Document QkzoMLxr31mvaMrDmE1ezE0dE
LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION
191 MADISON AVKNUI NSW YORK IT. N, V.
r
f-
1
C L
r
f
0
December 8, 19^0
SUBJECT: DESIGN EKGIKEERINO CATALOG
To Members of the Lead Industries Associations
V are attaching a reprint of our catalog vhlch vill ap pear In the 1961 edition of Sveet'a Design Engineering File. Bound In the Sveet's File, it will he placed In the office* of nore than 18,000 design engineers In all lines of Industry. We hope that It will bring to their attention cany properties of l*d with vhlch they nay not be fadliar vhlch vould help In their oe.1^" nrobleas.
We are also circulating the reprint to our ovn nailing list of about 1,000 design engineers vitu .?"st of vhoa ve hare had personal contact either at our exhibits at U-ulp*1 Engineer ing Shows or through correspondence.
Additional copies are available In quantities up to 25 free of charge, and In larger quantities at 10 cents per copy.
Very truly yours,
RLZ:J3H Att.
/ 7^
Secretary
*" '-w
w "tmmnw "
-jiwui^Ljivnmir^F
1 .........' <
''
-
' ^-LIA24 422
^
^
H 1700.01
LIA24A23
u U Cl Mftmfr
Lead is more readily and inexpensively fabricated into a greater variety of useful forms than almost any other common ractaL These readily available forms, com*
bioed with lead's interesting variety of properties -- high density, low melting point, corrosion resistance, malleability, lubricity, unusual electrical properties,
and ability to form useful alloys and chemical compounds -- provide a unique material for the solution of a wide range of design problems.
>sja
m10D
<3
m.
LIA24424
f
*
|
o ... material far modern design
'S
) MiOD
design factors favoring
l eap]
corrosion resistance
. , Lead t$ a permanent metal under varying condi tions of weather, exposure to most rypes of joil, marine and industrial environments, and acrioo of corrosive chemical*.
radiation resistance
. . . The most impervious of ill common metals co X-ray and gamma radiation, lead is the accepted stand ards of reference. It occupies minimum space and adds (he lease weight.
vibration control
. . . Massive without being stiff, lead is s poor conduc tor of vibration. Its ability to effectively block vibration makes it a populax material for use in mountings and heavy footings.
round control
... la products i**-*-' from home appliances to sub* marines, lead and leaded materials act m deaden ringing \ibrattons and isolate sound.
lubricity
. . No other single metal marches the inherent slickness of lead and lead alloys under sliding loads. This feature is used to advantage in tiny bearings as well as under the massive supporting slabs of the Niagars Power Project cunduits
solid state properties
... In the field of solid state physics, lead shows out* standing promise as a superconductor. Lead tclluridc is one of the few semi-metals used commercially in a thermoelectric power generator; lead tirconare-tiunate is highly efficient in ceramic piezoelectric elements.
other unique properties
. . . The most dense common metal . . Low melting point . . . Easily fabricated . . . Wide range of forms available . . . Easily alloyed
di
r
;
J i
N pi.Bftliajll I| CW.
LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 9
. | >"
lie I-MJIU 1 }! l1
LEAD
for corrosion rsslstanco
o
LIA2 4425
frfi*a wm m<7 0 0974 is.
LEAD
_ for corrosion control
Q
L1A244Z6
... a malarial for modern design
O
LIA24427
SWf*`
3
f
y\ *r Jt
WKiT*1
LIA24428
Wmii II---- - -
- --- - -<!!) in
LEAD I
lor sound and no Iso control
0
... a malarial lor modern design
IMmi rime 4*?*4 ee Iee4*4 p^e#tc*--tar4y YQ6 piwj| ye pises s t*iJI Hm tsMa ftte rt*s rear ml Its
iMh I wt*iM. Ti U*e cei Kee V*w e*di
ee <ea W "urtemd" Wf ee fdiwn ml I. IV
mk Ii e!eeMew, sed fcy th* as* satiswe 9m wWfc
he*
9*4*4 t t*4ecli *Ws* Wm4. fmt
II A A dsenty is Itseii iM stMss >seeds
* JDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 7
r
LIA24A29
,TW 'T-- -
-------,- _
LEAD
for radiation shielding
------------------------------- -------------------------------
V-
i'
k\ )>'
V
?!
1 -Vi i "kLk*
'-/?%$
A hag*. Ittj-thitUid ilnsfcw
It* IsarfiAf and wnUadlaf
tivAir* C*lif**n4* UitM'i *
diwm iH<t H***** tm lit
( ~k <
*.
inillll
ImhitTH Itiiadtii SMtnag ffcrti lu Iti4 ihyping tmnios
carrying tii tifctfc M Mew
UgM Mft il 44 g**M*a 'fi vil
Htt lirM|i tfci* Owk rKci Im4
fl*t
TMt i lit* ***** facie
(McifM fcar* Hwy r****** niill
44 ****** *r*a if* c*wf*ia*r.
o
Tfct* tw* w3B** *lf Xvay and
mm Utd t* c bAh mK *m4
4><wc* ti* 4**s laad **>ifl4 *f, *# caw***, is i*tlaM la*
rfc* ffUictiM *i A* aa*r*ar.
LIAZA430
LEAD
o for electrical energy sources
,.. n material for modern design
SNAP H-#*war Ur MteBtae is >il mIiw m el t*#4 farm'd* is e l.wsff ffcti'NMi Ucfric |Sle. letpar ve it* ere yliml eeri wifl pr+ *ilt Uwf UU i4v<(W far Welfri* eri llmwifc el wett* *f yiww.
K\. 3
left It ii|tt, A tifei*, tlulii wly i|eNl riperat tgrie, eeri
* rise.rail hil acri l*w*y iM Imh ni*ee<* win t* nfW ffc# Ate*. PntiH it* fiMpt tte^sg mm, tin he*+at> wA yrilw An* f *i sxwffc* # KfM* far * cAeie teafcar-
.
j 9
A* tipal, Ini mentt
t'tswiM twmlwtta
renin W erirsetefee.
7^* aterat >)>m cetriMpe lepltlf Ala
MDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 9
mmmww---- LIA2AA31
LEAD In other roles
soldering and Joining
ceramics
sistliies eee nli*i fl rt* (M>
asctisss is ora*
is
Although solder is generally thought of is in alloy of Ind and tin, there are many other solders in which lead is alloyed with one or more metals such is silver, bismuth, antimony, indium, etc. The composite melting point range, embraced by ill of these alloys extends from 117 to 388. Such solders are widely used, of course, in joining copper, for seams in tin cans, automobile radiators and ocher products. It is also practical to solder aluminum, coppernickel, mood, nickel, stainless seed and zinc as well as most of the other common menIs Solder is used to 611 denes and repair damage to sheet metal and to join lead pipes and cable sheathing by wip ing. Vide or narrow melting range alloys meet the special deminds of each situation--for wide or narrow tempera ture ranges of plasticity. Recently the soldering of elec tronic circuits has become automatic with the advent of soldering machines whkh will solder dozens or huodreds of connections in a circuit in a miner of seconds.
StSn Mtt
miSNiy
A powerful Cux lead oxide has been lowering bring tem peratures nd promoting smooth, lustrous surfaces in ce ramics for centuries. Despite this long recognition, ceram ists are Kill making discoveries about lead's usefulness. In the past few years, fot example, they have learned to pro duce economical firedoo coatings for thin gage alumi num. Thin and tough, this porcelain enamel coating can actually be sawed without serious spalling. The same de velopment has made it possible to enamel cast aluminum and even magnesium. The familiar blackboard of the schoolroom is giving way to "greenboards" and "bluebeards"; consisting oi an extra low temperature porcelain enamel on steel. These same frits now, for the first time, make possible a porcelain finish on complicated shapes formerly finished only with paints. Glared brick contain ing lead is a colorful material for contemporary buildings tlong New York's Fifth Avenue and the suburbs Soon to be seen is a cousin of this material--lightw'cight building block, glazed oo both sides to permit colorful and dura ble inner and outer walls with ooe block.
Q
pearlesccnt pigment*
lubricant*
W
# * *.
wi4* r--f
The "pearlmess" of a pearl is due to a combination of lenticular crystal structure and double refraction, Dncil re cently commercial pearl pigments were natural products. Today there are two simple lead compounds which, in addition to being laboratory controlled for reproducible pea/linesa", ire available u1 abundant and predictable supply ar stable prices. Suitably timed, these have been much in evidence in plastic and leather finish for shoes and accessories They are being used for hard plastic tiles and moldings, as a custom finish foe luxury automobiles, and for adding distinction to many products molded of plastic or given a protective paint coating.
Long ao ingredient of heavy duty greases, lead and its compounds are finding still wider use as lubricants today. In greases, die finely powdered lead helps retain the "body" of the grease at high temperatures and pressures. On pitted or scored bearing surfaces, lead panicles smear out to fill surface irregularities and present a smooch, slick surface. For the same reason, babbitt and ocher lead alloy bearing metals have long been used in electric motors, as railroad bearings, and for other heavy duty service. The world's largest bearings are each four miles long They are sheet lead strips under the conduit wills of the Niagara Power Project and serve to seal water in the conduit is well as to lubricate the joint, permitting it to slide with earth movements. Bearings designed never to see oil ia Rolls Royce engines and in space satellites also make use of lead The automotive type embodies lead powder in a Teflon coating and operates from -32^ to j 33F. with out any further lubrication. NASA's development of a "space bearing" made use of a coating of vitreous lead monoxide, good for temperatures up to 12M3F.
W*p
i'V3.--"t...jV=i-- .
1 .y--"Pr"""
. way ' --ggBim,^JWi?c^ll
LIA24432
o o
'Oak oktuL wife
properties of LEAD
... a material for modern deslpn
Color
Bluish gray
Retina
On atmospheric exposure lead takes Oft < silvery gray
patina ticept m industrial atmospheres where it charges
to dark gray to black
Atomic number
82
Atomic arrangement
Cubic face-centered
Length of lattice edge
4.9339 A
Atomic weight
207.21
wel|M ai*e aoneHp
4*n*hf
Cat lud. 20*C Rolled. 20*C Just solid. 327.4*C Just liquid. 327.4'C Density, vapor (Hyvogen 1). calculated
welphe
Cast lead. 20*C, caiculatod
Rolled. 20*C. (density 11.37) calculate equivalent to
Liquid. 327.4*0. calculated equivalent te
Sheet lead. 1 ft square by 1/64 in. thick Volume of 1 ft. cast Wadr20*C., calculated
r.j<c iw u. I1J5 to 11.37 f. IW ex
11005 (. ptr ti I0M* (pu
103*
04j 92 ft. per o l in.
0.4103 ft. per c. in. 709 ft. per cu. ft
(L3CS4 ft. per ce in. 666 ft. per at ft
appropriately 1 ft. 2.44 o l in.
fharmal pr<pantea
Melting point common lead Melting point chemical lead Clevation of melting point for each
150 atm increase in pressure Casting temperature
327.4*0 21fJ 325.6*0 (61l*fJ
12*C <216*fJ 790 to 630*f.
plf tf di#art pitmrta
Pressure, in atmospheres
014 0.35
Boiling point *C. Boiling point *f
1325 1410 2417 2570
14
1525 2777
(4
1873 3403
11.7
2100 3812
vaptr ^rainw
Temperature. *C I SOS 1100011200 11365 Il525 11870 felOO
Pressure, mm. Kg.| 008 1 1.771 23291 166. | 760. | 6Jilm(ll7r
iparHk kaat (cut par p)
letup. 'C
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 200 300 327.4 (sold) 327.4 (liquid) 37S 418 45!
specific heat
0.02805 002880 0.0298 00303 0.0309 0.0315 00325 00331 00340 00311 0.0338 C0335 00335
rkamal caa4wftil>y tewt.- .'/*C/m4
l. "C
-247.1 -ICO
0 100 200 300 400 500
coo
0117 0 092 0083 0G81 0072 0074 0 031 0037 0.03*
Latent heat of fuswa
6 26 cal per g or 1127 IXU per ft.
U malt 1 ft. of lead betting from 20*C roqutros
latent beet of vaperuatioft Relative thermal conductivity tuber 1001
7100 f cel or 212 I T U. 202 cal. per g.
12
<e*flt<lef of tapanflM
Lmear (-190 to 19*C. meant
Q 0000265 per *C
Linear (17 to 100*C. mean)
0 0000293 per *C.
m 0 0000163 pm *f
Cubical (liquid at mettmg pomt to 357'CJ
0 000129 per *C.
Increase in volume from 20C to liquid at melting point
.1%
Otcreasa volume from liqu<d at matting point to 20*C. calcuicted
SIX
Increase in volume on netting
4.01%
Oecrease in volume on solidification
3*5%
Shrinkage on casting taken in practice as 7/64 5/16 in. per ft.
lew temperafure pupifftee
temperature F.
tmil. strength
elongation percard
BrineS
impact
cast lead
room --300
rolled lead
59 -4 -40 -103
3000 6200
3600 7200 13300 15200
33 U 40 94
52 | 40 31 24 1
2J 34
ifiaahaaMal peapirWat
Hardness. Moh s scale
14
Brined no., 1 cm bait. 30 uc, 100 kg. load
Common lead
32 ta 44
Chemical lead
45 to 64
Influence of temperature on Brmeff hardness (chemcai lead)
l*.. ;-fture -f
2S 100 ISO
Hardness
53 34 24
Ultimate tensile strength
Common lead
ivC *> 1700 ft. per s. in.
ChtmicJ lead
2300 to 2*0C T> per sq. in.
(d*<1 of Itmptraltft HmI 100*0
Temperature
c F
Tensile strength
PS*
Clengatmn ptree*
Reduction
m aru percent
20 64 1920
31
100
82 180 1140
24
100
150 302
710
33
100
195 383
570
20
100
265 509
280
20
100
teeallu itraaflk etd alatpaHaw
(laboratory toiled specimens. room tomperaftit. putting speed % fc. per nun. per in. of test section#
{trie of let*
tensile strength
9V
elongation percent
common (99 85 + 0.13 B*) corroding (99 99 + 0 006 Si) common (9998 + no Bt) chem<al (9992 + 006 Cut chemical (commercial sheet! chemical (extrude*
1931 1904 2093 2961 2454 2200
344 37.7 43* 422 470 44!
roalateuaq te beadtg
(ertrvded strips under 200 ftt per sq M. stress (objected to etternato 90* reverse bends ever V reds, 11 cycles per nua)
grade of Wad
common chemical ccrrcdmt
cnles U failure
72 101 54
eWngattoa percetd
49 52 35
LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION iv
properties off LEAD
p l .>w W^ B i|l
w* ii |MMi^ w r!iw w ji'W P ii.'.iiii|ii<>uj . i TW..WI p "u rw m in i i< i , m . . i
trM| |rMi
itim fe per W. in.
300 400
etttp, ptrcsM p*f hour
common lead
chemkil or copper lead
S10*
35s 10 Hilo-
0 4 110 * 1.5x103 110-
F/t*{ue (unit (SO,000,000 cycles eilruded
'rad
tfaJ -+- 0 u28% calcium toad a- 0 03$% calcium Kad + 0 04\ ulC'um
W*d + 0 041% calcium
'-fd + 0.06% calcium (id 4- 1% antimony if/d + 2% tin (fid + 0 06% copper
<0 045% tfliurnau K * 10 06% copper
endurance limit it S11(T cycles.
lb. per (4. tik.
21V-W0
68S-S40 820-1SCO
1120 300-1000 800 600
21$ Jb. per sq. m3
endifinee limd it 10' eyetot U pt( 14 M.
420 1038
1180
m 1000
properties
Specific etoctncel conduclmeu it 0'C. ll*t po*M
At<yn< electrical conductance. calculated
Aclitnt f'KtliCll COTMjyClKiC* (copper 10O
Rtiitivt eiectrol remittance (copper 10QI Majnettf wsceptiMity per f.
IL-UO'C. 300-600`C. Clectroiflic $oMoi pressure tons off + tons off Pb+ + f +
SOS * 10* tm. ' ohms * 413 1C*
un i io * ?. J2M
-o 12 io-001 i io-
6.3 110 * offs. 30 x 10 w etm.
*
LEAD
lead and lead aitoyi ia dense and coac.-jitioo Fnif *rp*rre rr*Ki far the ir*r 1936 rhrou*h 1959 are available. C ih bibl*>sr phy Reprinted from Indwv mat and fnyineerin* Chemittry.'*
lead to SUdara lrnd*mrj
< Pleue trod request oo turnpaoy Irnrt* head l
iduurated 2 ><t-pK* hard bmind book, oewfibms all phases of lead pnxiw'tjoo and u k -S CcKuprcheovtvc data MOvA * ia tluded.
eerresln
Criwie * (w Ui m4 In Mvp
Chart form prrtconrtoa off common mist-
ar*e eff
and its alloys to I8H iNctnKjl
materials ar rhr temperature at wh*h they
are iwmally handled. Reprinted from
t Krmr*l EA/tiiKmne* Ftwuift, 1953-
- Uvd Sw'i Mv* Aatoeatr--y
A frr off 25 years off service ami maitwerumr records off the lead dome off Net* Jersey Sure Pt-nncnuary M Rah***, N. J. (.i>m;rv<t<>n mrthoj it alto illustrated Re printed fnp KrniA| and Air Comlrttom
mu Co mk w '.
mmem**11 w a j j * yi
* 4*, A>rvtoya Mi pidmiei m W *w ad Im4
mddrmf T*r
>m * ltA0 (NOUStltCS JkUOCUT)ON. tfl MAOfSO* AVC.
MW tots 17. M.V.
Results off a detailed rzanuoatten off lead' wlv anctoes tor (<>rr>M>a protection off ships Operating cifuiency and bt4-avor are fivea and lead <otnpared itb hrr anode matenalv Reprinted from "Corro sion". NiAcffitxf. 1959
lnwltn Tama ffr t^effto^
Shos arrhitevtural use and tpecificettuei, but t!k>j lontitQ* descriptive and engineerin* data oa ternr pUr.
Sftif tpstodcatto-- to ltd Uiff ffatoi
A wmiTury off aJI foregwiag LI.A. mo oxfl>Jj(K>n< ami tpKitKitioai fur red lead arm corrosive paint*.
mp s ana vtStaMaa
laaff AAitw Ml
Current prutKY ta rbe use rff ann vibrartun pad* U* building footings t* deutled * th< four p**r bulletin Dean uir> and ifn ficarsons ttuluded.
land ffavatd Aarrlara
7*etve p**e rniiamiivi irport os boiac dnun of tound hameri totr (omadett ttom, and takulrtaoa merhuda for aaskplc bar rtert.
tntoi| C>ta| favor VAMm
iL. -.rr dv>*i Son lead aibc\tot pa-i* sere uted fcj . 'ite a ro>d-ttjo toulmtt tme* fr-*n the teel tow--** off a modern ofSc* bu<ld*n<c Oraams amj KM.'in< Jau arc
ItiVrfl
aaramtoa
Uaff to to* Cmmu i tail lhn
Lute leaf bnJcr. uipplcArora aaued pe doduallf, off all off rbe pnmipal u%n off lead in ufun^t f perhet mS Katie data, fxrfornuace trudm and rypical formula*
lAto Uw Us Clsato
TtthnHii dtvuioos off new formutatwea for ultra lov Uj * (eramtet torcethcr ssh pHuhlr mrclunttcnt <4 behavior
taaMcal a4 pssrpo
Into Cato Ctodtow
Tselrepifce n erKurraphK ukulator for mJuttnal rru<l JUpJ etoautKSt methadt vhos i(sul fijenY. .ipetatma and oaitoKfliivt Nit K|utiirJf. la ad-irtum, dt bulletia o(Kaam bam mfformattos os the ioi off porr fr<ua lead aod battctiea and marfruff eomhuviuft carpan
-
^3
ly^.1!
m -u.jpia> i|i
P wK