Document RJ1zj8NDO66MoxogzLZwpLjXa

1933 TRANSACTIONS exhibit B&R-ll National Safety Council Incorporated TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Chicago, Illinois October 2 to October 6, 1933 The Stevens Hotel Copyright, Xtuiomii Suffty Cauneit. /*'- i > r c -- ru H r>: O <* i o< _L 5 c O 3X o i3=o 2..-- sS.-3% 3 2 n3 n- C O3 = A O y 3 3" -- n $ %'S A-* * e* an *3 o Ae 3 S As A3 s a. 2 O 2, A 2, 2 " S' V a. o . 3E S.RT 3 ~ ^ e* - *t a rs aH One OX e* A* 3" U< o C* - fra*" < A * * w 5 o S^. <1 A 4 r eo- M *0 rt 5* * - Oo a ?a M 3* a 3 $3" C. v-o 3" n 3 (VO s - e ^ = S'" 2 " n s a a- 32*. -- - U xs 32 o _ ~ r > O C S 2 s * osb _ *0 s t- a* r o- 4 ft# 2*< " r o -fH En m -. 3 - SS? om -Is * c. a 3 12 S a-? i2; S3** Ay A<4 4 3A -< sW 2. 3C. 2E. o. ~ft - 3 ft 3s^s 1 CL* "c 5. 63 E n "5 -o "2 H1 J4T o o r_ 0 2 s' bES 5.S O ftS.S a. i n2 2 a . 2 O E3 -- ?3 l A Eg -?" o 33 *b-- C* 2T 3 * O o * * 2. 2 s 3 &** o o s* 5T , I nr3 8. S"S 3 o 5* -sri 2nw. o n2 a* = * 3 a a 4 A uA pm A n o "S 3A e o. a cC S o. a z<o 0 > 1m0 tn SOr *s =. 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A iu_UcS7.' 2c. -u B^ *5 Aft ?r: 2 5? r. x w 3 3i = c` to 3 ,= ? 3o . c- n U--n* c4 -c4 a CO 3`E A o *< o ti A 0 7* o =0 ^ 5 ? S" g OCl n S = 5- S 3 : a o * ? 5 5": Sg.1 > 3 *3 < *< < o o z to -o M w W 'O O *4 UO rO*J NJ OM o <0 VA -- ooec*^oC',- -- -- -- OU. -- -- > a o " r r "i ^ i- > ? = 'r n s n r- z - = C r = ~ r - r = n rr o r- ^ r, t. r.t- z- -z -- tr. s. ? > ? g 5 2 > .>-'- - >-:.* = = 3 > 3 .- 3 2 O z y. s z 3 ^^P3 = 5 S ' ; S 3 -> P ~ C 2 * ' P * -- * ~ - * P r z P Z ~ ~ ?:S'r-f'ft^5isl-:SS = eif Crl-s = = S=fl?Io!^n?v 5 = 2 S r y 5 ; -* * * 5 r S y p 5 X ^ 5 ? 3 51 s P " S D 5 a M > c S * 2 5 g r C E " i 2 > ?! 2 ' s S 5 ' " e 2 * HI ^ *3 ' i i ' ' r ? 2 * C i:'1 j'w M`' - > - ? \ < s3 5 E^ vik s -- n y - ~ 2* ,, O =r -^7 - _= 5 I" ~ s' e ' ; -! n- n = i. sUe=--. . *--. 2: a *5=?* n n=_ ^= a*=. ==r* no V* 5'< y rt ft 5 33 Zaj=5-I |.Hf| |=~i* wft =Z j* * 5 < 2. n SV j"' a* ^ - ? "S' i s= Va w * ~ 5' 7? _ 2 to s SS5* U5 I VS n5* I * 5* = n ^ 5. o s, r n 3* -,n 3* c/j U oST ss 53 H e--- ~ 2 Si >< ne ne rBO^ < M * r> * rot n2 9 s' H 2 < n .# cWo 2= 3* 2 _ JT c~o =n? S 0*5 Vi r ^ Si. in < ` sc ?~ *S5 S * = * n ? V s O o n Sf .tr 2C s^ n' N--'. 3 n *51 a. t3 S Txcenty-second Comjrrss--tValioual Safety Council Altuo H. Swayne, General Motors Curi>ratui. Abthv* it. Tone. Consulting Marine Engineer. \V. W. Tir.xcti, Sdiencetadr Safety Coimcil XV. V. Tcaurntxr.. San Antonin Safety Council. WiLUAit F. Vrxert, Rahway Safely Council. Ytircccr WuccnoB. Kansas Gty Safety Council. Geneer H. \V*im, Union Pacific Kailrnacl Company. D*. C 1-L Watso.x, American Tcirplwnc & Telegraph Company. Haur if. WnsEi, Illinois Bell Telcpiione Company. S. E. Wnrrtxc, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. W. Wirrnerr. National Bureau of Casualty It Surety Underwriters. \Y. H. W'lXAXS. Union Carbide & Carhnn Corporation. Da. C.-E. A. Wixslow, Yale Medical Scliool. Ha err Wise, Sil. Gtattanooga Safety Council. J. 1L Womx Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. W. E- Womi, International Harvester Company. E. J. Zacrr. Safety Bureau. Duluth Giamher of Commerce. J. B. Zook. Cement Section. f4 Tinlife. natir; rcctiy tree r> C5>ent. Iiiv cnmJit' T*v tlie t . indu*: merer. mcitKi: Vnitt.. laiioiu tk* tailed under : wauk-* York . ship - Tlt were a* fonpu and u prevru acci'U* * examp'.. STiv. death mntrr * <*t pn cordeti cent, dcclii vehicle ins ro. having mtmin facts : txt clothes, etc, n air. . be sterilized. from the hands <e skin and open -ip plenty of such mine Ik* water Is (or cleansing !*fbre mentioned. ' ml diseases and important occupa-mpOttilde because -odiruous contact complete listing -anplcte chemical w processes. .-stances that are - a non-irritating Vmcn irritating. of time of ex- rk. - surfaces. Make tree as possible the worker with . uhly cleaned and and keep it and laundered 4 Mill Company vailalile in com- -< loads. ,ieh worker lias d equipment bui thing into work leaner who does Itpany time: you - ill find tliat the n efficiency will N A T l 0 Ar A /. .V A 1: E T 1' C 0 U ,\' C / /. iuirSs. Dust Problem in Industry r v*. v ; . _v - . ,; v FRIDAY MORNING SESSION * 1 October 6, 1933 Tlie special session devoted to a discussion of the dust proiriem in industry was called to order by J. R. Allan, assistant manager. Industrial Engineering and Con struction Department. International Harrestes- Company, Chicago, who presided. He briefly outlined the purposes ol the session -^nd that presented the first speaker. The Mechanical Control of Dust - By E. O. JONES // , Consultant, National Founders Association, Chicago ! The speaker said in part: During the last few years, much lias been written about the. pathological effects oi dust. From this material there seems to he sonic laek of agreement among scientists as to the pathological effects of these types ol dust. ! ` their dniiccroui dimensions, the length of time one must lie exposed to their iniiala- lion, tiic density of concentration whidi is dangerous, and. the extent to which they ! are tlircetly causative or contributory to disease. It is uiiinrttmate licit in the twilight zone between ethics and non-ethics, there are certain iiicinJiers of the legal and medical profession who are willing in lake advantage of these uncertainties and capitalize on them largely for tlieir own benefit. Wien the foundry iitmisirv was confronted with the accusation that it Itarbored a iwtcniial health hazard, its leaders immediately took steps to study the (>rbblem. with the object of eliciting all the facts and determining ti|>on a course of procedure to eliminate the causation. This study has been under way in some localities lor some time, but its procedure presents many difficult problems. The medianical control of dust is not our ooiv problem, nor docs the accomplish ment of- such control depend upon larjrc expenditures of money. Wc know from experience that gradually human ingenuity will provide ways and means- to this part of the problem. But let us digress from the sulijrct u enmiuer the amount 01 dust we as iiulU vtdnals create. Take the mohlcr. for instance, who poes to his lcnch at the start of his day's work. He reaches for his air hose, and starts ihe day by remnvinc. with its force everything he cau from his equipment. In close proximity to his bench. 37 ;H5 Twenty-second Comjrcss--National Safely Council or on the window sill in front of him, y.m will usually find a varied collection ,.t relies. Ifc will usually wet down liu sand pile, lint seldom his lloor or panswar. When he i. throncli with his shift he usually grabs the air hose and proceeds to take a compressed air hath. And we lure the foundry laborer: he lias many menial tasks to twrform. "When he sweeps or uses a shovel he seems to be of die opinion tliat his efforts arc indeed hv the atiuospiicre lie creates. If lie does sprinkle the floor it is usually done very sparinply. Sluke-out men and crane men seemingly pive little attention to llie results of their tlioughtlessncs*. Grab buckets are osually liftctl to the limit of their lift and tlien lumped, ilanr companies have furnished equipment, such as positive pressure helmets and respirators, to employees trim work in extremely dusty atmospheres. But it is surprisinp to note the apparent lack of interest on die part of the employee tor wltose protection this equipment is furnished. From these remarks some may ay "Why shift die rcsptaisihilitv " Not a hit. We have merely cited these few facts as au indication tliat possibly we can improve the supervision. If we make every nan responsible for die cleanliness in the vicinity in which he works, and every foreman responsible for his department, and then in tern make the superintendent answer for the cleanliness n{ his simp, we wilt not have to worry about die increase in labor cost. After dust pets into the atmosphere, it is. of course, very difficult and expensive to remove. Keeping the foundry floor off the ceiling is a nan-sise job. . Ventilation is a profileTM everywhere. A diligent survey of our rxistiiis eqnipfiiciit nay ilcvelop dm lact flat hr stiail expenditures we ran inqirove cimtlitMux. fnsivct ynur dust-arresting equipment. See tlat the rapping device is in order, tlat the screens are m pood condition, we suggest tlat they are rapped ami tlw Impprrs emptied rcetilarlv. Repair any leaks in pipes. See tlat the valves close properly. Glides should lie kept in good repair and wiicn emptying arresjprs. respirators should be worn by tlie mat wlmse duty it is to perform- this wnrk. If refuse from the arrestors is'not removal at mice, keep it in containers or wet-dnwu until it is re moved. AIsn-e all. watch your air velocities aiul nake sure ym arc removing at the source as nmch of the dust as the equipment was originally designed to do. Yoo pay for the currnit the motor cmtsiimcs to operate your snetimt ct|ui|niK-m. tlicrefore _ pet the pmt>er return iur tlat expenditure. ' Ho not store r allow sand to accumulate around your. blasting equipment. Make sure von are receiving the proper air chances in your sandblast rooms. I u.pHXT your tiasks to the ainoimt of air purging througii. Tim wearer is prone nany limes lo just crack or partially <>(>cn the valve, and when this is done he is not getting the fuil protection for which the helmet was designed. Wc suggest tlat the helmet lie removal from tlw sandblast room ami stored at the aid of the day in a dust-tight cabinet, instructing the wrarev to clean Iwfure rc-usir.g. In your elrauing rooms wlicre tumbling larrcls are used, we ileal aeaiit with air velocities. Tiping slmnld lie diligently iuspcctnl ami kqit ill good rqiair. Make sure traps arc performing die service they wive designed for. It tnieht lc well to keep floors in this dqnrlnwiit wet clown. Kanovc the day's accumulation of refuse at the end of the'day's rim. When cyclones are used, make sure you are in* exhausting at the level of windows which may lie n|>cncd in otiicr parts of your plant. We will have in look fn/*further co-opcratiin from the foundry equipment manu facturers who ervc our industry. Papupillent will have to lie sold lo us net lo meet e the ctp regular designe And a fointi. provideequipme Our i For tisi: "is our d "lio liar tlw acta In tlie It is inq precautio upon tlw of all ka hope to to nnptoindustry .t?Kow t .Director. The im: disease ha sunjett haextension < increasing lisahility i eliminatinc the dustim given dust, given rpiar. foot of air tlat is the Many in* and it mav African im f-heric dust early as l`. i 'oimcil varied collection oi floor or raniwar. 'tow and prucecds to to perform. When .hi* effort* arc judged i* usually done very iu the result* of their their lift and then as positive pressure Jusly atmospheres. 1-art of the employee -hilitri" Not a Itit. thijr we can improve rdmess in the vicinity . iiinan. and that in :i shop, we will not into the atmosphere, a the foundry floor existinc equipment conditions. Insiiect m order, tlat the- 1 and the hopjicrs --Ives dose properly. . respirators should If refuse from the I-twn until it is re* - re removing at t ...pied tu d-i. You -[uipmrnt, tlierciore a equipment Make . -imv Inspect vour ne many limes to is not getting the' .hat the hehnei lie lay in a dust-tight .al again wiih air repair, Make sure he well to keep .lion of refuse at are not csluustiug ur plant. - optipmciit tnaittiold to ns net to ! I t. .{ d ,, | j Uiut f`rabU-M in hnhislry 39 meet existing codes, l>ut as dust-tight as human ingenuity can design them. After tlic equipment is installed, it will l>c the purchaser's responsibility to sec tltat it is regularly inspected anti maintained tu jwrfomt the service lor which it was originally designed. And we refer again In (lie cmplnyrr.'s responsibility. When he elects to work in a fotmdry, lie should he willing to co-operate ami wear the safety devices which are provided hy his employer, ami it will lie the purcltascr's responsibility to sec tliat the etpiipment is well cared for and properly maintained. Our imittstry is a liasie one and we hope tlut it trill lout; continue to lie essential. For this reason we want to assure those who are sitting on the side lines tliat .it is our determination anti hope that, with the help of tltosc in (lie medical profession wlio Itave given so generously of their time in scientific study, we can soon determiue die actual extent of tlte hazard. " In tlte meantime, while many diverse opinions are being brought into agreement, it is imperative tlat we give more titan passive assent to suggested measures of precaution or improvement. The accomplishment of worth while results depends upon the diligent and active co-operation of everyone concerned and the utilization of all known means of prevention and control. Only through united effort can sve hope to accomplish an effective program which will give maximum of advantage to employers and employers alike, ami to such an end we are confident the foundry industry will continue to dedicate its earnest and conscientious efforts. How to Determine the Dust Content of the Atmosphere in Dusty Industries . > > \ By DR. E. G. MEITER .A'.// Director, Industrial-Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual Liability Insurance * Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Tlic importance of atmospheric tlust as an agmt in the eansatini of rr-piratury disease las long liccn known. However, it is only within the last lew years flat this subject has achieved medical and legal importance in dusty imlustri---. lictxui'.e --f the extension of compensation laws to include oecupatimal diseases, and through ;m cvcrincreasiug number of legal suits against industrial ctmeems i>y employees ciaimiiig disability due to slust inlnlation. there is need for a severe attack on the problem oi eliminating or otherwise comlaiiug tlic dust hazard. In order to imcilievnily ' Slirrjf tlic dustiness of the air. the amount of dust present must be detcriniiu-J. With a gixxn dtisL two factors are usually considered: fl) the numlier of dust particles in a given quantity of air, which is usually expressed in millions of particles per cubic foot of air; (2) particle-size, usually cxprcs'-ctl in a size ircqtieuey ilistrihmiuii curve, that is the pcrcmtncc less titan stated size is plotted against the size of particle*. Instruments Used for Determining Atmospheric Dusts Many instrument* have Item devised for determining the dust concemration in air and it may he well to give a brief historical review nf -this subject. The South African investigators liecan using the sugar tulic method for the sampling oi atmos pheric dust irf I *) 11: the same mot hot I was used hy the U. S. lltireaii of Mines as early as 1914. fly this method a measured volume of the tlu.-t air is. passed through t i f Fi y Iar: 40 Twenty-second Congress--National Safety Council a lube containing granulated sugar, which filters out the suspended dust. At the laboratory, the Jtigar is dissolved in water and the number of dust particles are deter mined by counting those in a small volume of the sugar solution under a microscope. This nirthod of dust sampling had certain disadvantages, the chief of which was the fact tiiat the purest commercial sugar contained a certain quantity of dust, which introduced considerable errors, especially in those samples containing a low dust concentration. To overcome the limitations of the sugar tube method various other devices were developed, one of which was the Palmer apparatus. This apparatus consisted essentially of a pcar-slaped glass bulb, the lower end of which terminated in a U-tuhe or trap. Suction was applied to the glass bulb hy means of an electric exhaust fan and the volume of air measured by mean* of a Tetot tube. Dust-free dis tilled water was put into the U-tube. The air drawn through the water in the trap broke it up into a spray within the larger portion of the sampling bulb, which washed out and retained the dost. The dust so obtained was analyzed by the usual methods. The Palmer apparatus also had certain disadvantages, the chief of which was that its efficiency as a dust catcher was low. In the search for a more portable type of in strument, which at the same time would yield rapid, results, tlie South African in vestigators introduced in 1916 a new instrument known as the Kntzr konimetcr. The konimeter samples dust by impinging a small volume of air against tlve surface of a vaseline-coated glass plate, the vaseline serrinc to catch the dust particles. The riu.it retained on the glass plate was then counted under the microscope at a suitable magni fication. The chief disadvantages of the konimetcr arc tint in atinospiierrs containing a high concentration of dust, the spots are too dense to allow coimiiug the individual panicles and the method eau. thereiore. not lie -used in such rases, also many samples liad to lie taken to secure a correct average determination in places where the dust concentration was variable. As a result of the dUTcrent methods of dust determination brine used by the differ ent governmental bureaus and others, it was soon found tiiat the various dust-sampling methods did not yield absolute results, consequently some contusion arose in inter preting the various dust studies. In order to arrive at some basis of conitariscm the U. S.' Bureau of Mines conducted a lalsoratory study of dust-sampiing instruments. The results of this study were published in Tuhlic Health Bulletin No. 1-14 entitled "Comparative Tests of Instruments for Determining Atmospheric Dusts." (1 hi During the course of this study two of the investigators. Dr. L. Greeithurg and G. W. Smith. devised a new apparatus called the impinger. In the comparative study the dust collecting efficiency of the impinger was found to he high, and in addition the method- offered several advantages over previous methods. After several itindiuea. tious to meet special requirements, this instrument was adopted hy the Federal Public Health Service ami Bureau of Mines as the standard technique for the sampiinc of dust in air. The instrument las been used in the study of a number oi dust trades, and is the commonly accepted method in use today, t Size of Dust Particles Taken into the Lungs It las l>cen ohserved from a study of silicotic lungs that most oi the dust particles that have penetrated into the air sacs arc less than 10 microns in longest dimension (1 micron is 1/lQOOth of a millimeter, nr l/2S00th of an inch). It is generally agreed, therefore, that wc need not bother with particles larger tlan 10 microns in measuring the concentration of a dangerous dust. So tlat you may visualize the size of these snail particles consider a 2S0 mesh I t i i i ! i 1 sere ligh eye. such It to h (take hy t: are > W and air c one i will perse indet that TIi otttsi' come Wise tieles a cul free cords 5.250 As know tlirnu mer<< Th with princ appliWhci may gacc Th. a kne cubic to th. dutiei Alter placo Wl clean 50 nn  onncil ncicd dust. At tl>c tielej arc detcr- Cr a imcroscope. '{ o( which was the uity n( dust. uilicit turning a loir dun ethod various oilier u*. This apparatus "4 which terminated means of an electric tube. Dust-fret dis,:>e water in the Iran' halb, which cashed the usual methods. which was that its portable type oi in* - Sooth African in* toe Iconimeter. Tlie nst the surface of a :articles. Tlie dust at a suitable traeni- . `spheres containing ding the individual also many *amplet es where the dust used by the differous dust-sampling n arose in inter of comparison the tiling instruments. t " 144 entitled -- J." (1925) : - Grecnburg and comparative study ind in addition the several modilicahe Federal Public r the sampling ol . rr of dust trades. . i j { j } i -j ! j i I l ! * ; the dust particles hugest dimens inn generally agreed, xts in measuring tier a 280 mesh j. 1; J t I i i Dust Problem in Industry 41 screen in which the screen npcniitcs are 50 microns. In the absence`of a beam of light, an atitvispltere containing these tiny particles will appear dear to the naked ere. and therefore is extremely deceptive; Only a powerful niicrnscniie can make such particles directly visible. It is necessary, therefore, tu make a iiiicro*ciqiicarcxauiiiuti<*t of the atmosidicrc to learn liow badly polluted it may be. Larger particles snrlt as are visible to the naked eye arc essentially harmless in the causation nf siliensis. as these arc caught hr tltc membranes provided by nature in the nasal ami other respiratory passages and are eventually couglteii tip or eliminated before any damage is done. When small dust particles arc dis)>ersed in air, they arc carried about like smoke and settle out very slowlrr liow long such panicles will remain suspended in quiet air can be roughly determined front Stokc's law. Assuming a round panicle to be one micron in diameter, it can he calculated by means of this law tint such a particle trill tall only 20-3 feet in 24 Itours. It can he seen, therefore, tliat any fine <iast dis persed hno tlie air is not only a momentary hazard but remains its the air for an indefinite period. This fact is often overlooked hy workmen, as it is usually assumed tliat as soon as the dust cloud is no longer risible all dust lus settled out. The term "dusty working place" is only a relative one. Most air, both inside -and outside of factories, contains some dust. It is, therefore, necessary to adopt a standard content for the dividing line betwren slightly dusty and dusty working places. The Wisconsin dust civic prescrilxs a "tentative figtirc id 15 millvvt countable dust par ticles under 10 microns in longest dimension with free silica content of 35 per cent in a cubic loot of air as determined hy Public Health Service techni.pic. Variations in 5frecasilica .foment will make proportional inverse dances in ibis standard.'' In ac'rnrdancr with this standard Die permissible count for practically pure silica would lie 5.250,000 particles. How Duse Samples are Collected As mentioned previously, the instrument used in collecting (lie dust samples is tliat known as the "Impinger." With this instrument the air to lie sampled is drawn through a glass tulie and impinged at a high velocity on a class plate which is im mersed Itencath a suitable liquid contained in the collecting flask. Tlie impinger, ilicrefnre, combines the principle oi collecting dust hy impingement with a water-washing or bubbling method and so imssesses the advantages oi liotii principles. Tlie dust is thus trapped and remains In Ihc collecting liquid. Suction i> applied to the impinger hy means oi -.i steam ejector (>cratcd hr compressed air. Where compressed air is not available, a snail electrirally-o|ieratcd vacuum pump may lie ii'cti. Tlie rale of air flow is measured either hy mrans oi a small vacuum gage or an orifice-type flow meter. Tlie entire apjaratns is calibrated before use aeaiust a standard cas meter, so tlut a known volume of air pay be sampled. The rate of sampling is approximately one ctihie foot of air [>cr minute. The dust-collecting device is placet! in close proximity to the breathing level oi the workmen involved while pcrinrniing their respective duties, so that air samples representing actual working entuiitimts may lie obtained. After a smTiricnt volume of diist-ladcu air has liven sampled, the collecting liquid is placed in a suitable container ami rcmovrtl to the laUiratnry inr the necessary analysis. When the dust sample reaches the laltoratore, the entire sample is filtered into a clean graduated flask tlirmigli a 280-mcslt screen so that only particles smaller ihau 50 microns are permitted to pass: particles larger than 50 microns arc not considered _C" Twenty-second Cont/ress--,Yiilinnai Safety Council injurious and are, thcretorr. renmvcd from the sample-' .After prot>er dilution. Use contents of the graduated Hash arc tluirouehly sliakcn so tlut a uniform suspension <* obtained. ami two portions of alsout one cubic centimeter are removed with a pipette to just fill two Scdgwick-Uafter counting cells. The cells are allowed to Stand at least 20 minutes and the dust particles are tlien counted by means of a microscope. Tlie microscope with- att Alitie condenser is provided with an eyepiece micrometer, a 16-millimeter ohjective and a 7.X eyepiece. The eyepiece mierometer lias a farce' square encraved on it. and this square is divided into |(U squares. one of which b fur ther (liviled into 25 smaller squares. Tlte protier tttlie Iciiath oi the microsewpc is determined by caiiliration with a stage mirminctcr. so tlut a side of the large square of the eytiiieec covers l millimeter (1,000 microna'l. Tlie large .vpiare oi tlte eyepiece micrometer, thcret'iwr. encloses tlte dust in an area of one square millimeter, and since tlie counting ceil is >tc millimeter deep, all the dust suspended in one cubic millimeter of the sample it under the ruled field. Allparticles visually less tlun 10 microns in longest diamesrr in one quarter of the field are cotmtcil at five points on the ceil, namely, near tlie Nmr corners and tlie center. Two cells of cadi dust sample are counted and the averaee of 10 counts is oluamed. Control counts are subtracted from the average sample crams, giving finally, average net counts of die manlier of particles which are then calculated in-terms of |iarticlcs per oilric hot of air sampled. Haring determined tlte concculraiion of dust |rticlcs less Ilian 10 miernos in diamctcr in a eiven atmosiiitcre, it is also necessary to obtain information regarding the Joincsnl oVmxisition oi the dust Ijcfnrc any erahutimi of die health liazard can tic made. lit general it nav he said tlut the luruiitilncss of a quartz crimaining dust is usually in direct priqsirtion to its frcc-silira fSiOi) content. It is. diercforr. neces sary t.. distinguish lietwcett "tree silica", tlut is the silica tlut occurs as quartz, and "cnnil.mcd silica', or the silica tlut is combined with other elements in the various silicate minerals. It should l>e Immc in mind, therefore, tlut the total silica reported in the customary chemical analysis is no nteasure of the amount sf free silica. Tlie quartz content of fine dusts is usually determined he a eomhinatiott of pclrneraphie anil chemical methods. Each dust presents individual prrJilcms ami no indivithul tevlmiqtic applies to all dusts regardless of their ennipositioo. Tlrase iittcrcstnl in this prnlilem should conrttlt Reprint Xu. 15fi0 at tlie Public Health Re ports. February 24. l'bU. entitled "Tlie Quantitative Determination of Quartz ffrec silira) in lhits' bv Arloljsli Knopf. Professor of Physical Ccology. Vale University, and Consultant, United States Ptililic Health Service. Discussion o Dust Problems By DR. LEONARD GREENBURG Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Tit/ |ieakcr said in (art: On the technical stile of litis problem you lave hecu . prcsemcil with nvo escellcnt pniiers hy Mr. Jones and Dr. ileilcr. There is little tlut l should Athl Irimt this point of view. Perhaps the most valuable contribution tlut I can make is to present to you inv own (icrsoiial view of the broader adminis trative aspects of this problem gained as a result of many years of close contact. In order to do this. let us analyze the problem in its simplest terms. . fT niicil "Oper flilutifai, tile ztii'-rnt suspension ived with i Is ..e allowed to d by mans of a cpicce micrometer, -netcr lias a large ie of which is ftirihe miemsenpe is n the large sqtarc rs the dust in an iilimeter deep, all e ruled field. All -.saner of the field and the center, counts iit olitained. finally, average terms of particles microns in iliamion regarding tlie th hazard can lie autainiitg dust is . therefore, neers-rs as quartz, and us in the carious ;al silica reported free silica. a combination of T mis and no ~ip*--in Those =ublie Hcaltli Kc- of Quartz (free Vale University, n you liavc liecn There is little able contribution broader adiiiinisof close contact ns. Dust Problem in Indmtlrv 4.5 Wc tiny Iwgin by agreeing lint pulnuaiary filu-osi* results from the inlialalkai i*f certain dusts in known ci<K-niLain over a sudiciciit |>critl oi time. This fact has liren tleimuistrated nt>catcdlv he means of industrial. laijoratory and |vuliol.gical studies. On this simple fact 1 lake it there is complete agreement. Sneh legitimate cases of disabling imluvaiary fibrosis arc held in mam- Mates to be the responsibility of the eniploycr. Imrtlicr. a |<cntsal id the cnttipensaiini laws makes it evident lint there exists a decided trend in llie direction of hr.udcuing the connectisatinn acts throughout the Union for ivc find front time to time tint additional states are lietnc added to ,tlic list of 11wise holding silicosis to l<e a crunpensahle disease. We would certainly he blinding ourselves to tlie iaeis were we ao to admit the existence of this trend in'social legislation. It should lie iiiutcd oat liere tint this is a eery wlx*ivsrnc and desirable state of allairs. Tlie insurance lirinciiile Ins justified its existence hi spreading the liurdcn of ill fortune over a loop period of freedom from catastrophic and surely in the osc of industrial accidents it Ins freed us from the deplorable state of altairs in'existence prior t*. W1A fit the ease of tlie occupational diseases we may hope-fur criuaily satisfactory results. I'Ccverthelcss. compesixation insurance is not the complete soluthai of the problem at Iland. Tlie only adapnte means of avoiding die Inxnlcn rd silicosis is lie tlie prereiitien of this disease. All other metliods do not toocli tlie crux of the problem anti they carry U llieir wake a vast amnant of. litipathsi. illness, and .t-.Ltrcr limorial burden on industry. If wlnt wc liavc acreni uiuai to ibis taunt is true it is nlreiiuis tint industry must prevent the disscmmatirai of dust in tlie wurkrtasn air by sorii aijvi|tntp engineering lceiini(|ues as are avaiialdr: or in certain eases wlwrr this jsOHirjossiWi; iudnstry must provide. and forrr the worker to ue. siwli im-nn- ,,i personal protection as will adequately safeguard him nuaiiist tlie iniialaiaai ni dust. It is iily liy these means that wc can puarautce a future tree oi disabling pulmonary tlisense due to dust inlnlation. lit spite of the very liest. cllorts of industry to solve this problem there will un doubtedly lie a certain miniiicr of cases brought to the courts and presented as lecitiinatc cases nf silicosis. While some of these arc tntc cases nf silicosis others. I have been informal, are not, hut are designed merely as a mans of olnainiitp funds from industry. A consideration of such cases brines us lopically to the second part nf the present discussion. Wlutt is the ideal methud of liaudliuc comtitaisaliou eases with reference to occupational. disease and in*ire iiarticularly silicosis; If we examine the development of 1 he arimilieusa[inn acts wc find tliat a iwhniifuc designed primarily to adjudiatc cases of industrial accidents has liv degrees luvu given jiiris*lictiiiii *ivcr nccii|aliniial disease*. In fact, in some stales diseases are regarded as injtirirs so tliat they may be brought within the seotie oi the original c*im|icnsatiou acts. Hut tut close examinathut it Ixnuncs apparent tliat diseases are iar iiincc tUlficult tn adjudicate tlian arc the ordinary injuries arising m industry. Tlicy presciu many tecluiical iaepts and nften reipiire a tletailetl knowledge nf this particular branch of medicine with which the average commissioner is very often unfamiliar. As a result we find in practice tliat die Court is presented wuit highly technical evidence by experts for the plaintiff anti lor the tleiciidain which is very -difficult if mil impossible to satisfactorily evaluate. Often the rnmiiiissinncr i, caught lictwccn the conflicting views of such witnesses and is not provided with his own cxjierts to aitl him in arriving at the real scientific background ui the problem at liand. W'- .44 Ttiteaty-seeonri Conr/ress--National Safety Council Wlial wc mil)* need is a slrcngtiiniiitg oi the technical side e( the comtxttsatioii acts to keep pace wills tlie increased tactual understanding regarding the occupational diseases. This docs not merely rcier to the Courts themselves but slioutd begin with the promulgation of accurately worded comixnsation acta which clearly define tlx diseases for which compensaiitn is to be paid. Compensation commissioners sliould be assisted by Iwords oi technical experts coui|>osed of engineers appointed by die deans of the various engineering seiwols and of physicians appointed by die deans of die recognized medical schools. The 'Engineers selected sliould Itave a very com plete knowledge of factory conditions and the field oi ventilation, and tlie physicians should be experts in tlx field of industrial h.vgicne and occupational disease. It is only with tlx aid of such highly specialized boards, or their equivalents, tliat tlx compensation comtnisskxxrs may be able to do complete justice to both sides in these highly technical cases. It is tlx belief of the speaker that employers and em ployees alike would benefit greatly from die establishment and use of such boards. In' order to hasten the establishment of this system employers are justified hi ap pealing to their legislatures with this end in view; certainly such a legitimate demand should receive the beany support of all concerned.. Frequently one is asked, what sliould be done with llmse claims which are based on little or no-real evidence of injury to die worker but which are merely reared by some very enterprising attorney? Such claims are, I lure been tohk Ixenmiiic very common of late and constitute a real problem to industry. It is obvious that the compensation advisory boards suggested earlier will, as soon as liter are formed, serve the future as a healdiy bulwark against (his type of laseles* claim -=md I venture to predict dut lew such cases would lx favorably acted upon hy a board of real cxixrts in tliis field. At the present time factory ubicials slmuld employ the very best legal talent available and sliould reinforce such Ivgal talent with technical and medical experts thoroughly versed in the field ol silicosis. Many cases lure been lost by a failure to bring to bear tlx requisite technical aitl required in prove the nwi-cxistcnee of a liazard. Here is an excellent example of a case in which money may be' saved in the end hy increased expenditures. We now arrive at (he final steps in the control oi this problem, tlx physiral and X-ray examination of tlx worker. Every factory should lave pre-employment and routine it*t-cxaminations. It seems obvious licit the burden ul the liealih oi the worker should not lx placed on the plain without die privilege of the prc-cmpluyinetit examination. How can industry lx legitimately cxiwcicd to hire a worker "in the blind" as to his or her physiral condition and then a day later lx expected to shoulder the burden of the worker's heal tit? lly repeated physical examinations it is iws.ublc to discern tlx faint early deviations ironi normal health if any take place, fn this manner the employer would lr forewarned very early it any workmen showed lung ciiangcs suggestive of early silicosis. The routine industrial health examination on a broSd scale throughout the major portion of American industry would constitute a public health procedure of major significance. By its means a very large propor tion of the population would he aided in the prevention of (he degenerative diseases of middle life which today constitutes such a real menaee. ADJOURNMENT ively that llic would jlimu-, - .etr cmiti-U. I t each year in . die past nine imtirovemcnt in : ! fire deatlu. . s--eentaite basis. i lrnrt compares -Tndent experir* aeo die nd1 n> true: but 4 the National . able to prm-e Iwst in severity . nimli lest in country. The '`an the nihhcr industries. .;i cost tiev-rex vpenenee ni a rnlJicr troods. Je that during "t did nut iniaicty pmcram .-ty cnmmiti.es advisory nim* and pcndiiiir -* -ea* reduced this was a ->l of factories ; textile milts. :ii I9JI, 2; and 't to cet divi. but (he man* rth more titan ent preventiuii coming down tliat lie broke factory flat I US nr Icjviu.S TII' /; iV TV- S H C O' .V D AXXL'Al. S A /' li T S' COXGHVSS i\r A TI O ,Y A 1. S A /' / 7* T C(J U A' (' / L i! Safety Section, A.R.A.--Steam Railroad Section N.S.C. Officers 1932-33 Chairman--CltAauis E. Hill, New York Central Lines, New York City. Pint Vice-Chairman--C. I. LaFouxtainf. Great Northern Railway Cou, St. Paul, Minn. Stroud Vice-Chairman--H. A. P.taistt, Giicaco & North Western Railway Co. Cliicapo. Secretary--J. C. Caviston*, American Railway Asia, New York Ciiy. hlnnhcrs. Committee af Direction-. K. HAxr.\'STi.v. LcIurIi Valley Railroad. Dethtehcm, Pa. '' 1L A. Rows, Delaware, I-ackawanna & Western Railroad Cn_ New York City. C N. WnonWAan, New York, New Harm & Hartiord Railroad, New Haven. Conn. Ronr.KT Scott. Atlantic Coast lanes Railroad Co. WilmiiiKtun. N. C. A. 0. 12xk, Canadian National Railway, Montreal. P. Q,, Canada. I'. W. Curtis. Denver St Rio Grande Western Railroad, Denver. E. 0. Evans, Louisville & Nashville Railway. lauiisville. Ky. C F. Larson, Missouri Pacifie Railroad, Sl Iaiuis. F. M. McrcAur; Northcnt Paciiic Railway Co. St. Paul, Minn. J. T. Piiatt, Readme Co., Readme,. Pa. The complete report of these sessions is published in a booklet entitled Proceethnns of the loth elmi uni Merlin;/ of the Safety Section", available from the American Hailtear Association. ) `i i. < i .V 444 Tivcnty-sccond Comjrcss--National Safety TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 3, 1933 Address By FREDERICK E. WILLIAMSON President, New York Central Lines, New York City The speaker said in part: I cot ray first lesson in safety in a very trying way. I was working in Utiea. and the yard was badly concested. I was working with a switch engine in the lower part of tiie yard, and it was snowing lord. I was on top of a string of can.' and I was trying to figure out itow to get them out. I swung down on a side ladder, with my mind wholly intent on what I was trying to accomplish, and stepped hack on track No. 2--there was a screech of a whistle, and here suddenly was No. Xs engine about 50 feet away, or so it seemed to me. Instinctively, I made a dire between this string of cars that was pulling out, and I could just feel that pilot beam whistle by me. and the engineer thought he had hit me. He stopped and came back to find that I was all right, but certainly I got a safety lesson from him in no uncertain words. 7. So I learned my first safety lesson by a sltock and a scare. Today, however, we have adopted another principle. Now we are trying to teach the young men saiety by rules, by education, rather titan hy letting them learn through experience and narrow escapes that safety is essential. You and the affiliated safety bureaus of the several railroads liavc taught us to understand lliat while you can't undo accidents that have Itappcttcd. you can see to it tltat no accident that does liapiicn will be consulered a closed Itook until there is a thorough analysis of its cause, widi a view to die avoidance, wherever possible, of that same cause of succeeding accidents. As we review the official records of the Interstate Commerce G'nunission. we note with pride the progress of the American railroad in (lie reduction of accidents, and all who are familiar with the subject recognize the large contribution of die Safety Section of the Association in tltat noteworthy achievement. One of nty distinguished predecessors in die presidency of die New York Central Lines was fond of saying tltat a railroad is composed nf plant and personnel, and t!tat persrmncl represents 90 per cent of its value. Much o[ the success of your work is tlcpcndcut upon a recognition of the large importance in safe railroading of the so-called "human element.'' You must consider and deal witit a mental ap proach of officers and employees to all safety work. It is nut enough that die physical plants lx: cleared nf lurking hazards, nor is it enough that instructions as to the safe methods of operation be promulgated. Both of these things, of course, are vital. Of equal importance, perltaps of larger importance, is the molding of mental attitude toward safety movements, and toward safety itself. The mtmitcr of accidents dial are utterly unavoidable is surprisingly small. Everything that is done to impress on ail die frightful cost of accidents in life, limb and money, is yeoman service. We must eternally seek to instill in the minds of alt a serious respect for safety measures and a dogged determination to do, each one, his job, not only well." but safely. Your section is now, as it lias Ixten from its inception, in the vanguard of that movement, and it is but candid that I say to you that railroad executives generally, congratulate and lienor you for what you have done and arc doing. Twrutv-sccond Couyrcss--tWitiaiud Stiffly Council tlte operation of track motor can hy: (I) |Kraim a car at excej.ive speed; (2) improperly storing tool* oo five car; (J) permitting men to occupy unsafe positions on the car; (4) failure to protect against trains anil other track motor ear*; and (S) failure to observe switches and crossings, especially with respect to speed and obstructions. Tlte maintenance of way supervisor must know the standard operatine rules, and should at all time* have m hi* possession current time tables and be familiar with special instruction*. There are few duties of a maintenance oi way supervisor that we can wdl delegate to someone else, or avoid rcsitonsihility for. From the maintenance of equipment standpoint, it is particularly the duty and responsibility of the supervisor to note liazar'daus conditions about the shop plant. He should be quick to hear any report of unsafe conditions oi the premises, ma chines and tools, and his quick eye should personally observe these conditions. He should be of as great value as others working under him in foreseeing possible accidents and injury as the result of these Itasardous conditions. After a possible injury, the supervisor also lias an important duly toward the injured employee. He should see tliat immediate first aid care is givrn the injured person and make sure that he gets into the lands of a competent physician as rapidly as possible. To call in a physician and a claim agent every time a man stubs his toe or skins a knuckle is, of course, a mistake. 11 is possible to make too much fuss over small injuries. But there should I at hand some simple means of pre venting infection for minor injuries, and if an injury is serious, the personal atten tion of a physician is the only recourse. The Green Book Tlte final feature of this session was a presentation of the current "Green Book" by L. R. Palmer, Conservation Engineer, Equitable Life Assurance Society. Mew York City. Mr. Palmer very briefly called attention to the fact that he had pre pared a tabulation covering employee casualty rates for the six months' period of 1932, Class I railroads, in accordance with the standard Green Book grouping and will forward copies to Class I railroads. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION 'October 4, 1S33 The Goggle Rule and How Enforced By J. C. YOCUM * Manager, Safety Department, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway The speaker said in part: It lias always been a puialc to me why it is necessary to repeat over and over again to employees that one ot the greatest things which lias been given us is sight and how necessary it is tliat they use the means so freely afforded them to protect and preserve this blessed gift. To my mind, being blind is about the worst disaster that can happen to anybody. Experience lias shown that we cannot take it for granted iliat men will of their own accord think for themselves in this respect, and for this reason it has been Trsculy-sccoiiil I'mii/rcxs--<Wtilimial Hufrly Cutmcil went into hospitals, loo larce .1 iicrcnitage, sonic-tunes 50 per cvnt i.f them died, although tlic operation was successful. Otir trouble is not llut wo don't know Imvv to switch cart, it is not Out \%e d<i't know iiow to got trains over a raiiruatl, it is nut tlut we don't know Imw to nuke 11lose trains line ami comfortable fur passengers or to meet tlie ncetls of die shipping public. but we catmot perform onr operations without the infection of carelessness: and the only way we can eliminate it from our railroad nitrations is to nuke each individual nun un onr railruail an expert in the pcrinemaitce ni his 0|<emtiisis. 5<i sve need hi study cacti individual ntwratimt ami see wliere the hue itets into that 0|>craiicm, and develop a tcdmiqcc Out will assure ellidcncy every time that operation is performed. WEDNESDAY AFTEKNOON SESSION October 4, 1933 Report of Committee on Train Service Accidents By D. G. PHILLIPS Superintendent of Safety. Wabash Bailway, Str Louis The speaker said in part: lit 1032 there were 63 employees killed and 326 in jured in train accidents, while in train service accidents for the same itnod there were 367 employees killed and 6.561 injuretL So without minimizing the import ance of safety wnrfc in connection lo train accidents, these ficiires show us die tnucli greater field ior work in the prevention of train service accidents. In l'>32 there were six times as many killed in train service accidents as in train accidents, and 20 times as many injured. In 1932. 20 persons were killed and 307 were injured in accidents while coupling nr uncoupling cars or locomotives. The remedy lor this class of accidents natur ally suggests itself, keep from lietwcen moving cars Out are about to couple, do not .attempt to make any adjustments in tlie coupling .apparatus ol a moving car tlut requires yon to go in front of the car. Such adjustments should be nude when car is still. Wc hdieve tlut proper <ii|icrvisi<xi cast eliminate entirely this class of aeciclcnts. hut if a suitcrvisiug official stands arixnul seeing men lining work in this manner aud says uotiiiug, just so lung will accidents ol this kind occur. During 193Z 9 persons were killed and 123 injured while coupling nr uncoupling air or steam hose. The principal cause of employee injuries coming under this heading- is due to attempting to do their work without prn|<cr protection and from inadvertently uncoupling air or steam hose under pressure. If arcidctus of this kind are lo It prevented, it is absolutely necessary tlut wlu-re a him- ling rule is applicable, such a rule shuidd be nude and should be complied with. However, frequently in switching operations there is no opportunity for the use of a blue flag. In such cases, not only the men doing the work, hut thn~c working with them should lie on the alert to see tlut no movement is made when men are Itrits-ccn tlie cars. Of course, the man himself should lie sure that air and steam ..re shut oil Itefore any attempt to uncouple hose, and even then they must be careful, as steam and air are frequently trapped ami remain h>r sometime in a short s.-ciiu-i oi hose. Su|tervisittg nflicials should not overhstk the failure to Idiic flag wluti tlie rule so provides and should watch to see that the man understands the prui-er method lu uncouple air and steam hose. mcil .rat necurrcd in t'aiiBity rate 0.39. - the majority of c in mind the sixT" >: 2,103 falli of -idling freicht or Is; 1,406 falls of Time six causes of to maintenance of 1 one tltai should ly Hie evil tliat is attaiit source, a - Engineer, and From these bring about tliat tltem to be safetv- irectintr the men supervisory posi- r which liny now ltional effort and n what is wanted, o tvould lure pay conditions is un- - renditions to do -i hint to the uiintcnaitcc nt wav t supervi.M-iii tliat from bridges -ills of scrimi* when lining this --. the imitoriance KTinittctl i; from motor ami i standing; up on and fro.n (lying n(; of inteitliiMis or material i> to other accidents is it can he and is us are invariably vnforet all rules ral efKcicitcv and .re all reasonable . unnecessary, as :nve not failed to lions arc greatly Safety Section AHA--Steam iuiilroad Scctinu NSC 473 reduced and supervision understaffed and which condition will, we greatly icar, continue for some time. But whereas many activities must Iw reduced, the one activity, safety education of railroad workers, cannot be allowed to be relegated or delegated to inefficient leadership. The safety organisation on every railroad must function as never before in energiiing and stimulating interest. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 5, 1933 Report of Committee on Proper Method of Reporting Casualties to the Interstate Commerce Commission By G. H. WARFEL Assistant to Executive Vice President, Union Pacific System, Omaha, Neb. The speaker said in part: A year ago, in llie Committee of Direction, the ques tion was. raised as to whether or not there was need for some other method of determining the relative progress ot safety work on various railroads. The casualty rate per million man-hours has from time to time been questioned, particularly ihe very low casually rate sometimes established, and there liave been those who won dered ii some other basis could not be developed. So our Committee was appointed ' to study the desirability or tlic practicability ol developing some form of severity rating for casualties, as well as the frequency rating, to see if hy that the relative standings ni different carriers and the progress of safety work generally could l>e "better determined. Alter a very careful study ot severity ratines and the conditions surrounding their reporting, and especially the very great difficulty of securing ' accurate severity statistics, we came to the conclusion tliat the casualty rate per million man-hours has been and is a very reliable guide and index to the progress of accident preven" tion work on railroads, and tliat the general casualty rate, as it lias item vstalili-hcd through the Green Uoole and our ether agencies, is a good and reliable general guide to the progress of safety work among die railroads. There is no question in our minds hut what there has been some distortions one way or the other of the relative standings of individual carriers, due usually to different interpretations of what constitutes rcpurtability. Your Committee lielicves. however, tliat what is needed is not some other yard stick to measure by, but die assurance tliat cvcrylxxly use the present yard stick the same way. We come to the conclusion tliat what was most desirable was tliat everybody wlm had to do with the reporting of accidents on a railroad should understand alike die require ments oi die Interstate Commerce Commission Reporting Rules. So this Commit tee undertook to put together an interpretation of the Interstate Commerce Com mission Reporting Rules. We tried to make this interpretation as clear and concise as possible, so that anybody reading them could understand clearly whether or not a man's injury was reportable. I want to sketch for you briefly here some ol die points in the text sve have finally agreed upon. Take, for example. "Accidents arising from (lie operation of a railway." I will read two or three things here: "This expression is intended to include not only accidents resulting directly from the operation, construction or maintenance of a "TllCti ent kcuttcJ in .asnalty rate dSO. the majority of e in mind the six'' 2,105 falls oi 'idling freicht or Is; 1.4G6 tails of iiesc six causes of to maintenance of 1 one tliat should iy the evil tliat is amtaiu source, a -n Engineer, and '--its. From these . bring about that diem to be safelyirectinc the men supervisory posi r which tlu y now aiicnal effort and ii what is wanted, c would here pay ronditious is unromlitions to do -i him to the ut.kucnancc f way ,t supervisi'in that from bridges ids hi ivcrious wild doing tliis --. the iiniwrtnnce i<vmiltcd i: iront motor and i standing ii|i wi ami trout (lying .nS of intenti.s or material is to other accidents is it can he and is us are invariably enforce all rules ml efficiency and re all reasonable . unnecessary, as ave not failed to linns arc greatly Safety Section ARA--Steam Railroad Section A'SC 473 reduced and supervision understaffed and which condition will, we greatly tear, continue for some time. But whereas many activities must lie reduced, the one activity, safety education of railroad workers, cannot be allowed to be relegated or delegated to inefficient leadership. The safety organization on every railroad must function as never before in energizing and stimulating interest. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 5, 1933 Report of Committee on Proper Method of Reporting Casualties to the Interstate Commerce Commission By G. H. WARFEL Assistant to Executive Vice President, Union Pacific System, Omaha. Neb. The speaker said in part; A year ago, in the Committee of Direction, the ques tion was raised as to whether or not there was need for some other nietliod nf determining the relative progress of safety work on various railroads. The casualty rate per million mandiours las from time to time been questioned. |urticularly the very low casualty rate sometimes established, and there liave been those who won dered it some other basis could not be developed. So our Committee was appointed to study the desirability or the practicability of developing some form of severity w rating ior casualties, as well as the frequency rating, to see if by that the relative standings of different carriers and the progress of safety work generally eotild be `better determined. Aitcr a very careful study of severity ratines and the conditions surrounding their reporting, and especially the very great difficulty of securing accurate severity statistics, we came to the conclusion tliat the casualty rate per million man-hours lias been and is a very reliable guide and index to the progress of accident preveu'tion work on railroads, and tliat the general casualty rale, as it has lieen estaiilidied through the Green Book and onr ether agencies, is a good and reliable general guide to the progress of safety work among the railroads. ; There is no question in our minds but what there lias been some-distortions one way or the other of the relative standings of individual carriers, due usually to different interpretations of wiiat constitutes rcpurtability. Your Committee believes, liowever, tliat whnt is needed is not some other yard stick to measure by, but the assurance tliat cvcryliody use the present yard stick the same way. We come to the conclusion tliat what was most desirable was llut everybody who lad to do with the reporting of accidents on a railroad should understand alike the require ments of tlie Interstate Commerce Commission Reporting Rules. So this Commit tee undertook to put together an interpretation of the Interstate Commerce Com mission Reporting Rules. We tried to make this interpretation as dear and concise as possible, so that anybody reading them could understand dearly whether or not a nun's injury was reportable. I want to sketcli for you briefly here some of the points in the text we lave finally agreed upon. Take, for example. "Accidents arising from the operation of a railway." I wilt read two or three things here; "This expression is intended to include not only accidents resulting directly from the operation, construction or maintenance of a l j 1 ! . V Jtiiii/rrjtj--.V, nihil Au/V/r (. onncil and tn tiie m-i^erative response- and assistance f those called utm osunlxitc their ihnuqlit. lime ami effort tn iwonmtc Mich a cotnnteiulahle muse .'IS 1110 cmiservatiixi of human liie ami limit, ami desiring In rccncttiie each ami every ote in a |ini|vr and (ittini; maiuiiT.--(licrclurc. lie it rcssilvcd-- Tliat this Section reensniacs and appreciates the puriluitiVi nude hi- each anil every nne xvIki ii; any uunner arrancetl for <r participatetl in the conduct ni these meetings. including. and with particular reference to. those whose- presence, although not ilium the program. lure added so mneii: Tliat the Sretan is mx only grateful. hut indrhtcd tn Messrs. F. F_ Williamson. President. Xetr York Central Unes: M. J. Gonidey. President. American Railway Association. and Judge R. V. Fletcher. Ccncml Counsel. Association oi Railway Executives and of. the American Railway Association: for ilieir sacrifice <>i time, and tor the treat and lasting Iwnctits tlut must accnic to ami aid in the advance ment of this Section and its work because oi the timely, well clinsen and pertinent thought tiven us: Tliat our appreciation is also extended to live maragement hi the Stevens Hotel: to tlie Press and to all otlicrs wlm have so kindly assistctl in making nnr stay in "America's Giieaco.' so pleasing and so profitable; Tlut in our hearts, we cherish the memory of those who have Item called t" fields licyoml. and express our earnest desire and Itope, tliat tn tliosg uf nnr Members upon whom hnrdens lure luxsi placed thrnuch physical infirmities aiui otherwise, lasting and effective rtliei may speedily cvme. Tlut these Resolutions lx spread upon the records oi this Atutuai Meeting. Announcement o Election o Officers The citairtnaii then caller) for the rer**ct oi the tellers wlm hail canva^vd the votes i-T oriiciTS nt the Scctum hr the cwaiitg year. This rcinrt was presented hv Frank Ftrmtsc. Pennsylvania Railrceul. wlm announced the electhm i officers as fullmvs: ilidiruuut--C. U Croat Xnrthcm Railway. i'trst / *iV%*-CV(iiirm0M--'H. A. I'ari>h. Chicago & Xonir \\ extern Railway. Seecttd J*IcC`Chairnun;--\Y. If. Failmtr, Central Railroad <*f Xcw Jersey. Members of Committee of Directum-- Eastern Territory (One-Year Terra)--T. II. Carraw. Famsylvattia Railroad. Xcw fttsland Territory ( One-Year Term)--F. Ii. HradlWd. IMston & Maine Rail road. Southern Territory--I- C%. Rcuilcy. Chcsaixakc & Ohi Railway. Canadian Territory--A. O. Ccck. Canadian Xaticmal Kailwars. Western Territory--E. A. Meyer. Oiicapu. Milwaukee- it. I'aul ami Pacific Ii. R., and C. H. Wane!. Union Pacific System. O'Hf/HlV/iV Oil .Yl*ilJII/llfl/-- O. F. /ohn>on. MimicaimJt* A St. T-imts Railroad; J. (. Fiuiiueii. (mil. CotraiIo and Santa l*`e Kailway; A. Y. Roiiwnicr. Pulitth. Missahe and X-.fthem Kail* way; J. I Walalu Mis^mri-Kansas-Tcxas Railroad: U. G. Phillip*. Waliash Railway. . //>ynf 'A'.v.i//-XT