Document QvMJyDROe5dGp3bNJyV23w54

156 CHAPTER 11 1965 GirideAndData Book Table 3 .... Approximate Limits of HammabiDtyof Single Gases and Vapors In Air at Ordinary Temperatures and Pressures* Get or Vapor lew Uni Panted Vafina Upper Percent ,V. herm.- > Owed Cap* fled HBFU Oo*d- Poirf flco- 'fiea* holt, Acetaldehyde................... 4.0 Acetone..................... 2.5 Acetylene.............. ........ 2.5 AADmjmrl natlcijo* h.o..l.-................................................... 2.5 15.5 57 -17' -:. I-. 12.8 ' 0 I 80 70 n> 26.6 Amyl alcohol........................... 1.2 100 Amyl chloride................ ..... 1.6 Amylese................ ...... . 1.6. ; 7.7: Benzene (benzol)... ............... 1.3 6.8 - 12 : I .140 . II Butane Butyl acetate......................... Butyl alcohol.......................... Butylene............................ Carbon disulfide...................... 1.8 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.2 8.4 ' 15.0 . 84 III 9-7. 50 1 ^22: '\;r Carbon monoxide.................... Crotonaldehyde........ ........ Cyclohexane...................... Cyclopropane.......................... Decane.................................. 12.5 74.2 2.1 15.5 1.3 :* 8.4 2.4 10.50.67 2.6 55 ii; 1- : i 115 in Dichloroethvlene (1. 2)............ - 9.7 Diethyl selenide....................... 2.5 Dioxane.................................. 2.0 Ethane................ 3.1 Ether (diethyl)........................ 1.8 12:8. '57. 22.2 54 12.5 .36.5 -49 u n .i Ethyl acetate.. ................ 2.2 11.5 28 ii Ethyl alcohol................... 3.3' 19.0 54 ii Ethyl bromide......................... 6.7 11.3 Ethyl cellosolve:. ......... ...... ' 2.6;" 15.7 1<M m Ethyl chloride...... 4.0- '14.8, -58 i Ethylene.................. ......... 2.7-,s' 1-28.6 Ethylene dichloride..-.............. 6.2 15.9. Ethyl formate......................... 2.7: 16.5 : Ethyl nitrite-. ...:................ 3.0. 50 Ethylene oxide. ;..................... .3.0 80 - 56 -4 --31- TT 1 I Furfural (125 O'..'................... 2.1 140 Gasoline (variable).................. 1.4-1.5 7.4-7.6 -60 Heptane............................ Hexane............. ................ 1.0 ' 6.0 25 1.2 6.9 -15 Hydrogen cyanide................... 5.6 40.0 TTT II I Hvdrojren............... ........ Hydrogen sulfide.1.-.... :*.. Illuminating gas`(eoaTgas).. Isobutyl alcohol.".. Isopentane...... ........... 4:0 4:3 1.3 1:7 1:3 74.2 45.5 33.0 . 82 III Go* or Vapor lower Uppw Omc C*p> NBFU Hath Uctri foM fle- . Vcdome .Vehw ua . lion* ' Isopropyl acetate..................... 1.8 Isopropyl alcohol..................... 2.0 Methane...................... ........... 5.0 7.8 150 .43 .. II 53 ,11' Methyl acetate........................ 3.1. 15.5 14. I Methyl alcohol........................ 6.7 ' 36.5 ' 52 ' II Methyl bromide........... 13.5 Methyl butyl-ketone.-......... 1.2* Methyl chlorido.-............. !>.... 8.2 ' Methyl evelohexane.......... I.I Methyl- ethyl ether. ..2.0 14.5 80 18.7 10.1- ' :: . 25 -35 nI . Methyl ethyl ketone.-.'. __ Methyl formate. .... Methyl propyl ketone.. ......... Natural gas (variable)............. Naphtha (benzene).................. 1.8 5.0 1.5 4.3 1.1 9.5 30 , II 22:7 -2 8.2 13.5 6.0 20-110 m Naphthalene............................ Nonane................................... Octane.................................... Paraldehyde............................ Pentane;..... ......................... 0.9 0.83 0.95 1.3 . 1:4- 2.9 3.2 7.8 176 in 88 . in 56 ii. Propane.................................. 2,1 10.1 Propyl acetate. :V............. ..... 1.8 Propyl alcohol................... 2.1 8.0 - 58! 13.5 59 n ii Propylene...... ...... 2.0; 11.1 Propylene dichloride.-. 3.4 14'.5 6p- : n Propylene oxide....................... 2.0 Pyridine.......... ..................... 1.8 Toluene (toluol).-..................... 1.3 Turpentine.............................. 0.8 Vinyl ether............... .....:___ ' I;7`` 22.0 12.4 7.0 27.0 74 hi 40 ii 95 hi Vinyl chloride.. __ .: ........ 4.O. 21.7.. Water gas (variable).:__ __ .60- 70, --Xylene (xylol).............. M.O 6.0 c ii * Adapted btaifwaU&yliriw Barard*of CeiataWt&i* Gooittettd Vopon. by O- W. toct; Chepter ll', /nii^rioJ Hyyitm* sad IWicWunf, edited by F. A. Petty (latereoeoee Pohlbhcn, IMS); Pnptrtit* of FtowwbU fegindi. Gunand SoBd* (Aworteted) factory Mafeal Fbe Ine. Om^ Jewry (1X0); and National Fin Coin lor FIleadli Logttid*, Qomt. domical* amd gijlwnn tW (Na tional Fire ProtectionAaaociatkm). __ From Spaniard* for Stem#*, JfaadZtap arid Urn of FlamimabU LigoU*' (Na-1* ttonal Bawd at Tiro Underwrite*, No. SO, Joty 1954). believed that irritant gases, principally from combustion and industrial plants, accumulating during long periods of meteoro- logical inversion and fog contributed to the illness of many persons and to the death of some who were especially sus ceptible. The accumulation of contaminants may cause irritation of eyes, nose, and respiratory passages, and it ap pears that the exceptionally young and the exceptionally old are particularly susceptible to respiratory harm. - Much investigative work is currently being conducted to mums the potential-harm of these toxic-properties,'not only to humans but to vegetation as welL The effects of-severe' pollution-on paint, property, and structures are well-known.When-results-are established, they are certain to be '.many times lower than Jtae/thrshold fimit values rfiwrnanwH earlier.. As indicated, this personal limits for industrial occupation are based on limited, exposures of 8 hr per day for'the normal' work week; air pollution limits, however, must be based on continuous exposure, not only for the healthy workmen, but for the entire exposed population, containing individuals with greater variation in-age and health. - , ; The - engineer must .accept .his responsibilites:not only in; coping with'existing-pollution by selecting equipment that- will.provide clean air but also in abating -pollution by -pro-, viding the necessary controls-to accompany the design. This must include proper selection of equipment .to-give satis-- factory combustion, as;well as controls-to enable the.super- Ait> Contaminants cov 157 Table 4 .... Explosion Characteristics of Various Dusts* Typo of Owl Temperature of Owl - Oowf ' Oe.c; Alffumum Spark.. Energr . Movmmb fxplothei JCeqafrad for ' Caacefttratioo, 'fQoilioa of Ox for Dwf Oood, ` Co H MUfijotdet. ~ trpfariflx Pd Rate* of Prexxure Kho, Pd LtaBiag per Second ' Oxygen % to Purenl IgmlMn of Average Maximum -- ' OudCloed ` by theiMe x : Sport* Aluminum, atomised........ Aluminum, stamped - IMroang,nhmyidurmog, eantormedisuecedd..--....... Mnghg*limi milled.-.. 700 50 645 20 . 315 - . 160 ., 600- . 240 ' . 520, .; .TO, 0.040 0.035 , 0.120 ' 0.030 , 0.020 58 89 29 ' 5675' ' Magnesium, stamped..-....-. o Silicon............................. Tin.................... ........... S Titanium........... ..... Vanadium.-. ........ '520 450 775. 630 480 : ; 500 : ' 20 0.020 120- <; 0.210 900 - . 0.160 160 ; 0.190 120:-; 0.045 - 60- ' , 0.220 72 25 62 26 44 34 Zinc..................... .......... -' Zirconium..................... .Dowmetal.............. - ........ Ferrotitanium, low-carbon... 680 .- :. r900 . , C 15 . 430 / 370 ' 1 8800` 0.500 0.040 : ' 0.020 0.140 .. 13 . 42 f56 34 Ferrosilicon (88% Si)....... - MagTwgitnrt-aJiiTniniim (50-50) ' . 860 ..535 . 400 . 0.425 i 36 . . 80 - ; 0.050 . 61 1,050 2,150 650 750, 1,500 '4,400 -200 450 250 750 200 150! 1,480' 1,600 . 600 200 2,250 2,250 5,700 ' 1,200 1,450 3,150 3 13 x< 3b -` 4;750 300 1,200 400 1,100 300 - 15' 15 16 13 300 " 4.000 ; -.Tob< ` ' 2i550 1,400 13 300 3.000 ; . 19b - AHyl alooholresin.............. 500 Casein.............. . 520'- Cellulose acetates...... 320 Cellulose propionate.......... 460 Coumarone-indene resin..... 520 Hexamethylenetetramine '.-. .. 410 *20 ' 60 .10 60 10 10 0.035 ; 0.045 0.025 0.025 0.015 0.015 68-. 49 -1,750< 200 82 1,200 ...66 . 1,350. 63 1,350 64 j .. 950. v 3,550 : 500 2,400 2,350-. ` 3,000 2,550 V1 , 17 . 14.5 14.5 . 14.5 lignin resin...'.. ---- 450 S Methyl methacrylate.-......... 440 > g ,-Pentaerythritol.................. . 450 . g Phenolic resin.................... 4fi0 Phthafic anhydride.......... 650" Polyethylene resin.:. - 450 20 15- 0.040 0.020 10 0.030 10 -. 0.025. 15 0.015 so"-; :** 0.025 ' 69 57 65 61 49 83 750 ' 2,700' ' - 17- `'-- 550 1,200- - 14.5 1,000 , 2,150- 14.5 ! ;. 1,350 . . 3,150 : - ,14.5.--. 1,250 . 1,700' 14.5 400 - * 1,250 ' _ 15"': ,1`- - . Polystyrene...................... Shellac, rosin, guin.............. *' `Synthetic rubber, hard....... Urea molding compound..-. ' Vinyl butyrd resin.-..:........ . .490' 390 . ` 320 450 : 390 . .... i20`. 10 : 30 ' 80 10 .. 0.020 0.015, ; 0.030 0.075 - . 0.020: .44 58 59 63 60 350 1,250 750 700 450- 650 ' - .17 - 3,000.. - 14 .'5 1,850 15 1.800- 17 1,000 ' 14.5 > - Alfalfa................ ...... 530 . 320 Celiucotton.................... _ - Citrus peel, dehydrated__ ..- 449400-- 60 ' ' 45 '''' o' Clover seed. .. ................ 470 ' 80 - . a Cornstarch, modified.;__ .470 . : 40 2:' Corncob, ground, dried..;__ 400 ' 60' *3 ' Onion, dehydrated!. . ... 410 3 Pea, dehydrated........... 560 1 Peanut cracklings......... . ,570 -.;. . . 370 0.100 : 0.050 0.065 : 0.060 0.045: . 0.030 0.130 0.050 . 0.085 ` 66 . 70 51 49 72 64 60 68 41 500 l.ioo'T' 800 ` 2,250! 1 600 1,000 ; '-' i.oso 2,150.' . 1,300 ' 2,150 * 400 1,300 800 / . 1,950- 200 .. 350., ' -17-. "S Rice. '. < Soybean........ .....: Timg kernels............... Wheat, cracked............ 490. 560 '' ! 80 ". 0.045 ' 61 ' 850 J ;1,350': 100 " 0.040 * --65- ; - 800 ' 2,450' 540.;. > 240 - u. 0.070 74 " 65a-. <1,950 i.- 160., ... 0.060. . . 58-. -. 17 Ahimim'itn Bark dust, Doupla* fir - Coal, bituminous .-.-x . g Crude rubber, hard........ 9 Dinhio-ortho^cresol.. - 400 ` ' 540 : ` 610 350 ` 440', 15 " - 40 40 ; .80 : so ' 0.015 0.030" ' - 0.035 0.080 0.025 i 0 025 62 60 46 49 57 - 55 " 750 800 350 350 850 .1,300 " 2,1007 ; 1 1;800: r 1 - ;..800- , '16 \ -650 , 15 3,350 .. . 15 2,250 15 ( : g, Gilaonite....... ...... ........... 6S0:. m Phenothiasiae......... , 540 - . Saip.............................. 430 Knlphttr 1 - 190. Thyroid, desiccated./.-. i = "610' Wood flour............... L430 25- -- 60 'l\\ 15 ; ' 601' - : ' 20 . 0.020 - 56-., ., 0.015 - 43 ;. '! 0.045 . 0.035'" 0.060 ' 60. . 41 -., 04 - : 0.040.-. . '62 . - - 900 1,850 * 600 1,450, .. i - 16. - : 660 1,300 '. 700 1,950 " 11 - 550 'r T|200 r-* - > - .!.?> 850 .. M,20o: -[ 17 y.'-.'-i .` When rircoasam powder wia diepeieod bite air at room temperature, U ignited <> gome condition*, apparently dot to atatio electric diwbarge between the i iwiq m in. rtiwii The oxygen redaction taate wei made in air-COi mixturea. Daat etooda of rircoaiam. magnedum, titanhnn, and certain magneainiTv^lmrtTinm alloys ignited Item CO*. * By permbaton from Mechanical Bnfi-ww.* Handbook, by Umi a. Marks (editor). Copyright, 1961, McGraw-Hill Book Company, las.