Production isenger automobiles at 5.8 million units, was less than three 's of 1955 output and trucks, at 1.1 million units, were down 12 it. The value of public and private construction increased 5 it to $44 billion in 195C, but the $16-million increase in the illion paint industry resulted from higher prices, as the total ction of paints, varnish, and lacquer at 503 million gallons was ent less than in 1955. paint industry was the principal user of white lead and red lead uy a minor user of litharge (chrome pigments and varnish), uig 79, 51, and 5 percent, respectively, of the total shipments se products. The paint industry was the principal user of zinc oxide and lithopone and second in importance for zinc receiving 99, 73, and 21 percent, respectively, of the total sliipof these products. Of the total quantity of lend ami zine its shipped, the paint industry received 129,000 tons in 1956 red with 142,000 tons in 1955, a 9-percent decline. nium pigments continued to furnish the chief competition to nd zinc pigments in paintmaking. Production and shipments uium pigments, based on tho titanium dioxide content, estabnew records, increasing about 18 and 6 percent, respectively, Ue previous highs established in 1955. The use of titanium its has doubled over tho past 12 years, displacing lead and gments, especially white load and lithopone, in paint formula- LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZIN Shipments of replacement automotive batterie to 24.8 million units. The storage-battery indu 02 percent, respectively, of tho red load ana litha a net decline from that received in 1955. The tonnage of natural and synthetic rubb purposes declined 5 percent, and the output of t million and 34 million units, respectively, was than in 1955. The rubber industry was in first lead-free zinc oxide, taking over half of the to dustry also used small quantities of litharge, le lithopone. The ceramics industry received 2 percent of cent of the red lead, 15 percent of the litharge, lead-free zinc oxide shipped in the United State LEAD PIGMENTS White Lead.--Paintmaking was the principa in 1956; shipments reported to the paint ind percent of tho total. During the past 8 years a of white lead has gone to other uses. In 1950 1955 21 percent; and in 1956, 19 percent. S makers accounted for 2 percent of the total Other uses for the pigment were as plasticizers dry colors, and unspecified purposes. A sub "unspecified" category doubtless belongs prope TABLE 8.--Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) s 1047-61 (average) and 1962-66, in sh Industry 0 1947-51 (average) 1962 1963 Ceramics................................. ... 38,816 1,468 4,287 44. 661 21,223 1,079 > 4, 361 26,663 21,030 786 >4,402 26,217 < Excludes baslo lead sulfate, data wltbbeld to avoid disclosing Individ nuns. 1 Includes the following tonnages for plasticizers and stabilizers: 1963--9 1,366. 1 Data for plasticizers and stabilizer* wltbbeld to avoid disclosing I operations. Basic Lead Sulfate.---Substantial quantities used as an intermediate product in manufactur Such quantities have always been shown in this zinc oxide to avoid disclosing individual compa lead sulfate. Red Lead.--The paint industry was the p red lead in 1956, receiving 51 percent of the battery makers received 36 percent of total ship 41 percent in 1955. The ceramics industry r the shipments. The "Other" classification com 732 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1966 TABLE 9#--Distribution of red-lead shipments, by industries, 1947-61 (average) and 1962-66, in short tons Industry 1947-61 (average) Paints............................................ Storage batteries,....................... Ceramics....................................... Other............................................. Total.................................. 12,140 10,420 934 2, 034 32,428 1962 13,140 13,706 888 8, 603 80, 026 1063 14, 670 13.976 1,188 1,600 31,833 IBM 12, 668 12.062 1,207 1,320 27,163 1966 14,308 11,998 667 2. 299 29, 272 1066 14,331 9,953 1,483 2, 208 27, 976 Orange Mineral.----This pigment was reported used in the manu facture of ink. Litharge.--In 1956 the proportion of litharge shipments going to storage-battery makers was 62 percent, to the ceramics industry 15 percent, to chrome-pigment manufacturers 3 percent, and the other receiving industries (varnish, oil refining, and rubber) obtained 3, 3, and 2 percent, respectively. The "Other" classification, composed of insecticides, floor coverings, driers, friction materials, lead cnemi- cals, and unspecified uses, received 12 percent. Total shipments for all purposes decreased 11 percent. . In addition to the litharge reported above, battery makers produced 107,000 tons of leady litharge, commonly termed black or gray sub oxide, for use in making the paste for filling the interstices of the battery plates. TABLE 10.--Distribution of litharge shipments, by industries, 1947-61 (average) and 1962-66, in short tons Industry 1947-51 1962 1663 1654 1965 1656 (uverago) Storage batteries............................................... Ceramics............ ............... ............................... Varnish.......................................................... Chrome pigments............................................. Oil rofinlnlng..................................................... Insecticides......................................................... Rubber................................................................ Floor coverings.............................................. Total................................ ........................ 67.854 20,445 4 680 9, 275 6. 643 7, 003 2,425 469 6,364 165,058 97.656 16, 906 5,572 8.376 4,080 2, 724 2, 100 701 3. 684 140, 768 103.846 20, 624 3.615 8,821 4 342 2,306 2, 230 603 7, 626 164 618 64.650 17,118 4 162 4,335 3. 776 2,601 1,768 666 10, 666 139,877 90,200 24,173 5, 206 6,025 3,853 3, 621 1,947 803 12, 783 148,611 82,041 19,802 3. 671 3,668 3, 523 (0 2,266 (0 16,764 131, 625 1 Included under "Other." ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zinc Oxide.--The rubber industry was the largest consumer of this pigment, receiving 52 percent of the total shipments. Zinc oxide shipments to the rubber industry in 1956 were 7 percent below thoso in 1955. Paint manufacturers were the second largest users of zinc oxide; 21 percent of the total shipments wont to thorn, or 4 percent less than in the preceding year. Shipments to the coatodfabrics and textile, ceramics, and floor-covering industries were 25, 4, and 37 percent, respectively, below thoso in 1955. Other industries (including petroleum, agriculture, chemical, and printing) and dealers who resell and export received 14 percent of the zinc oxide shipped. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENT Shipments to all consuming industrie thoso in 1955. TABLE 11.--Distribution of zino oxide shipm and 1962-66, in Industry 1647-61 (average) 1 75, 618 31,697 10,733 7, 468 3,' 824 16,741 146,081 7 3 2 14 * Includes tbe following tonnages for rayon: 1052--6,852 Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Paint manufa leaded zinc oxide. Rubber and mis the remainder. TABLE 12.--Distribution of leaded zinc oxi (average) and 1962-6 Industry 1947-51 (average) 1 Total......................................................... 67,105 150 1,623 68,787 3 8 . Lithopone.--Seventy-three percent the paint, varnish, ard lacquer indus ings were 4 percent of the total quan meDts of lithopone for use in coated fa printing ink, and "Other" were 14 pe percent below their 1947-51 average. TABLE 13.- -Distribution of lithopone shipme and 1962-66, in Industry 1647-61 (aver age) 1 Paint, vornlsb, and lacquers ..................... 60,042 4 Coated fabrics and textiles............................. 7,243 Floor coverings............ :.................................... 7,664 Rubbor................................................................. 3, 582 4.308 Printing Ink..................... -............................... } 6,647 / \ Total.......................................... .............. 118,376 6 1 Includes a small quantity, not separable, used for prin 1 Inoluded under "Other." 784 MBWHALS YEARBOOK, 1958 Zinc Chloride.--Statistics on end-use distribution of zinc chloride are not available. The principal uses of the salt wore for soldering and tinning fluxes, batterymaking, galvanizing, vulcanized fiber, wood preserving, oil refining, and fungicides. Zino Sulfate.--Rayon and agriculture were tho chief consumers of the salt in 1956, receiving 67 and 22 percent of the shipments (dry basis), respectively. Tho remainder was consumed in electrognlvanizing, dyeing and printing, paint manufacture, and ptheriniscellaneous uses. TABLE 14.--Distribution of zino sulfate shipments, by industries, 1947-51 (average) and 1952-56, in short tons Industry 1047-61 (aver* age) 1602 1903 1904 1060 1900 Gross Gross Dry Gross Dry Gross Dry Gross Dry Gross Dry weight weight basis weight basis weight basis weight basis weight basis Rayon........................... Agriculture................... Chemicals..................... Glue.............................. ElectrogalvanUtng.... Flotation reagent*___ Paint and varnish processing................. Textile dyeing and printing..................... Other............................. 0,968 6,779 1,900 023 207 1,066 213 347 1,940 8,181 0, 111 1,670 391 342 1,070 172 300 2,290 6,812 4,446 1,489 329 243 960 130 301 1,422 9,008 6,773 2, 039 601 337 736 106 100 1,960 7,012 0,894 2,105 001 220 648 70 138 1,219 0,010 7.007 2,300 648 404 307 130 4 1,402 0,740 6, 130 1,973 046 301 317 10,732 8,187 0) (0 268 226 114 0) 4 1,024 4,461 9, 637 7, OHO 0) (>) 177 202 21,083 7,051 < ) <o 0) 0) 0) ( ) 3, 343 4.006 Total................... 22,112 19, 087 JO, 122 22,220 18,412 10,027 10,157 23, 804 20,348 32,200 18.820 0,291 c> () o (') 3, 100 26,306 1 Included under "Other." PRICES Total and average values received by producers for lead and zinc pigmeuts and zinc salts are riven in tables 1, 2, and 4. Average values of white lead, red lead, and litharge increased in 1956, $21, $22, and $20 per ton, respectively, above 1955. The average prices of lead pigments declined from 1951 to 1954 and then increased to that in 1956, when they were within 3, 8, and 10 percent, respec tively, of the 1951 high. The average quoted price for common lead at New York was 16.0 cents compared with 15.1 cents in 1955. The average weighted sale price of lead was 15.7 cents a pound, compared with 14.9 cents in 1955. Averago values of zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, and lithopone in creased $13, $23, $7 per ton, respectively, in 1956. The average quoted price of Prime Western zinc was 13.5 cents per pound, com pared with 12.3 cents in 1955; the average weighted sale price for all grades was 13.7 cents a pound compared with 12.3 cents last year. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENT TABLE 15.--Range of quotations on lead pig at New York (or delivered in the East) [Oil, Faint and Drug Product 1902 White lead (basic lead carbonate), dry, cartels, bags.............................................. Basic lead sulfate (sublimed load), less than cartels, bags.................................... Red lead, dry, 95 percent or less, less than cartels, barrels............................... Orange mineral, American, less than cartels, barrels........................................: Litharge, commercial, powdered, less than carlots, barrels............................... Zinc oxide: American process, lead-free, bags, cartels................................................. American process, 0 to 35 percent lead, bags, carlots............................ French process, red seal, bags, carlots................................................. French process, green seal, bags, carlots................................................. Fronch process, white seal, bags, carlots................................................ Lithopone, ordinary, less than carlots, bags............................................................. Zinc sulflde, less than carlots, bags, borrols........................................................ Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks.................................... Fused, drums....................................... Zinc sulfate, crystals,1 less than carlots, barrels....................................................... 16.25-20.10 16.70-20. 19 17.25-22.67 19.00-24.92 16. 25-21.60 14. 25-17. 60 14.40-18.36 15. 25-18.85 16.00-19.35 16.00-19.80 8.25- 8.00 26.30 4.10- 6.35 9.60- 9.85 18.10-11.20 Id. 2 15.0 10.7 18.1 14.7 13.6 14.0 14.7 16-2 10.7 8,2 25.3 4.1 9.8 8.1 i Includes granulated. FOREIGN TR The tonnage and value of imports 1956 about doubled those in 1955. On on lead and zinc pigments and salts th increased 7 and 22 percent, respecti 1955. The value of imports was $2 million in 1955. The value of majo million compared with $2.3 million in Imports of litharge were exception compared with those in any of the p composed 92 percent of the lead pigm lead products imported in 1956 were those for 1955. Imports of most zinc products hav since 1952. Imports of zinc oxide w last year, 56 percent above those of those of 1953. In 1956, 63 percent o imported was attributable to zinc ox ported were 143 tons of lithopone, 51 of zinc chlorido, 17 tons of zinc arsena Total zinc products imported, in 1956 in 1955. 1 Figures on Imports and exports complied by Mae B. AotMtlos, Duronu of Mines from reoords of the Bureau of 736 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1958 Litharge exports (2,000 tons) in 1956 were the highest since 1946, when 2,200 tons was shipped out of tho country. Lead arsonato showed tho largest percentage increase of tho lead products exported, amounting to 137 percent above 1955. Total zinc pigments exported wero down 9 percent from 1955. Zinc oxide exports were up 4 percent to 2,700 tons. Lithopone ex ports continued the decline in progress since the 1951 high of 20,500 tons. They were 27 percent below exports of the material in 1955. TABLE 16.--Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead and zinc pigments and salts, 1964-66 (Bureau of tbe Census] Imports for consumption Exports 1954 1955 1956 1954 1955 1950 Lead pigments: $608 134,413 14,219 $6, 980 $923 30,700 174,896 1,388, 733 18,708 30, 241 $289, 901 124,013 467.078 if) $284, 735 133,580 658,029 (>) Total......................................................... 149,140 194,626 1, 464,660 <0 (0 Zinc plgmonts; >476,913 31,868 7,020 085,180 83, 732 4,366 770, 168 156,676 19,931 807,006 if) 464,401 771,621 <0 300,900 >514. 800 773, 273 910, 762 1, 351, 620 1,072,681 Load and zinc salts: > 20,337 34,075 32, 967 72, 080 1,700 72, 369 66. 301 65, 610 2, 670 112,702 84,058 101,607 23,665 o 215, 206 21,181 0) 8 > 87,369 202, 619 264,940 o o > 761.309 1,170,318 2,676,362 (0 $190, C28 147,617 744,628 0) o 846,883 () 239,892 1,086, 776 676, 745 22,874 I ( ) 1 Data not available. 1 Owing to changes in tabulating procedures by tbe Bureau of tbe Census data known to be not o o u j parable wltb earlier years. TABLE 17.--Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1947-51 (average) and 1952-56 [Bureau of tbe Census] Short tons Year White lead (baslo carbon ate) Red load Lith arge Lead sub oxide Lead Lead pigments arsenate n. s. p. /. Other load com pounds 1047-51 (average)____ 1952............................... 1054......................... 1065............................. 777 300 (0 20 115 2 (I) 2 3 113 089 021 00 696 761 6, 371 40 13 53 (') 14 28 34 6 78 13 37 81 32 18 86 352 2G9 Total value $032, 000 469.980 22, 607 > 109,477 266,616 1,630, 270 > Leas than 1 ton. * Owing to changes In tabulating procedures by tbe Duroau of tbe Census data known to bo not compa rable wltb earlier years. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN TABLE 18.--Zinc pigments and salts imported States, 1947-61 (average) an (Buroou of tbe Census] Short tons Year Zlno oxide Dry In oil mhopone Zlno eulfldo o 1947-61 (average)___ 1,450 3 401 7 1962............................... 173 (0 11 1953............................... 1,167 29 30 23 1964............................... 2, 348 05 100 3,320 30 205 1968............................... 3,667 143 610 1 Less than 1 ton. > Owing to changes In tabulating procedures by tbe Bureau o parable wltb earlier years. TABLE 19.--Lead pigments and salts exported f (average) and 1962- [Bureau of tbe Census] Year S Wblto lead Red lead L 1052........................................................................ 1953........................................................................ 1964............. +...................................................... 1956............. '....................................................... 1066........................................................................ 761 783 075 435 818 417 951 335 957 325 664 362 i Classification established 1949; quantity and value not includ * In addition, lead aoetate and sugar of lead exported as follows pounds, $19,973; 1951, 140,127 pounds, $46,191. TABLE 20.--Zjno pigments exported from the U and 1962-56 . [Bureau of tbe Census] Year Short tons Zinc Litho oxide pone Total value Y 1047-61 (average)............ 8,951 16,701 $4.837,659 7, 616 9.085 4,352.300 1063.................................... 2,971 3,927 1, 468, 100 1034.......... 1955.......... 1958..........