Document R2pQgDJ0Q198OD0vpYJ6rG7LE

INDUSTRIAL- HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC. 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH, FA. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY MADE FOR United States Asbestos..Division of ...... Rayha$t.Q.3-Uanhatten,.. Inc........ .......... Hanhfin., .P ennsylvania........... March 14,15,16 and 17, 1944 "~UJ . Q gil. ''Jf--- FIELD WORK BY............... Ventilation Engineer LABORATORY WORK BY Industrial Hygienist ..... April. 13, ...1344 Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America. Inc. MANAUiNC DIRECTOR / / INOUS-rRIAl_ HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. Industrial Ventilation Purvey or tine United States Asbestos Division of Rnybestoe-Manhattan, Ino. Manheim, Pennsylvania March 14,15,16 and. 17,- 1944. scEsmnr This is a report of a study undertaken to locate the moot impor tant sources of dust and to develop additional dust control measures at the Manheim plant of U. S. Asbestos Division of Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc. Sixteen dust counts were made in various departments. These samples indicate that conditions in the Picker Bouse are not satisfactory but dustiness in the Carding, Spinning and Twisting Departments is less than 5 million particles per cubic foot. Recommendations are made that can lead to a reduction of dustiness in the Picker Bouse as well as in the Carding Department. It is believed that while the card room is under 'V;. considera#&jfc negative pressure the consequent starvation of the exhaust equipment is probably not in itself sufficient to account for any maxkod reduction in control of dust. . The results of dust counts are eiven in Table I. ' 00460 INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC. Industrial ventilation survey of the U,,S. Asbestos Div. cf Raybeatos-Manhattau, Inc., Manheim, Pn., March 14, 15, 16, 2 7,1344. * TABLE I Bunt Counts 2. Sample I'lo. Bate Time 24 3/14/44 1:50-2:01 P 27 3/14/44 1:35-1:45 P 21 3/14/44 2:16-2:27 P 19 3/14/44 4:22-4:33 P ESP 10 3/17/44 9:50-10:4A Location and Operation Picker House At Pan Crushers, to nearly simulate operator's exposure ` Floor Batching - Exposures of 2 work- ers outside booth - Finished about 1:42 ` Operation of Pan Crushers for AmositeTine represented complete cycle of operation. (l/2 hour daily) Batch fGO&ing vertical opener. Ex posure of operator within booth 52 minute sample at contral point of room for "general air." near vertical ooener Particles par cu. ft. 8.7 million 1.? million 38.0 million 9.S million 5. 6 million 23 3/14/44 2:59-3:10 P 26 3/14/44 3:17-3127 P 1 3/15/44 10*.54-11:09A 2 3/15/44 11:15-11:25A Cardirs General air walking about various carding machines in Breaker Card Room Besido point of discharge from con denser to box in Breaker Card Room At roving end of 4 finish cards, #1, ' 2,7,8. General air - Exposure of 2 attendants Along central aisle-way, at camel-back ends of cards 4,'0 million 3.3 million 4.3 million 4.3 million ESP 11 3/17/44 10:49-11:49A Between finisher cards, #15,16,21,22. All windows of carding and spinning room open wide to simulate summer conditiors 2.8 million 3 3/lV44 11:48-11:58A 4 3/15/44 l:10-l.*20 P 5 3/15/44 1:36-1:46 P 6 3/15/44 1:50-2:00 P 7 3/15/44 2:19-2:29 P 8 3/15/44 2:45-2:55 P Spinning and Binding At mule spinner, while following oper ator, to simulate Ms exposure A.t Universal winders, 2nd floor, adjoining cards - following operator (no exhaust) At Foster Winders. Average of all ai si e-way3 At Twisters. Average of ell nisle-v/avs At L-frr/mas on 2nd rloor. Average along sisle-v:ayc At L-frcmes on 1st floor. Average along aisle-ways 4.8 million 3.0 million 3. 6 million 4.0 million 3. 6 million 2.0 million Note: All samples with liiagot Iapingor except those marked LSP (Electrostatic Precipitator.) 004334 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC. Industrial ventilation survey of the U. S. Asbestos Div. of Raybcstos-lianhattan, Inc., lianheim, Pa., Inarch 14,15,16,17, 1944. 3 DUST COIiTP-OL IN THE PICKER H3USE Operation of the pan crushers results in excessively high concen trations of dust as shown by Sample 24 (8. 7 million). It is recommended that the system originally designed, which contemplated keeping the door3 of the enclosure closed most of the time, be supplanted by the following arrange ment: Exhaust from each pan crusher hood a sufficient volume of air to create a velocity of 200 feet per minute through one of the two working openings whose dimensions should be reduced to 2-?;- feet wide by 2-|? feet high, it is suggested that inaaauch aa the two openings would never be necessary at any one time, doorway covers be provided that are interconnected so that when one is opened the other will close. The covers might bs hinged and their closure notions connected by cable and pulley or they could be slidable vertically and similarly interconnected. In any case a snug fit is unnecessary and should be avoided for ease in manipulation. This plan will call for a total exhaust capacity of 5000 o.f.m. for the four crushers. Patching . Jf- The dust counts of Samples 27 and 19 indicate that the two workers stationed outside the booth are not exposed to important dust concentrations but that the man who feeds tho Vertical opener within the booth is exposed to concentrations of about 10 million particles during the actual batching by the two non outside. His average exposure, of course, is less than this because of the intenolttent nature of the operation. 004605 INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENg FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC, Industrial ventilation survey of the U. S. Asbestos Div. of Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., Manheim, Pa., March. 14,15,16,17, 1944, 4. It is recommended that consideration be given to the erection of a "batching bed" comprising a long narrow bin, located in the position where the pile is now made on the floor. This bin vould be enclosed end exhausted and have as an important element, a side facing the opener that may be removed or shifted by raising when the batched material is ready for feeding to the machine. Further study will be given to this at the time of the next visit. The arrangement i3 illustrated diagrammatic ally in Figure 1. Tandem Vertical Opener jhis unit was not in regular operation at the time of the study but it was apparent from a brief, specially arranged operation that con siderable dust leaks from the cast iron cover located adjacent to the con denser. It should be possible to correct thi3 without the application of exhaust, either by replacing the cover or by providing an adequate gasket. The giant cutter, Johnson's grader, waste machine and willow were not in operation at the time of our studies INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. Industrial ventilation survey of the U. S. Asbestos Div. of Raybestos-iSafchattan, Inc., Manheim, Pa., March 14=,15,16,17, 1244. 5 POST C0I7TR0L III CADDIES ' Studies of uncontrolled dust sources around the carding machines disclosed the following; Feed Rolls An appreciable amount of dust originates at the feed roll of many of the finisher cards, which can best be observed with an. intense light beam. Some machines are equipped with curved trays or bafflos under this roll which are effective in minimising dust at this point. Observations on this point, made on somewhat less than half of the machines, are as follows: Card Do. Observation 1 OK 2 Fair (but need3 front to complete enclosure) 3 OK ` 4 Dusty 5 OK 8 Dusty 11 Dusty 12 OK 19 Dusty 20 OE 21 OK 22 OK . It is recommended that such baffles be installed on all finisher cards not now equipped. This point was discussed particularly with the card room foreman. 004687 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC, Industrial ventilation surrey of the TJ. S. Asbestos Dir. of Raybestos-Manhattaa, Inc., Uanhoim, Pa., March 14,15,16,17, 1944. 6. Wiper Poll and Rub Apron Anothor dust source is at the junction of the wiper roll and the doffer. A partial check of machines was made with ths conclusion that an appreciable amount of dust occurs at this point in the case of the following finisher cards: ' Numbers 3, 4, 9, 10, 17, 18, 23, 24. It was noted also that some dust originates from the rub aprons and since these ore adjacent to the wipor rolls it may, for purposes of control, be considered the same source of dust. It is rocommended for the top set of rolls that a removable cover be provided clear over the upper set of rub aprons thus, in effect, extend ing the present exhausted enclosure and rendering this dust source subject to the influence of the present exhaust. It may also be advisable to re move one stave at the lower end of the existing enclosure immediately over the doffer roll to facilitate air flow through the supplementary enclosure. For the lower rub apron and wipor it is recommended that some experimental work bedone on a hood as suggested below. Wo illustrate in Figure 2 an exhaust hood or slot which is designed to be placed immediately adjacent to the wiper roll at tho point where it joins the rub apron. In the design illustrated an attempt has been made to reduce the width of the hood to the smallest possible dimension in order to avoid interference with proper functioning of tho machine. In this preliminary design we provide for*. ' 004680 INDUSTRIAL HYCilENS FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. Indus'crial ventilation survey of tho TJ. S. Asbestos Biv. of Raybestos-Mahhattan, Inc., Manheim, Pa., March 14,15,16,17, 194-4. 7. ` (a) an air flow of 75 c.f.m. per foot of length, (b). a face velocity of 2000 foot per minute (to aid in effecting good distribution along the length of each slot section, and (c) elimination of excessive cross sectional area in the transition section in order to maintain adequate velocities for the transport of material. A partial compromise has boen incorporated in tine design to avoid a too complicated hood but it is believed that the lower velocities at the largest section of the transition vri.ll not seriously interfere with its proper function. Hot shown on the diagram are nacessary pieces at the ends which will extend to the side Irenes and serve to support the unit in position. It would be advisable to have a quichly detachable connection with the branch duct that will lead to the exhaust main overhead. Reserve Exhaust Capacity The following observations indicate that there is adequate exhaust capacity for the supplementary exhaust hoods described above. The capacity of the exhaust system indicates an average of 700-SG0 c.f.m. peas cylinder. Some individual measurements of air flows in difforent branches were made by means of static suction measurements and with the dampers in the position, that had been set by tbe operators of the carding department. They indicate what was considered adequate by the operating personnel as judged visually. As may be seen from the results in the follow ing table they vary quit widely. 004680 INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC. Industrial Ventilation survey of the U. S. Asbestos Div. of Raybostos-Mehhattan, Inc., Manheim, Pa., March 14,15,16,17, 1944. 8. Air Flows Through. Individual Card Eood3 (Taking Damper Adjustment as Found) Unit Static suction Air Flow #1 Finisher #2 Finisher 2 Breaker Z Breaker #3 Finisher #4 Breaker #5 Breaker #5 Finisher #31 Breaker 1.9 inches 1.0 ft 0.6 It 0.8 n 0.4 tt 0.2 n 0.6 n 1.6 tt 1.4 tt 920 C* 670 n 515 590 tt 420 tt 210 tt 510 n 840 tt 790 tt It is particularly significant that even in the case of #3 Finisher and #4 Breaker no escaping dust could be detected at any point. This indicates that there is considerable reserve capacity. CO 4690 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. Industrial ventilation survey of the U. S. Asbestos Div. of Raybestos-Hanhattan, Inc., Uanheim, Pa., Hareh 14,15,16,17, 1944. 9 AIR EXHAUST AND SUPPLY IN VARIOUS DEPARUJICTS Picker House With. all doors and windows closed, as is the case in winter, the Piclcer House was found to be under a negative pressure of 1/2" water coluna. While this is likely to starve at least some of the exhaust equipment we believe the dust sources enumerated above are of much greater importance than this factor and should receive prior attention. A tabulation of exist ing exhaust capacity from this department is given in the table below and is based principally on the measurements made by Hr. Bertelot and Hr. Gilpin. Exhaust Capacity in Picker Hour?e Unit Capacity Old Shaker Screen Cotton Hachino Willow and Tandem Vertical Opener Hew P. & S. Grader, through condenser over shaker screen New shaker screen, through condenser in card room C'O.B* 15* Pipe to Breaker card aystea, from pan crushers, etc. (estimated) 2500 c.f.m. 2900 C,f.m. 6000 c.f.m. 3400 c.f.m. 2900 c.f.m. 2400 c.f.m. 2500 c * f Total 22600 0 ^*&* Unbalance in Cord and Spinning Department The measurement of air flow from the carding exhaust systems together with other data obtained from Hr. Bertelet is tabulated, below to indicate the total volume of air exhausted from the room. 00459.1 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC. Industrial ventilation surrey of the U. S. Asbestos Liv., of Raybestos-Hanhattan, Inc., Manheim, Pa., March 14,15,16,17, 1944* .10 Cards 1-12 Cards 13-24 L-fraues {older system) L-frsmes (newer system - estimated) 18,000 c.f.m. 17,000 c.f.m. 13,000 c.f.m. 13,000 c.f.m. Total 58,000 c.f.m. The available data for the breaker card room are as follows: Right half (double fan) 6,500 c.f.m. Left half (double fan) 7,900 c.f.m. ' 14,500 c.f.m. Prom Picker House (estimated) 2,500 c.f.m. Net from breaker room 12,000 c.f.m. , Some air is supplied to this floor from the first floor Carrier system but thare is a deficit for the carding and spinning department of about 32,000 c.f.m. There is, however, an air supply unit in this department with a cap&citycf 36,000 c.f.m. which is operating at present a3 a heater only and requires modification (brought out by Hr. Bertelet) to penult it to handle outdoor air directly. The necessary changes should be effected. The same is true of the breaker room where a unit with a capacity of 18,000 c.f.m. requires modification to peimit it to supply properly tempered tJVfcdoor air to the room. Effect on Dust Control Pitot tube measurements were made on one of the main pipes with the windows open and with windows closed. In the former case the velocity was 3100 feet per minute and in the latter case 2970 feet per minuto, a ratio of 1.05 indicating a 5# increase in air flow. These measurements are not considered exact 004692 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC, Industrial ventilation survey of the U. S. Asbestos Dlv. of Raybeatoo-Uanhattan, Inc., Ilanheim, Pa., March 14,15,16*17, 1944. The characteristic curve of the fan (American Blower Company, steel plate fan, #30, at 662 r.p.m.) is shown as Figure 3 and as may be seen from the analysis Indicated thsreon, an increase in air flow of 10 to 15$ may be expected by reducing the resistance by 0.4 inches. One would hardly expect material difference in the operation of the exhaust system with such a small percentage increase in air flow. Bust sample ESP 11 show3 a concentration, with all windows wide open, of 2.8 million particlo3, ss against concentrations of over 4 million (for example, sample #1) taken two days earlier. If this comparison i3 to be considered representative it must be due to the additional general venti lation caused by natural air currents through the open windows. That is, in warm weather, with all windows open, a volume of general ventilation in addition to that caused by operation of the exhaust system will be obtained and mot affect the dust situation favorably. This would not, however, indi cate marked improvement in winter by providing just the proper volume of make up air. Such unbalanced conditions are always likely to cause discomfort because oft drafts that occur in the peripheral areas of the room, so it is re'comn*&^fe`d that correction be made. 004893 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. Industrial ventilation, survey of the TJ. S. Asbestos Div. of Raybe3tos-Hanhattan, Inc., Uanhaini; Pa., March 14,15,16,17, 1944. .12 twisting DSPAR'c-nan* No conclusions v/ero ranched with regard to improved dust control in this department but data on the exhaust capacity and volume of air supplied by the Carrier system is reported below. With the assistance of Ur. Bertelet and Ur. Gilpin wo made 64 readings of linear velocity at the face of the pre-heater, whose area is 61 sq,.ft., and concluded that under conditions then prevailing the system was delivering 0,000 c.f.m. A capacity of the various exhaust systems has been estimated by Ur. Bertelet as follows: Poster Winders East Fan West Pan Twisting Uschines North Fen South Pan Cop Winders 3300 3330 11000 c.f.m. 11000 c.f.m. 5000 c.f.m. Total 33600 cfsu 0C4394 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF* AM ERICA. INC. Industrial ventilation survey of tha U. S. Asbestos Div. of Raybestoo-Manhattan, Inc., Manhein, l3a., March. 14,15,16,17, 1944. 13 RECAPITULATI0IT -- AIR EXHAUST AID SUPPLY Total Exhaust c.f.m. Potential Supnly e.C.m. Source Picker House Breaker Card Room Carding and Spinning Room 22,600 . 12,000 58,000 Twisting Department 33,600 j Existing Carrier Unit, 17,800 "L modified r Existing Carrier Unit, 36,000 \ modified Lr Overflew from Trusting 26,400 Department fRequired portion from avail 33,600 j able supply of 60,000 from t- main Carrier system It appears from the tabulation above that there are available means for supplying all requirements except that for the Picker House. It is believed that this may be cared for by air cleaning units to permit recircu lation from some of the systems handling small amounts of dust. (See following section.) .CC4S95 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC. Industrial ventilation survey of the IT, S. Asbestos Div. of Raybestos-LIanhattan, Inc., iianheim, Pa., March 14,15,16,17, 1944. ` --- ^ 14. AIR FILTRATIOH An effective dust collector which v;ill produce clean air i.e., one with a dust content of less than 1/4 million particles per cubic foot, would have valuable applications. It could serve to reduce the unbalance between air exhaust and air supply by drawing air from the dust house for recircula tion and also would permit direct recirculation from some of the exhaust sys tems that handle relatively small amounts of dust such as those for the L-frames and for the winders and twisters; V.'e have in mind particularly the indicated deficit of about 25,000 c.f.ra. for the Picker House. Recirculation of air from dust collector systems where the dust is inherently hazardous to health is generally frowned on and we are among those who usually discourage the practice. This i3 because of the difficulty of maintaining such equipment so as to assure the purity of the air returned. However, it is not often that there are economic incentives as great as in the present case. We believe an exception is warranted here and recommend certain preliminary experimentation which will lead to an adequate system that wili.overcoma the objections usually encountered. lit is recommended for this purpose that a small unit be constructed for connection to the dust house or to a system serving .Foster winders or L-frames so that test3 including dust counts in the effluent air can be con ducted. The unit illustrated has bags 6** in diameter and about 7^ long providing a cloth area of approximately 10 sq. ft, per tube. This unit can 004695 INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. Industrial ventilation, survey of the U. S. Asbestos Div. of Bayb03tos~Manhattan, Inc., Uanheim, Pa., 'larch, 14,15,16,17, 1944. y 15 be made vdlth as many tubes as desired. Y/e above six for a total of 60 sq. ft., and whoso capacity may be anywhere from 100 c.f.a. to 600 c.f.a., depending upon the application. It is contemplated that the cloth vrtll bo plugged with some inert dust preliminary to actual use, for example limestone dust, until its preliminary resistance is 0.1 to 0.3 inches at a filtration velocity of 1 f.p.m. This will probably require about l/2 ounce of dust per sq. ft. of cloth area. The design is illustrative only. It may bo advisable to increase the size to fit an available blower. Further, to avoid the inconvenience of finding a source of supply for the small quantities of filter cloth required it is suggested that bags be ordered from a manufacturer of such collectors, in which case the metal collars and other pertinent dimensions of the housing would be changed to accommodate the bags. Either of the follov/ing is suggested: C. F. Berg Company East Dedham Street Boston, Mass. Parsons Engineering Company 3539 East 82nd Street Cleveland, Ohio. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC. Industrial ventilation survey of the U. S. Asbestos Div. of Raybestos-Hanhattan, Inc., Uanhetm, Pa.t March 14,15,16,17, 1944. ,16 SPlUtARY OF RECOiaq-MPmONS Picker House 1. Uodify exhaust for pan crusher hoods, providing 1250 c.f.m, per hoed and interconnected hinged doors. . 2. Repair cast iron cover on Saco-Lowell vertical opener where dust leakage occurs. 3. Consider the installation of a batching bed enclosure, with movable side and air exhaust in volume to create face velocity of 100 f.p.m. (See page 4 and figure l.J Carding Machines 4* Install curved trays under the feed rolls of the finisher cards requiring them. (See page 5.) ' 5. Construct experimental removable cover for one or two finish cards for dust from upper wiper roll and rub apron. (See page 6.) 6. Construct experimental slot-hood for lower wiper roll and rub epron. Provide connection to exhaust system at a convenient location for teetfiqj and another for attachment to one or two selected machines. (See pagaoHt and 7 and figure 2.) Air Filtration ., 7. Construct a model filtor dust cclleotor for effioioncy tests with arrangements for connection to dust house for ono test and to spinning and twisting exhaust system for another. (See page 14 and figure 4.) It would be advisable to complete most of the above prior to our next visit, especially Noe. 1, 4, 5, 6. CC4S INDUSTRIAL HVOIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. Industrial ventilation survey of the tf. S. Asbestos Div. of Raybestos-Manhattsn, Inc., Uanheim, Pa., March 14,15,16,17, 1944, .17 ELECTRON MICROSCOPE migilATION OF PUST It was felt that an examination of the air-borno dust by the electron microscope would throw some additional light on the fundamental problem of asbestosi3 even though we draw no definite conclusions therefrom. One scliool of thought maintains that the pulmonary condition results from a mechanical action of asbestos fibers on lung tissue, yet the dust seen in counting is almost all non-fibrous. Through the courtesy of the research laboratories of the Aluminum, Company of America, which is a member of Industrial Hygiene Foundation, electron microphotographc of air-borna dust have been obtained and ere appended hereto. The dust was collected with the electric precipitator in the carding loom. Two questions were propounded by us to the laboratory, as follows: . 1. Are the cubical (non-fibrous) particles that are seen in the light microscope used for counting actually composed of unbroken bundles of fiber as in the parent rock? (Particles of this shape comprise over S5^ of those seen and counted.) >'.* Is there a large quantity of fibers whose length is several microns but which are invisible by the light field set-up because their diameter is below the limit of resolution? . The report included the following: 004o90 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC. Industrial ventilation survey of the U. S. Asbestos Div. of Raybesto3-Manhattan, Inc., ilanhoim, Pa., March 14,15,16,17, 1944. 18 "The dust was found to contain many fibrous particles as well as non-fibrous particles as shown in Pig. 1. At the magnification used for this micrograph (50CQX), however, the non-fibrous particles may appear to predominate. This is not the case and no doubt results from the small size of the fibers as examination at high magnification shows that much of the material is present as small fibers as 3hown in Pig. 2. The fibers were found to range in length, from a fraction of a micron up to a few microns with an average length of about 1 micron. The thickness of the small fibers ranged from 0.01 micron to 0.05 micron (100-500 Angstrom units) with the average closer to the lower limit* ''The nature of the non-fibrous particles probably is as suspected that is, they consist of bundles of fibers which have not been broken apart. This is evident from a few of the particles in Fig. 1 and particularly from the particle in Fig. 3* Several fibers protruding from the end of the large bundle are shown in the latter micrograph.B ------- f * . vrk V-' " * f' - V * >,. ; - % ItSV ;=* Vcv .tf : * . .` ' \\.<' .v.' 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