Document R2O78M94B3q2rZB998d4dqJpV

AMERICAN Industrial Hygiene JournalASSOCIATIO n Volume 19 APRIL 1958 Number 2 The Control of a Lead Hazard in the Silversmithing Industry......................... Leonard D. Pagnotto and Harold Bavley Instrument Developments in Health Physics.............................................................. F. E. Adley Studies on the Toxicity of d-Propyl Nitrate Vapor............................................... William E. Rinehart, Robert C. Garbers, Earle A. Greene and Robert M. Stoufer 73 75 S3 Noise Exposure Evaluation.................................................................................................... Edward W. Poth and Carl J. Weinberg (with a Critique by K. C. Stewart) 84 The Toxicology of an Aniline-Furfuryl Alcohol-Hydrazine Vapor Mixture Keith H. Jacobson, William E. Rinehart, Henry J. Wheelwright Jr., Martin A . Ross, Jackie L. Pa-pin, Robert C. Daly, Earle A. Greene and William A. Groff 91 Nuclear Safety and Industrial Hygiene in the Fabrication of Nuclear Fuel Elements............................................................................................................................. JI *. B. Harris and L. R. Solon The Effectiveness of Sand as a Filter Medium............................................................ 107 R. E. Yoder and F. M. Empson Criteria for Establishing Short Term Permissible Ingestion of Fallout Material......................................................................................................................................... Ill Gordon M. Dunning Current Problems in the Field of Respiratory Protection................................. 121 E. C. Hyatt Respirator Problems in Atomic Energy Practice...................................................... 123 G. W. C. Tail and T. H. Byington A Discussion of the Bureau of Mines Approval Schedules for Respiratory Protective Devices................................................................................................................... S. J. Pearce 126 A Comparison of Performance Standards and Tests Specified by Bureau of Mines Schedule 14F and by the Chemical Corps for the M9A1 Mask.......... Gerald J. Fleming 130 Respiratory Protection Equipment Developments by the U. S. Army Chem ical Corps...................................................................................................................................... 140 Allan L. West The Respirator Problem--an Industrial Hygienist's Viewpoint...................... 149 Harry S. Jordan Hygienic Guides Series.............................................................................................................. 154 News of Local Sections............................................................................................................. 164 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, published bi-monthly for the American Industrial Hygiene Associa tion. Dohrman H. Byers, Editor; Jack C. RadclifFe, Associate Editor; Lloyd E. Gordon, News Editor. Editorial Offices, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati 2, Ohio. Subscription $7.50 per year in the United States; *7.75 per year in Canada; $8.25 per year in all other foreign countries. Single copies $1.50. Copyright, 1958, by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Entered as second class matter at the post office at Baltimore, Md. The American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal reserves the right to edit all advertisements and to refuse advertising copy when it does not meet the high standards adopted by the Associa tion. ' Industrial Hygiene Journal C. RECOMMENDED CONTROL PRO CEDURES: To prevent exposure to high concentrations of amorphous silica dust, process ventilation and/or en closure are the best_ means of control. For some operations a dust respirator approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines may be satisfactory. IV. Specific Procedures A. FIRST AID: None. B. SPECIAL MEDICAL PROCEDURES: (1) Preplacement: Clinical and chest radiographic examinations should be made on all persons prior to job assignment. (2) Periodic: Since there is only lim ited information about the harmful effects of amorphous silica in in dustry, exposed personnel should have careful periodic medical ex aminations, including chest x-ray. Pulmonary function testing may be useful. (3) Treatment: No satisfactory treat ment other than removal from ex posure, and therapy for any com plicating infection. 1G1 V. Literature References 1. Cooper, \T. C., et al: Industrial Hy giene Foundation Transaction Bulletin No. 30,182-194. 2. Drinker, P. and Hatch, T.: Industrial Dust. McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. New York, 1954. 3. Fraser, D. A.: .4AM Arch, of Ind. Hyg. and Occ. Med., S: 412, 1953. 4. Lambie, J. S.: Ind. Med.. 7:470,193S. 5. Palicard, A. and Collet, A.: AAM Arch, of Ind. Hyg. and Occ. Med., 9: 3S9, 1954. 6. Schepers, G. W. H., et al: AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, 16: 125, 1957; ibid, 16: 203, 1957: ibid, 16: 2S0, 1957: ibid. 16: 363, 1957; ibid, 16: 499, 1957. 7. Smart, R. H. and Anderson, W. M.: Ind. Med. and Surg., 21: 509, 1952. 8. Tebbens, B. D. and Beard, R. R.: AAM Arch. Ind. Health. 16: 55, 1957. 9. U. S. Public Health Sendee; California Department of Public Health; Nevada State Health Department; Oregon State Board of Health: Progress Report of Study of Pneumoconiosis Hazards in the Diatomite Processing Industry. 1955. Asbestos I. Hvgienic Standards A.' RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM AT MOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION (8 hours): 5 million particles per cubic foot of air (MPPCF).' (1 j Basis for Recommendation: Experi ence in industry/' * * "13 and ani mal experiments.I5.'*7* * * B. SEVERITY OF HAZARDS: (1) Health: Long continued inhalation of asbestos dust results in a form of pneumoconiosis known as asbestosis. The primary effect of inhala tion is an interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The disease is characterized by asbestos bodies in the lungs and sputum. Based on roentgenological examinations, asbestosis can be clas sified as minimal, moderate, and advanced. It is a serious disease in some instances, but more frequently it remains nondisabling for many years, even without appreciable symptoms, as long as some other serious disease does not supervene to cause death.* Chief symptoms of advanced asbestosis are variable cough, dyspnea, subsiemal chest pains, decreased chest expansion, weakness, emaciation, clubbed fin ger tips, and curved fingernails. Any appreciable decrease in the amount of asbestos dust in the breathing atmosphere will cause a decrease in the incidence and severity of asbestosis. Individual suceptibility varies* There have been repons of an increased incidence of lung can cer in persons with asbestosis.3 (2) Fire: None. C. SHORT EXPOSURE TOLERANCE: Not applicable: II. Significant Properties A fibrous magnesium calcium silicate which occurs in various combinations as white, greyish or greenish masses, either compact or of long silk}- fibers, flax-like and readily separated. About 957c of commerical asbes tos is chrysotile, which is derived from serpentine, and is n hydrous magnesium 162 silicate containing from 12 to 14 per cent water of crystallization. III. Industrial Hygiene Practice A. RECOGNITION: The spinning and weaving of asbestos, in combination with other textiles for fire proof and heat resistant cloth, results in dust exposure. It may be used by itself or combined with other materials for valve packings, gaskets, boiler lagging and pipe cover ing, protective clothing, shielding ma terials, and as automotive brake linings. In the building industry it is used in the manufacture of asbestos cement products, heat insulating, and fire proofing materials. B. EVALUATION OF EXPOSURES: As bestos dust may be sampled with the electrostatic precipitator or by the impinger methed using alcohol or alcohol and water, as the collecting medium,* * and dust counts made by the standard light field technique.* The recommended maximum atmospheric concentration of 5 MPPCF is based upon the impinger sampling procedure. C. RECOMMENDED CONTROL PRO CEDURES: Prevention of asbestosis depends entirely upon preventing ex posure to concentrations of dust suffi ciently high to produce the characteris tic reaction. Enclosure or local exhaust ventilation are the principal means of dust control. U. 3. Bureau of Mines ap proved dust respirators may be worn as protection for some operations. TV. Specific Procedures A. FIRST AID: None. B. SPECIAL MEDICAL PROCEDURES: (1) Preplacement: Clinical and radio graphic chest examinations prior to job assignment. (2) Periodic: Exposed personnel should April, 195S have periodic clinical examinations for signs and symptoms of asbes tosis. These should include exami nation of the sputum for asbestosis bodies, and chest x-rays of good quality. (3) Treatment: No satisfactory treat ment other than removal from ex posure and therapy for any com plicating infection. V. Literature References 1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, 16: 261, 1957. 2. Cartier, Paul: AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, 11: 204, 1955. 3. Doll, R.: Brit. J. Ind. Med., 12: 8, 1955. 4. Dreesen, W. C., et al: Public Health Bulletin No. 241, Supt. of Doc., Wash ington, D. C., 1938. 5. Drinker, P. and Hatch, T.: Industrial Dust. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1954. 6. Fairhall, Lawrence T.: Industrial Toxicology. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md., 1957. 7. King, E. J., et al: Thorox I, p. 188, 1946. 8. Lynch, K. M.: AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, 11: 185, 1955. 9. McPheeters, S. B.: J. Ind. Hyg. d* Tox., 18 : 229, 1936. 10. Page, R. T. and Bloomfield, J. J.: Pub. Health Repts. 52: 1713, 1937. 11. Patty, Frank A.: Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 1. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1948. 12. Smith, K. W., AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, 12: 198, 1955. 13. Vorwald, A. J., et al: AMA Arch. Ind. Hyg. and Occup. Med. 3: 1, 1951. Because of space limitations, it is impossible to list all methods of exposure evaluation. The selections have been made on the basis of current usage, reliability, and applicability to the usual industrial type of exposure. Any specific evaluation and/or control problem will involve professional judgment. This can best be done by professional industrial hy giene personnel. Respiratory protective devices are commercially available. Their use, however, should be confined to emergency or intermittent exposures and not relied upon as primary means oj hazard control. A relative scale is used for rating the severity of hazards: nil, low, moderate, high, and extra hazardous.