Document QrdmxMkdbnMpeMG7kJ2bq6y8

Report No 17 E. I, Da Pont de Nemours & Co,, Fabrics and Finishes Department Chemical Division Philadelphia Laboratory COMPETITIVE PRODUCTS REPORT Mm nnii in--<1 in im imnnmnnn^ iniunii wnr mnmmntiMn--wi REVIEW OF WHITE HOUSE PAINT Date Issued October 18, 1948 Period Covered July-September, 1948 Prepared by - Approved N50757 REVIEW Off WHITE HOUSE FAIKT Introduction: Undos' YJllmington. Trad Sales Investigation WT-454, #40 Outside White has been compared with 16 Competitive Out side White House Paints, The list of paints is given in Table I, Summary: ' Trends in House Paint Formulation; Most competitive house paints still have the war time vahiolo with approximately 375j/ of oil per gallon. Two oonflioting trends are shown by products which have at tempted to improve on the wartime quality: 1. Du Pont and several other manufacturers have at tempted to restore the good brushing of prewar paint by in creasing the oil content. The ether manufacturers in this group are National Lead* Montgomery-Ward, and Bruder, The National Lead paint is sold at a premium price. The increased oil content results in a somewhat higher cost than that of the wartime paints with, a similar pigmentation. In the Du Pont product this increase in coat has bean minimized by omitting the basic carbonate white lead that was In the prewar formula, 2, The second trend is represented by the new Davoe and RaynoId s' One Coat Y;hIt and to a lesser degree by Pittsburgh Plate Glass, In these paints hiding has been raised by in creasing the titanium or Me content, but both have the same oil content as wartime formulas. The Davoe and Haynolds paint has a specially processed vehicle of excellent non penetrating quality, Beth have high gloss when applied to previously painted surfaces, and both are very poor in brush ing, The oost of such products is low because of the low oil content and because both, of them use lead-free zinc oxide to save the cost of the lead pigment. For several reasons, we would expect that such products might be applied in thin films with resulting poor durability. On the other hand Devoe makes claims of superior durability for its product. The durability will be carefully 0heeked by test fence ex posure. Glidden has recently announced a new One Coat White, We have not yet reocived a sample in this laboratory. DUP030004630  Several trends toward lowering the cost without hanging quality nay be noted# The first trend is the use of soya oil in the vehicle* Du Pont pioneered this development; two major manufacturers, Pittsburgh and Sherwin-Williams have followed It is probable that there is soya oil in the new Devos & Reynolds* One Coat White and in a number of local products which do not carry a label analysis0 Another trend to lower cost is the us of lead- freo zinc oxide# Both Pittsburgh and Devos have already adopted lead-free compositions# We have had the technical background to adopt lead-free house paint for a long time, but have been prevented up to the present beoau.se the grades of known durability were not available in sufficient volume# We expect to be able to release a lead-free formula for general sale in the near future in order to take advantage of the cost saving# Competitive Position of #40 Outside White: rn' ni~7~** ~r <rr rwi ran manimti Trnm~nwTr~nf',>ti'rr irtrwiravwTWmriMftT tw nngmMHiurnw nmr tiiiiwni ni The superiority of.#40 Outside White in the present state of competition is In easy fciush application# Combined with this are good gloss and freedom from flashing# The only other paint which, has this particular combination of properties is National Lead# The paints which remain on a wartime formula not cnly are poorer in brushing but are poorer in gloss and tend to flash. With the appearance of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass lead-free formula and more recently with Devos & Reynolds' One Coat White, products have been offered that have enamel flow- and gloss# #40 White does not match these products in gloss, but is better than most other eoapetitlvea# In hiding likewise it is better than most com petitive s but does not attempt to match the high hiding which has been put into the Pittsburgh and Devoe & Reynolds products# The outstanding deficiency of #40 Outside White-at the present time is color. Of all the competitive paints, It ranks last in color of the wet paint and ranks twelfth in the color of the dried film# The wet color of the present #40 White is poorer than either the prewar or wartime #40# The dry color is about equal to prewar #40, although it is not as good as the wartime #40# The basic reason for the poor color of the current #40 Outsid3 White is the fact that it has higher solids content than most competitive paints# When the oil and extender contents are reduced, as in wartime #40 Whits, the color is better than most competitive paints# We have also recognised recently that the grades of leaded zinc oxide and talc .extender are relatively poor in color# There has been criticism of the appearance of #40 Outside White in the can before it is stirred# This is chiefly a question of rapidity of settling# The current #40 DUP030004631 -3 ~ Outside White settles out rapidly with a rather deep layer of supernatant liquid; this liquid is deep enough to hide the white color of the pigment below it. Paints of the oil saving type have better suspension of the pigment and show a much shallower layer of supernatant liquid, so that the color of the pigment shines through. On the other hand, this same type of suspension will likely result in oaking on long standing. Apart from the initial reaction of the customer, neither the wet oolor nor the appearance in the oan before stirring have any actual relation to the performance of the paint, The color in the freshly dried film, however, is important for real satisfaction to the customer. Projected Improvement in Color: ` There are developments in progress which will provide some improvement for all these aspects of color, A lead-free white, 301~867 has now been released for trial sale in Atlanta, It has slightly better wet color than 301-364 and :J.s definitely batter in the oolor of the freshly dried film. Since it also shows somewhat slower settling of the pigment, with a shallov/or layer of supernatant liquid in the can, the appearance in the can before stirring is improved. Adoption of this or a similar formula would put us about average for color as compared with the range of competitive paint. The high soya alkyd-modifled white adopted for trial sale in Trenton, 301-839, definitely better than 301=864 in wet color and is outstanding in color of the dry film. The film is whiter than the best competitive paints, including Devos & Reynolds' One Coat White, The appearance in the oan before stirring 1b approximately equal to prewar white or to 301-86? described above. An improvement in oolor oan be made by raw material substitutions. The previous grade of leaded zinc oxide sup plied by American Zinc Sales Co, has already been replaced by batter colored material from Eagle Richer, Steps are be ing taken to replace W-132 talc by extender of better oolor, The step that will probably be taken-is to replace the-entire extender blend, including W-132 talc, W-4 asbestine and W-34 barytes, by low oil absorption magnesium silicate, W-53 or 3W-3o 24o This will improve the color. It will also produce a better appeaxanoo in the can unstirred because barytes will be eliminated; the high density of barytes causes more rapid settling than magnesium silloats. Estimates of Durability: The paints in this investigation will be exposed on the test fence for determination of durability. Some DUP030004632 durability results on a few of tie products are already available, since we have long time exposure on SherwinWilliams paint and about 12 months exposure on a number of products investigated last year0 In comparison with the competitive paints of relatively low solids content employ ing an oil saving vehicle, w believe that 301-864 will be more durable beoause a thicker film will be obtained at equal spreading rate# We have deliberately maintained the hiding of this product at a level which is somewhat above that of most competitive paints but within the normal range so that the paint will not be spread too far# In self cleaning 301-864 is equal or superior to moat competitive products - including Pittsburgh Plate Glass, Sears-RoebuckP Benjamin Moore, and the Devoe & Reynolds Standard #547 White# It Is slightly .leas clean than the National Lead White and Sherwin-Wlillams# Steps are being taken to increase the free chalking pigment slightly so that the product will be equal to these two points in the future# It is less olean than one local produot, Cruder, which shows excessive chalk ing and would be unsatisfactory from the standpoint of run ning of the chalk# Cost: aaiKWB! The raw material cost of our produot is higher . than most competitive paint because we have increased the oil and solids content# The high-hiding enamel type paints made by Devoe & Reynolda and Pittsburgh are considerably lower in raw material cost; this la because their one fea ture is a relatively high titanium oxide content while they maintain a low oil content at the expense of poor brushing propertleao The National Lead White is considerably higher in cost because it contains a large amount of lead pigment for policy reasons Our cost is not so high as some of tha oil saving paints that maintain a conventional pigmentation with considerable amounts of lead pigment, such as SearsRoebucks There ars a number of possibilities to lower the coat of our produot with possible slight improvements in quality; the most important of these is the adoption of a lesd-freo formulae Other immediate possibilities are the adoption of 301"863 with the higher soya content in plaoe of 301=864, and elimination of Barytes from the extender composition by use of low-oil absorption Asbestine# De tails: MSHHT^^IKMBAS* The experimental data ire presented in Tables II and III and in the accompanying bar charts# DUP030004633 -5 Composition: m-- '"i--y*T-----ri--rtt~rv--nniii<'i 1 The composition of the competitive paints Is shown in Table II0 This has been calculated from the label analy sis where that was available0 In other oases, the solids content, oil content and approximate pigment volume have been calculated from the determined percent solids by weight and the gallon weight. Raw material costs have been cal culated for the important competitive paints using Du. Pont calculating cost, figures for August 1948, For the paints which contain soya oil, these figures are now rather out of date; in particular 301-863 should show a considerable sav ing at present,, Brushing: Brushing is based on the opinion of a highly ex perienced laboratory painter. In estimating brushing the paint was lapped in after drying 5 minutes in order to deter mine the ease of lapping. The lapped panels were examined for gloss and flashing after the film had dried. Drying: Drying tests were carried out at normal temperature of 77F and at low temperature, approximately 50F. The paint was applied at two spreading rates corresponding to a normal film thickness and a heavy film. The data for the normal film are reproduced in Table III, Although it would be expected that the oil saving,paints should dry and harden through better than paints such:as 303.-864 with a relatively high proportion of unbodied oil,, actually it is found that 301-864 dries as well as most of the competitive paints which have an oil saving vehicle). The Pittsburgh Plate Glass paint is particularly slow drying; this is a lead-free paint at low pigment volume. The Davce & Reynolds* One Coat White is better in drying than Pittsburgh; it has a higher pigment volume, although it is also lead-free. Color: The most reliable method of comparing color both of the wet paint and of the fresh3.y dried film is to rate the paint visually. This visual rating is shown in Table III on arbitrary scales. The scales are different for wat color and for dry color. In addition the color of each paint both wet and dried has been measured on the Beckman Speotrophe tome ter as an absolute measurement. This measurement has three factors describing (1) the brightness and (2) the two numerical values which indicate the hue. The brightness reading is reproduced in Table III. It should be noted that a differenoo of less than 2.0 unite la the brightness read ing is one that is hardly perceptible to the eye. DUP030004634 6 Hiding: UCOMMIIIMMM Hiding was determined by measurement of contrast ratio at various spreading rates, Tbs spreading rate was controlled by drawing tbs films down over black or white glased paper with a Bird applicator. Estimates of biding wore also made visually and the theoretical hiding for the composition of the paint was calculated according to a method in Gardner's "Physical and Chemical Examination of paints". The value shown in Table III Is an estimate taking all these methods into account. It is believed that the values de termined in this manner are accurate to about 10 sq, ft, per gallon. Modifications of #40 Outside White: A number of other Du Pont products were included in the tests but are not shown in Table III, They include 301-756 #k0 Outside White on the prewar and wartime formulas8 301-867 Lead-Free Outside White and 301^839 Trenton White, Thoa products have been discussed in the Summary of this report although they ore not listed in the table.. Presentation by Bar Charts: The bar charts in Figures 1, 2 and 3 present the data from the Tables graphically. The values for solids content by volume and raw material cost in Figure 1 are taker, directly from Table I, The values for hiding in Fig ure I are taken directly from Table II, In Figure 24 composite values are shown both for ease of brushing and for gloss. The values for ease of brushing la Figure 2 ar the sum of the ratings for initial ease of brushing and for lapping that are given separately in Table II, The values for gloss in Figure 2 are the sum of the ratings for gloss and for flashing at the lap that are given separately in Table II; the two ratings axe com bined because they go together to make up the initial ap pearance of the dried film. The values for drying time in Figure 2 are an average of the four drying times listed in Table 11: 1. Touch dry at 77F 2, " " " 50F 3, Through dry at 77F 4, " " *' 50F To present the drying time graphicallya the ordinate axis of the chart has been reversed, A long drying time means a short distance from the base line and a low order of value, while a short drying tamo means a long distance from the base DUP030004635 - 7- line and a high order of value* The ohart, than, is read in the same clixaotion as all the other charts when comparing paints for the' order of ozoellenoe0 . The 7010.30 for color in Figure 3 are taken directly from Table IIa for the visual ratings, the numerical des ignations have been omitted because t.aey are purely arbitrary; the Important thing is the order between the paints that are compared* WFSpp DUP030004636 TABLE I - SAMPLES OF COMPETITIVE WJIITE HOUSE PAINT Sample SR-42334 SB-42368 SR-4233S SR-42364 SR-42363 SR-42308 SR-42333 s r -42365 3R-2*2337 SR-42362 SR-42352 s h -42335) SR-42361} s p.-42366 SB-42339 SR-42336 SR -42358 Manufacturer M0 A,, Bruder & Sons Cook Paint & Varnish Co,, Cutler's Paint Stores Ho Bo Da-sis GOo Devoe & Reynolds CcQ n- n w. Felton9 Sibley & COo, Inc0 The Glidean Co,, Boston Varnish Co Benjamin Moore & COo National Lead Co9 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Sears, Roebuck & Coc Sherwin-Williams Co,, n Montgomery-Ward & CoQ Name Stay-White Outside House Paint Outside White House Paint Outside Double White ' Outside White Ready Mixsd House Pa $54? Outside White Gloss House Pa White One-Coat House Paint Outside Gloss White Super-Lastic H Outside White Gloss Endurance Pain 675 Outside White Kyanize Super-S Outside White House Paint #110 Bright White Dutch Boy House 1-54 Titanic Outside White Sun-Pro 143 Master White Master Mixed Hous 471 Gloss White SWP House Paint (R "" """ " (R 75-1 Titanium White Super House Pa *Nev? formula: contains soya and tung oil