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FILE NAME: Trade Publications (TR) DATE: 1944 June DOC#: TR013 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal - Heating & Ventilation Conserve wartime fuel! Save steam! Save money! Utilize economical exhaust steam, whenever possible.... The Johnson con trol hookup, illustrated above, over comes the principal disadvantage of us ing exhaust steam for heating coils, heat exchangers and other equipment where low pressure steam is required. When the pressure of the exhaust steam drops to a point where it ceases to be useful, the Johnson "Low Pressure Regulator" closes the Johnson Valve on the exhaust steam supply and opens the Johnson Valve on the live steam supply. A "dead end" reducing valve is set to deliver live steam at proper pressure. Automatically, without attention of any sort, exhaust steam is used whenever it is available. Live steam "comes to the rescue," only when needed. There is no chance for the lack of proper steam pressure to be over looked. . . . Another problem solved by Johnson control! Send for bulletins de scribing Johnson apparatus or ask to see a Johnson engineer from a nearby branch office--no obligation, of course. JOHNSON CONTROL TEMPERATURE AND ^ AiIiRCIO1N1DiIiTiIiOINiInN G JOHNSON SER V IC E C O M P A N Y , M ILW A U K E E 2, W IS C O N S IN D IRECT BRANCHES IN ALL P R IN C IP A L C IT IES Th e m i n n e a p o l is -h o n e y w e l l m o d u f l o w CONTROL SYSTEM is the logical step in the evolution of home heating systems. circulating this mixture through the heating system. In the case of steam heat, only enough steam to satisfy the heating requirements is circulated. Instead of alternate periods of heat and no heat, due The Moduflow System of control will be available to intermittent heating and causing after the war for any automatic heating drafts and air stratification, which results in cold floors, the Moduflow MODUFLOW plant. Its cost for existing homes is surprisingly low. In new homes it System of control delivers a constant supply of heat, modulated to the exact is even less. It is easy to see why the Moduflow System will revolu degree necessary to offset loss' of heat from the home. tionize postwar home heating . . . Write for full infor Moduflow accomplishes this by automatically adding mation to Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company, heat from the furnace or boiler with return air or water 2715 Fourth Avenue South, Minneapolis 8, Minnesota. to exactly the temperature required, and continuously Branches and distributing offices in 49 principal cities. T h e H o w e ll P r o te c te d T y p e M o t o r , shown, gives ( complete protection against dripping liquids, metal t chips and other falling particles. Completely stream- i lined -- utilizing non-breakable steel frame -- malleable or steel base -- cast iron end plates and cast iron, weatherproof terminal box are standard construction features. Special horizontal and ver tical mountings are available. Available in sizes 5 H.P. and smaller. HORSE: Mr. Manufacturer, I'm representing Horsepower by Howell. I want to save you trouble, save you time and save you money. manufacturer: That's a big order. You better be sure of your ground. HORSE: Exacting, eh? That's the kind of customers we like to sell. You see we build a complete line of standardized motors and we also build special motors for special jobs. m anufacturer: Yes, yes, go on. H O RSE: You know it's much more efficient and economical to get a motor with exactly the electrical and mechanical characteristics required to perform your specific job -- manufacturer: Yes, I know. I am a Howell user -- and a Howell booster, too . . . You built my motors more than 10 years ago. horse: Put 'er there, brother, we agree! But don't wait so long to tell me the next time that we see eye to eye on electric motors. The suspense makes my face red. Still, it's gratifying to know that so many shrewd buyers specify Horsepower by Howell and like it. HOWELL ELECTRIC MOTORS COMPANY HOWELL, M IC H IG A N Manufacturers of Quality Motors Since 1915 TO KEEP CO O L W ITH U N IT H EA TER H O '* ' SHUT o f f g a s t u r n o n fan have difficulty in haying fans,you If you;h>eagvleavd,,,,,to know that you already w ill be gl-a"dMteotrkicnfoawn in each o f your have an electric fan Reznor U nit H eaters. Separate controls enable you to shut off gas and-turn on the fan in each Reznor suspended unit heater. Thus you elimi nate the heat and gain the cooling effect oorf offofirccee.d circulating air through planr ' ff eaRLY E nter's heat | jg | ^ s ^ c r ir Mg BWBWgawBI!a t _____ ing your order now, you will get delivery on Reznor U nit Heaters u will be all set for next heating . come early or late. You will also ius b en efit of sum m er cooling. There are severalm odelso f se. R eznor U n it Heaters. W ri catalog and make your choio \ REZNOR MANUFACTURING CO l HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 309JAMES STREET, MERCER, PA. How to keep Steam Mains Efficient Regular attention to drip traps and strainers on steam lines prevents wasteful steam consum ption and assures free and com tinuous return o f air and water o f condensation. Cleanout plugs on W ebster Float and Thermostatic Drip Traps should be rem oved at least once each heating season and trap interiors flushed free o f dirt and debris. Systematic cleaning may disclose a float, seat or therm ostatic air vent that requires rep lacem en t. Dirt strainers protecting drip traps should be cleaned s \ often as necessary, depending o n am ount o f foreign matter in tb i heating system. W ebster D irt Strainers have sufficient capacity and free area through screen to make frequent cleaning unnecessary. W hen undrained condensate is caught in low points in the piping, d o n 't b e satisfied u n til yo u have located th e cause. M ake sure that steam and air lines are pitched properly for condensate drainage. C heck all hangers-- span betw een hangers may be too great. If you have a problem in supply or return piping, consult your nearest W ebster Representative. H e will do his .best to help you. W A R R E N W E B S T E R & C O M P A N Y , C a m d e n , N . J. Pioneers of the Vacuum System of Steam Heating : : Established 1888 Representatives in principal cities : : Darling Brothers, Limited, Montreal, Canada Let this be your contribu tion to Victory: Make your Keating equipm ent serve longet by good care. .. Con serve Kief by promptly re placing worn-out oc inoper ative parts. Making Boosters for U.S. Army Ordnance Steam Heating . . y T o clean Webster D irt Strainer, loosen cap holding basket and then withdraw it. Clean both body and basket o f dirt and scrub basket with kerosene if greasy. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING r g p f A MONTHLY M A GAZINE TOR ENGINEERS -v-S S P W ?S .... I! .-.i'V.' 1 * AND CONTRACTORS CONCERNED WITH COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL AND DISTITUTIOHALv: A IR CONDITIONING,. RETRIOERATION, . PIPIN O , ,HEATING,VENTILA TION r l uiduh&i THE INDUSTRIAL PRESS President ROBERT B. L U C H A R S ' Vice-President and Treasurer EDGAR A. BECKER Secretary ERIK O BERG Zdii&nial Staff; Editor CLIFFORD STROCK Associate Editor N. N. WOLPERT P tM u k in f 9*tfo^mcdUm H E A T IN G A N D VEN TILA TIN G is published monthly by The Industrial Press at 148 Lafayette Street, New York 13, N. Y. Yearly sub scription in the United States, Spain, South America, Mexico, and Canada, $2.00; in all other coun tries, $3.00. Single copies 30 cents. Entered as second class matter, April 18, 1925, a t the Post Office, New York, N. Y,, under the act of March 3, 1879. /dueniiiHtf PepAei&itcdiuei Eastern Representatives DW IGHT C O O K H A R R Y J. T W IN E 148 Lafayette Street New York 13, N. Y. Western Representative G EO RGE G. TURNER 228 North La Salle Street Chicago I, III. CONTENTS F O R V O L U M E 41 JUNE, 1944 NUMBER 6 Dust Collecting System In Gunstock Plant ........................................... 51 Benjamin S. Matin Grinding Wheel Quality Improved by Controlled Air ......................... 55 /. C. Baker Dust as an Industrial Health Hazard ...................., .............................. 57 F. W. Hutchinson Ventilation for Welding Booths ............................................................ 62 M . E. Ringquist Ventilation for Radium Dial Storage .................................................... 64 Off Again, On Again ................................................................................ 64 John J. Wooljenden Blueprint of Post-War Realities--Coal for Heating and Steam Generation ................................................................................ 65 Irwin R . Hoffman Some Notes on Radiant Heating ........................................................... 81 T. W. Reynolds Weather Observers Have Difficulties .................................................... 81 Central Plant Heats 45 Buildings........................................................... 82 F. N . Hollingsworth Building Brazil ......................................................................................... 84 Washington News .................................................................................... 86 Losing F. Overman News of the Month .........................................., .................... *.-.<*897/ Brief Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i . i . . . L;.. .Va . . . '. ............ ?&, News of Equipment and Materials ....................................................... 92 Degree-Days for April, 1944 .................................................................... 100 With the Manufacturers . . .................................................................... 104 Reference Data 271-272 ........................................................................ . . 104 Personals and Personnel ..................... I................................................. 107 Getting Personal ...................................................................................... 110 Army-Navy ME" Awards ......................................................................... 110 New Catalogs ....................................................................... 111 Industrial Degree-Days for April, 1944 ................................................ 113 Coming Events.......................................................................................... 113 Copyright, 1944, by The Industrial Press i1C\V }- -.Vi-fti -s: < vM-eivdf i-Kji.ui' .f ) -4 [ \ NEXT M O NTH 'S ISSUE Process piping i s a subject that reaches out into many Industries. Starting with our July issue Harry D. Unwin, of Albert Kahn Associated Architects & Engineers, Inc., will present the first of a series of articles on design and layout of process piping in stallations. i Instead of building a concrete b a se ... necessary to sup port ordinary heavy duty compressors...the Chrysler Artrtemp R ad ial Com pressor can be placed on an y re gular flo or without bolting dow n. It rests on a few isolation pads, operates sm oothly and quietly. CHRYSLER AIRTEMP VARIABLE CAPACITY RADIAL COMPRESSOR Wherever you find the famous Chrysler Airtemp Radial a big radio station even placed a 14 cylinder Chrysler Compressor . . . you'll find the ease of installation was Airtemp Compressor unit right over the sound-proof a pleasant surprise to the owners. studios. It's still there . . . doing a superb job. Beautifully balanced, light in weight and practically free from vibration . . . you can balance a penny on it at 1750-R.P.M. . . . the Chrysler Airtemp Radial Com pressor, regardless of size, needs no special foundations. This feature saves unnecessary construction costs--per mits location of compressor on an upper floor, the roof or wherever it is most advantageous. Eight years ago, These days . . . with scarce manpower and a need for time-saving, efficient operations . . . industries and serv ices geared to the war program are turning to Chrysler Airtemp air conditioning and refrigeration units. If you have a temperature-humidity control problem --put it up to Chrysler Airtemp. You'll find it pays! BU Y W AR BONDS CHRYSLER " A I R T E M P A I R T E M P D IV IS I O N OF C H R Y SLER C 0 R P 0 R A T 10 N .DA Y T 0 N, OHIO Tun In Major Bows vary Thursday, CSS., 9 p. m* E. W. T. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Steel plus rivets. . . further strengthened b y extra stout stays and braces . . . provides strength and durability which assure ad d e d ye ars o f service. The design and proportioning of Kewanee 5 0 0 Serie s. . . based -on 75 years boiler building experience . . . extract the most from each pound o f fuel. ^ For Oil, Gas or S fofcer. . . or h a n d -fire d Coal 25 to 304 H orse Pow er 100, 125 a nd 150 lbs. W orking Pressure High Pressure K e w a n e e , B o il e r G ?R p ? r a t io n KEWANEE, ILLINOIS . Branches In $0 Cities--Eastern District Office: 40 W est 40th Street, New York City IS Division of A mibican R a d u to & ftaitd atK l V a n i t a n e costosation JUNE. 1944. HEATING AND VENTILATING C entral h ea tin g is the ideal SYSTEM FOR THE MODERN COMMUNITY M ark up another contribution of the w ar toward better living in the future! Intelligent post-w ar com m unity planning now fully recognizes the advantages of central heating: m aking it possible to purchase heat as a com m odity like gas, electricity, o r city w ater-- at % Ric-wil Conduit Connects Dwellings to City Steam Mains 2000 feet away This project, comprising 276 family units is heated by steam supplied by Ohio Edison Company, Akron, Ohio utility. In addition to the 2000 feet o f Ric-wiL Insulated Pipe Units con necting the project to the city mains, another 7000 feet are used for steam, return and hot water lines on the project itself. Conduit was furnished complete w ith prefabricated field accessories and installed in record time--with minimum interference with other construction. The com pleted piping system is efficient, de pendable and maintenance-free, en abling the utility to serve the project with steamat ratesconsiderablyunder the cost of individual heating plants. savings of 15% or more: A powerful impetus has been given to this movement by the experi ence of central heating in war housing develop ments. The Elizabeth Park Housing Project in Akron, illustrated above, is a case in point. Any Community Can Enjoy These Advantages Savings of 15% or hotter in overall fuel consum ption. Elimination of furnace or boiler tend ing by consumer. Promotesdeanlinessin buildings heated. Provides extra rooms in building basements. Decreases fire and explosion hazard. Reduces sm oke a n d soot . . . provides cleaner, healthier community. Eliminates private coal delivery and ash removal. Gives uniform, clean heat quickly, whenever needed. For information about Ric*wiL Conduit for central heat distribution get in touch with your nearest Ric-wiL agent or write to us direct. III INSULATED pipe c o n d u it systems T h e R i c -w iI i C o m p a n y C l e v e l a n d , o h i o A C C N TS IN P R IN C IP A L CITIES HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 9 M if you are called on to sp ecify fCcPJT1JCr flnAaAuvA TJLn[zi D Cn) for Low Pressure H eating Service tj& C t C& Vt' w t& U o n m oe ttM t: There is no re q u ire m e n t o traps on low pressure h e a tin g service that Armstrong Traps do not ulll and Armstrong Traps offer a combination o ad va n tages not available in any other trap. AUTOMATIC AIR ELIMI NATION -- A standard Arm -' strong Trap will vent from 7 to 10 cu. ft. of free air per hour. An Armstrong Blast T rap will handle nearly 100 times that amount. DISCHARGE OF CONDEN SATE AT STEAM TEM PE RA TURE -- no cooling legs are necessary, no time lag while con densate cools. As fast as the trap bucket fills with condensate the trap discharges. S E L F S C R U B B IN G AC TIO N -- d irt and scale are sw irled th ro u g h Armstrong Traps and there is no place for dirt to lodge or clog the trap. DISCHARGE TO VACUUM OR BACK PRESSURE-- Arm strong T rap s.operate with any pressure differential across the orifice up to the maximum pres sure for which the trap is rated. H IG H CA PACITY FOR S IZ E -- Armstrong c a p a c ity ratings are based on actual tests with hot condensate and com pared on this true basis, ratio of size to capacity compares favor ably or b e tt e r s other types of traps. NO STEAM LOSS -- Arm strong Trap Valves are steam tight and remain that way for a long, long time because they are water sealed at all times, preci sion ground and lapped, hard ened and n o t su b je c t to wire draw ing because when they open, th e y o p en wide. Freefloating lever lifti valve to seat w ith o u t lev erag e, minimizing w ear., LOW M A IN T E N A N C E -- only two moving parts, no slid ing c o n tacts, no dirt troubles, long wearing high quality parts. EASY TO INSTALL -- ver- tical and horizontal styles pro vide best possible hookups with minimum of fittings. EASY TO INSPECT -- the cap c a rrie s the whole works. Trap may be opened for inspec tion in a m atter of seconds. P ric e s, capacities, specifica tions and valuable data in Arm strong Catalog H, 3rd Edition. Write for a copy. ARM STRONG M ACH IN E W O R K S, 846 M a p le S t., T h r e e R iv e rs , Michigan Over 30 Years E xperience Building Steam Traps 10 ARMSTRONG Inverted Bucket \ Traps lor A ny Pressure j and Any Service JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING ALL IN ONE PACKAGE.' Saving You Money, Time, Trouble Refrigerants A n O p en A c k n o w le d g m e n t of the Importance of the REFRIGERATION JOBBER p S ] c=> r^i i= i E =3 c=> S3 i= j Other Items "Know H o w " From Hundreds of Manufacturers To Thousands of Dealers and Service \ Engineers N o w p laying a vital, patriotic role in w ar conservation and distribu tion, though short o f men and materials, the refrigeration jobber has alw ays been an invaluable part o f this industry. Here are just a few o f the reasons why he deserves your confidence and support: Provides a convenient, local "o ne stop" w are house for equipment, parts, tools, even advice. Prices are no higher, sometimes lower, due to quantity shipments and exact data. In better position to extend credit conven ience where needed. V aluable knowledge of correct installation procedure which is free for the asking and worth many dollars. A ``k n o w -h o w '' that gets the right material from the right maker to the right job in the shortest possible time. In close touch with customers. Knows their needs and can quickly acquaint them with new items, new methods, changes in products and prices. Eliminates the need for heavy stocks carried by service companies In w a r tim e-- o ffe rin g quick spot deliveries of vital equipment; free spot advice on government regulations. A L C O V A LVE C O M P A N Y - 8 5 9 K in g sla n d A ve n u e , St. Louis, M isso u ri HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 11 CASH-ACME TYPE C B-L CASH-ACME Complete Line of Valve Specialties * PRESSURE REDUCING & REGULA TION VAtVES for water, air, steam, ail, etc. * .DIAPHRAGM TYPE PRESSURE & TEM PERATURE RELIEF VALVES. * PO P TYPE RELIEF VALVES. * AUTOMATIC PRESSURE C ON T R O L for Hot Water Heating Systems * STRAINERS VACUUM VALVES Y - P A S S F e a Tu .o the CB-L Automatic Pressure Control for hot water heating systems, CASH-ACME craftmanship brings a superlative combination of quality and precision unexcelled by any similar unit. The CB-L provides a mod ern closed system with automatic supply and diaphragm type relief. It is a dependable protection against excessive internal pressure; accurately controlling that pressure between a low of ten pounds and a high of thirty pounds. In new installations the patented BY-PASS permits a time saving, quick filling of the system, allowing the initial dirty water to pass through the inbuilt strainer and AROUND the valve seats instead of THROUGH them. The patented BY-PASS also makes possible a cold water test for leaks at a higher pressure than normal setting -- without disturbing the relief or regulator adjustments. Accurate performance and long-life dependability are .insured by the best quality steel adjustment springs -- the sensitive laminated, phosphor bronze diaphragms --:the ample capacity, seat-protecting, built-in strainer. The easily renewable seat disc in the Relief side of the CB-L is of highest grade composition, closing against a bronze-nickel-chrome seat inserted in the body, thus making it stick-resisting and capable of meeting water chemical reactions. The Relief unit is equipped with a tri-lever for manual testing. Simple to install with its inbuilt union, the CB-L requires but three connections including relief valve drain. CASH-ACME production is geared NO W to assure prompt shipm ent of your orders. Represented In Principal Cilles Order CASH-ACME Valve Spectattle* from your jobber. Wirt or write the Factory for t Fully IMoctroted Frlce Polo Folio A. W. CASH VALVE MFG. CORP. W A B A S H & M O R G A N -- P. O. B O X 2 4 7 DECATUR IL L IN O IS aiin w c n t I LAT IN G Mi. . That California Sunshine doesn't know when to stop . . . so Allen Engineers Took a Hand In the making oj wine the period of fermenta tion is critical and the temperature of the fer menting grapes must be under control if good wines are to be produced. The best of grapes can produce very poor wine if the fermenta tion is not closely watched and controlled. In California's great Central Valley the tem peratures are not infrequently around 115F for fairly long periods. Handling large quan tities of grapes and keeping the temperature down during fermentation becomes an engi neering problem. Such was the problem that faced California Grape Products Company producers of Victor H.O.L. Brand Calijomia Wines. At their winery near Delano, Califor nia fermentation took place in large concrete vats in which the greater part of the heat was dissipated to water circulated through copper coils in the tanks. Some heat, however, rose to the top of the building where the heat from the sun is also considerable. California Grape Products Company engineers recog nized this and wished to provide some posi tive means of heat removal independent of wind or weather. Allen Corporation engi neers were consulted. As a result Allen Type " H " Roof Fans were installed. Temperatures are now held at levels that insure a good prod uct and controllable by the Vintner in charge. Allen ventilation engineers are at your service, too. The Allen Corporation, 97; i Erwin Avenue, Detroit i), Michigan. 0 HP O.* R t... A.t . T IO N E N G I N E E R E D V E. N T I L A T I O N , F O R HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, ;1944 INDUSTRY 13 In heating and air conditioning uses--such as fur nace casings and exposed air ducts--Armco Galvan ized Paintgkip sheets offer you decided advantages over ordinary galvanized metal. This original Bonderized Galvanized sheet re quires no acid etching or weathering. The phosphate film insulates the paint from the zinc and holds paint several times longer than an acid-etched gal vanized surface. Photomicrographs tell the story. *74e " S e n a te ^ " *7c4t This lest shows how paint adheres to PAINTGRIP. The top of the sample Is Bonderized. When scratched with a pen knife only a superficial mark is noticeable. Paint on ordinary galvanized (bottom half) comes off readily. A B C This magnification show that an ordinary galvanized sheet appears slick and difficult to " coat" with paint. B Ordinary galvanized after acid etching. The etching has removed part of the protective zinc coating. Compare the mat-like paint-holding surface of ARMCO PAINTGRIP with th at of the others. No coating has been removed and paint Is Insulated from the zinc. *}ntm eU etfe "pcU H tiKp ARMCO PAINTGRIP can be painted immediately. No costly a d d etching or primers are needed. Thus the full weight of the pro tective zinc coating is preserved Intact. If you see advantages here for your work, in re ducing fabricating costs and stepping up peace time sales, we'll be glad to discuss the use of Armco P aintgrip. W rite for illustrated booklet. Just ad dress The American Rolling Mill Company, 2081 Curtis Street, Middletown, Ohio. y T V lia t "P iU tttyU fr . . . 1. A full zinc coating under-- 2 . ARMCO PAINTGRIP: A mill-applied Bonderized finish that Insulates zinc from-- 3. Paint or enamel th at can be applied in any color. 14 *76c /{tH enC C A * (Z toH ftO K tf JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING A iR C R A FT engines as they come from the assembly line must be tested thoroughly under actual operating conditions. Heat in the wrong place at the wrong time can seriously delay production. For instance, the engine is placed in test cells and connected to fuel and oil lines. If the oil is cold, time is lost while heat is added to bring the temperature of the engine to actual operating conditions. On the other hand, as one engine after the other is tested, heat is added to the oil. Thus actual operating conditions are destroyed. More time is lost while the heat in the wrong place is dissipated. To make heat an aid rather than a time waster, one large aircraft engine maker installed Trane Shell and TubeHeat Exchangers. These versatile heat exchangers apply steam to warm the oil to proper temperature before testing operations begin. Then, reversing them selves, they constantly keep the temperature of oil at actual operating conditions by cooling it with cold water. In this way, aircraft engines are tested in the quickest possible manner. Actually, heat is exchanged for more aircraft engines. The Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger is but one of the many products of The Trane Company, manufac turing engineers of heating, cooling and air handling equipment. This application is but one of hundreds to which Trane Products are being applied in today's battle of production. Tom orrow Trane Products using'the same principles o f heat exchange will be applied to processes that will make a better world in peace. TRflnE '>?e - (i).W ::': HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 15 A COMPLETE LINE COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL STOKERS 65 to 1200 lbs. per hour capacity Get details oni this complete line. Open-Hopper Closed-Hopper Industrial Model Commercial Model RESIDENTIAL STOKERS 'Challenger" ' bituminous, hopper model. A full line, with spe cial features, for an thracite or bituminous, bin or hopper feeds. Will be available when we are again permit ted to manufacture this class of stoker. 1A TO DAY-- There's a big im mediate market among indus trial and commercial users, for L ink-B elt's dependable stokers. Link-Belt Company is known for advanced engi neering, and sound construc tion. You can sell Link-Belt stokers now to users of 25 tons of coal or more a year. TOMORROW--When restric tions are removed you will also be able to sell stokers to home owners. You can add this second great m arket Ten million coal heated homes do not have stokers. Here is your post-war plan for sound, prof itable sales. Get set now! G et the Facts on Link-Belt's profit-building stoker sales plan. Link-Belt franchises are valuable. Your territory may be open. Don't delay--Write Today. LINK-BELT COMPANY M fg. Plant and Sales Headquarters 2 4 1 0 W est 18th St., Chicago 8, Illinois. For excellence In wor production 9538 LINK AUTOMATIC COAL SSI STOKE RS J U N E . 1944. HEATING AND VENTILATING > ,!:J lit}*! *\J ) 'i\`til: Ellsworth Hi&h $pee< Pipe F a b ric a tW i^ a d s the field with M - h o u r delivery of prefabricated piping and fabricatedt welded fittings! ^ It's a sure bet -- the o d d s are 100 to 1. Y o u r p ip e fabrication problem s v a n ish w h e n y o u use Ellsw orth's H ig h Speed prefabricated p ip in g co m b in e d w ith Ellsw orth's fam ous, exclusive "Sealed Pow er" W elds. Ride a w inner! Call, wire or write today. two HEAflNG AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 A/.-m .o I U v/ v <!<v> V/m -io o im 17 "Or Equal" to Go A rchitects and building m ater ials makers collaborate in elim inat in g a troublesom e clause from sp ec ifica tio n s. J o in t m eetings now being arranged in some 20 cities b y local chapters of the American In stitu te of A rchitects and the Producers Council# national organization of, m anufacturers of building m aterials and equipm ent, w ill promote immediate practical application of th e council's plan to elim inate th e trouble-breeding "o r equal" clause from , .construction specifi catiQonusa.lity a t Minimum Cost--Bane of the architect, engineer, general contractor, and subcontractor, the "o r equal" clause had its genesis in th e laudable attem pt to obtain specified quality fo r th e owner a t minimum cost. A named product in th e contract proposal was followed by the "o r equal" phrase to perm it bidders to subm it th e lowest obtainable price# based either on th e named product o r on another of equivalent quality. Because w hat constituted an equivalent product frequently w as subject to debate, t high-quality product often had to com pete in price w ith one of inferior quality. *be "equal" Apbroadtaubclte w*qaus-a--liittnyr,actththoeer Based on Experience -- iu v . prored by th e council in 1942, v a s adopted in principle by th e architects in th eir a n -, nual convention la s t May. T o p u t th a adopted principle to w ork, local A .I.A . chapter, and Producer. Council club, toon trill bold th e ir jo in t m eeting., inviting th e cooperation o f organized engineering, con tracto r, and ab-contractor group.. Certain architect, 'and engineer, fo r tome tim e' bav elim inated th e "o r equal" clause tram contract., an d th e p lan now advocated 1 . b a u d on th e procedure which h a . proved m ost satl.facto r? to them . - from Suita*tt Wttk, January IS, 1944 The American Institute of Architects, as stated in the clipping from a recent issue of Business Week shown at left, adopted a plan in 1943 to eliminate the."or equal" clause from their specifications and to substitute a "base bid and alternate bid" type of specification. Reputable contractors concur that dropping "or equal" specifications will eliminate a most controversial clause and afford the conscientious bidder greater protection. The Herman Nelson Corporation has maintained for over thirty years that base bid and alternate, bid specifications are the only ones which allow architects and their clients to obtain at the lowest cost equipment best suited to their needs. The following is quoted from a Herman Nelson Catalog published in 1930: "Value o f equipment is not determined by cubage, weight or appearance, but by service. The standard for quality can only be fixed by naming a specific article. The more far less common practice of attaching the words `or equal' in an effort to permit competition defeats the real purpose of the specifications unless they dearly state that the determin ation of equality shall rest solely with the Committee, its Engineer or its Architect. To be fair, the; rules governing competition must be clear and definite and not subject to individual interpretation. The `or equal' clause sometimes The Herman Manufacturers of Qualify Heating! Ge_n__e_r_al Offices: Factories at Mollnl ' 4 Ir ' v W' V' lowers the cost of building but it always lowers its value. "Architects and Building Committees who have been `through the mill' will probably not challenge' any of these statements but they may counter with this proposition: `Yes, but if we specify exactly what we want, how are we to be protected against unfair competition, monopoly, or exorbitant prices by the manufacturer of the article specified?' This question is a reasonable one. Several solutions have been suggested but it has been found that the most practical one is the use of alternate bids, wherein the specifications provide that if the bidding contractors desire to submit proposals on substitute systems or equipment, they may do so, but shall file their bids based upon the plans and specifications and shall state in same the deduction or addi it tion to be made in case such substitutions are accepted. The Y specifications should further provide that no substitution will be allowed after contracts are let. This method provides for in fair competition, insures reasonable costs and places the de of termination of both quality and price in your hands." in' its The Herman Nelson Corporation congratulates the Ameri '*'g can Institute of Architects, the Producers' Council and the to many contractors for the work which they are doing to ns promote the plan of base bid and alternate bid specifications. Herman Nelson Offers a Complete Line of Products for Heating and Ventilating Commercial, Industrial and Public Buildings H ern on Nofio* 4tv*a# Direct Drive Propeller feet Hermee Helsea Aeteveet felt Drive Propeller feet Hermee Neltee Aeteveet Type H flewert Hermee Neltee ktJet Herltoefel Shaft Pro* pelter*fee Type Heaton Hermee Helsee ktJet Varficof Staff Propel* tor-fee Type Heetert Herman Neltee Aeteveet Type H i flewert jnNelson Corporation eating Jontilating, and Air Conditioning Products. )ffices:r0,ine* Illinois McJ[n5|n{i Chlca9i Illinois) Hermee Neltee Aeteveet felt Drive Uett flewert Hermee Neltee Aeteveet Direct Drive flew e n lils i Herman Neltee hIJet De Lexe Heeten St n Hermee Nilioa W tf |Jowtr-Fa Type Hermee Hehoe Volt Teetlleten IT 'S your wartime duty to conserve fuel. You can combine duty with smart business by modern izing your boiler room with TODD combustion equipment. TODD oil or gas burners cut fuel consumption and maintenance charges, yet increase the produc tion of power and heat. TO D D burners reduce the cost o f a pound o f steam ! Think what this will mean after the War when your competitors put emphasis on price. Already, many factories, commercial buildings and power houses are enjoying low-cost steam production with TODD oil or gas burners. Fuel savings as high as ten percent--and even laiger in creases in heat and power production--are being reported regularly. Now is the time to survey your boiler plant . . . while fuel conservation is a wartime "must" . . . while power production is at a premium . . . while your postwar plans are being developed. TODD engineers will be glad to make an impartial study of your entire heat and power setup --without obligation. Act now to help your government conserve fuel __and help yourself to lower operating expenses by reducing the cost of a pound of steam! ySm ^H IPY A RD S CORPORATION T O D D(COSMHBUI rSTION E Q U J W E_ NNTT DD.IVtISnIOyN^) 601 ,2' " s : r . : S AN F R A N C I S C O * S E A T T L E ** * ^ 1 \ ,, * , " ------- 4$ -- E F IR IN G L IN E OF A M E R IC A fC I/A O 20 J U N E . 1944, HEATI NG AND VE N T I LA T I NG 1 W hen the Green D ra g o n s Strike s Fearfully and wonderfully made are the LST's-- Landing Ships, Tanks-- the " Green D ragons" of the Allied Invasion Forces. When their prows, touch the enemy beaches giant jaws gape open and spew forth a small mechanized army-- tanks, mobile artillery, heavily armed fighting men. Another beach head is established, to have and to hold! Aboard ship, unfailing ventilating systems are required to remove the poisonous exhaust gases of warming up motors in the cavernous tank deck. Accordingly every LST is equipped with high speed blowers, driven by Star Electric Motors. So much power is packed into each motor.that two alone will ventilate the hull, giving a wide margin of safety needed in ships that face the full force of enemy bombing and shell fire. Also, aboard each LST there's a Star gear motor to operate the elevator-- to lift or lower fighting tanks and trucks. At sea or in industry-- "in the tight spots, it's a STAR." STAR ELECTRIC M O T O R C O M P A N Y , BLO O M FIELD, N. J. POWER PACKAGED A S YOU NEED IT 'tG HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 21 Y O U would almost think the pipe designer had gone m j0 p f his way to figure out this one--a special, seamJefitfseven-inch carbon-moly WeldELL with an integrally formed 3-inch outlet. But of course this special fitting was needed, and actually it isn't as special as many other problems which are put up to us by engineers who have found that we have a way of licking them. For every "special" that is required a thousand standard fittings are needed, of course. But it is the "know-how" acquired through years of solving problems like this that enables us to provide so many "special" features in WeldELLS--features that mean added value and better engineering. One good example of this is the uniform strength engineered into WeldELLS through proper distribution of extra metal where'stresses are higher. Another is the extreme dimension'al accuracy which results from special truing operations. Tangents, too, require a special process which is justified only because it results in a better fitting. In fa c t, if you will check the list of features opposite, we believe . you will agree that only the specialized "know-how" and facilities of `Taylor Forge could give you these fittings t h a t . . . "have everything!" W eldELLS alone combine these features: Seamless -- greater strength and uniformity. Tangents--keep weld away from Zone of highest stress--simplify lining up. Precision quarfenmarked ends --simplify layout and help insure accuracy. Selective reinforcement -- profi^yides uniform strength. Permanent and complete Identi fication marking---saves time and eliminate/errors; in'shop and field. Wall Mucknel** never [ess than specification minimum--assures full strength and long life. Machine tool beveled ends--pro vides best welding surface and ac curate bevel and land. The most complete line of Weld* lug Fittings and Forged Steel Flanges in the World -- insures complete service and undivided re sponsibility. T /lfeld E L J L S i-- TAYLOR FORGE & PIPE WORKS, General Offices&Works: Chicago, P.O. Box<85 New York Office.-' 50 Church Street ' Philadelphia Office: Broad Street Station Bldg. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE,^1944, I BUY MORE BONDS Than Before in the Fifth W a r Loan M a n y Americans died for Freedom today-- many more will die tomorrow and in the days to come. Theirs is the greatest sacrifice man can make for his country. I For us here at home the greatest effort of the w ar is demanded now. i Designers and Manufacturers o f Your country is asking you to make a financial invest Thermostatic Expansion Valves Pressure Regulating Valves ment in. the future -- isn't it small enough when com Solenoid Valves Float Valves pared to the efforts of those who fight and d ie ? Buy more bonds -- buy double what you did before, and keep on buying them to the utmost of your ability. Back The Attack-- Buy M o re Than Ever Before! i A L C O V A LV E C O M P A N Y - 8 5 9 K in g s la n d A ve n u e , St. Louis, M isso u ri JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING H. F. Stimm residence, Williamsville, N. Y., designed by Sebastian J. Taureillo, Architect, Buffalo, N. Y. Radiant Heating System by Raymond Yiner Hall, Architect, Port Allegany, Pa. RADIANT H E AT IN G p&hfcudtkj. aonbw li& d WITH Radian! healing coupled with Sarcotherm Control offers an irresistible combination. N o radiators or grills. N o cold "seventies." A n d no on and off-- the modulation is contin uous. Hundreds of people flocked to see the above home. Initial installations everywhere are advertising the architects and engineers who recommended them. .Priority grants prove the fuel savings of Sarcotherm. C o m petitive bids show low installation costs with smaller pipes and boilers. A n d results prove it to be the perfect heating everybody wants, plus modern, continuous circulating weath er and zone control. Sarcotherm is a simple three-way thermostatic valve. It corrects for outside weather, reduces temperature differ entials in the rooms. By recirculation, it keeps the water at a suitable temperature and uses up to 2 5 % less fuel. N O W IS THE TIME Priorities are readily granted. Set up a few key installa tions in apartments, houses, institutions and industries in your vicinity. G e t ready for the post-war business which will surely come to you if you recommend Sarcotherm. Ask for the bulletin. SARCOTHERM CONTROLS INC. 222 NORTH BANK DRIVE, CHICAGO 5 4 , ILLINOIS 1 ting HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 25 m eut 2 * 0 * * STREAMLI KE TKAOCMAtK REO.U.1 FAT.OWCt COPPER PIPE AND SOLDER FITTINGS BEST FOR HEATING The flow area through STREAMLINE Copper Pipe and Fittings is continuously uniform. The material cannot rust and it offers high resistance to clogging. STREAMLINE Copper Pipe ond Fit tings provide a valuable security factor against leakage, par ticularly in concealed work where a leak may cause extensive damage to walls, ceilings and furnishings, and entail heavy ex pense to repair. STREAMLINE Copper Pipe .and Solder Fittings are the most practical materials a plumber or steamfitter can use for water, steam or vapor systems. STREAMLINE Copper Pipe is much lighter than ferrous piping and there is a great deal less hard work in installing. It requires less space for storing, hauling and erecting...and once properly put in, there will be no expensive "come-backs". The job is right and stays right, STREAMLINE Copper-Pipe and Fittings are at present used 1 0 0 % for war purposes, but it is not too early to plan again for their peacetime use In the near future when they will again r be available. 1- PLUMBING AND AIR CONDITIONING STREAMLINE M R I AND FITTINGS DIVISION MUELLER BRASjS C O . FORT HURON,Ml C H I 0 A N . JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING r CLEAN AIR is a vital necessity in this huge new. a irc ra ft p lan t American Multi-Duty Automatic filters clean the intake air for ventilating this new midwestem air craft plant. The Multi-Duty is especially suitable for atmospheric dust control because of its unique filter curtain arrangem ent which permits an inter change of various types of panels to meet any change in operating conditions. Complete infor mation is contained in the Multi-Duty Bulletin No. 241 A. Send for your free copy. There's no obligation. A M ERICAN A IR FILTER CO M PAN Y, INC. 294 Central Avenue, Louisville, Kentucky Albert Kahn, Associated Architects & Engineers, Inc. Photographs, Hedrich Blessing HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 M t; JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING The New Catalog of the Ladish FittirigsDivisionJescribes the Uptopcefe, Line of La d islT Fo ige d ^^ Flanges Your copy of this catalog contains com plet^desm ptions;';^ and specifications of the full line of Ladish ControlledJSual^Forg^d.^teei: Flanges . . . the distinctive green.colored flanges that are b systems now. Purchasing Agents, Enginee id Specification]."..r.i.l.ers w ill find this Ladish Catalog a most valuable referen1 iWritevfoforr,;, y our^copyjjtoday. %h m TO MARK PROGRESS FITTINGS D IV ISIO N LADISH DROP FORGE CUDAHY WISCONSIN mu Mv c e clinitDR CO, ?0 Bombers and Balm of Battles O ut of This "H e a r t of C o ld " From producing an ever-increasing quantity of peni cillin to building bombers . . . that is the range of war jobs on which you find Worthington refrigeration com pressors-- the "h eart" of air conditioning and refrig eration systems. T o make enough penicillin--and quickly!--Worth ington compressors must "freeze-dry" thousands of gallons of water-soluble mould to get only a few pounds of the life-saving drug. Similarly, other Worthington compressors help create stratosphere-like conditions for the testing of bomber engines. Worthington makes more of the "vitals" of air condi tioning and refrigeration systems than any other manu facturer . . . Diesel and gas engines, steam turbines, condensers, Multi-V-Drives, refrigeration valves and fittings, pumps and compressors. In many installations, Worthington has taken sole responsibility for major operating equipment, from the unit that powers the sys tem to the compressor at its "heart". So also in hundreds of chemical and petroleum proc esses, explosives and synthetic rubber, aircraft, power and public services --machines with the wofld-widerecognized Worthington trademark are everywhere part of the struggle for Victory and Peace. Worthington Pump and Machinery Corporation, Harrison, N. J. v^ I T H n c t o n Power Plant Equipment * Refrigerating Equipment * Turbine & Turbogenerator Set Diesel & C at Engines * Pumps & Compressors Air Conditioning & Power Transmission Equipment Construction & Mining Machinery Locomotive feedwater Keoters Welding Positioning Equipment liquid Meters A WORTHINGTON "WORTH-SCOPE" Giving You More Worth for Your Tax Money and War Bonds SEE H O W PRO D U CTS O F "C L IM A T E C O N T R O L " G O TO W A R F R O M B O M B E R PLA N T TO BATTLEFIELD $lf-$ealfng Gas Tank is made of synthetic rubber. In the manufacture of synthetic rubber, temperatures close to 100 below zero are required. ^ Worthington gas en gine often dnves a Worthington com* pressor in the refrigeration system. This Military lea Bax tests aircraft equipment in a room varying from 100* below to 150 above aero. The Worthington MultiV-Drive transm its power to the Worthington compretsorwhich helps reproduce stratospheric conditions. *10 v , V , ? .i.v-j; t v / V !( ; r ; 'V ' Bomber* Blood Stream is made up ,o f petroleum products, many of which are processed, in the refineries with the help ofequipment -- such as the chilling machine illus trated above bearing the famous Worthington (iadcma& must often be stored months in ad vance in secret cold storage ware houses, many of which are equipped with Worthington refrigeration sys tems whose "hearts** are Worthington vertical ammonia compressors. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Piping systems* any kind for any service CRANE equips them fully ONE SOURCE OF SU PPLY. . . ONE RESPON SIBILITY FOR ALL MATERIALS No matter what your needs in piping equipment--whether for power or processing systems--ail the benefits of single source supply can be yours. Pipe, fabricated piping, valves, fit tings--all these essential materials down to the last accessory are avail able from Crane. You choose exactly what you need--from the world's largest selection for all pressure- temperature classes. Ordering--keeping of parts stocks-- m aintenance--such operations are simplified if you Crane equip.. More important, one responsibility for quality and craftsmanship of piping materials is a primary aid to good in stallation. Crane meets that respon sibility with a record of 89 years' O N E STANDARD Equipping comm;pletely with Crane materials insures one high'sstand;ard of q_uality. in ever_y part of pipin_g systems That dependable quality is exemplified in Crane Steel Gate Valves: Finest flow behavior results from their straight-through ports. Severest line stresses are over come with rugged bodies. Smooth operation is main tained by a ball-joint type stuffing box gland, strong teehead disc-stemrconnection, and ample stem bearings. Positive seating is aided by extra long guide ribs. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 VALVES FITTINGS PIPE PLUMBING * HEATING PUMPS 31 mm. T-7F3 616 Apartments EACH W ITH 1 M IN D IV ID U A L H E A T IN G I1 by Bryant Boilers |^ f e # M.... hi fP lB B p M B W B r^ M .Aljtevr*ri M P^ M | | |W^ ^sc 1 J1 f j S^% i: . ; .-WJ* *' awKis&eio -, s .^ r f S J sk g a B S ^ *" !IS S T ! S-^f-lr I R ;; WssaWs^prfnej. B7 spJj .. .-^.^fjiri"- .*- > iSii ' - itsm k S0SBSb5 *. ' . ; ^ W hen America again begins building multi-family dwellings on a large scale in postwar days, look for increased demand for indi vidual gas heating'of apartments. This idea, introduced in prewar and proved in w ar housing projects, has been successful in all types of units from garden apartments to low cost housing projects. An example is the Arna Apartments at Arlington, Va. (illustrated above), built by the Stone Development Co., Inc.; Atchison & Keller, heating contractor. There are seventy-seven buildings, each of eight suites--each suite individually, effectively and economically heated by its own Bryant Boiler. It was Bryant that perfected the compact gas heat ing equipment suited for individual apartment heat ing--and now stands ready to w o rk w ith heating engineers in planning for postwar projects. The Bryant H eater Company, 17825 St. Clair Avenue Cleveland 10, Ohio. One o f the Dresser Industries. IDEAL FOR SPACE-SAVING, the Bryant Model 26 Boiler is compact, highly efficient, gasfired? for- moderate size hot water radiation systems. TUCKED AWAY IN KITCHEN ALCOVE of each suite in the Arna project is a Bryant Boiler, controlled by living room thermostat. 32 Write for bulle tins, specifica tions and data sheets on the Bryant equip ment recom mended for in dividual apart ment heating. LET THE PUP BE FURNACE MAN JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING how bringing annual savings of $6,743 for its owner. Carrier makes a full line of self-contained units of this type for every installation, large or small. $ a 4 /e a tf$ ,7 4 3 & ON THE COST OF W ATER FOR COOLING OVEN A sensational example of the savings that are to dangerous levels. Or supply mains may be inade- sometimes possible by adopting Carrier Evaporative quate for the water you need . . . or you may lack Cooling to supply water for industrial cooling satisfactory disposal facilities. Whatever your prob- processes is reported by the engineers of a large lems, be assured that Carrier, with 41 years experi- steel mill. v ` . ence in solving industrial cooling problems, can The water cooling was used for an annealing fur- offer practical help. Consult Carrier now if your nace. Cost of water, before installation of a Carrier need is immediate and your production is vital to Evaporative Cooler was $1.13 an hour . . . 24 hours the war industry, or if you are already making a day, 300 days a year . . . $8,136 annually, water postwar plans. cost. Consumption was 175 GPM, With the new unit, water consumption was cut to 5 GPM. . . water, electrical upkeep, re p a ir p a rts totaled on ly 11.7(i p er CARRIER CORPORATION, Syracuse, New York hour . . . annual cost was cut to $1,392.40. Saving was enough to pay for the Evaporative Cooler and its installation, with total savings of $6,743 a year. Your water supply problem may be different. Out side supply may be undependable; subject to seav sonal cut-offs if reservoirs in your municipality sink - % INDUSTRIAL HEATING HE-ATINGAND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 33 ABSORB A IR -C O N D IT IO N IN G NOISES it * ^r~*r?fn v ^ _ THE ALL A SBESTO S STICAL AND INSULATED DUCT f '- V/CXY-- R a dh Studio .Cincinnati '* V ' O ffices-- Burkhart M f g Co., St. tool* Finke Furpiture Store, Evansville, Ind, I n radio studios, hospitals, churches, theaters, hotels, offices, hom es--wherever quiet working and living con ditions are required--th is all asbestos, prefabricated duct will elim inate noise from the air conveying system . Careyduct is a development of the Carey Research Labora tory and scientific field testing. It is a natural sound absorber--a non-conductor of sound, and non-resonating. It "quiets" fan noises and cuts down speaking tube effects and elim inates "cracking" due to changes in air pressure. By effectively absorbing noises, it permits the use of smaller duct sizes with higher air velocities. This also solves difficult installation problems where space is limited. Besides its absorption of noise, Careyduct has many other advantages over older and less efficient methods. It is iiieprool; is quickly installed; absence of noise in erection (unavoidable in handling metals) permits in stallation in occupied buildings such sis hospitals, stores, banks, etc. ; conserves m etals ; neat and compact ; can be painted to m atch walls and ceilings; costs no more, fre quently less, than insulated metal duct. For technical details and further inform ation, send for "Careyduct M anual." Address Dept. . 19. THE PHI LI P CAREY MFG. COMPANY D tp m d o b l, Product! Sine* 1 8 7 3 -- L O C K IA N D , C IN CINN A TI I S , O H IO In C a n a d a : The Philip Co^ey Company, Ltd., Office and Factory: LennoxvHe, P. Q. Children't Hospital, Cincinnati Vocational and Industrial Training Schools includo the art o f handling Careyduct in their courses on sheet metal work. Residence,Glendale, Ohio Kroger Grocery Soling'Co*, , laboratori!, Cincinnati JUNE; 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Copper tu b e units n o w a v a il a b le under rela x ed priority regulations fo r essen tia l ` d ustrial an d com m ercial u se NO TANK n e e d e d Forget the shortage o f pot water storage tanks! Just connect a B & G Instantaneous Wntef Heater to the boiler for clear, rust less hot waterin any volume required. The ample heat transfer surface built into these! units beats water instantly as needed. Eliminating a storage tank saves space, labor and expense. B & G Instantaneous Water Heaters are available for operation with either steam or hotlboiler water as the heating medium. The "steam to water" units are ideal for industrial plants where large quantities o f hot water are required continuously for service water-supply or process work. For-"below the water line" installations a complete une o f B & G Heaters is available. Send for the latest easy-selection catalogs. The Insignia "H &\G" on water heating or circulating equipment Is recognized everywhere as a symbol of genuine quality. Ut Is assurance of proper design, pains taking workmanship and time-tested performance. B&G"Waterto Water" Instantaneous Heater VTING BELL & GOSSETT CO. MORTON GROVE, ILLINOIS CanadianLicensee:S.A,Armstrong, Ltd, 115 Dupont St,, Toronto / WATER HEATERS HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 35 p ir' Propeller Fans and Blowers Now Available for Industry and Commerce C o n t in u o u s research, continuous improvement-- that is the story back of Johnson Health-aire Propeller Fans and Blowers. Johnson engi neers have solved thousands of complex industrial and commercial ventilating and air handling problems because they have always been alert to you r needs. Year after year, month after month, day after day, the Johnson organization has never stopped in its search toward perfection, and step by step, has added to and created new units for the Health-aire line to meet new and changing demands. The Johnson Fan and Blower Corporation, with more than twenty. . five years' experience in the ventilating field, is well-equipped with '"plant, personnel and equipment to solve your ventilating and air, hand ling problems. Johnson Health-aire Fans and Blowers of various types are now available for industrial and commercial users. Write today f o r com plete details. Learn ho'w Johnson Health-aire engineers and equipm ent can work with you to sim plify you r requirements. t ! ' Johnson Fan and Blower Corp. 1321 W. Lake Street 'i- Chicago 7, Illinois i 36 JUNE, 1944, HEATjNG AND VENTILATING M E R C O I D A SYMBOL OF DEPENDABILITY IN AUTOMATIC CONTROLS M E R C U R Y S W I T C H E S ARE USED TO l \ S U R E UNFAI LI NG P E R F O R M A N C E M A N U F A C T U R E D BY THE M E R C O I D C O R P O R A T I O N * 4217 B E L M O N T AVENUE * C H I C A G O 41, I LLINOIS THE QUIET OPERATION OF THE MERCOID TRANSFORMER-RELAY MAKES IT IDEAL FOR ALL O IL BURNER AND STOKER RELAY REQUIREMENTS The Mercoid hermetically sealed mer cury switch (1) used in this relay can not be affected by dust dirt or corro sion--thus providing that extra pre caution without any additional cost. The operation of this Transformer-re lay has several advantages over clap per type relays. In principle, it is a low voltage transformer, but it also oper ates as a repulsion relay. The primary coil (3) is fixed in position, and con nected across the high voltage line. T h e secondary coil (2) is m ovable, and is connected to the pilot circuit. When the pilot circuit is closed, the secondary or pilot coil (2) instantly moves upward by a repulsion action, and closes the mercury switch contact (1). When the pilot circuit opens, the secondary coil (2) drops by gravity, and opens the mercury switch. It is a simple and positive operation, assur ing much better relay performance. ,:% vv..- . iiX .iv .V L .r!,v . HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 37 IN THIS Douglas Aircraft Company plant of Barber-Colman VENTURI-FLO Over Kr at Oklahoma City the famous C-47 Sky- head Air Diffusers like the unit illus (( train is made. The plant has two miles of trated above. This type unit serves a C0f windowless "breathing" walls and required double purpose -- for cooling it diffuses some 17,000,000 bricks in its construction, outward, so the cool air may settle; for which will give some idea of its tremendous heating it diffuses downward, forcing the I size. Heating and cooling is accomplished warm air directly to the w orking level through a carefully engineered duct system from which it will rise. There are many set high up in the trusses other potential applica which support the 40-foot tions in industrial build ceilings of the enormous assembly room s. From these ducts the. air is di V e n tu rirfo ings for specialized dif fusers of this type. Write us for further details on rected to the w orking area on a predetermined OVERHEAD AIR DIFFUSERS the use of these units and our system of Guaranteed pattern through hundreds A ir Distribution. BARBER-COLMAN COMPANY 1224 ROCK STREET ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS 1ft JUNE,' 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING -A t our plant the FireTender Stoker alm ost doubled the capacity of our 30 H .P . boiler besides saving a fireman's salary. At this rate our savings w ill offset the cost of both these units in less than two years besides the added advantages of cleaner heating plants." From a Florist Erie, Pa. "-- To date it (the FireTender) has saved me 40 to 60 tons of coal and eliminated the need for a night man, making an actual saving of more than $18 0 0 .0 0 in two seasons. H ia t is T H R E E T IM E S what the stoker cost me." From a C andy Co. Davenport, Iowa "-- We saved its cost before the first year because the fuel and labor sav ings are 5 0 % of the former hand fired cost." From a School Waterford, Pa. "--making a saving of 4 5 % cost." of fuel Scores of letters in our files prove fuel and labor savings, over hand firing, of from 25% to 40%. T h e r e is a K I H K T K N D E R to tit the smallest commercial Id* stnllation. A Complete Line Makes Easier Sales! The full line of FireTenders, manufactured by this nationally known, old line stoker institution, lessens sales resistance, assures the dealer of more satisfactory installa tions, resulting in perfectly contented users. FireTenders are QUALITY built! Their skillful design and construc tion reduce service calls and result in bigger dealer profits because once a FireTender is correctly installed, that user will get years of constant, efficient and economical service. The years of experience and the high repute of the manu facturer assure you that Holcomb & Hoke Mfg. Co., makers of the FireTender line, is behind its product and you 100%. DEALERS -- Such reports as these help YOU self FireTenders. W rite us TODAY for territories still open. Be ready for th e home stoker boom when th at day comes. m tl H0 L C0 B HOKE IT) FG. CO li I N D I A N A P O L I S INDIA N P IC K the right type of filter for the job. Air-Maze has many types of filter panels designed for various dust conditions, resistances, and so forth. Let us help you select the correot filter for your needs. V E L O C IT Y affects filter efficiency. Plan your installation to keep velocities within the prescribed range. If this is difficult, tell us. We probably have a suitable filter design. S E A L holding frame with felt or other material. Seal frames to plenum chamber. Filters cannot clean air that does not pass through them. S E R V IC E filters when manometer or other resistance indicator shows .5 inch water gauge. Use extra filters to replace those needing service. A n air filter installation is important enough to be selected on more than a basis of price alone. As specialists in air filtration for 20 years, the Air-Maze organization has the experience necessary to help you obtain the proper type o f filter and to follow through so that satisfac tory performance is assured. For further details, write for catalog AGC-144 and for name of your near-by Air-Maze representative. ' NEWl OIL SEPARATOR FILTER. Removes oil, kerosene, and so forth entrained in air, as well as dirt and dust. Note removable oil-collecting media. Write for information on type R-56B oil separator filters. AIR-MAZE C O R P O R A T IO N Engineers and Manufacturers C LE V E L A N D 5 , O H IO Representatives tn Principal Cities InCanada: Williams & Wilson, Ltd., Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, Windsor; Fleck Bros. Ltd., Vancouver, B. C. ,HE .m voi W " " * * * i hen you are billed for M ario Heat W Transfer Coils, you pay largely for material, labor and overhead. The intangibles that make the coils perform right are never invoiced: M a r io ``K now H o w ", Engineering- Research,Testing,Experience,and all the other ingredients that g o into every piece of work are the most valuable part of M ario Coils. W e have solved m any tough problems which wartime conditions have presented. W h y not benefit from our thorough heat transfer k n o w le d ge ? " MARLO M EANS HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT" Ball-Bonded Blast Coils --Cooling and Heating Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Apparatus Indus trial Blower Units Unit Coolers Evaporative Con densers and Coolers Low Temperature Apparatus MARLO COIL COMPANY ST. LOUI S, M I S S O U R I HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 144 41 FO R TO M O R R O W 'S B U IL D IN G S O In keeping with the modern design of the postwar buildings you are planning today, specify modern convection heating--with Modine Copper Convectors. Complete specification details are available right now. Modine Convectors combine all the superiorities of steam and hot water heating systems with these added advantages--attractive appearance and an appreciable saving in usable floor space. Smartly styled, but not at all obtrusive, Modine enclosures' conceal compact, efficient copper heating units. Heating is fast and even--with a new, luxurious comfort, cleanliness, convenience and economy. W hether recessed in the walls, or fully exposed.. .M odine,Con vectors harmonize completely with modern room interiors -- a distinctive departure from the conventional radiator. You'll w ant to know exactly what Modine Convectors will be lik e .. . (dimensions and ty p es)...so you can put them into your specifications now. Send for New Catalog SA-44. Look in your phone book /o r M odine repre sentative's name-- "W here to Buy It" section. MODINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY 1812 Racine Strt, Roclns, Wisconsin. ' JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING VNY riNG Evaporative Condensers Ammonia Condensers The efficient operation of Acme shell and tube condensers forFreon and methyl chloride has long been recognized throughout the industry. Their satisfactory performance is partly due to pre cision workmanship and partly to certain features of construction. Shells of seamless st,eel tubing, for instance, eliminate possibility of leaks that could occur inwelded shells. "All-ib-one" finned tub ing, composed of one piece of metal, makes possible the maxi mum of heat transfer efficiency. Removable heads make them cleanable.Tubes are replaceable. In two m odels-- STANDARD in capacities up to 120 tons-- SENIOR models up to 460 tons. On SENIOR models the heads are "through bolted" to the tube sheets and are cleanable without breaking water connections. Write for complete information-- Catalog No. 23. ACME INDUSTRIES JACKSON , MICHIGAN Freon Condensers Dry-Ex Water Coolers Flooded Water Coolers Hi-Peak Water Coolers Pipe Coils Heat Interchangers Oil Separators Liquid Receivers Forced Convection Units Heat Exchangers Write for Catalog on any item. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 43 In the revolutionary new design o f the Series 246 water regulators, the range spring and sliding parts are not submerged in water, and hence not subject to corrosion and sedimentation. Only three parts .come in contact w ith the w ater--valve disc holder, extension sleeve, and valve seat--and these are of non-corrosive material. ; This is only one o f many exclusive features o f the new Penn regulators which eliminate water hammer and causes o f difficulty in ordinary valves. Penn's post-war water valve is ready now. Advanced engi neering o f this valve establishes new standards of efficiency, dependability and performance in water regulation for all refrigeration applications. Send, now for your copy of illustrated Bulletin (R-1986) which gives all the facts. N o obligation, write today. Penn Electric Switch Co., Goshen, hid. In Canada: Powerlite Device, Ltd., Toronto. Ontario. I H N N H H N N H N 'ffiM l HHH HHM HHH HHH HHFTFTFFr ffUTomnTic con tools FOR HEATING, REFRIG ERA TIO N , A IR C O N D IT IO N IN G , EN G IN ES, PU M PS A N D A IR C O M P R E SSO R S 44 , , . ;' JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Buffalo W et Qlass Cell M r Washer with All-welded Casing ) To the average man "air conditioning" tioned air, there is certain to be a tremendous means "comfort," year 'round indoor weather Post-Victory demand for air-conditioning at desirable temperature and humidity. This equipment. kind of air conditioning is today going into "Buffalo" is one of the oldest names in air- war factories, ships, mines and airplanes. It conditioning, having furnished such equip has become part of the design to keep our ment for more than thirty years. "Buffalo" Buffalo " P C " A ir Conditioning Cabinet fo r Comfort Conditioning soldiers, sailors and workers "living." In ad dition to this comfort conditioning, however, is today supplying much of the equipment used for both comfort and process condition there is also.much process conditioning, which ing. Improvements and new developments in calls for considerable technical knowledge, recent months now offer better air-condi plus fans, washers,.filters and other equip tioning at lower cost. ment. This process conditioning is vitally im If your plans call for installation of such portant in a number of industries where equipment, may we suggest that you con working conditions or product quality require sult " Buffalo " now for full information ? Industrial A ir Conditioning System with Buffalo " C f'C F a n and Special A ir Washer' washed and conditioned air. Because hundreds of thousands of people are being educated to the advantages of condi Remember, when there's an air handling or conditioning problem let " Buffalo " sup ply the answer! BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY WAR BONDS BUFFALO BUFFALO PUMPS, INC. THE GEO. L. SQUIER MFG. CO. MG Ne w York, Canadian blower &forge c o .Lt d . Canada pumps, l t d . T he air in your plant may be costing you plenty. Air-borne particles, 100 times smaller than the eye can see, cause shutdow ns, ruin products, contaminate atmospheres and reduce the efficiency of your employees. Conventional air cleaners can't remove these microscopic particles. But Westinghouse PRECIPITRON, cleaning air electrostatically, traps particles as small as 1/250,000 of an inch . . . even removes haze, welding fumes, tobacco smoke. Really clean air is vital to production . . . to good working conditions, and good health. Check the advantages of PRECIPITRON now . . . for war production or for early postwar uses in other fields. W estinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Dept. 7-N, East Pittsburgh, Pa. J-04002 PLANTS'IN 25 CITIES F louse Precipitron OFFICES EVERYWHERE *** JUNE,' 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING P r e c i p i t r o n Applications MACHINERY & PRECISION INSTRUMENT PLANTS . . . Precipitron sweeps the air clean of tiny abrasives and corrosive particles that damage superfinished surfaces. In binocular assembly for example, Precipitron prevents dust from entering the enclosure between lenses which would later settle on lens surface. TEXTILE MILLS . . . Installed in mills as part of the air humidifying and distributing system, Precipitron removes damaging particles before they soil yarn or thread. All smoke, dirt, soot and dust is banished during drying, spinning, and winding operations. Precipitron operation is simple . . . noiseless. STEEL MILLS-- POWER PLANTS-- SUBSTATIONS . . . Precipitron effectively reduces maintenance shutdowns by eliminating the excessive dirt on machine windings which causes temperature rises and fires . . . prevents electrical break downs caused by leakage over the surface of dirty insulation . . . keeps machine ventilating systems dirt free. CHEMICAL PLANTS . . . In plants w here m icro scopic specks can cause imperfections in products and processes. .. or wherever miasmafree conditions are essential. . . Precipitron is a necessity. For example, Precipitron is being used in military photographic labs where a speck of dust might hide a Nazi factory in an aerial photo. LABORATORIES. . . Regardless o f outside air con ditions,_laboratories equipped w ith P recipi-. tron enjoy perfectly cleaned air. The risk of errors in analysis . . . damage to sensitive equipment . . . threat to manufacturing or assembly operations due to dirt-laden air is positively eliminated. MACHINE TOOL INSTALLATIONS . . . O il mist caused by high-speed cutting, grinding and machining is dispelled by Precipitron. Con densation of oil on lighting fixtures and bus ducts is elim inated. . . oil coolant can be re covered for re-use. Exhaust air is cleaner than surrounding shop air and can be re-circulated. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 47 C U R T IS REFRIG ERATIN G E Q U IP M E N T Serves Our Armed Forces CURTIS Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment has followed the Armed Forces of the United States on both land and sea, in addition to serving war industries at home. Some of the innu merable applications include hospital operating rooms, blood banks, food preservation, simulating high-altitude, low-temperature conditions for th Air Forces in photographic work; in the produc tion of aircraft engines, propellers, rivets, bomb sights, gauges, medicines, parachutes, synthetic rubber, and many other uses vital to America's War Effort. Wc arc proud that CURTIS Equipment is serving the war effort in such a wide variety of important applications, just as it has for many years served peace-time industries. We are proud, of the back ground which has made this possible -- 90 years of successful manufacturing experience, advanced engineering, precision manufacture, and the use of the finest materials throughout. All Curtis equipment is designed and built to deliver dependable, trouble-free, economical performance. C U R T IS R E F R IG E R A T IN G M A C H IN E D IV IS IO N of Curtis M anufacturing Company 1999 Kienlen Ave. St. Louis, Missouri FQRVICTORY BUY UNITED STATES JVAR BONDS A WO STAMPS JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Marsh Thermostatic Dia phragm Radiator Trap. Its seamless, sensitive, powerfull bellows is the secret of its excellent performance. Let us share your troubles! Perhaps we're a little ahead of time in making this offer. But we are so anx ious to resume our old custom of work ing with the heating contractor that we have decided to stick our necks out again and see what happens. Now that our war production has entered a more routine phase, Marsh Representatives do have more time re leased for cooperating with you. So do not hesitate to call on us when you run into trouble. ~A complete knowledge of heat dis tribution systems is the first requisite of success in designing and manufac turing heating specialties. By their very nature Marsh valves, traps, vent ing devices and gauges function to take the bugs out of heating systems. So, naturally, in applying Marsh equip ment, we have had a lot of insight in to the troubles that develop and the ways of correcting them. A few Marsh products are illustrated opposite--products that have a proved record in m aking heating systems click. But when you think of Marsh rem em ber th at it is more than the name of an excellent product. It is also the name of an organization that, is always ready to work with you. W r ite fo r the na m e o f o u r n e o re tf h e a tin g engineer JAS. P. MARSH CORPORATION, 2089 Southport Ave., Chicago 14, Illinois Marsh Packless Radiator Valve. The unique Marsh metal-to-metal seal makes it tru ly packless. Marsh Heavy Duty Float and Therm ostatic Trap. Typical of a broad line of traps of this type. Marsh Inverted Bucket Trap. The inverted bucket type at its best. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 49 Interrupted Electric Service will not stop this N A S H Heating Pump! In Hospitals, Greenhouses, Schools, Public Buildings, Theatres, wherever heating sys tems must not fail, install the Nash Vapor Turbine, for it is independent of electric current failure, and continues to operate as long as there is steam in the system. This is because the prime motive power of this economical pump is a special steam turbine, controlled by a unique "V ap o r Turbine V alve", which automatically by passes from the heating main a small portion of steam, the exact amount neces sary to develop the power needed to re move the condensate and maintain the required vacuum on the system. Even this small amount is passed immediately back to the mains, and goes on to the system with little heat loss. This pump operates on any system, high or low pressure. The V apor Turbine is a most economical pump, for the elimination of electric current does aw ay with current cost, the largest single item in the operation of an ordinary return line heating pump. Bulletin on request. THE 205-A 50. NASH ENGINEERING COMPANY W I L S O N R O A D , S O U T H N b R W A L K > C O N N E C T I C U T , U. S. A. vV ' JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Dust Collecting System in Gunstock (Plant BENJAMIN S. MALIN Captain, Ordnance Department, U. S. Army; Assistant to the Works Manager, Springfield Armory, Springfield, Mass. ONE of the largest installations of wood dust collecting equipment in recent years in the East is the system in operation at the Gunstock Plant of floor 280 feet long by 120 feet wide and many are served by overhead mechanical conveyors. Each main pipe is connected to a separate industrial ex the Springfield Armory, Springfield, Mass., the old hauster of the slow speed planing mill type. The est arsenal in the country. The site upon which it exhausters are V-belt driven by synchronous electric stands was chosen by General George Washington; motors with a total rating of 325 hp. a National Armory was established in 1794. This The 5 units have an air handling capacity exceed armory has been famous ever since for its attain ing 125,000 cfm at the system resistance. The units ments in military small arms. Its proudest product are installed in the basement below the shop and is its most recent one, the M -l Garand semi-auto discharge through vertical pipes to 3 cyclone sepa matic rifle. Wood parts for this weapon are manu rators mounted on the shop roof. Exhausters which factured. in a new building where the. dust collecting operate in circuits which are essentially parallel, system described is located. This unit is one of the have common elements. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show the recent additions to a large group of permanent in general arrangement and relative position of the dustrial buildings. equipment. Black walnut stock blanks, dried to a moisture Air streams leaving the cyclones enter two cloth content of 6 to 8% are shaped, turned and grooved screen dust collectors which act as second stage in a series of operations which remove more than cleaners to remove the finer' dust particles. After 65 % of the original material. Some machines in the passing through these filters, the air is returned to plant have tools which revolve at speeds from 7,000 the manufacturing space and the basement for re to 21,000 rpm. On certain operations, tolerances are use. held to as low as several thousandths of an inch. The Air circuits provide 100,000 cfm for the shop and cutters produce slivers, shavings, and dust particles 25.000 for the basement. of all sizes. This material is removed and collected Cyclone separators No. 1 and No. 2 handling very effectively by the exhaust and collecting facili 30.000 and 40,000 cfm respectively, are 1 4 ft. in t; ties. ; . ' , diameter. Cyclone No. 3 is 16yi ft in diameter and The collecting system consists of 5 distinct exhaust handles a 55,000 cfm. discharge from exhausters C-2 mains to which branches are connected from about and C-3. Each cyclone is provided with a wood 180 production machines. Each machine has one or waste storage box of 1,000 cubic feet capacity, more efficient hoods especially designed for the par mounted directly below the cone. ticular cut or operation. Machines are set up on; a Tests show that approximately 92% of the col- HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 51 ) / o * o oI PLAN LAYOUT OF TYP/CAL PFTU PN DUCT ACCESS PO O R- RETURN A IR D U C T, rFRESH A IR UNTANE VSUMMCR , I OPERATION) (SECO ND FLOOR A IR OUTLETS\ A I R D IS C H A R G E ----------(SUMMER OPERATION) UNIT V E N T IL A T O R r F / R S T FLOOR I B R A N C H E S TO HOODS- RETURN A IR DUCT ' LDAMPER CONTROL HEATING COILS-- ' EXHAUST FANS DUST COLLECTING> D U C TS' YCLONE NO 3 %Si -CLOTH SCREEN D U ST COLLECTOR - EXPLOSION DOOR - WASTE STO RAGE BOX 'S C R E W CONVEYOR -UNLOADING CHUTE -PLANINO MILL ex h a u ster Fig. 2. Cross section showing the arrangement o f collecting equipment on roof and relative position of exhaust piping and return ducts; also return duct detail. Iected material is deposited in these bo^es. The re maining 8% , in the form of very fine dust, escapes through the cyclone outlets and is entrained on the dust collector screens. During the rapping periods it falls into the hoppers below. The entire wood waste generated amounts to nearly 25 tons per day under a 24-hour full load production schedule. This material may be.unloaded fiom the filter hoppers and dust storage boxes at any time, whether or not the dust collecting system is in operation. Dampers, chutes and connections are made dust tight, and substantially air tight, so that no dust clouds can escape even though internal pressures within the collecting system run as high as 4 Y in- w.g. static pressure. Multiple spiral screw conveyors carry the dust out to special trucks on the roadway outside of the building. The conveyors can be started and stopped at will by truck operators and each load can be in spected from time to time by opening hatches on' the top of the truck body. Exhausters operate under an average'system dif ferential of 8.9 in. w.g. static pressure which includes the resistance of the heating coils and return ducts. Cyclone pressure drops vary from 1.2 to 1.5 in., and that of the filter media 1.3 in. The dust collector entrance and exit losses are unusually low due to the excellent entrance and discharge fittings. With the double back-to-back arrangement used, no entrance baffle is needed. Air enters the top of the collector,. ' ' 52 between the banks of filters at low velocities (1500 fpm), and loses most of its momentum in the dust side chamber above the hoppers. On the outlet side, two large exit ducts allow the clean air to escape at velocities not exceeding 2,200 fpm. A suction pressure of about ,2% in. w.g. is main tained in the various branches near connections to their hoods. Filter screens are rapped automatically every 4 hours, at shift changes and during lunch periods, in order to keep the system resistance and hood suction as nearly constant as possible. In the early design stages, the need for a second ary cleaner to collect the finer particles of dust was definitely established. Experience on a pre-war dust collecting system at the armory showed that large quantities of fine dust discharged directly to the atmosphere would not be tolerated .by the city or by the people living in the residential areas sur rounding the armory. Moreover, even if this dust laden air could be discharged to the atmosphere it would carry with it the heat that was required to bring it from low outside temperatures in winter to room temperature of about 70F. It then became apparent that a large winter heat ing, load could be avoided by using filters to com pletely clean the air, and then returning the air to the building for te-use. ' . ' Calculations of the heating load which would have to Be met, if the air were thrown out, were made. They indicated a capacity of nearly 10,000,000 Btu JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING per hour to raise the temperature of 125,000 cfm of outside air from OF to 70F. This is conservative, since Springfield outdoor winter temperatures occa sionally reach -- 15F to --20F. This heating load is roughly the equivalent of 10,000 pounds of low pressure steam per hour and its generation would require a boiler plant of about 300 hp rating. With the present system, requirements for heating are only 1/5 of this amount as only 25,000 cfm or 1/5 of the total air circulated is fresh air. All of the exhaust air is returned, 4/5 to the shop, the remain der to the basement below. Savings in operating costs which have accrued as a result of the re-use of this air, are estimated to be at'least $6,000 per year in direct heating cost alone. The investment in the boiler plant, auxiliaries and building thereby avoided, represents a considerable saving in overall plant cost. The 25,000 cfm pf fresh air is brought in by 6 heating and ventilating units of the horizontal sus pended type. The air temperature leaving is regu lated thermostatically and is not allowed to fall be low 70F in cold weather. These units introduce fresh air whenever the dust collecting system is run ning. When the exhaust system is shut off, they simply recirculate room air, and thereby provide heat for the space. The manufacturing space has a total volume of 435,000 cubic feet. Fresh air changes occur every 18 minutes, an equivalent of more than 3 changes per hour. Total air changes occur every 3j^ minutes or more than 17 times per hour. Despite this high rate of air flow, there are no drafts or cold spots within the utilized space, either in summer or winter. This desirable condition is attributed to the efficient manner in which the re turn and fresh air are introduced to the room. Re turn air enters through 32 openings and fresh air through 6. Entrance air velocities are held below 1,400 fpm at openings 10 to 12 ft above the floor. Quick diffusion is obtained by directional vanes in each outlet. : Each of the two dust collectors discharges through a return duct, the design of which is shown in Fig. 1. One branch from each return duct is carried to the basement below, to discharge 25,000 cfm through two plenum chambers each having three propeller fan boosters. This amount is the equivalent of the fresh air introduced into the shop above. Other propeller fans on the opposite side of the basement exhaust this ventilation air. The system, thereby, provides heated ventilation air for the basement with no additional heating cost. Selection of the return air heating coils was made without definite knowledge of the probable tempera ture drop of the air in passing through the external piping and dust collecting equipment mounted out side of the building. Calculations, taking into ac count the many variable factors involved, indicated a loss of about 20F in zero weather. Actual test data taken during the past two winters show the following: At outdoor temperatures of plus 30F OF Temperature drop o f air is 4F 8F --15F 10F Heating coils are of the extended surface non-freeze steam distributing tube type, selected for use with steam at 5 lb pressure. Operation is controlled by duct insertion thermostats actuating modulating steam valves. No other means of heating, other than the unit ventilators mentioned, are needed in the shop area. The basement is provided with unit heaters which are used only when the exhaust and return air sys tem is not operating. Internal heat generation in the shop is considerable due to the many electric motors, the extensive lighting, and the shop per sonnel. ' During hot weather this internal heat is Fig. 3. Elevation showing the external piping, dust collecting equipment, and unloading stations. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 53 partly released by discharging all of the exhaust air to the atmosphere through an opening in the return ducts near the dust collector. A system of multiple interlocking dampers at that point allows outside air to enter the return system and to flow into the room through the same outlets Fig. 4. Remarkably clear atmosphere exists in the room where the sanding section is located. normally handling return air. This flow is induced by slight negative pressure within the building. Ex hausters handle the total circuit load in alTseasons. Safety Precautions To guard against production interruptions due to function failure, or to damage from fire or explo sion, many safety code recommendations were fol lowed applicable to this type system. The many safety features include: 1. A dual set of bi-metallic thermostats located in strategic positions in the dust collecting equip ment. They are actuated at 13SF. When tempera tures increase above this point, one set immediately opens the control circuits to all motors and stops air circulation, thus preventing diffusion of heat and burning embers. The other set is connected to an annunciator where each thermostat may actuate an individual tag drop to indicate the location of a "hotspot." ' 2. A system of fire control incorporating deluge type sprinkler heads is installed in the collecting equipment. These heads operate individually and are located to provide complete coverage. Heads fuse at 16SF. 3. Actuation of thermostats and sprinklers is also accompanied by a bell and red light alarm in the shop, and outside the building. 54 4. The entire system may be quickly stopped in an emergency by means of large red push buttons located in the main shop area. 5. Traps are provided at the inlet of each ex hauster for the removal of metallic particles, extra large pieces of wood, and all extraneous material which might find its way into the suction pipe. Traps are designed to utilize momentum and centrifugal force in throwing these pieces out of the air stream, thereby preventing possible damage to the fan wheel blades, screw conveyors, and other apparatus. 6. Dust explosions can be relieved by means of weighted hinged doors and breakable panels located at points where there are dust accumulations. 7. Fire dampers and doors, suitably weighted and retained by fusible links, are provided at points in the dust collectors and in the duct work where the spread of fire from floor to floor may be stopped by closing air passages. All dampers and doors have hinges with bronze 'or brass pins to prevent "freez ing" from rust formation. 8. All equipment and piping are electrically grounded so that static electricity cannot accumulate and cause sparks. 9. Filter cloths are impregnated with a fire-proof ing solution. Though this treatment would offer little resistance if the wood powder on the cloth should burn, it nevertheless provides protection dur ing the period of construction, testing and balancing. Tramp metallic particles moving in the pipe at such times might cause sparks which could ignite un protected cloth. Other features of the installation are variable pitch multiple V-belt pulleys for the fan drives. These units afford a regulation in fan speed of approxi mately 18% thereby providing means for accurately setting the fan performance and balancing the sys tems. Inspections M ade Regularly In the preparation of designs and specifications, considerable attention was given to details to facili tate the periodic inspection, testing and balancing necessary to keep the systems' operating properly. All traps, storage boxes, and piping are provided with air tight and dust tight access doors. Static pressure fittings and tubing, to which "U" gauges may be attached, are provided in the piping and equipment at critical points. The system described and illustrated represents not the original design`but the evolved one. It in cludes additions made after the original smaller sys tem was installed. The present capacity is consider ably greater'.than formerly. Under existing condi tions, the entire combination operates very steadily and provides efficient dust collection and removal 24 hours per day. The shop area is remarkably clean and clear of dust. The plant as a whole is believed to represent the latest in mass production of precision manufactured wood parts. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Conditioned air is distributed in this plastic storage room through uniform slots in the continuous transition duct shown at the ceiling. Grinding W heel Quality Improved by Controlled A ir I. C. B A K E R Airtemp Division, Chrysler Corporation, Dayton, Ohio ACCURATE control of temperature and humid. ity in the room where plastic binding materials, used in the manufacture of grinding wheels, are ing of many metal products, they are a production necessity. A new building was planned by the grinding wheel mixed and stored has proved to be an important company, to be constructed immediately, which factor in the war production of a mid-west grinding would contain a room where plastic binding mate wheel manufacturer. rials would be stored and mixed under ideal atmos Plastic materials used in the manufacture of grind pheric conditions. ing wheels are hygroscopic in nature and vary This room would require cooling, dehumidifying, greatly in their strength and consistency when sub heating, and humidifying equipment of the most jected to conditions of moisture and temperature. modern- type, to maintain design conditions of 70F As a result, grinding wheels produced at one time dry bulb, and 45% relative humidity, throughout become too hard, and in other cases the wheels the year, winter and summer. re too soft. Under both From this point on* of these circumstances the finished product will not pass inspection and Plastics used in the manufacture of these wheels are sensitive to changes in air con W. K. Jamison, engineer, Bard, Inc., installers of the equipment, worked must be scrapped. Be cause grinding wheels are widely used in the ditions. Unless moisture and temperature of air are controlled, finished products will not closely with the plant ex ecutives and engineers, designing a complete manufacture and finish pass inspection tests. temperature and humid- HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 55 lty control system which would be en tirely satisfactory for the protection of hygroscopic materials kept in storage. After the material storage room was designed, a Chrysler Airtemp Model 3H 15 hp radial compressor was se lected to carry the cooling and dehu midification load. This machine is con nected to a Mario EC-15 air handling unit equipped with a cooling coil of adequate capacity and a four-circuit sprdy which can be shut off one circuit at a time. Tests on this air handling unit revealed that capacity is reduced as the wetted surface factor is reduced by turning off sprays one at a time. Spraying water over the coils chills the water, thus creating a "flywheel" effect Which increases the- total capacity of the unit during summer peak periods of operation. During winter the same sprays may be used to humidify the air entering the storage room. Steam coils installed in the unit are used for heating in winter, but the unit Two damper motors, shown at the top, control the air entering the plastic room. All controls are Minneapolis-Eoneywell. is also equipped with three 2.5 kw elec tric strip heaters which may be used for re-heat one end to the other, distributes air in the storage during periods when the central steam system is not in operation. A Mario evaporative condenser is included. This unit conserves about 95 % of the water which would ordinarily be used in cooling a system of this size and type. The evaporative condenser, which is installed adjacent to the air handling unit, exhausts, heated air to the outside through a duct constructed for this purpose. A single duct having a constant transition from room. This duct has a slot along one edge which is the same depth for the entire length. The amount of air reaching the room at any given point is governed by the width of the duct. Controls used throughout the system are Minneapolis-Honeywell. For summer operation a thermo stat located within the conditioned space is set to maintain 70F by control of the compressor and electric strip heaters in the air handling unit. The wet bulb controller in the space is set to maintain 45 % relative humidity, and actuates the compressor. During summer operation, the compressor func tions if cooling is required. If cooling is satisfied, and dehumidification is needed, the compressor con tinues to operate and electric strip heaters come on, re-heating the air. Strip heaters are controlled in three steps, each furnishing 3,100 watts of heat. Heaters are necessary as no steam supply is main tained in the plant during warm weather. For winter operation, the thermostat operates the compressor or the modulating steam valve on heat ing coils. The dew point controller operates com pressor or steam humidifier within the^space, main taining the correct relative humidity at all times. The amount of outside air and- return air handled is controlled by a modulating damper motor operat ing dampers in the ducts. This motor is actuated by a duct thermostat set to take a maximum amount of o u tsid e air at 60F and reduce the volume as the temperature, rises. The low limit is set fo r 38F A ir handling unit is at the left. A t right are the evap orative condenser and W . K . Jamison, Engineer, Sard, Incorporated. which will close off the outside air entirely to protect the coils and the water sprays in the system from freezing., . 56 ' JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Dust as an Industrial Health Hazard F. W . H U T C H IN S O N Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., T HE health problem arising from dust in indus try is one of increasing seriousness. Socially, economically and legally it has become evident that immediate steps must be taken to combat the hazard represented by wholesale industrial exposure to the pneumoconiosis-producing dusts. Pneumoconiosis, in many of its forms, is incurable. Thus consideration of the problem which it represents is based largely on methods of dust reduction and removal and is therefore as much a responsibility of the engineer as it is of the physician. Fortunately, medical knowledge and engineering equipment have progressed to such a point that recognition of hazardous conditions and availability of methods for correcting them will now permit a complete, practical and economical solution of the problem. Unfortunately, prejudice and fear have surrounded the entire subject with such an aura of suspicion and distrust that neither workmen nor em ployers have until recently been willing to acknowl edge the hazard or recognize the need for preventive measures. In addition, the slow action of the disease coupled with failure on the part of many physicians to acquaint themselves with the proper diagnostic methods has made it difficult for the worker to es tablish his claim for compensation in the event of lung injury and equally difficult for the employer to defend himself against fraudulent claims; it has been said that silicosis claims constitute one of the most widespread of legal rackets. Workmen have bitterly opposed adoption of the exacting employment qualifications and periodical physical examinations of those exposed to dust which are essential to medical control. Yet, it is essential that persons having a predisposition to tuberculosis or a low nasal filtering efficiency be excluded from the dusty trades. Similarly, protection of the worker demands that he be removed from exposure at the first indication of lung damage. Employers, on the other hand, have adopted the point of viewthat most claims of silicosis are unfair and an unscrupulous attempt to take advantage of them. The explanation' behind an employer's unwillingness to acknowledge the hazard is not unreasonable. The , dust diseases are almost invariably of long duration and frequently are not discovered until many years after exposure has ceased. Thus many employers are now in the difficult and alarming position of fac ing claims for disease which is a result of exposure to conditions that existed in their plants 10 or IS years ago; at that time they were unaware of the health hazard associated with dusty atmospheres and consequently, though they might have had every HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 desire to furnish their employees with full protection from occupational injury, they did not take the "special care" which is now known to be necessary. Wilson states: "Most well-intentioned employers may be said to have used `reasonable care' in past years and--considering their lack of knowledge-- this is now their best defense in damage suits. How ever, from now on, with the spread o f . . . available knowledge. . . only `special care' will safeguard the interests of employer and workman alike." Recent interest in dust diseases has built up an extensive literature; theories have been confirmed with experimental evidence and innumerable case histories of individuals and of entire groups are available. In contrast to the widespread ignorance of ten years ago, it would probably be difficult at the present time to find a worker in the dusty industries who has not at least heard of silicosis, or an employ er who is unaware of the crippling damage suits which will face him if his employees, through failure on his part to take the necessary preventive mea sures, contract the disease. The cost of dust control is often far less than the cost of one damage suit. Jury awards in silicosis cases of $10,000, $17,000, $22,500, $25,000 and like sums are matters of record. In the St. Louis area alone there were, some time ago, over 2000 suits pending. A Missouri mining company, as another example, faced claims aggregating $5,000,000 and spent $500,000 in out-of-court settlements of a few of them. The purpose of this article is to review the liter ature on the physiological effects of some of the haz ardous industrial dusts and to summarize presentday criteria acceptable as a basis for the design of dust control systems. Silicosis Silicosis is a disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation of dust containing free silica. Some authorities believe, but this fact has not been estab lished, that the inhalation of silicates is also a caus ative factor. Incurable and Progressive. The important facts about this disease are that, for practical purposes, it is progressive and incurable. The qualification "for practical purposes" is necessary because recent in vestigations suggest that uncomplicated silicosis is not progressive; however, the continued existence of a case of silicosis without the onset of complications isvso rare that, from the standpoint of social conse quences, the disease can. in itself be regarded as pro gressive. In the medical literature the "progressive" 57 viewpoint is the one which has been most widely adopted but the possible future significance of the recent findings is promising. .With reference to the "incurability" of silicosis, recent work has also indicated the possibility of a solution but it is as yet too soon to hold out hope for satisfactory medical. treatment. One promising method consists in the administration, of thyroxene; the investigators report that:' "Thyroid therapy may possibly not only prevent the development of silicosis, but may also arrest its further progress and possibly reduce' to some extent the degree of fibrosis already existing." The above remarks on the "progressiveness and incurability" of silicosis have been included because they show how very far th medical profession has yet to go to achieve a solution of the silicosis prob lem. In terms of concrete present-day gain, the sum total of the best that medicine can now offer is not of much value. When dealing with contagious dis eases such as smallpox and Spanish influenza, it has been possible to achieve a satisfactory treatment as a first step toward the elimination of the disease itself; in the case of silicosis, a non-contagious dis ease, the only advance of real significance which is possible is an advance which must be brought about by the application of basic engineering principles-- the reduction of dust concentrations at the breathing zone to a point such that a health hazard no longer exists; only in this way can silicosis be eradicated. If permitted to run its course without complica tion, silicosis will lead to death by suffocation--the lungs becoming incapable of maintaining a gas trans fer sufficient to sustain life. Usually, however, ter mination occurs as a result of complications such as tuberculosis or heart disease; a definite correlation has been established between silicosis and tubercu losis, but an explanation is, as yet, lacking. With reference to tuberculosis a study of axe grinders and polishers showed a death rate of 1,900 per 100,000 from tuberculosis as contrasted with ISO per 100,000 for the general population of the same state. In this study the death rate of all workers in the dusty trades investigated was used. More strik ing figures and more significant ones were obtained from a Massachusetts investigation in which the tuberculosis death rate of 961 silicotic quarry work ers was compared with that for the general popula tion and found to be forty times as great. Background and Extent. The name silicosis is of relatively recent origin, but the existence of the health hazard associated with dusty work has been recognized by medical men for many centuries. From the literature of the period we find that the Ptolemies knew of it. Pliny the. Elder referred to the "stone cutters' disease", and devised a crude respirator for the protection of miners; Aristotle warned Greek workmen against the inhalation of dust. Hippocrates, three centuries before Christ, noticed that his surgical knives were dulled by dust in the lungs of stone workers. In the 16th century Georges Agricola, a mining engineer, wrote "De Re 58 .< * i Metallica" and, with reference to dust, warned his readers to beware because it "penetrates into the windpipe--eats away the lungs--implants consump tion in the body." He called attention to the fact that the death rate among Carpathian miners was so great that a wife could often outlive six husbands. The passage of time has done little to alleviate the hazard. The development of pneumatic tools has led to a great increase in the dust concentrations at tending the grinding, polishing and cutting of stone. The death rate among Barre granite cutters, for ex ample, increased from 1.5 per 1,000 in the year 1890 to 19.6 per 1,000 in 1924, an increase attributable to the introduction of pneumatic equipment. When one realizes that a threshold concentration of 5 million particles per cubic foot is required to constitute a silicosis hazard (for dust made up . of 100% free silica), it is then evident that there are many indus trial operations today which represent health haz ards that did not exist prior to the introduction of mechanical equipment. Many estimates have been made of the number of persons exposed to hazardous concentrations of silica dust, but such estimates are usually based only on industrial exposure. When account is taken of the fact that 60% of the earth's crust consists of silica the likelihood seems great that such estimates are conservative. Lanza and Vane estimated that the number of industrial workers exposed to the silica dust hazard is in excess of half a million in those industries in which the processing or handling of siliceous material is of basic importance; this esti mate does not take account of the many workers exposed as a result of the industrial use of silica as a filtering agent. In one other respect the silicosis hazard has not yet been evaluated. As already mentioned there is a definite relationship between silicosis and tubercu losis. This fact leads to the probability that in any community in which there'):s a large number of sili- cotics there will be a decid v' familial tuberculosis hazard. Fortunately, however)' this danger is some what lessened as a result of the long incubation period which is found with silicosis--by the time a workman's lungs have reached the stage at which tuberculosis is most likely to set in it is more than probable that his children will have grown past the age at whicn the danger of their contracting the dis ease is greatest. That silicosis is definitely related to a particular kind of occupational risk is demonstrated by the data from examinations (X-ray) of 2500 workmen from all departments of a typical "heavy industry" ; 5.8% had silicosis,- but 90.0% of those affected were foundry workers. The great importance of the silica hazard is clearly indicated from the following com parative mortality figures (from a 1933 publication of Hollis and Y ule): 1000 for standard population (all causes for ages 20-65) 1984 for silica group 967 for non-silica group I JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING The silica group (above) showed only three causes of death (diabetes, appendicitis, digestive diseases) which did not differ significantly from the general group. The significance of these, figures is at once apparent when it is considered that an estimated 110,000 workers in the United States have silicosis in some degree. Development of the Disease. The time required for incapacitation due to silicosis has been the sub ject of a great deal of attention, but as yet no gen erally accepted conclusions have been reached. Ap parently the period of exposure preceding contrac tion of the disease is a function of the dust concen tration, nature of the dust, nature of the work and individual physical idiosyncrasies. From a study of 9,800 stone-cutters in the Ruhr it is concluded that 13 years exposure are required to show slight sili cosis and 20 years to cause incapacitation. This same study reveals that 63% of the deaths among silicotics occur from tuberculosis complications. In porcelain workers silicosis develops slowly but pro gressively; the second stage is usually not reached until after 10 years. Among sandstone workers the minimal exposure has been, found to be 11 years while for iron miners an exposure of 4 to 5 years may be responsible for the appearance of lung changes 4 to 8 years after the exposure has ceased. In contrast to the above relatively long incubation periods are those found among workers engaged in sand-blasting and in the manufacture of abrasive soaps; in these occupations only 3 or 4 years may precede the onset of the disease. Likewise, an exam ination of 175 men engaged in rock drilling showed that 50% were affected in less than one year. There is a good reason for believing that under particularly heavy dust concentrations silicosis takes an acute form and may appear after an exposure of only a few months. Not soon forgotten will be the ' case of the Hawk's Nest Hydro Plant on the New River. Some 4000 workers, mostly negroes, were employed for wages of $3.00 for a 13-hour day; in a relatively short time after completion of the tunnel work 475 of them were dead and an estimated 1500 others incurably ill. This case was investigated by a committee in the House of Representatives before whom witnesses testified that, "In the tunnel 10 drills were in operation at once and you could not see ten feet ahead of you even with the headlight of the donkey engine". Workmen were so thoroughly covered with a silica dust that "you could not tell a white man from colored.man, 15 feet away". - I t was this case that a senator (rom West Virginia de scribed as "the most horrible industrial disaster in the history of the world". It was of this case that Representative Marcantonio of New York charged that 169 workers had been buried unidentified be cause the undertaker had "lost" his records. On the basis of all evidence which has yet been brought for ward it would seem to the impartial investigator that the Hawk's Nest Tunnel should remain a tragic reminder to the engineer of the need for consider HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 ation of human values in the solution of engineering problems. The above case is only one of a number of similar but less sensational cases which have shown that there is a real possibility of contracting an acute form of silicosis if work is in an atmosphere having an extremely high concentration of siliceous dust. Experimentally the possibility of acute silicosis has been demonstrated by laboratory tests on animals; for exposures of eight hours a day to concentrations of 200 million particles per cubic foot or more it has been shown that the last stage of silicosis may be expected in a relatively short time. Size of Hazardous Dust. The importance of par ticle size in. determining the hazard associated with dusts has received a great deal of attention. Par ticles 25 to 30 microns in size will usually settle out rapidly and are therefore not likely to be breathed in quantities sufficient to constitute a hazard. How ever, particles of this magnitude (such as pollen of the Giant Ragweed or wood dust in carpenter shops) may be responsible for hay fever or for various types of asthma. In general, particles greater than 10 mi crons are caught in the trachea, large bronchi and mucous membrane. Particles around .5 microns go to the respiratory tract, but few of them reach the alveoli where the 1 micron particles are most numer ous. Policard made a detailed examination of the lungs of two silicotic miners and found that 50% of the particles were less than .4 micron and 75% less than 1 micron; his findings should be used with care, however, because it is very probable that the dust distribution in the lungs is a function of the distribu tion of particle size in the inhaled dust--thus Policard's findings may be applicable only for the con ditions under which the men whose lungs he examined had worked. The smaller particles are obviously the most dangerous since, on a weight basis, they offer a much larger surface than do the larger ones. For this reason dust counts are of more value in evaluating the hazard associated with a dusty environment than are gravimetric dust de terminations. The dust particles that are most effective in the causation of silicosis are of a magnitude so small that they are not perceptible to the human eye.' A micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter or about 1/25,000 of an inch. As has been shown, the particles most important in silicosis are in the neighborhood of .5 micron or 1/50,000 of an incfi--this represents a di mension of the same order of magnitude as the wave length of that form of radiant energy which we recognize as light. If one cubic inch of quartz were broken into cubes .5 micron on a side enough par ticles would be formed to create a silicosis hazard in a 250,000 cubic foot space. The determination of mean dust sizes was the purpose of a series of comprehensive studies con ducted by the U. S. Public Health Service: examina tion of 18,000 outdoor dust particles showed the median size to be .5 micron--nearly all were less 59 than 1.0 micron; in contrast, only 21% of 6,000 in dustrial dust particles were less than 1.0 micron, the majority being between 1 and 3 microns and the mean l.S microns. Hatch and .Moke investigated foundry dusts and found that composition is a function of particle size: the proportion of combustible matter and acid sol uble iron, carbonates, etc., increase with decreasing size; the proportion of clay and other silicates varies without a definite trend with size; the quartz be comes less as the size decreases and for particles un der 2 microns (which comprises 90% of the total number) it is from 1/5 to 1/25 of that found in the particles greater than 10 microns. These findings emphasize the necessity of taking dust samples di rectly from the contaminated air and not utilizing "rafter" or any other kind of settlement sample which does not contain a representative size distri bution. Hazardous Concentration. Permissible concentra tions of dust vary with size, composition, and the dust retention characteristics of the individual. The latter factor is one which offers some hope from the standpoint of preventive medicine. Practically all that is known of the dust retaining characteristics of the human nose is attributable to the work of one man--G. Lehmann. This experimenter has shown that the dust fixation in the nose varies from 2% to 75% and is almost completely independent of such factors as the condition of the nasal secretion, the rate of air currents, the degree of concentration or chemical composition of the dust, the width or narrowness of the nasal passages; seemingly, fixa tion is a function of the vortex formation and re bound after passage through a restriction. A correlation between fixation and silicosis would .seem to follow from the following tests: Of 46 stone cutters with fixations above 40% only two were found to have silicosis; of 31 stone cutters with fixa tions less than 29% only 2 were healthy, After ex amining the above data Lehmann concludes that, "applicants for work with poor dust fixation capacity should not be allowed to work where a menace of silicosis exists". As a result of 418 experiments with magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate, Carlton E. Brown gives the following relationships between dust re tention and other factors: 1 Per Cent Retention is inversely proportional to 1. Respiration rate for rates below 20 per minute. An increase above 20 per minute is apparently followed by no changes in per cent retention. 2. Minute-volume of air breathed. This prob ably results from increase in respiration ' rate with minute-volume. Per Cent Retention is unaffected by 1. Volume per respiration. 2. Vital capacity. 3. Relative humidity. The same investigator found that the percentage of 60 i magnesium oxide retained during normal breathing while at rest varied little from about 60% at a con centration of 10 mg. Above 10 mg. the retention changed but little, but as the concentration dropped below 10 mg. the. retention rapidly approached 100% . The relation between dust concentration and the incidence of silicosis has been studied by many in vestigators, but no general empirical relationship has as yet been established. One commonly used rule (proposed by Drinker) recommends the accep tance of 5 million particles per cubic foot as the minimal permissible dust concentration for pure .silica and 50 million particles per cubic foot for dusts that are very low in silica. Some evidence suggests that this rule is unduly conservative for dusts which contain little silica and an alternative which is widely used is to limit the total dust count to a value such that the product of the dust concentration by the percentage of silica be less than 5,000,000; this rule gives 100,000,000 particles per cubic foot as the minimal concentration for non-siliceous dusts. Physiological Effect. The lung condition known as silicosis results only from the inhalation of silica- bearing dusts. Why silica possesses the ability to bring about this condition has been the subject of much investigation and theories of silicosis are at present responsible for considerable controversy. Physiologically--excluding the effect of complica tions--silicosis affects the normal functioning of the body in the same way that the formation of scale affects the efficiency of a heat transfer device. In the heat exchanger the hot and cold fluids are sepa rated by an exchange surface and the deposit of scale on this surface reduces its effectiveness as an exchange medium. If the scale becomes sufficiently heavy it will be impossible to secure the transfer of enough heat to accomplish the purpose for which the exchanger was installed; similarly, the lung is a sur face through which oxygen is transferred from the air to the blood. The formation of scar tissue re duces the effective transfer area and eventually the lung is unable to accomplish its purpose--death from suffocation is the result. . , . i1 Asbestosis Asbestos dust is second only to free silica in the magnitude. of health hazard which it represents. Asbestos is a fibrous material of varying composi tion, but is usually made up of approximately 43% magnesia, 40% silica and 14% water. Oxide of iron is frequently present and appears as dark particles among the translucent fibers--the fibers are of such length and fineness that cloth weighing less than 8 oz. per square yard has been made from them. The lung condition resulting from the inhalation of this dust is known as asbestosis and resembles silicosis in its main clinical aspects, but differs due to the enhanced rate of development. Under average industrial conditions the length of employment in fatal cases is only about one-half that which is usual JUNE, 1944; HEATING AND VENTILATING for silicosis. I t is estimated that there are in the United States approximately 10,000 men exposed to this hazard as a result of work in the insulating, asbestos cloth, and similar industries. As is true of the silicosis exposure estimates, this figure does not take into account the number of persons exposed as a result of employment in the process industries where asbestos finds use, under various trade names, as a filter aid. In one respect asbestosis is less dead ly than silicosis--that is, there is seemingly a lower susceptibility to the supervention of pulmonary tu berculosis. The danger of contracting the disease is apparently not influenced by either age or sex. Like silicosis, it is incurable and progressive; a case is re ported of a patient who was exposed to asbestos dust for one year and whose sputum showed the presence of asbestosis bodies fourteen years later. Very few data are available on the relation of dust concentration to the incidence of the disease. No minimal safe concentrations have yet been set up and information is scant as to the conditions in those plants where a hazard is known to exist. It has been determined, however, that' the asbestos dust en countered in fabricating plants is free of silica when air is floated at the breathing level and that the danger of the dust increases as the quality or length of the fibers increases. Miscellaneous Siliceous Dusts Many siliceous dusts other than quartz and asbes tos have been carefully investigated. Talc--a sili cate containing 62% silica--has been shown to be responsible for a form of pneumoconiosis when in haled in large quantities. One group of investigators report that 50% of the talc workers whom they ex amined were affected and about 12% had tubercu losis. The same report shows that talc containing 10% tremolite is much more dangerous than talc containing 40% tremolite, but an explanation is lacking. The action of cement on the lungs is not definitely known. German investigators say that it produces only an inert deposit in the lungs, but American re ports show that the frequency of disability from respiratory diseases in cement plants is about double that found among employees in non-dusty manu facturing plants; absence from work was also twice as frequent., Yet animal experiments show that ce ment like limestone and gypsum produces an ad^ sorptive reaction; the dust disappears from the peritoneal cavity without the production of scar tissue. Slate (1/3 % quartz) in', concentrations of 700 million particles per cubic foot produces a fibrosis and pneumoconiosis, but few cases have been known to progress seriously. On the other hand, there is reason for believing that clay and slate dusts are responsible for a high incidence of tuberculosis. Italian investigators have studied the dust hazard in cotton spinning mills and report that the silicosis hazard is apparently negligible. Mineralogic analy HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 sis of such dusts brought to light the interesting fact that their composition is similar to that of the soil in which the cotton was grown. Non-Siliceous Dusts Apparently there is a great difference of opinion as to whether or not non-siliceous dusts are harmful either to normal or tubercular persons. The data are so scant that a review of the literature must con sist essentially of a catalogue of the few and scat tered investigations that have been made of particu lar dusts. General conclusions can not be drawn and an extension of available data to dusts of even the same mineral family is hazardous. German investigators have studied a number of different carbon dusts and rate them in the order of hazard which they represent: lignite, coal, graphite, charcoal, soot. A statistical study of the health hazard in a large American company which manufactures artificial abrasives led to the conclusion that persons who have had pulmonary tuberculosis should not be al lowed to work where they will be exposed to dust from abrasives. The dust in this particular plant was aluminum oxide combined with silicon carbide and th incidence to tuberculosis was 1 1/2 times as great in the dusty departments as in the non-dusty. In this connection it is interesting to note that other investigators had previously reported aluminum ox ide as not being a factor in the production of silicosis --thus a distinction must be drawn between the fibrosis-forming ability of a particular dust and its danger through increased susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. This leads to the conclusion that the claim is unwarranted that a dust is not harmful merely because its reaction on lung tissue is inert. The U. S. Public Health Service has grouped dusts (siliceous as well as non-siliceous) in three classifi cations : 1. Those causing an inert reaction, the amount of dust in the peritoneal cavity remaining approxi mately constant: soapstone, carborundum, jewel er's rouge, anthracite coal, bituminous coal and precipitator ash. 2. Those causing a proliferative reaction, nod ules continuing to increase in size: quartz, chat and flint. 3. Those causing an absorptive reaction, dust disappears from the peritoneal cavity, but scar tissue is not formed: calcite limestone, precipitat ed calcium carbonate, gypsum and cement. A similar list of dusts , has been prepared by Haynes who carried on a long series of animal ex periments. He arranges them in order of toxicity as follows: precipitated silica, flint, slate, hydroxide, precipitated chalk, magnesium carbonate, carborun dum, calspar, emery, colloidal coal (in massive amounts). AU of the respiratory disorders discussed above, together with many others which are caused by the inhalation of fibrosis-forming dusts, are grouped un der the one broad term Pneumoconiosis. 61 Ventilation for W elding Booths M . E. R IN G Q U IS T Engineer, The Trane Company, La Crosse, Wis. S te p s in the design of a system for properly ventilating w elding booths at an adult voca tional school in LaC ro sse , W is. TYPICAL health hazards associated with weld ing were the most complex of all the problems to be coped with in setting up the welding shop for the Vocational and Adult Training School, La Crosse, Wis., to operate on a full twenty-four-hour-a-day basis. The most prevalent of the hazards was proper ventilation of the individual welding booths in which the students were trained. CANVAS CURTAIN $ Fig. 1. General layout of the booths. A canopy type hood was used with 60 sloping sides and tapered from a square bottom to a round top. The hood was mounted with the bottom ap proximately 6-in. above the top of the booth to give additional head room. Booth and the hood were sealed airtight around the sides and the back by con necting the two with sheet steel. Details. of this hood are shown in Fig. 2. In the hood near the bottom and fastened to the back of the hood was mounted the baffle. Space was left open along the two sides and part of the front. Part of the front was blocked off to permit mounting the light inside the booth. Basing the selection of air volume per booth on the recommended figures for ventilation of confined spaces, a figure of 750 cfm was chosen. This volume divided by 500 fpm (the chosen velocity) results in a figure of 1.5 sq ft. This is the approximate area of slot through which 750 cfm of air will pass per booth. The velocity is indicated as a chosen velocity. It approximates the continued upward air move- The individual booths were so set that table welding, overhead and shoulder height welding were permitted. Sides of each booth were made of mason ite Presdwood fastened to an angle iron framing. Each booth was fastened to the floor, and for rigidity all booths were tied together with an angle iron. In each booth is a table or work bench made of heavy iron plate, and supported on the booth frame at a point 36-in. above the floor. Space from the table top to the top of the booth, a distance of an other 36-in., was left open. Around the group of booths was placed a heavy canvas curtain to safeguard the eyes of others in the room from the ultra-violet rays of the welding arc. Since there are three points at which fumes would be produced, it was not possible to catch the gases immediately at the source. Instead, a practical compromise had to be found to catch most of the fumes as quickly and as close to the source as pos sible. A simple type of floor sweep hood was not practical since it did not cover the area required; A comparatively high velocity slot exhaust covering the working area seemed the most effective plan. Air flow into the welding booth by means of this exhaust would be away from the welder, as shown in Fig. 2. Fumes would thus rise to the top of the booth and into the high velocity slot. 62 A F i g . 2. D e t a il s o f a b o o th s e tu p . JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING ment, since it was not necessary to overcome a terminal settling velocity, or to transport particles in the vitiated air. Even though welding fumes are of greater density than the atmosphere into which they are discharged, the fact that they are warm enables them to rise. Therefore, it was only necessary to continue that upward movement of fumes. Step two in the design of the system is to establish the resistance pressures, .the branch and main duct sizes, and to compute by means of the design, the balance of the system. A convenient chart may be drawn for recording resistance pressures, velocities and points of balance, as shown in Fig. 3. The line diagram associated with the chart is a convenient means for determining piping lengths and also shows points at which balance is to be effected. Entrance loss into the hood may be found by con sidering the slot as an orifice in a thin plate. This loss plus that through the hood itself may be re corded in the table under 0 . L. (orifice loss). Com putations are as follows: Velocity pressure at 500 ft per min equals 0.02-in of water. The loss through an orifice in a thin plate (from the Guide), 2.5 to 3.0 times the V.P. (velocity pressure). Therefore, 3.0 x 0.02 equals 0.06-in of water. Entrance loss through the hood itself is 0.20 V.P. or 0.20 x 0.49, the velocity pressure representative of the velocity in Branch A-l. This equals 0.098 or 0 .10-in of water. Therefore, the total loss of head is 0.06 plus 0.10, or 0.16-in of water. By using the same volume for each hood and varying the velocity in the branches and in the maim, a balance (equivalent resistance pressure) may be obtained at the strategic points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, as shown in Fig. 3. In all cases, the resistance pressure may be com puted by using the number of pipe diameters in the straight pipe plus the equivalent diameters for the elbows (bends), and then dividing this total by a factor K (length in pipe diameters equivalent to one velocity pressure). For Point A to 1, the per cent of the V.P. is 0.340. This is obtained by dividing the total length in pipe diameters 20.4 -j- 60 (K for a 7-in pipe). Then, 0.340 x 0.49 (V.P. for Branch A -l) equals 0.167-in of water. O.L. plus R.P. equals the total loss of pressure that is present in A-l .or 0.332-in. of water. ( For Branch B -l, the velocity must be raised to obtain the same loss of pressure in B -l as in A-l (balance point). This can be done by decreasing the size of the branch. Then, too, the volume in the two branches must be kept the same. Likewise, in the case of A-2 against C-2, A-3 against D-3 and so on, the balance must be obtained as closely as possible to obtain the distribution of volume throughout the system. Points of balance are indicated by the two-pronged arrows. In selecting the proper fan and motor, the first consideration, of course, is the air ' volume to be handled. After the total air volume has been de termined, which in this case would be 750 x 7 or 5,250 cfm, consideration must be given to the static pressure to be maintained by the fan in order to produce air flow. In this design, the total pressure that must be maintained to provide air flow would be 0.793-in from Fig.' 3 loss through the fan and the K` LEN6TH IN P IP E D/A. 70 ONE VELOCITY P R E SS 5 ' 4 0 D tA'S ' 4" 4 5 s 5 " 50 6" 55 7" 60 a* 65 3 f Z Z ZZf X X X A B c = IC\ ^ F G 9 70 OVER - 70 % Ct B-C C-D F-E E-D NO. A. B f-2 C 2 -3 G F 4 -5 E 5 -3 D DIA. LFETN GDT/AH. BDAEOtNADD'SS 7" 4 .8 6 t2 .4 6'W 8 .9 ~ W ~ 3 3 .7 6'/zH 8 .9 HVz" 30 7 " 4. 6 w 1 2 .4 8 .9 B* 3 3 .7 6W 8 .9 ' //'/2* 30 5& 8 .7 1 -N PIPE VoOFV.R VEL D/A. .D tA 'S EP.M. 20.4 .3 4 0 2 8 0 0 8.9 . f 6 f 3 ? 5 0 3 .7 .0 5 3 3050 8 .9 .161 3 2 5 0 30 .4 2 8 3110 20.4 .3 4 0 2800 fiJ9 1161 32 50 3.7 A 5 3 3 0 5 0 8.9 .161 3 2 5 0 30 28 3110 8 .7 .166 4 5 5 0 U * s. P R ESSU R E V.P. R .P . .4 9 .167 .6 6 ,11 .5 8 ,0 3 .6 6 .11 .6 0 .2 5 7 .4 9 .167 .6 6 .11 .5 8 .0 3 .6 6 .11 .6 0 .2 5 7 1.28 .2 ) 3 LO SS O .L. .06+.10 6W S 1W S .06t10 W TOTAL L O S S VOL C E M . BR'CH M AIN B R 'CH M AIN A.31207 '*\1 775500 f4 4 0 1500 410F 750 -697* .3 2 7 ' ) ' 750 .4 1 0 l 750 2250 1500 ..4 1 0 A 1750 .6 97 * 2250 ~773 .7 9 3 750 FAOEVEL 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 Fig. S. Form, of c h a rt found helpful for recording data to balance the system. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 63 j 'll; I ; : i discharge to the atmosphere. The selection was made based bn one inch of static and 5,390 cfm which allows a little additional air for leakage. A general conclusion would be to use a fan with a non-overloading power characteristic. For this installation a general 1J4 hp motor was selected with a speed of 1,800 rpm, the brake horsepower on the fan being 1.22. On test, it was found that the velocity through the slots into the hoods varied from 400 to 600 fpm and the balance between the two ends of the main was within 7% of being exactly the same. The resistance through the hoods was found to be 10% above calculated values. To obtain some idea of the effectiveness of the system as a general ventilating system for the room, a yellow sulphur smoke bomb was discharged into the welding area around the booths while the fan was idle. Eight minutes after the fan was started, with no welding being done, the room had cleared to normal charity. Total volume of the room is 31,000 cu ft. With a total of 5,390 cfm being exhausted, there would be ten air changes in the room per hour. The number of air changes per hour for a garage where gases of greater toxicity are handled, should be 12. The system, therefore, is effective as a ventilating as well as an exhaust system. Ventilation for Radium Dial Storage Ventilation of spaces where radium dial instru ments are stored has been found necessary, accord ing to C. R. Williams and R. D. Evans, writing in a recent issue of the Journal of Industrial Hygiene and T oxicology. The authors concluded that: ( 1) The number of dials in any one location should be kept to an abso lute minimum (preferably below 1000 instruments); (2 ) The dials should be well scattered. It is advis able to keep the distribution on a horizontal rather than a vertical basis. Shelves should not be more than six feet high for vertical storage; (3) Dead spaces should be avoided. If possible, storage shelves should be located so that maximum air movement is through the aisles between the shelves. If space per mits, the aisleways should be at least 36 inches wide; (4) Dials should be kept on open shelves to prevent the accumulation of radon gas. Ventilation is re quired for closed cabinets; (5) If dials or instru ments are stored in a confined area, ventilation is imperative. Ventilation requirements--360 cfm for each 1000 dials. With some instruments from two to ten pointers will contain as much radium as the dials. With the completed instrument the ventilation should be increased accordingly up to 30% ; (6 ) Workers should be instructed to spend only an abso lute minimum of time in the areas where radium dials or instruments are stored. --------------------------------- / Off Again, On Again A IR currents sometimes behave in peculiar ways. .For example, consider the following occurrence: The total air handling capacity of the fans was 202,000 cfm. The supply fans were of the multi blade type and consisted of four 21,000 cfm units, three 35,000 cfm units and one 10,000 cfm unit. The remainder was in small exhaust units. The fan with which we are concerned was one of the 21,000 cfm units and was located on the ground floor. It was of top up angular discharge and was direct connected to an electric motor. Th discharge was connected into the side of a duct (or rather combination duct-plenum, since its cross section was uniform throughout), located over the corridor ceiling and running the length of the corridor--some two hundred feet. This duct was about thirty inches deep and eight feet wide. Branches were taken off the side of the duct at 90 d eg rees, each being provided with a deflector-, volume damper. For the upper stories, these branches connected to risers while for the ground floor, they led through the wall into the rooms. One of the openings, about one-third of the duct length away from the fan, supplied air to a ground floor room and, although the damper was wide open, this opening failed to deliver any air whatever; nor was there any indication of back flow. The .inside of the branch was visible right back to the duct, and was without obstruction of any kind. The writer had been through the duct and that was clear, also. The damper was set in various positions, but no matter what was its direction, no change in the air condition resulted. After vainly trying to secure a satisfactory adjustment, for some ten minutes, the damper was quickly closed and then ppened again. A satisfactory air flow was obtained immediately and the quantity was easily adjusted. The system has now been in operation for over thirty-two years and no further trouble has been experienced with this opening. No explanation of this phenomenon is offered be cause none is known. What caused the condition and why closing and opening the damper eliminated it, remains a mystery. Whatever the co n d itio n w as, it has apparently never since been duplicated.--John J. Woolfenden, Engineering Staff, Smith, Hinchman fcf Grylls, Inc., Detroit. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING e m, ito an A to l be er of e 'll Coal Steam Generation IR W IN R. HOFFMAN Fuel Engineer, Central Coal C o \, New York, N. Y. \ ; Coal is packaged.sunshine. Millions of years ago sunshine provided the . energy for growing the vast forests of the carboniferous era; petrified tree trunks from that period are mined today in the form of coal. It is our sub stitute, as necessity dictates, for the warming rays which produced it, as well as the principal source of energy for the present age of electricity. Until we move Into the age of the atom, coal will, probably dominate the fuel scene. The job,. th at.lies .ahead for,.coal Is..greater...adaptability. fpr-'effective and convenient uW, w e `eonv;e'rslbn of'more fuel energy Into useful heat and, an important corollary, the elimination of waste. The war effort has strongly emphasized these alms. We have come a long way since Pearl Harbor, and the outlook daily grows brighter. As the War in Europe approaches its close, the impression that we have come far is heightened by the knowledge of accomplishment. We can begin to make post-war blueprints. A T tid u te . o fi Q & at CONTINUING coal us ever nearer research brings our objectives. A s a safe and autom atic fuel in th e field of h e atin g and ste a m g e n e ra tio n , c o a l's a d a p ta b ili ty h a s g ro w n w ith th e developm ent of im proved com bustion m ethods and w ith th e grow ing feeling of dependence on c o a l's r e s e r v e s . T h e s e h a v e h e lp e d m ake th e production of coal m ined in th e U nited S tates exceed th e com bined value of all gold, silver, copper a n d iro n p roduced here.- Coal is a v ersatile fuel. It m ay be b u rn ed a s a solid, liquid or gas. In th e field of house h e a tin g alone, m ore th a n half the 40 m illion p rivate dw ellings and ap artm en t u n its re ceive th e ir h eatin g com fort from solid fuels. F inely pulverized and held in colloidal suspension, coal has been fired in th e form of a liquid; blow n into the furnace in pow dered form , it acts as a gas. R ussian engi neers have experim ented w ith the gasification of coal in th e m ines and piping it to burners, although prob lem s in th e u niform ity of th e gas quality m ust be w orked out before th is m ethod can become com m ercial ly practicable. P roducer gas m ade from coal, as w ell a s w a te r gas an d th e products from carbonization and hydrogenation of coal, a re o th er illus tra tio n s of coal's v e rs a tility a s a fuel. Som e d ata on th e classification of coals and know ledge of th e ir bu rn in g characteristics a re requisite aids w hen considering th e fuel problem . T his should be no less tru e of the hom e ow ner or ap artm en t builder th a n of th e engineer, arch itect and . ow ner of com m ercial, and in stitu tional properties. W hile i t 'i s true* th a t in som e localities th e choice of coal is lim ited, m ost fuel consum ers m ay choose from a w ide range. A n thracite, Of all coals, an th ra c ite m ay be placed in th e fro n t ran k of desirable fuels due to its cleanliness. W hile it does n o t have th e high h eat ing value of bitum inous, it burns w ithout sm oke and w ith a m inim um of attention. The agglutinating, or caking, quality of an th racite is nil, thereby perm itting easy passage of a ir during the burning process. For th is reason it is not necessary to dis tu rb th e fire and, in fact, th is feature is one of th e requirem ents for good ' operation. T he h ard stru ctu re reduc es d e g ra d a tio n a n d p e rm its easy flow, m aking an th racite a n ideal fuel for au to m atic operation w ith bin-feed ash COKE j H ARO -BU RN IN C MEOIUM TREE-BURNING A N T H R A C IT E TREE-BURNING ANTHRACITE A N T H R A C IT E Classification of coal* by composition rem over stokers. B urning qualities vary w ith the volatile content, but the differences in an th ra c ite coals are not so g re a t as in bitum inous. .H ere and there an exceptionally h ard stru ctu re coal m ay be found w hich is so h a rd to kindle th a t even P rom etheus w ith th e aid of fire bor ro w e d fr o m th e s u n 's c h a r io t m ig h t have experienced difficulty. B itum inous Coals. B itum inous coals are h ig h er in h e a t value, contain less ash th an anthracite, and are readily adaptable to m ost types of coal-burn ing equipm ent. H owever, they have a tendency to cake together w hen b u rn in g and m ust be broken to keep the fuel bed porous for uniform air d istrib u tio n . Low v olatile coals, know n as sem i-bitum inous or "sm oke less", generally cake h ard er than m edium or high volatile coals. They have a hig h er heating value and burn w ith less sm oke th a n the latter. B ut stro n g ly offsetting these p roperties is the m ore favorable burning charac te ristic of th e higher volatile coals. These usually cake less and hence do n o t re q u ire as m uch b re a k in g or "at tention. The im portance of this fea tu re cannot be over-estim ated; it m erits m ore attention than the data contained in coal analyses. F o r this reason increasing consideration is being given to the problem of neu: MOISTURE ASH LOW VO L. SE M I-B IT. M E D .V O L. B IT U M IN O U S HICH VOL. BITU M INO U S LIG N IT E on the basis of proximate analysis. AA . , ' . JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING (Left) Cross section of a bituminous burn ing retort stoker, showing air distri bution, as compared with a n t h r a c i t e stoker (right). tralizin g th e agglutinating properties of coal. Caking of Goals. M is ta k e n im p re s sions exist th a t caking coals do not e x p a n d in th e fire, while co k in g coals ex h ib it both caking an d ex panding properties. T he plain fact is th a t all bitum inous coals expand and cake w hen heated. As applied to coal burned in the boiler furnace, caking and coking have the sam e m eaning. In the coke industry, how ever, th e term s have varied signifi cance, and this is the basis for the m isunderstanding. C aking tendencies of coal can be reduced by carbonization, by p artial oxidation, and by chem ical tre a t m ent. C arbonization of bitum inous coal produces coke, w hich burns w ithout caking. P a rtia l oxidation by th e coking m ethod of firing, adm is sion of a ir below the p lastic zone in stokers, and by pneum atic coal feed ing reduce caking. O utcrop coals, due to w eathering, cake less th an deep m ine coals. W eath erin g causes coal to lose som e of its desirable burning characteristics through the absorption of m oisture and from the slow oxidation process. Therefore, som e m ixtures of outcrop an d deep m ine coal can be used, each contrib u tin g qualities w hich a re lacking in ' the other. M ixtures of coal w ith in e rt m aterials are also being studied for th e ir effect on neutralizing ag glutination. Chem ical tre a tm e n t in cludes soaking sm all sam ples of coal 14 d a y s in a 1% a q u e o u s c a u s tic soda solution, th en acidifying and w ashing. E xposing th e coal to an atm osphere of chlorine w eakens the a g g lu tin a n t Qoai'i P` AeAent Situation T he p resen t confusion In coal Is due to greatly expanded dem ands by th e w ar effort together w ith th e shift from oil to coal resulting from ra tioning. T he problem of adequate supplies fa r overshadow s considera tio n of choice. B u t In sp ite of bottle necks and labor shortages, coal pro duction Is rising. New operations ar being opened an d outcrop coals m ore g en erally considered. W hile th e flow of coal is being accelerated, It Is done a t som e sacrifice in p rep aratio n and q u ality . T he added supply Is w el come b u t it Is not enough to satisfy th e dem and. The situation next w in te r m ay p resent problem s m ore seri ous th a n th e last. C onsequently, heat ing and steam generating plan ts w ill have to m ake the m ost of w hatever fuels are available. Some blends, w elded of the very coals w hich are m ore plentiful th an others, w ill sur prise m any w ith th eir economy, be sides affording relief. The shortage of anthracite in the e ast im poses an added load on b itu m inous coal, th e p roduction of w hich is about ten tim es th a t of an th ra cite. M any p lan ts designed for h ard coal have tu rn ed to bitum inous. As an interesting consequence, the soft coal in d u stry , aside from efforts of its own, is w itnessing a trem endous educational cam paign in its favor. In its w ake w ill undoubtedly be a large num ber of converts, m any of w hom w ill rem ain from choice, and others from having it forced upon them through Investm ent in equip m ent. Follow ing the oil shortage, coal-burning installations w ere m ade in large num bers, equipm ent having been selected on the basis of delivery tim e, w hich w as th e com pelling fac tor. As a result, prejudice against coal in some q uarters is bound to be m agnified and a w ider v ariety of opinions expressed on subjects of handfiring, stokers and com petitive fuels to a greater extent th an ever before. B ut m any w ho dem anded convenience, reduced labor problem s and low er steam costs m ay have found th a t coal is a surprisingly good solution of th eir problem . P ost w ar coal-burning m ethods w ill crys tallize m any Im pressions in to convic tion. Pat-MaA U iiia o Goat T he post-w ar outlook of coal In cludes, first of all, cooperation from designers of h eating m ethods. Fuel economy and heating com fort do not begin w ith the furn ace; th ey begin w ith th e load. G reater h eatin g com fo rt a t low er cost w ith added health safeguards calls for th e elim ination of overheating, altern ate heatin g and chilling, excessive dryness, a n d Im proper tem perature regulation. T his can b e accom plished by m etering th e h e a t in p u t to each room by lndt- vidual controls, com bined w ith prop e r hum idification of th e air. A few years ago m echanical refrigeration in the residence and apartm ent was un h eard o f; now it is essential. In the post-w ar house and apartm ent personalized zone h eatin g w ill be ju s t as essential. H um idification provides com fort a t low er tem p eratu res; in dividual room controls insure proper heat. B oth w ill contribute added health safeguards, reduce the am ount of h eat required and th u s prom ote fuel economy. In the post-w ar period im portant resu lts can be expected from the 2% m illion dollar coal research program , launched last Septem ber. In the fore fro n t of th is program w ill be the developm ent of autom atic coal burn ers and new com bustion m ethods for greater adaptability in house heating units. From results attained by prior research it w ould seem th a t tnese m erit serious recognition by the bitum inous in d u stry for m aking coal a convenient fuel. Coal as an alm ost lim itless source for gasoline, gas fro m co al fo r th e n a tio n 's p ip e lin e s and, from th e popu lar p o in t of view, new m agics to riv al nylon, th e sul phas, plastics and the synthetic rub bers m ay be sketched into the post w ar v ista of coal. T he A n th racite In stitu te, th e B itum inous Coal In sti tute, and o th er laboratories of indus try are engaging in research for the future. It m ay w ell be th a t coal is heading' into an e ra w here it is destined to assum e m uch of the load form erly assigned elsew here. On th e basis of events in th e recen t past, planners fo r th e fu tu re w ill undoubtedly pay increased attention to the stability of coal as com pared w ith o ther fuels, particularly from the standpoint of natio n al policy. National Trends. D e p o sits o f coal are vast, com pared w ith the present m eager know n oil reserves in the ground. T he public view of oil as a national reserve of pow er reserved fo r aviation, autom otive m achines a n d In d u stria l p ro cesses, b u t a s illdirected energy for steam boiler fuel m ay crystallize in to n atio n al policy. A lready in operation abroad, hydro genation plants for producing liquid fuel from coal are in th e experi m ental stage in th is country. In the A xis countries th e consideration of HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, .1944 67 cost of th is m ethod is secondary to th e urgency of supply. A ll these fac to rs add up to increasing dependence on coal. B ut preceding and shaping the trend to coal is the arm y of p lant executives, engineers and fuel tech nologists. T h eirs w ill be th e job, not new, b u t of g reater significance, of correlating the burning characteris tics of coals w ith th e proper equip m ent. M ore fuel energy m u st be converted into useful heat. Funda m entals m ust be observed m ore care fully th a n ever before; for exam ple, h ig h volatile coals req u ire m ore com bu stio n space th a n low volatile coals, low er g rade coals m u st be fired a t low er com bustion rates, and equip m ent m u st be selected for successful operation w ith the coals th a t are in expensive and easily available. a TiaitrWa/b flleiPia-cU a-fi. jfiuAnuu}. Goal As one carry-over of present m eth ods, th e sm all heater, pot stove or furnace, due to low first cost, w ill apparently alw ays have a m arket. R epugnant to the engineer because of their u tter reliance on the hum an elem ent, th e ir popularity w ill con tinue unchecked. Handfiring. C o n tin u in g a s a r e li able standby of a w hole host of h e a t ing plants w here an th racite is avail able, a re dum ping g rates fo r buck w heat, rice, barley and certain blends. T his com bination' of equipm ent and fuel w ill be difficult to im prove on for the usual apartm ent building or com m ercial loft w here the superin ten d en t o r jan ito r is usually th e fire m an in addition to other duties. C leanliness w ith a n th racite is a tre m endous asset. Even if savings are possible w ith o th er m ethods, the urge w ill continue strong in favor of good handfiring. W ith proper type grates, w here the a ir flow is unim peded by too m uch m etal, good efficiencies can be m ain tained w ith either n atu ral or forced d ra ft operation, .but preferably w ith balanced d raft controls. A w ell de signed ' a ir flow g ra te can low er fuel consum ption by as m uch as 25% com pared w ith th e pin hole type. The p in hole g rate is a requisite w hen very high static pressures m ust be carried. G rates w ith larg er a ir spac es, som etim es in com bination w ith a propeller type fan, because of its dif fusing a ir action under the grates, in conjunction w ith sensitive pres su re controls, m ake sim ple an d effec tive com bustion system s. E qually im p o rta n t is th e low first cost and negligible up-keep expense. No less m ay be said of the stationary and shaking grate for an th racite or bi tum inous w here incom e and o th er Stoker shipments prior to World War II reflected the tremendous demand for automatic coal heat. The sharp rise in stoker shipments was mainly due to increased demand for small heating and steam generating units. considerations m ay m ake investm ent in o th er m ethods unfeasible. Magazine Feed. T h e g r a v ity feed, or m agazine feed boiler for a n th ra cite pea o r buckw heat w ill also con tinue popular, but m ainly for the reason th a t it m inim izes furnace a t tention. G ravity feeds coal dow n to replace the fuel w hich sh rin k s to ash in th e b u rning process. The low er th e a sh content in th e coal, th e m ore efficient th e operation. T he length of th e firing period is lim ited m ainly by th e capacity of the m agazine coal hopper.'' Since th is fu rn ace is 'co n tained in the boiler un it, th e cost is h ig h er th a n th e conventional boiler. The m agazine feed u n it should be regarded as a com bination stoker an d boiler- - ' Screw-Feed Stoker. T h e screw -feed stoker, introduced com m ercially in th e e a r ly 1920's, w a s re s p o n s ib le fo r m ak in g coal a n au to m atic fuel a t low expense for the great m ajority of heating plants. Indeed, no t only the coal industry but m illions of con sum ers should feel greatly indebted to it, for th is m ethod m ade m echani cal firin g possible in th e v a st field of sm all heating plants form erly tended by hand. * D esigned from shrew d observation th a t the m ost effective b u rn in g zone in a sto k er is directly above the tuyeres, this de v ice pioneered th e com plete elim ina tion of side grates. Today num erous m a n u fa c tu re rs build, st,ock an d d is trib u te screw-feed stokers so w idely th a t they m ay norm ally be obtained w ith ease to .fit evej-y ty p e a n d size of heating and steam generating boiler w herever coal is used. W ith new post-w ar appurtenances of im proved coal and ash handling appara tus, they should continue th eir p h e nom enal rate of application. The rate of increase in shipm ents of autom atic coal burners in the past decade has been fa r higher th an th a t of oil bu rn ers, w hile the heating cost w ith the form er is considerably less. F o r an th racite, the screw-feed stoker operates w ell w ith buckw heat o r rice coal; w hile w ith bitum inous coals, a free caking coal w hich w ill 68 JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING o~ai Heating, and iPjteam StneAaUan spread out over the tuyeres and dead plate is best. S trong caking coals w ill form m asses of coke, w hich m ust be broken dow n w ith slice bars or forks. C linker should be com pact, rath er th an the type w hich ru n s free ly in th e fire and is difficult to re move. A ny size up to 2% in. screen ings m ay be used, b u t a preferred size is % x % in. A sh co n ten t and heat value are of no p articu lar con sequence so long as th e b u rning characteristics are favorable and no difficulty w ith h e a t or steam in g is en countered. A n im portant feature is the m eans by w hich proper m ixtures of a ir and coal are m aintained. Ju s t as particu lar atten tio n is paid to an engine carburetor, so the a ir reg u lato r is a vital p a rt of th e unit. I t is im portant th a t the air-coal ratio be m aintained constant regardless of changing fuel bed conditions and consequent v ari ations in w indbox pressures. T he choice of a p a rtic u la r m ake of stoker should be governed largely by the design and by the organization behind it and its ability to m aintain an efficient service in th e com m unity. Retort Stokers. T h e sin g le a n d double re to rt underfeed stoker, feed ing coal to the furnace by m eans of a plunger or ram , w ill be another carryover into the post-w ar period. T his type of stoker is b etter able to handle stro n g coking coals because of the breaking action on the fuel bed by th e ram . A n efficient stoker w ill distrib u te the coal properly over the entire grate surface, bringing in to effective operation th e m axim um , b u rn in g area, and bringing down the com bustion rate. T he la tte r feature is th e m ost im portant factor govern ing good operation and boiler output. M any poor grade coals often operate w ell in am ply sized stokers providing 'lo w com bustion rates w hile neigh boring plants are having considerable difficulty w ith high grade coals in undersized equipm ent, necessitating high com bustion rates. Neutralizing Caking. T o im p ro v e o p eratio n w ith stro n g caking coals, a t least som e post-w ar designs w ill a ttem p t pre-oxidation of the coal be fore it reaches the plastic stage. A t tem pts a t breaking the coke form a tio n by m echanical m eans w ill also be m ade. A sim ple and effective m ethod suggests itself for exploding th e coke in th e fire by fine w ater jets arranged in the tuyeres. The sudden generation of sm all volum es of steam w ill act to break a p a rt th e caking m ass and perm it proper a ir distribu tion. O peration of th e je ts can be tied in w ith the' coal feed fo r effec tiv e con tro l, on a n d off p erio d s obvi ously being required. Chain Grate Stokers. T h e tr a v e l lin g chain g rate fo r bitum inous coals has no application to the sm all h eat ing plant. F o r larg er boilers this stoker offers decided advantages in its ab ility to handle a w ide range of coals w ith n a tu ra l or forced draft, and the cheaper sizes m ay be utilized efficiently. Sm oke elim ination is easi ly a ttain ed as the fuel is not agi tated. Cost of in stallatio n , due to expensive furnace design, is usually higher th an w ith underfeed stokers. F or burning sm all anthracite, the chain grate stoker has no peer. T his type_ sto k e r, b e c a u se of its p ro m ise in post-w ar realities, w ill probably be g reatly im proved fo r use in house hold furnaces and in larg er heating plants. Producers and consum ers alike of anthracite coal have been neglectful of its good qualities and possibilities. T his condition has prob ably been caused by th e g reat over shadow ing publicity enjoyed by the screw-feed stoker types. O riginally designed for large boiler furnaces, it has in recen t years been adapted to sm all h eatin g p lan ts w ith steel fire box and sectional boilers. G eographi cally lim ited, an th racite deposits lim it this stoker to the east. A com bin atio n of clean, sm okeless, low cost fuel, plentiful supply and autom atic control m akes th e sm all chain grate stoker ideal for hom es, schools, a p a rtm e n t a n d office b u ild in g s a n d sm all in d u strial plants. New designs are req u ired to fit th is sto k er to these needs. Revolving Grate Stokers. O ne ty p e of revolving grate stoker, of radical design, featu res a revolving conical grate, instead of the straig h t line feed. T his u n it receives coal directly from the bin; coal then passes th rough a hollow tube extending to the g rate level a t the apex of the cone. T he fuel, rice or barley, is car ried around th e furnace w hile the b u rning process is com pleted. A hol low baffle b a re ly sc ra p in g th e g ra te retard s the ash, w hich is conveyed by a sim ple m echanism to the ash receptacle. T he opposite w all of the baffle b ack s up th e coal as it feeds from th e tu b e to th e g rate. T he blow er, tied in w ith th e coal feed, effects the desired com bustion control. Small Traveling Grates. O ne of th e stra ig h t line chain grate m odels in cludes a trav ellin g g rate so designed th a t drop-links act as a scraper con veyor on th e re tu rn trav el to the fro n t of the boiler. As the links ap p roach th e ash p it, th ey drop dow n to bring forw ard the ash and drop it into a receptacle. On arriv al a t the fro n t sprocket, they flatten out to form the g rates for holding the fuel. , Still another type features a sepa rate and d istin ct ash conveyor w hich carries th e ash to cans placed either a t the rear of boiler or in the front of the stoker. T his type is especially desirable fo r steel firebox and selfcontained boiler units. The ash con veyor m ay be arran g ed to dispose of the refuse directly a t the curb for collection by garbage or sanitation employees. T his is accom plished by endless scraper chains operating in flexible tubes extending from base m en t to curb, and buried below the sidew alk o r law n. The sam e ash conveying m ethod m ay be em ployed w ith screw-feed stokers and other com bustion m ethods. Schematic diagram O- X of general arrange ment of unit coal pulverizer and boiler. HEATING AND VENTILATING', JUNE, 1944 69 Qwat Heating. and dtteam S^neAatwn Gravity or magazine feed anthracite burning boiler, showing coal storage magazine, inclined grate and self feeding or stoking feature. Coke as a fuel is also recommended. Rear-Feed, Traveling Grates. Of a ll th e chain g rates w hich are being projected fo r post-w ar developm ent, the m odel w hich is arousing the' g reatest speculation and w hose de ta ils are enveloped in deep m ystery, th e rear-feed stoker offers splendid solutions to several problem s. T hree factors seem to have ham pered ap plication of chain grate stokers to sectional and steel boilers:-- the prob lem of m echanical ash disposal; aw kw ard location of coal hopper be cause of obstruction of firing door an d free view of th e fire; an d th e cost involved in a rra n g in g fo r m e chanical ash rem oval. . T he re a r feed m odel seem ingly solves all these problem s a t one stroke. In addition, it offers coal feed d ire c t from b in to fire. T he coal enters the furnace by m eans of a screw conveyor to re a r of stoker. Sim ply by spilling over on th e grate, ' v 70 coal feed is effected w ith o u t hoppers and w ithout th e costly and bulky construction. M ore im portant still, the grate m oves tow ard th e front of the furnace, not aw ay from it as in p resen t designs. T hus a clear view m ay alw ays be had of th e fire from th e stan d ard fro n t door of th e boiler. B est of all, th e a sh is dropped a t th e front, w here it can be hand-shoveled aw ay o r m echanically disposed of w ith the conventional conveyor di rect to cans. Stoker drive, coal feed, and ash conveyor lend them selves to easy, convenient and inexpensive a r rangem ent. P rim arily designed to utilize th e cheapest sizes of a n th ra cite, th e u n it also burns bitum inous coals of free caking types. T he g reat est dem and for th is stoker w ill un doubtedly com e from ap artm en t h o u se a n d office b u ild in g h e a tin g plants, w here lack of experienced firem en has called for th e use of larger-sized a n th ra c ite coals req u ir ing little firing attention. Conse quently, com paratively costlier coals w ere necessitated. The rear feed stoker, autom atically m aintaining good com bustion w ith plentiful and cheap fuels, seem s to solve a g reat problem w ith sim plicity. Pulverized Coal. P u lv e riz e d coal burners are presently designed for b o ile rs of 13,000 sq u a re fe e t o f r a d i ation and upw ards. U tilizing bitu m inous coal in th e form of a gas, they a re applied to all types of boilers if th e flam e c le a ra n c e is a t le a s t 10 feet. Post-w ar design aim s a t short ening and w idening th e flame, an d a m odel for. house furnaces is u nder consideration. T he efficiency of com bustion is very high, w hile the ash disposal problem is g reatly sim pli fied. A s m ost of th e a sh fro m th e coal Jeaves the furnace w ith the products of com bustion, d u st collec to rs m u st be em ployed. These are com posed of static elem ents arranged in th e sm oke pipe or breeching w hich deflect th e a sh an d cause it to col lect a t a point convenient for re m oval. A n im portant advantage of th is com bustion m ethod is th e ability to use a n extrem ely w ide ran g e of b itu m inous coals. T he g rin d a b ility index d eterm ines th e su ita b ility of th e coal, a n d a n in d ex of 100 in d ic a te s a coal of very favorable stru ctu re, easily reduced to pow der. To aid in the pulverization, th e coal is heated w ith preheated a ir or w ith gases direct from th e furnace. C om bustion of pow dered coal is rap id an d com plete. I t is in terestin g to note th a t w hile pulverizers require a soft coal of high g rin d ab ility -index, stoker coals should be of h a rd stru c tu re an d low g rin d a b ility , often a s low a s 26. A u n it pulverizer projected for the house-heating p lan t com bines advan tages of gas and oil firing a t a frac tion of the cost. One design features a self-contained boiler u n it, receiving coal d irectly from th e bln, an d blow ing th e pow dered fuel through a nozzle in th e roof of th e furnace. A dvantages of th is m odel are m axi m um flam e travel, large furnace volum e, increased ra d ia n t h e a t su r faces and reversible gas travel, so effective in se p a ra tin g o u t th e fly ash. A sh is collected in a pocket from w hich It is flushed to th e sew er a t occasional intervals. Spreader Stokers. T h e s p re a d e r stoker holds m uch prom ise fo r post w ar developm ent. Its com bustion m ethod prom otes increased capacity and efficiency a t h ig h er com bustion ra te s w ith m ost bitum inous coals. T his is a d istin c t advantage. A ll th e cheaper sizes of coal m ay be used and screenings up to in. are easi ly handled. T he coal is blow n into the furnace, the fines b u rn in g in sus pension and the coarser particles on the grates. Furnaces operating at h ig h er capacities effect a g reater degree of pre-oxidation of th e coal. T his in tu rn aids increased burning rates per square foot of grate area w ith a m inim um of caking. The fuel thus form ed on the grates requires no agitation o th er th an th a t caused by the forced blast of air from the under-grate blow er. T he fuel bed rests on a layer of ash, elim inating one of the chief causes of clinkering --m ixing of ash and fuel. T he a ir stream carry in g the coal to the fu r nace en ters a t rig h t angles to the under-grate blast, contributing a high degree of turbulence conducive to good com bustion. The problem of coal h andling is m inim ized by th is feeding m ethod as th e fuel can be blow n to th e furnace from long distances or points either below o r above th e firin g room floor. L im ited space ceases to control the type of equipm ent w hich can be placed In fro n t of a boiler. O nly suf ficient room fo r placing th e nozzles and tubes need be available. A n im portant advantage of this m ethod is the ability to use hot air or gas from the furnace for preheat ing th e fuel and th e secondary air. Efficiencies m ay be m ain tain ed in th e neighborhood of 80% a t high capaci ties. A n increase in steam generat ing capacities of 10% to 35% m ay be obtained from existing boiler in stal lations w ith th is system . One type of spreader stoker com bining m echanical and pneum atic features^ h as dem onstrated m arked ability to handle w e t coals. T he cheapest sizes m ay be used up to JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Moat fab Heating, and diteam S^neAation 2 in. Feed screw s and coal ag itato rs in th e hopper insure continuous feed ing. H opper agitators, incidentally, should be a required feature of all soft coal stokers. In th is stoker the feeding screw s are arranged in a row extending the w idth of the furnace. U nder each screw a controlled b last of a ir blow s th e coal over th e fire, th e fines b u rn ing in suspension and th e larger pieces. dropping on the grates. As each feeder is adjustable, desired aircoal ratio s m ay be obtained. V ery little pow er is required to operate th is equipm ent. T he coal is conveyed only a sh o rt distance by th e feeder screw. T he a ir stream sim p ly blow s th e coal off a feed in g shelf a short distance above the g ra te level. C onsequently sm all m o tors an d blow er are possible. The im portant advantages of this equipm ent are lim ited space required for installation and ab ility to step up com bustion rates to m eet heavier steam dem ands, in addition to the h a n d lin g of w et coals. T he sp read er stoker has enjoyed g re a t popularity in th e m idw est for som e years. Post w ar practice w ill undoubtedly find in creasing application of th is equip m ent in the east. Colloidal Fuels. C o llo id al fu e ls r e ceived exaggerated publicity during th e oil shortag e. I t w as proposed to supplem ent th e oil supply w ith a m ixture of pulverized coal held in colloidal suspension in heavy fuel oil. In th e cu rren t em ergency along th e A tlantic seaboard, advocates pic tu red colloidal fuel saving large oil gallonage. E xpectations have not been justified due to th e difficulties w ith colloidal fuels. W e have a n am ple supply of coal, u n d er norm al conditions, w hich can be burned w ith excellent results and few problem s. Our m ethod of burn in g oil have also been developed to a h ig h d e g ree e n ta ilin g little diffi culty. B u t pow dered coal an d oil, b u rn in g w ell separately, present m any problem s w hen com bined. The flam e flares ou t from th e b u rn er m ore th a n oil alone, carbon m asses accum ulate on the bu rn er th ro at, th e oil ignition system does n o t ignite th e colloidal fuel, it is n o t possible to carry the sam e boiler load as w ith oil due to th e difficulty of supplying enough secondary a ir in the rig h t spots, the fuel requires a stronger suction if it is to be pum ped from underground tanks, th e fuel is abra sive and cuts the b urner tip, heavy sm oke is caused w hen starrin g up w ith a cold furnace, th e control valve tends to clog and m ust be cleared a t frequent intervals,' aiid finally the com bustion efficiency o f coal-in-oil is a p t to be less th a n th a t of oil. These a re th e conclusions rep o rted from te sts a t th e A tlantic R efining Com pany, th e C am bria S ilk M ills a n d the N ational A iroil B urner Company, all in P hiladelphia. A sufficiently stable suspension w as used of 40% bitum i nous coal by w eight, ground 98% to 99% th ro u g h a 230 m esh screen. If th e coal is n o t g round to th is fine ness, difficulty m ay be encountered from unstable suspensions. The b est opportunity for th e suc cessful use of colloidal fuel w ould appear to be in th e larg er industrial plants w here expert operating per sonnel is em ployed. T he m ixed fuel h a s so m e a d v a n ta g e fo r s h ip s b e cause of th e g reater h eating value on a volum e b asis as com pared w ith oil or coal alone. A m ixture of 45% pow dered coal and 55% heavy oil of 18.9 A P I w e ig h s 10.6 lb p e r g allo n , over 2 lb m ore th an oil alone. The specific g ra v ity is 1.28; th e visco sity , 51 se c o n d s a t 210P a n d 277 seco n d s a t 130F, w hile th e w eight p e r cubic fo o t is 79.29 p o u n d s. As an em ergency m easure, such a m ixed fuel m ay be justified, bu t the preparation of the coal m akes the cost equal to or g reater th an th a t of oil. B ecause pow dered coal is an excellent fuel by itself a t low er cost, th e peacetim e econom y of colloidal fuel for stationary heating or steam generating plants has not been proved and does n o t ap p ear likely. C02 FUEL LOSS GonUold. Indications are th a t post-w ar de sign w ill include recognition of con densate and steam tem peratures as desirable startin g points for com bus tion control. A closer tie-in w ith w eather conditions also is indicated. T he m aintenance of air-fuel ratio s th ro u g h CO, v a ria tio n s in th e flue g a s a n d th r o u g h o v e rfire d r a f t changes w ill m erit ever-increasing attention. C om bustion control from . steam p ressu re alone or from a com bination of pressure and tem perature regulation is far from satisfactory. P ressure control m ethods rested the responsibility for com fortable indoor tem peratures entirely on the janitor, superintendent or firem an. T he room th erm o stat w as com pletely a t the inercy of th e occupant to tam per w ith it for his individual .preference. D oor and w indow openings through carelessness alone m ight s ta rt up th e Btoker, re su ltin g in u n n ecessary fuel consum ption. Condensate Temperature Controls. O ne of sev eral m ethods w ould elim - inate these haphazard effects by Scale of preventable fuel losses, based on 500F flue gas temperature, pure carbon fuel. Post-war methods should provide for more plants in the upper two zones. (From Hays and Sprague). using the tem perature of the con densate in the re tu rn lines as an in d icator of steam -filled heatin g sys tem s. It is obvious, of course, th a t so long as th e re tu rn s continue hot, th e ra d ia to rs a re filled w ith steam . A s th e ra d ia to rs cool, th e re tu rn s w ill cool also. A th e rm o sta t placed on th e re tu rn line w ould m easure the tem perature of the returning condensate. W hen the tem perature dropped to a point w hich indicated a rap id ly cooling h eatin g system , fu rn ace operation w ould begin. As th e re tu rn s grew hot, furnace oper atio n w ould stop, reg ard less o f p res sure control and therm ostat read ings. T he fact th a t th e rad iato rs w ere filled w ith steam w ould insure a n in crease in inside tem peratures. In th e m eantim e com bustion w ould cease; , deliberate or accidental effects on th e th erm o stat w ould be (HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 71 (CJ SUGGESTEDARMNCEMENT O F WATER JE T S FOR exnoom coke FO R M AT/O H /H UWOERFEED STOKER c r ie TM e o ,u te r ' Z l 7? Me? m A r < "` n o o se -H e m no pouveiuxe*. '-V'*^ l.1<"' R-v~' ' Qaai fa i Heating, and Meant dngation. Natural draft spreader type stoker. Compare with top figure on page 77. This spreader type can handle larger sizes of coal and.produces uniform coal distribution over grates. elim inated, an d fuel w ould be con served. C onversely, w hen steam pressure com es up to th e desired point, th e b u rn e r w ould stop, som etim es before th e re tu rn s a re hot. In m ild w eath er th e th erm o stat m ight control opera tion by rem aining "off" w hen both th e p ressu re control and re tu rn line th erm o stat call for heat.' T hus th ere w ould be com plete coordination am ong all th ree control m ethods w orking as a u n it to in eter th e exact am ount of steam required to h eat th e building. The in terv als betw een the actuated room or steam instru m ents on one hand and the conden sate indicator on th e o th er a re m ul tiplied m any tim es in actu al opera tion. T hese intervals a re a direct m easure of th e fuel saved. T heir effect, it m ay be seen, is to lengthen th e "off" period of b u rn e r operation. I t is also clear th a t success w ith th is m ethod depends on th e proper location of th e condensate therm o sta t. W hile full details m ay, n o t a t th is tim e be divulged, i t is obvious th a t th e th erm o stat should.be placed on th e re tu rn line, if th e re a re sev eral, w hich h eats up la s t O therw ise furnace operation w ould stop before all p arts, of the system w ere w arm . Furtherm ore, the tem perature set tings on the instrum ent m ust be de term ined experim entally in each in dividual building. L en g th of re tu rn lines, size of building, location of heating p lan t w ith resp ect to risers, degree of building exposure and n atu re of clim ate all affect th e tem peratu re lim its of operation. The resu lts w ith th is m ethod, how ever, as indicated in a num ber of experi m ental installations in buildings ow ned by a N ew Y ork C ity savings bank, have been gratifying. J In co njunction `w ith th is m ethod and also independently of it; a th e r m ostat placed in th e steam m ain n ear th e boiler m ay be substituted, for th e pressure control. T he g reater sensitivity of steam tem peratures as com pared w ith pressure m akes pos sible closer control over com bustion.. In one of the p lants m entioned above it w as found th a t th e building (a sm a ll. m ulti-fam ily hbuse) could be heated w ith a steam -tem perature of 210F. T he significance of th is tea- : tu re should n o t be overlooked. A t 210F th e w ater in th e boiler is ho t steam ing. It is m erely producing vapor. W hile th is effect is ex tra ordinary in large buildings, it should n o t be uncom m on in residences, one or tw o story buildings, and tax payers. W eather Controls. T he effect ob tained from condensate-tem perature com bustion control is also realized w ith exceptional efficiency through another m ethod. T he elim ination of local effects on th erm o stats and of dependence on pressure , regulators has led to placing steam supply to a building on th e very basis on w hich heating system s are designed--the w eather. W ith th is m ethod com bus tion is controlled from a w eatheractuated th erm o stat located on the outside . of th e building. O utdoor tem peratures control the length of tim e th e burner shall operate. In colder w eath er th e "on" period is autom atically increased w hile on m ild w in ter days th e heating system m a y b e o p e r a te d fo r p o s s ib ly 15 m in utes out of every hour. W hen the outdoor tem p eratu re rises above 65F, all heating is stopped and therm o static ho t w ater control com bined w ith "holdfire" operation take over. In severe w eather the heating sys tem approaches constant operation as it n ears design tem perature. Theo retically, th e h eatin g system w ill be a t 100% useful operation a t design tem perature, th e basis on w hich it w as designed by the architect or heating engineer. C onsideration had long been given to th e problem of co-relating boiler or furnace opration w ith th e out door tem perature. T his m ethod ap p ears to com bine th is advantageous feature w ith th a t of practicability. The ap p aratu s is of sim ple design and operates to achieve th e desired resu lts. T he hum an elem ent is elim inated in m arked degree. In conven tional m ethods inside tem peratures lag b u t w ith th is system w eather changes are anticipated as the heat ing cycle is im m ediately adjusted to ' m eet variations in outside tem pera ture. T he control goes into action to counterbalance th e effect before room tem p eratu re is affected. On installation, the regulator is set to th e tim e w hen furnace opera tion should begin. Once th e building is up to desired tem perature, the b u rn e r o p erates only fo r a fixed pe riod in a tim e cycle. H eatin g sys tem s in different p arts of th e country call for ad ju stin g th e reg u lato r to d e sig n te m p e ra tu re . A b a s e o f OF w ould obviously require a sh o rter operating cycle th an one of -- 10F. T he reg u lato r m ay also be used to operate th e furnace a few m inutes through each of the night hours as 74 JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING rj J&aai fioA Ueatincj, and diteam S&iekation t a su b stitu te io r "banking," to ru n a to find favor in th e post-w ar period a ctu a ted by risin g and falling steam circulating pum p on a hot w ater heating system periodically through are draftostat, barom etric dam per, pressure-operated dam per and in pressure. Pressure Controls. T h e o ld e st fo rm th e n ig h t to m inim ize freeze-ups, o r to operate a boiler dam per to pre duced d raft fan. Draft Controls. A fin ely b a la n c e d of autom atic dam per regulation is the positive acting pressure type. v en t th e fire in a hand-operated fur barom etric d ra ft control sensitive to W ith th is m ethod th e variation in n ace from going out. I t is believed slig h t changes in d ra ft can m ain tain steam dem and acts to ad ju st th e I th a t post-w ar operation w ill accord breeching conditions co n stan t despite sm okepipe, breeching o r m ain dam per increasing recognition to th is versa v ariatio n s in burning ra te and a ir to provide th e necessary d raft for tile m ethod of com bustion control, supply. It is actu ated by th e dif com bustion control. T he dam per heating regulation and conservation ference in furnace and stack drafts, m ovem ent m ay be actuated directly of fuel. CO, Combustion Controller. I n th e and adjusts them by varying the air intake to th e sm ope pipe in th e m an by m eans of a diaphragm or by a hydraulic piston. T he step type is furnace, g reater accuracy of air-fuel n e r of a check draft. In very ho t greatly favored over th e full open regulation is possible through con boiler room s th e dam per also acts to or closed dam per; sta n t and autom atic coordination exhaust th e h o t a ir to th e stack. A nother dam per of sim ple design w ith th e CO, co n ten t in th e flue gas. T he pow er operated dam per accom and especially sensitive action can P re se n t m ethods of controlling air plishes th e sam e purpose through control com bustion so closely th a t supply for com bustion are based on positive control. O verfire d ra ft va steam m ay be varied in ounces. It coal feed. One of th e post-w ar riatio n s are tran sm itted through a operates on the principle of balanc m ethods w ill utilize th e conductivity diaphragm to a m otor m echanism ing steam p ressu re w ith a colum n of carbon dioxide gas. T he changes w hich v aries a d am p er in th e of w ater. T he liquid level, rising in electric c u rre n t flowing th ro u g h a breeching. T he action of th e dam per and falling w ith changes in steam w ire passed through th e flue gas is grad u ated , p erm ittin g close con pressure, tra n sm its the action to a w ould be used to actu a te a secondary trol. T his equipm ent m ay also be floating vessel. The m ovem ent of air control. T his could be arranged to operate a dam per in an auxiliary air duct from the m ain fan or from a sm aller blow er for th is purpose. T he secondary a ir supply w ould co u n teract any deficiencies in the air-fuel ratio a t any point in the furnace. T he a ir th u s supplied w ould be en tirely independent of th e fuel- feed. I n sm a ll p la n ts , a p a rtm e n ts , office an d com m ercial buildings th e loss due to unburned gases is prob ably very great. T his m ethod of CO, com bustion control w ould m ake its g reatest contributions in plants of th ese types. W ell-trained p er sonnel in expertly-m anned boiler room s m ay n o t find a s g re a t a need for th is system , com pared w ith those now in use. Firing Signals. A w a r n in g sig n a l for blow -holes in handfired o r m e chanically fed fuel beds is also being developed. The signal w ould be sounded w hen burned out spots ap peared in th e fire, causing in-rush of excess a ir an d co n sequent low er flue gas tem perature. To m ake th e ( m ethod of operation inexpensive, th e expansion and contraction of a w ire placed in th e sm okepipe w ould be used to m easure th e tem p eratu re changes. T he calibration of th e in stru m e n t w ould m ake it ad ap tab le to various types of plants. In addi tion to attractin g th e atten tio n of th e firem an o r o perator to th e condi tio n of th e fire, th e signal could also be em ployed to sum m on th e part- tim e jan ito r from h is w orkshop or from o th er duties w hen his fire w as b u rn in g low. C om bustion controls th ro u g h im proved m ethods or d raft regulation now in pse and w hich w ill continue Effect of storage of coal on Its agglutinating value as determined by acceler ated oxidation. Curve from Bureau of Mines data. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 75 V. Goal fab Heating, and dUecutv S^rieAalian Bin-feed mechanical coal burner showing ash-removal-at-curb feature. This is one of the features in the proposed fully automatic stoker. the vessel is quite pronounced as a variation in ounces of pressure pro duces a change of several inches in th e w a te r level. S tack dam per, ash p it doors, or check dam per m ay all be separately or sim ultaneously op erated by th is m echanism . W here steam gauges are not sufficiently sensitive to reg ister p ressu re in ounces, direct readings m ay be had on a w ater colum n attach ed to th e cylindrical vessel containing the liquid and float. By m eans of th is m ethod, a tig h t heating system m ay be k e p t fille d w ith o n ly a fe w o u n c e s of steam , so close m ay com bustion be controlled. Induced Draft Control. In d u ced draft fans m ay be used to create artificial overfire d raft w hen long sm okepipe trav el provides g reat resistance, w here n atu ral d raft is insufficient o r w hen it is necessary to elim inate large stacks. T he con struction is costly as the equipm ent m ust handle hot furnace gases. I t is especially im portant to have tig h t boiler settings w here th is m ethod is used in o rder to prevent infiltration of excess air. Good resu lts w ith a coal in a specific p la n t indicate th a t fo r a fixed se t of conditions, th a t coal is good. The degree of success of this coal in another plant is directly proportional to the degree of sim ilarity in th e tw o plants. H aving determ ined all th e conditions w hich are best satisfied by a coal or group of coals, it m ay th en be assum ed th a t u n d er iden tical conditions in any o th er plant, those coals are de sirable fuels. T hus, a com pilation of plant variables m ay be com pared w ith a list of coals w hich perform w ell u n d er those conditions. T his is th e principle w hich w as used by Roy E m m ert in his copyrighted Coalfax m ethod and w hich appears to be the basis, from available inform ation, of A L-- ll II th e system being tried by the N ational A ssociation of Purchasing A gents. The C oalfax m ethod uses four headings for p lan t conditions:-- E quipm ent, Load, O peration, R esults. U nder each h eading is a long list of variables covering every conceivable condition. In applying th e system to a specific plant, each variable as it a p p lie s to th a t p la n t, is ch e c k e d off. The resulting list is com pared w ith coals w hich a re suitable for th a t list of variables. Prom otion of this m ethod has been held in abeyance as a resu lt of the p resen t confusion inx th e coal m ar ket. A s th is m ethod of selection is based purely on history of perform ance and ignores specifications and analyses as such, a m ore equitable d istrib u tio n of coals should follow. W ide application of th is system m ay conceivably bring a large group of coals to th e a tte n tio n of consum ers who hitherto made purchases based largely on specifications w hich those coals did n o t m eet. So:called low grade coals w ould find a w ider m ar k et if they had produced good re sults in any one plant. The higher grade coals w ould also becom e avail able to a larger num ber of consum ers w hose p lan ts w ould be m ost benefited. In the final analysis, com m ercial efficiency tra n scen d s th erm al efficiency. GAo-Lcc Go-cdd. The proper application of coals is m easured by th e ability of equip m ent to handle them and by the Qaa &eeean. ir CONTROLLER The history of system atic coal se lection is alm ost a blank. A clear process of procedure is open to the buyer of every com m odity necessary, to th e operation of a building o r a business, w ith but. one exception, coal. T h e N atio n al A ssociation of P urchasing A gents has show n som e progress tow ard establishing the purchase of coal on som ething like a scientific basis. Post-w ar practice w ill see th is type of m ethod dvel-' oped and carried further. i id ] TRANSE^ TO ELECT INLET f! AUXILIARY DUCTS,r FROM STOKER / FAN OR INDEPENDENT --- BLOWER-'7' Aj r - v Diagrammatic arrangement of CO, system controlling combustion by Intro ducing additional secondary air supply. Use of an auxiliary blower for this purpose is preferable. . 76 1 .. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Sketch showing one type bin-feed spread er stoker with forced draft o p e r a t i o n . Compare with figure on page 74. com parative cost of m aking steam . By-products of costly prepared sizes are cheap and it w as for the pur pose of th eir econom ic utilization th a t m echanical stoking m ethods w ere devised. The objective of m ak ing coal a com fortable fuel to handle w as a secondary one, although of a t least equal im portance from the view point of certain types of cus tom ers. A daptability to m echanical firing is indicated by coal ch aracteristics generalized in the follow ing, w here (A) in d icates kin d s of coal, (B) th eir ash fusion tem p eratu re, and (C) size of coal: I. F o r screw -feed d e a d p la te s to k e rs: (A) Free-burning, non-caking bi tum inous coals because of non-agitation in uniform feed ing rate; an th racite No. 1 buckw heat or rice coal; (B) H igh ash fusion tem perature due to high burning rate ne cessitated by lim ited zone of a ir adm ission to fire; (C) S creened or u n screen ed sizes up to 2 in.; preferred sizes are Vi in . x % in . a n d % in . x 1% in. XI. F o r sc re w -fe e d s t o k e r s w ith sid e g ra te s: (A) F ree-burning, non-caking b itu m inous; an th racite rice; blends of rice w ith bitum inous or of rice and barley w ith bitum i nous; (B) H igh, m edium and low fusion, the la s t possible only w ith v ery low com bustion ra te s ; (C) S creened and unscreened sizes up to 2 in.; p referred sizes are Vi in . x % in . a n d % in. x lVi in. III. F or single and double re to rt un derfeed stokers: (A) Free-burning, caking and non caking bitum inous; P71 ROOM THERMOSTAT-, 2 r ------------ r = M / / r r ^ CONDENSATE . ,TEMPERATURE Y I ~ Y THERMOSTAT -i-T I t PRESSURE ------ - ,'L-IiMv I-Tnn, , 1 .CONTROL yzzZ !ry/iw A G RETURN <-' LINE BOILER I INLET Z y STOKER Z V One method of coordinated combustion control, with condensate thermostat, room therm ostat and limit control In series. The purely diagrammatic lay*. x out shows principle of operation. (B) H igh, m edium and low fusion coals: (C) S creened and unscreen ed sizes up to 3 in.; p referred sizes are 2% in. re su lta n t, % in. x 1% in., Vi in. x Vi in . IV. F o r chain g ra te o r trav ellin g grate stokers: (A) F ree-burning, non-caking b itu m inous; anthracite rice or barley, also No. 4 and No. 5 buckw heat; lignites; (B) H igh, m edium and low fusion coals; (C) U n screen ed sizes up to 2 in.; p r e f e r r e d s iz e s a r e lVi in. a n d under. V. For spreader stokers: (A) All g rad es of bitum inous coal; (B ) H igh, m edium and low fusion; (C) U nscreened sizes up to 2 in.; p re fe rre d sizes a re 1% in. and under. VI. F o r pulverized coal b u rn e rs: (A) Free-burning, caking and non caking bitum inous coals of soft stru ctu re and high grind ability; (B) H igh, m edium , low an d very low fusion; (C) U nscreened sizes, slack and dust. Coal for bitum inous screw-feed stokers should be treated to allay d u st and p revent freezing. O il-treated coal is cleaner to handle and burns b e tte r th an u n treated coal. It also does not perm it absorption of w ater. C alcium -chloride in solution sprayed on coal is also a good m ethod for dust treatm ent, as th e calcium chlor ide a ttra c ts m oisture and uses this property to a tta in its objective. V arious com m ercial com pounds for m aking coal dustless, preventing freezing and im proving com bustion are on th e m arket. One o r tw o have m erit; th e others, claim s. ifjno&e. MatemerU. T he in terests of public health, civic beauty and fuel econom y pred icate a clean atm osphere. W hile it is tru e th a t post-w ar coal-burning HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 77 Goa fot, Heating, and Stianti Gtn&kation Y / / / A "ON" PERIODS OF USEFUL HEATING SYSTEM OPERATION | [ PREVENTABLE HEATING SYSTEM OPERATION Chart showing "on" and preventable times of heating system operation at various outside temperatures, based on design temperature of --10F. m e th o d s 'will m a te ria lly a id i n . th e ab atem en t of th e sm oke nuisance, a fu rth er program of education and helpful service to coal consum ers m ust be pushed. ' T he cau se of sm oke production is. clear enough. A s a convenient illus tra tio n of th e principle involved, th e log fireplace in th e hom e living room provides an interesting study. Som e of th e a re a in th e fireplace Is clean w hile th e re st is sm oke black ened. T he clear p atch es w ill be found n ear th e high tem perature zones w here am ple air is available for the com bustible gases released from th e b u rn in g logs. W h ere a com bination of low er tem peratures an d insufficient a ir failed to compltely burn th e gases, a s n ear the u pper w alls and roof o f th e fireplace, soot w as deposited. The sam e process causes sm oke in th e boiler furnace. Smoke Abatement Methods. S tep s to be taken for th e abatem ent of the sm oke nuisance a re : first, prevention by proper design of furnace and coal burning equipm ent, good operation w ith coal selected to fit,th e burning m ethod o r use of a fuel w hich pro duces little o r no sm oke; and sec ond, rem oval of the carbon particles from th e flue g ases a fte r sm oke has been form ed. R ecent im provem ents in the appli cation of overfire a ir an d steam jets prom ise m ore effective cqntrol of sm oke form ation in the boiler fu r nace. These je ts a re applicable to stoker operation o r hand firing. P roper com bustion of jet design, spacing, and intelligent operation re su lt in h ig h er efficiency and sm oke abatem ent. J e t operation can be va ried to supply secondary a ir w ith turbulence, or to prom ote turbulence alone w ithout the addition of air. Carbon particles m ay be rem oved from sm oke by w ashing and by elec trical precipitation. In the form er th e sm oke is passed through a spray of w ater w hile in the latter, the gases are passed betw een highly charged electrodes. Sm oke is a colloidal dispersion of a solid in a gas. It consists m ainly of particles of unburned carbon. T hese particles acquire electric c h arg es d ue to fric tio n in flow. Som e carry positive and others negative charges. As they move betw een highly charged electrodes, or plates and w ires, they a re attra c te d to the oppositely charged surfaces. The dispersed particles, now free of elec trical charges, collect into larger particles and are precipitated. Any study of sm oke abatem ent m ethods m u st keep one fact in th e forefront, like a beacon light, to guide progress in th e desired direc tio n --a flame is produced only by the burning of gas. W h e n a n y so lid fuel b u rn s w ith a flame, it m eans th a t th e solid Is releasing or pro ducing gas. A ir m ust be m ixed w ith th is gas s o 'it w ill burn com pletely. Of th e solid fuels, coke has th e least a m o u n t Oo f v o la tile . I t th e r e f o r e burns w ith less flam e and, conse quently, W ith less sm oke th a n an y C O M PA RA TIV E CO ST O F F U E L O N E Q U IV A L E N T O U T P U T B A SIS W H E N A N T H R A C IT E C O ST S $10 P E R T O N A n th ra c ite, per T on 13 ,0 0 0 B t u 's f e e L b B itu m in o u s, p er T on 14,500 B tu's per L b H a n d F ir e d ,' E pp. j 8% M e c S . F ired, " ' ' H and F ired, E p e . 7s % E pe. ss% M e c h . F ired , E pp. 75% H e a v y On, per G al. 148,000 B in per Gal. E pp. 75% M anup'd Gas per 1000 C u. F t. 550 B tu per Cu. Ft. E pp. 80% N atural Gas per 1000 C u . F t . per Cu. Ft. E pp. 80% $10 .00 $ 7 .6 5 $ 9*40 . $ 7 .0 0 6 .JC a 9 .4c 5 2 .7 c 78 v . JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Joai (va Heating, and Meant Generation o th er solid fuel. A s th e am ount of volatile increases in various coals, such as an th racite, sem i-bitum inous, m edium volatile and g as coals, the difficulty of obtaining in tim ate m ix tu res of gas and a ir increases pro gressively. T his is tru e no t only because of th e larg er volum e of gas released, but of th e need for intro ducing th e air w here m ost needed. T his becom es clearer w hen it is realized th a t com plete burning of coal tak es place in th ree steps. F irst, the coal in th e bottom of the fuel bed burns in an am ple sup ply of oxygen to form carbon diox ide; second, th e carbon dioxide th u s generated passes through the in candescent zone of th e fire an d is reduced to carbon m onoxide; an d third, w hen sufficient a ir is available in th e furnace space above th e fuel bed, th e carbon m onoxide and other volatile gases b u rn to carbon diox ide. The b u rning process in the furnace above th e fuel bed w ill con tin u e as long as th e re is sufficient a ir and u n til th e g ases a re cooled below th e ignition tem p eratu re. tV e m u st th e re fo re h av e a com bination of sufficient a ir and am ple space in the furnace for best re sults. This requirem ent is greatly m inim ized in th e case of coke and a n th ra c ite coal, due to th e ir low volatile content. Gentled Heating. THanil T h e h o m e o w n e r's id e a o f U to p ia is alm ost attain ed by piped steam for residential com m unities. Steam in m ains tunnelled under village Schematic diagram showing method of electrical precipitation of carbon particles in smoke. Smoke-laden flue gas enters breeching, passes between electrodes, and carbon particles are precipitated. HEAT ABSORBED BY BOILER (USEFUL HEAT) * LOSS IN CHIMNEY GASES LOSS OUE TO MOISTURE FORMED IN BURNING HYDROGEN S 4* LOSS DUE TO UNBURNED CARBON IN ASH ^ 3.5% RADIATION AND UNACCOUNTED LOSSES 3 2.5/5 LOSS DUE TO INCOMPLETE BURNING OF CARBON LOSS DUE TO MOISTURE IN AIR ] 0.7% LOSS DUE TO MOISTURE IN COAL 0.3% Typical heat balance, showing distribution of heat losses in a boiler furnace. Heat loss through stack is a major item. streets, reduced in pressure and m easured through a valve therm o statically controlled, to m aintain any desired house tem perature, is a suf ficiently attractiv e p icture to en courage post-w ar planning in this direction. P roponents of this plan hold out a pro sp ect w here th e house h o ld er does nothing except pay his h eatin g bills. R educed heatin g costs com bined w ith freedom from fur nace chores are entirely practicable w here the central plan t generates electric current in addition to sup plying steam . S uburban housing developm ents could w ell include a cen tral plan t to be ow ned and operated by the residents. The problem of franchises now held by public and private u til ities w ould have to be w orked out w here streets are crossed. The question m ight arise w hether the cost of service by th e com m unity p lan t w ould re p resen t a larg e enough saving, a fte r tak in g into considera tion the assessm ent per house (as rep resen ted in th e sales price), to b e a d e fin ite a d v a n ta g e . T h e r e is also th e probability th a t a la rg e col lective headache m ight supersede th e sep arate one of the house plant. Tow ns and villages far rem oved from th e larg er cities w ould be th e first to benefit from central com m unity plants, especially those a t g reat distances from coal producing regions. In highly concentrated urban areas street steam h as been the basis of profitable industry for some tim e. L arge buildings w ith rentable basem ents, such as banks w ith safety deposit vaults, m ay find the cost of piped steam no higher than w ith private plants. The space for m erly occupied, o r otherw ise in tended, for th e installation of boilers m ay be credited against the cost of purchased steam w hen it is turned to incom e-producing purposes. A n other m ethod of low ering purchased steam costs is the ren tin g of exist ing boilers in th e building to the com pany supplying th e steam . Gen erally, how ever, the cost of p u r chased steam from central heating p lan ts in large cities is sufficiently higher to w arran t operation of his ow n plant by th e building ow ner. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE,:1944 79 Arrangement whereby combustion is partially controlled by outside weather; rising outdoor therm ostat is connected through timer with stoker motor. Qo-nciudi&ti S tanding out in the cu rren t situa tion is th e im p o rtan t contribution to m eeting the coal shortage m ade by blends com posed of the m ost plenti ful sizes of an th racite and bitum i nous. O riginally intended during the p ast decade for econom ic utilization of coals n o t sep arately ad apted to standard com bustion m ethods, th eir com bination through proper m atch ing of burning ch aracteristics pro duced a fuel far superior to either constituent. T he spotlight of achieve m ent th u s throw n on blended fuels for handfiring heating plants is sure to spur fu rth er developm ent in the post-w ar period. A fu rth er project for research lies in finding out m ore about how a coal pulverizer does its job. C om bustion of pow dered coal is closest to the ideal m ethod--tran sfo rm in g solid fuel into gas. A lthough m uch has been w ritten on the resu lts obtained by th e use of various types of pulver izers, less h as been said about w hat m akes them w ork or w hat principles are involved in th eir operation. The problem is best stated in th e w ords of the consulting engineer, J. K. Blum , w ho said th a t pulverizing can be considered as a com petitive te st -- som etim es the m achine is the w inner and the m aterial is pulver ized; a t o th e r tim es th e m ate ria l is the w inner and the m achine is pul verized. T he post-w ar period w ill undoubt edly w itness redoubled efforts in the u nderground gasification of coal. T ests have been m ade in a t least tw o R ussian collieries. F irst sug gested by the R ussian chem ist M endeleeff in 1888, th e p roposal of underground gasification w as re vived by th e B ritish chem ist, S ir W illiam R am sey, in 1912, w hen he suggested use of the m ethod if a th en cu rren t coal strik e continued. T he object w as to m inim ize th e labor of m ining. The R ussians sta rte d active ex p erim en tatio n in 1917, b u t n ew s o f th e re s u lts h a s been fragm entary. Two m ethods w ere em ployed: th e "stream " m ethod and th e "w arehouse" m ethod. In the first, tw o sh afts are sunk and con nected by a gallery a t th e bottom . A fter a fire is ignited, a ir is forced down one sh aft and gas taken from the other. In th e experim ental sta tion in the D onbas, gas w as produced w ith o u t in te rru p tio n fo r 18 m o n th s. The product varied greatly in com position and calorific value. M ost of th e o u tp u t ra n g e d fro m 85 to 220 B tu p er cubic foot. T he second m ethod involves pre lim inary underground m ining in w hich cham bers in the coal bed are filled w ith cru sh ed coal. T he m aking of producer gas by burning the coal w ith an insufficient supply of oxygen follow s. W a te r g as w as also pro duced by a lte rn a tin g th e a ir blow s w ith steam . There has been m uch talk but lit tle action on a n atio n al policy of requiring th a t n eith er fuel oil nor natural gas be used w here coal can serve equally w ell. P roduction of gasoline from n atu ral gas is partic u larly a ttra c tiv e because of th e low cost of the gas and m anufacturing process. The program s of research of th e an th racite and bitum inous in dustries are in accord w ith such a national policy and are follow ing the line of developm ent of processes and e q u ip m e n t w ith w h ich co al c a n fill the need for clean, convenient, and controllable low -cost h eating and steam generation. - T his proposed n atio n al policy can be effectively inaugurated a t once by m aking perm anent the large scale conversions from oil to coal and by requiring th a t converted plan ts w ish ing to re tu rn to oil in th e post-w ar period m ust show w hy coal should n o t be co n tin u ed . P ro b lem s o f effi ciency, convenience and labor can be solved. Solutions are in evidence every day in practically all sections of th e country. Courage and a strong hand on th e tiller are no t lacking in th a t q u a rte r w here national policies are originated. C onsequently, we need not fear th at strong gusts of adverse opinion w ill u pset th e craft w hen a ' firm course is eventually charted. W hether the new m ethods dis cussed h ere for u tilization of coal, com bustion, and controls w ill be put to practical use in the post-w ar w orld is a m a tte r w hich m ay be lik e n e d to F a r a d a y 's r e p ly to G lad stone. W hen th e g reat prim e m in iste r asked w h eth er th e th en new ly discovered electricity w ould ever be put to p ractical use, F arad ay replied, "W hy, sir, th ere is every prob ability th a t you w ill soon be able to tax it." 80 JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Some Notes on Radiant Heating T. W. REYNOLDS AMONG the numerous articles which have apX J l peared on radiant heating the writer has yet to read anything about the size of boiler required with such form of heating. For example, if there is no distribution system of any moment, then there is no pick-up of any moment to add to boiler size. Is there a definite answer, then, to the question "Does a radiant heat installation require the same size boiler as a convection system?" Most contradictory and uncertain material has been printed regarding the ground floor loss of floortype radiant heating systems. What pick-up does this add to the required boiler size? Probably none, as a system once heated up in the start of the heat ing season before ground cooling has gotten under way woyld become more or less stabilized as to temperature. On the other hand, any piping run along northerly exposed walls may have a substan tial ground loss, as the writer once found out to his sorrow in the case of long underfloor warm air ducts in an industrial heating and cooling system. In the case in mind, those ducts along both south erly and northerly walls gave a decided drop to the temperature of air emitted at grilles near the end of duct runs and this condition continued for a long time. The air temperatures at grilles along the southerly wall did improve in time; however, the air from the more distant grilles along the northerly wall remained at least five degrees cooler than at the beginning of the run. To improve this situation it was necessary to circulate considerably more air through the northerly duct to the extent that the near grilles had to be almost completely closed to prevent too much air at duct outlets near the begin ning of a run. Avoidance of one situation brought on a second situation almost as bad as the first. One case of a floor radiant heating system comes to mind where radiant heating proved a decided ad vantage after a forced warm air system had failed to produce satisfaction among the workers. This was in an aircraft hangar where large doors are opened frequently for short intervals and which when closed stopped the breeze, but left behind an enor mous volume of cold air which.the fan system was too slow in recirculating and warming up again. The radiant heating system gave some comfort when the doors were open and instantaneous and full comfort when the doors were closed. Obviously, radiant heating systems would seem to be the answer in the case of aircraft hangars. In industrial establishments radiant heating sys tems may also have their advantages for there is so much of usable floor and so many hot processes and other factors causing air movement throughout, that floor systems may be the answer, if so located and arranged that heavy machinery may b.e occasionally shifted without too much interference with the floor system. On the other hand, one may wonder where he can find a place to install a radiant heating sys tem in the home of tomorrow which will be largely of glass, according to some, yet can't be and find room for the numerous items of built-in furniture and closets (a closet for every purpose) according to others. Further, the decorators are going to cover that floor with some very heavy rugs, or at least that is their ambition. Somewhere a co-ordinator is need ed. Of course, the glass will have to be double or triple, or there will be too much cold surface to ab sorb radiation from the body. To what temperature will the spaces heated by radiant heating be heated? Theoretically it can be low, but in all of the writer's observations so far he finds in actual practice the same space temperatures used as before and with radiant heating calculations checked by the old heat loss method. Finally, the capacity of heating actually installed is made the equivalent of what we have always computed in the past. Weather Observers Have Difficulties Few weather observers have to work under the conditions faced by the staff of the Mt. Washington, N. H., Weather Observatory. The station is atop the 6,300-foot m ountain, an d rarely do th e m en en joy a full day of sunshine. Wind velocity has reached 231 miles an hour, and a temperature of --SOF has been recorded. On the HEATING AND VENTILATING. JUNE, 1944 average, 67 out of 100 days are cloudy, 13 clear, and the rest of the time the summit is encased in a blanket of fog. It is only once in every five days that the station m a y escap e fog, a n d o n th a t d a y , it may be cloudy. ' Sunlamps are provided for the staff to bolster their general physical condition. 81 (Upper), Butterfield House, a combined freshman girls' dormitory, recreation hall and college cafeteria. (Bight), Lewis and Thatcher Halls of Massa chusetts State College, Amherst, Mass. Central Plant Heats 45 Buildings F. N. HOLLINGSWORTH FORTY-FIVE buildings of the Massachusetts State College at Amherst, Mass., are served by a central heating plant. This college, on the oppo tically all the buildings so that the condensate re turns by gravity. A separate heating plant was established in 1941 site side of the town from Amherst College, has over for two new buildings, Butterfield House, a girls' 1,700 students. dormitory, recreation building and cafeteria, and The Heating Plant Fisher Laboratory. This latter plant was geared to use 51,000 gallons oil annually. A separate plant Steam for heating and some process purposes is was built because the cost of 1600 feet of additional supplied by three Heine Boiler Company boilers, tunnel and piping was prohibitive. However, due to rated at over 1,500 hp. They are fired by three the shortage of oil, the college was forced to convert Combustion Engineering, Type E stokers, with en this plant to coal. Steam from this small plant, closed vertical type of coal conveyor, which brings which includes an H. B. Smith boiler and a small the V/i to 2 in. size fuel from a pit and dumps it Kohlmaster worm-feed stoker, not only heats the into the hoppers. Stokers have Minneapolis-Honey two buildings but also supplies process steam for well controls, and are from the Perfection Grate & the.cafeteria of Butterfield House, and for sterilizers Stoker Company, Springfield, Mass. and stills in the Fisher laboratory. The stoker has The three boilers, each 22 years old, have a rated capacity of 39,000 lb steam per hour, at a working to be hand filled from the outdoor coal bin, as the basement of the building is too small to hold a suffi j pressure of 200 lb, but are capable of supplying cient coal supply. i 52,000 lb per hour, even though their present effi Up to 1943, the main boiler plant has also sup ciency is figured by the plant engineer at only plied steam power for three electric generating units 75-80%. Average annual production of steam is with a total annual capacity of around 2,000,000 around 18,000,000 lb, for both heating and process kilowatt hours. However, electric power is now ob work. The boiler plant is situated in a hollow be tained from the local town plant. All buildings, as side a little brook, and slightly below grade of prac- well as the dairy barns and poultry houses, horti- 82 JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING t culture buildings and greenhouses are heated from the main underground lines, which total some 35,000 feet of mains and returns, including 9,400 feet of tunnels, 15,600 feet of conduit lines and 3,400 feet of branch lines and returns. They serve an area of about one-fourth square mile, although the campus itself covers about 700 acres. The dairy barns, poultry buildings and others housing stock are heat ed by steam coils and radiators, but some of the buildings, including the handsome Goodell Library, Fisher Laboratory, Thatcher Dormitory and the Physical Education Building, are equipped with Herman Nelson units of various types and sizes. A considerable amount of steam is used in greenhouse heating. Tunnels Supersede Conduits The new steam tunnel exits from an upper floor of the boiler house on a steel bridge over the brook, and enters the ground on the opposite bank. Boilers are fed with makeup water from the town supply by a Worthington feed pump and a Warren recipro cating outside plunger type pump. Fuel Consumption Federal No. 1 coal showing 14,000 Btu per pound of fuel is used. About 8,000 tons are used annually. Figures for 1941, the latest available, show an an nual consumption of 8,102 tons coal and 172,421,096 lb water. Total degree days recorded in 1941 were 5455.4. The two coldest degree days for that year 1941, periods of 24 hours each, were 15.2 and 1.8, when 945,726 and 873,310 lb water, respectively, were used. Interior of the boiler house showing two of the three boilers. Monthly average of coal for the heating season 1941-42 was 924 tons, with a daily average of 33 tons. Steam for heating the various buildings is reduced to 5 to 14 lb, according to the weather. For (r . HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 the two laboratories, also using process steam, the pressure is reduced to 50 lb. Forced draft fans, driven by Terry steam turbines are used for the boilers. Each building has a water heating unit, utilizing the central steam. Butterfield House The Butterfield plant originally had the H. B. Smith boiler, with an Enterprise oil burner. This Stack room of the Goodell Library. Herman Nelson units are under the windows. was removed by the Perfection Grate & Stoker Com pany, and a steel plate substituted for a fuel bed, with the small stoker. Although the conversion job had to be done in a hurry, the plant is delivering a satisfactory amount of steam for heating and process work in both buildings. Butterfield has four floors in the central section and three in each of the wings. Exhaust fans keep the building well ventilated. Ducts from the main rooms and kitchen, and an additional one from the toilets, lead to ai ventilating shaft in the north wing. The dining room and recreation hall directly above the main rooms are provided under the windows with Herman Nelson D J ventilating units. The Goodell Library, completed in 1935, also has Her man Nelson univents under the windows of the stack room and in the reading room which is very popular. Besides the buildings on the large sprawling campus, the college has a 270-acre farm, with dairy .barns housing 175 head of registered cattle, and the Tillson Experimental Poultry Farm and chicken houses, with more than 1,000 layers, all in scientifi cally heated buildings. Engineering Credits Plant Engineer, Lionel G. David. Architect, Butterfield House, Lewis W. Ross. Contractor, original Butterfield House oil heating plant, Geo. Reed & Co, Greenfield, Mass. Contractor Installing conversion grate, Perfection Grate & Stoker Co., Springfield, Mass. 83 u ild in g B r a z i l A South American approach to the prob lem of reducing solar heat gains through windows of large buildings View of the complete Ministry of Education Building. The pattern produced by the sunbreak, and the lines of the reinforced concrete building, make this distinctive as compared to the architecture of the United States. On the north side of the Ministry of Edu cation Building, Rio de Janeiro, thin con crete slabs of floor are cantilevered out wards about 4 ft from the windows. Vertical divisions are also 4 ft apart. These break up the facade to give the effect of a huge honeycomb. The south side of the building has no more need for sunshade than can be provided by Venetian blinds. The building rests on pillared stilts, permitting free passage for pedestrians at the street level. External lattice detail of the Day Nurs ery, Rio de Janeiro. These blinds are called "quebra sol" In Portuguese, and produce many interesting architectural designs. G. E. Kidder Smith photo. Museum of Modem Art, New York City Day Nursery at Rio de Janeiro. View (below) shows the movable vertical sunshades placed on the side of the building that receives the greatest amount of exposure to the sun. G. E. Kidder Smith photo, Museum of Modern Art, New York City Much has been done with movable outside sunshades since the early experiments in 1933. In the Ministry of Education and Health Building (left) asbestos louvers in the upper por tion of each rectangular cell are manually controlled and can be directed with the position of the sun. This permits sufficient air and keeps out all direct sun rays. As the louvers are regulated at different angles throughout the building, it is possible to secure an interesting variety of light and shade, in each room is a crank which controls the angle of the sun shade. A variety of architectural designs results in Brazil's cities from the use of many types of sunbreak devices. French, Portuguese'and Italian architectural and construction ideas were used, while from the United States were obtained technical and labor-saving devices to provide comfort. Santa Terezinha Tuberculosis Sanitorium at Salvator, Baia. balconies reduce the solar heat gain through windows. G. IS. Kidder Smith photo, Museum of Modern Art, New York City Wide Still a different type of building. This is the Casa Pernambucanas, Sao Paulo. Institute of Industrial Insurance, Rio de Janeiro, has vertical sunshades to allevi ate the effects of hot weather. Note how the lower part of the building is kept open for pedestrians. G. E. Kidder Smith photo, Museum of Modern Art, New York City The Associated Press Building (below) has two hot sides which are provided with vertical sunshades. They are faced with rows of diagon ally fixed concrete slabs, each 32 In. deep and 2 % In. thick, which open on a narrow continuous passage. Some rooms have glass on the inner- side of the passage; others are left open. --V J illffc; 'n\ f ,J I *`3U ? . *Y *'a m *ss t 1 ^1 ^illllllllllllllM lT" A r,l IHmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ^ v WHIIIIUliiiiiiiijj * I I -k f ' IHJIJIlllllllllllllill; '"{V J --- u - , ~tt t r .'' 1r A* >ii WASHINGTON NEWS S u m m a r i s e d L y J to r iM X j^ fy . O v e r m a n ; K. Suhltcudial Qoutnoli Ptokf/uzm; conclusion, how ever. It w ill be noted th a t alth o u g h W PB officials dealing w ith h e a tin g , v e n tila tin g an d airconditioning subjects m ay talk loudly ab o u t being read y for post w ar activities, they play th e cards close to th e ta b le w h e n it com es to a c tu a lly relax in g co n tro ls th a t would sw itch either m aterials or m anpow er from m ilitary to civilian production. Task Committees Active B o r n e G o jx p e s i d e le a v e d J jo s i < J ie a tiu ( ^ ; defaifeiation depalri /foe fyfz-dcUed. A s H eating and V en tila tin g w as going to press, th e W ar P roduction B oard announced th a t controlled m aterials have been m ade available for production of h eating system c o n tro ls fo r u se in so m e 950,000 residential, com m ercial, institu tio n al and industrial heating plants. In stallers of th e equipm ent w ill be able to purchase th e controls freely. In allocating the necessary m ate rial for production of these controls, i t w a s W P B 's a im to m a k e fu e l s a v ing devices available in view of the expected fuel shortage during the com ing h e a tin g season, officials said. T he control equipm ent for private dw ellings proposed u nder th is pro gram consists of therm ostatic regu lato r sets for coal hand-fired heating equipm ent, lim it controls for in sta lla tio n on coal, oil o r g as fired equipm ent already provided w ith som e therm ostatic control, and baro m etric dam pers for u se w ith oil and stoker-fired units. E ach therm ostatic regulator set consists of three in strum ents--therm ostat, high lim it control, and an electric dam per op e ra to r. F o r com m ercial, institutional, and in d u strial buildings such as schools, hotels, apartm ents and sm all fac tories, th ree types of control system s a re included in th e program . 1. A n indoor-outdoor- th e rm o sta t w ith th e necessary accessories for direct control of h eat generation; 2. A system consisting of a n in door or an indoor-outdoor th erm o stat and an electrically actuated oper ator; and 3. Z o n e c o n tr o l s e t s fo r u s e o n large buildings w here sectionalized or zone control is necessary because of th e varying h eat losses of th e sev eral areas of the structures. T he approved program calls for production during the th ird and fo u rth q u a rte rs o f 1944 o f th e fol low ing products in th e quantities listed : Quarter Third Fourth Lim it controls . . . . . . . . Barometric re g u la to rs... . Thermostatic regulator sets .................................. . Indoor-outdoor thermo stats ................ ............. . Indoor thermostats . . . 23,700 200,000 175,000 11,228 3.583 18,000 80,000 I 2 7.0 O 6,747 2.154 Operators ........................... Valves (electric) ............. Valves (pneumatic) . . . . Commercial barom etrics.. Sets consisting of pressure controller and lightduty operator ............... Sets consisting of pressure controller and heavyduty operator ............... Sets consisting of overfire draft controller and heavy-duty operator .................................. Pumps .................................. Steam accessories ............ Hot water accessories... 1.433 2,866 2,380 12,500 5.000 5,000 5.000 1,000 2 5,000 2 5,000 862 1,723 1,435 7,000 2,800 2.800 2,800 1,000 25,000 25.000 F or production of th is equipm ent th e follow ing controlled m aterials have been allocated for the third q u a rte r of 1944: 1,5 10 130 116 .0 0 0 192.000 3.000 25.000 76.000 113 .0 0 0 2.000 Short tons of carbon steel (includ ing castings). Short tons of alloy steel (includ ing castings). lbs. copper-base alloy-- sheet and strip. lbs. copper-base alloy-- rod. bar and wire. lbs. copper-base alloy-- tubing and pipe. lbs. copper-base mill products. lbs. copper wire mill products. lbs. copper and copper-base foundry products. lbs. aluminum products (unclassi fied). A dvance allotm ents for th e fourth q u a rte r of 1944 w ill be issu e d in am ounts not to exceed 75% of the quantities authorized for th e third q u a rte r. Invasion Determining Factor "It all depends upon the success of the invasion," is th e stock answ er, iu W ashington, to all questions re garding w hat industry m ay expect regarding m ilitary program cut backs, reconversion, and new con struction program s involving civilian goods. W hile u n certain ty appears th e only safe fo recast for som e m onths, it is encouraging to know th a t as m uch tim e, thought, and p a per w ork is being sp en t on postw ar . p lanning a s on w artim e problem s in W ashington circles.. Indeed, to p flight m ilitary m en have dropped th e thought th a t the planners are trying to see over th e top of th e hill before th e final clim b h as hardly started . ' W ar production records belie th is A ssisting W PB in its dual task of keeping th e w ar m achine running w hile planning to sh ift gears into civilian production a t th e earliest possible m om ent, a re num erous task com m ittees com posed of industry representatives. C urrent and future pricing m atters, too, a re u nder dis cussion, w ith a m eetin g of th e newlyappointed price advisory com m ittee representing m anufacturers of com m ercial refrigeration condensing units scheduled to m eet in W ash in g to n on Ju n e 13. Smaller W ar Plants Problem Efforts of the Sm aller W ar P lants C orporation to give sm all m anufac turing plants th e break w hen the tim e com es to convert p a rt of the n a tio n 's in d u s tr y to c iv ilia n p ro d u c tion, have revealed th a t the plum b ing and heatin g in dustry does not exactly conform to this p attern . By m eans of charts presented before the S en ate S m all B usiness C om m it te e o n M ay 9, M aury M averick, chairm an of the Sm aller W ar P lants C orporation, w as able to prove th a t in th e over-all w ar production pic ture, sm aller plants are producing less th a n 10% of th e m unitions be ing shipped. T his led to th e conclu sion th a t th e se sm aller p lan ts could be released from w ar contracts at an early date w ithout m aterially affecting th e w ar production pro gram . T he conclusion is no t borne out, how ever, in th e plum bing and h eat ing industry, w here sm aller plants c arry th e m ajor p a rt of th e load. Follow ing is th e com parison betw een the overall picture and th a t of plum bing and h eatin g : M UNITIONS SH IPM EN TS IN M ETAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES F o u rth Q u a rte r, 1943 Total All P roducts P lumbing and Heating P e r c e n t of ! T otal P ro d u ctio n N o. OF Wo rkers per P lant Percen t of T otal Production H K 5<5 &g* Ils 1-99 100-249 2 5 0 -4 9 9 ' 500-999 1000-2499 2 5 0 0 and over 10 .9 % 6.3 5-9 8 .2 ss-5 1*99 IO O -24 9 2 5 0 -4 9 9 5 0 0 -9 9 9 10 0 0 -2 4 9 9 2500 and over 23.6% 27.5 I9.6 17 .8 6.1 5 .4 86 JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING T he indication th a t th e plum bing and heating industries do not con form to the p attern w hereby the Sm aller- W ar P lan ts C orporation seeks to convert sm all industries first, m ay be w orthy of study and counter proposals on th e p art of those active in postw ar planning. Shipm ents of com bat m aterial from 85 p la n ts th a t w e re en g ag ed prim arily in th e m anufacture of do m estic and com m ercial refrigeration equipm ent before the w ar reached a n all-tim e h ig h of a lm o s t $150,000,000 in th e la s t q u a rte r of 1943, th e W a r Production B oard reports. Shipm ents of com bat m aterial have been m ounting steadily since th e begin ning of th e w ar. Shipm ents of all products--com bat m aterial, refrigeration equipm ent, and other goods--from the sam e p la n ts to ta le d m ore th a n $200,000,000 for th e sam e period. E nough un filled o rd e rs of all k in d s w e re on hand a t th e end of 1943 to keep th e industry busy for about a y ear a t the fourth-quarter ra te of produc tion, W PB said. T his does n o t ta k e into co n sideration possible cutbacks in m ilita ry p ro g ram s. T o ta l e m p lo y m en t in th e 85 p la n ts reach ed a p e a k o f 73,000 w ag e e a rn ers in O ctober, 1943, a n in c re a se of 60% over th e Ju n e, 1942, to ta l. O ver all em ploym ent and unfilled o rd ers continued a t a high level through the end of 1943, th o u g h b o th h a d declined slightly from th e fall. More th an h alf of th e w orkers added a fte r th e m iddle of 1942 w ere women, w ith th e re su lt th a t w om en constituted 23% of th e em ployes in the in d u stry in Ja n u a ry , 1944, a s com pared w ith 8% in Ju n e , 1942. The num ber of w om en em ployed in individual p lan ts v aried w idely. In January, 1944, no w om en w ere em ployed in o v e r 20% o f th e 85 p la n ts, while m ore th a n h a lf of th e w o rk ers in a few p la n ts w ere w om en. Seventy-four of th ese plants, in cluded am ong th e 309 p la n ts c lassi fied in th e re frig e ra tio n e q u ip m e n t industry in 1939, a cco u n ted fo r 90% of th e to ta l p ro d u c tio n ($279,000,000) by the in d u stry in th a t y e a r an d for 89% o f th e 35,000 w a g e e a r n e r s th e n in the in d u stry . Some Copper Released Lim ited resto ratio n of copper and copper base alloy products to replace steel in th e m an u factu re of specified items o f ex ten d ed su rfa c e h e a tin g equipment, including b last-h eatin g coils, c o n v e c to rs a n d u n i t h e a te r s , was a u th o riz e d M ay 16 b y W P B . T h e action, affected b y a m e n d m e n t o f Conservation O rd e r M-9-c, is ex pected to re s u lt in a sa v in g o f a p proxim ately 350,000 m an -h o u rs a year. N eed fo r e m e rg e n c y re p a irs and re p la c e m e n ts w ill b e g re a tly r e duced, W P B officials sa id , w h ile a p proximately 60% in m an u factu rin g tim e w ill be saved by th e use of copper in place of su b stitu te m ate rials previously required. A survey of actual shipm ents for th e fo u rth q u a rte r of 1943 in d icates th e end use of th is equipm ent to h av e b e e n a s follow s: to th e U . S. A rm y, N avy and M aritim e Com m is sion, 43.5%, of w h ich 41.5% w as for shipboard use; to plants producing w ar m a te ria ls, 53.5% , an d to p la n ts p ro d u cin g civ ilian goods, 3.0%. Furnace Production Static F urnace production for the second q u a rte r o f 1944 w ill pro b ab ly rem ain approxim ately th e sam e or drop below th e num ber m anufactured during the first quarter, m em bers of the W arm A ir F urnace Industry Ad visory C om m ittee said a t th eir re c e n t m e e tin g w ith g o v e rn m e n t offi cials in W ashington. A nticipated production, according to estim ates subm itted by all fu r nace m anufacturers on Form W PB3316, w as so m ew h at above th e first q u a r t e r 's o u tp u t, b u t in d u s tr y m e m bers felt th a t these figures w ere over-optim istic because of th e loss of m anpow er in th e foundries. T here are indications th a t rela tively few m anufacturers are pro ducing the sm aller size furnaces, and industry w as asked to distribute m ore equitably am ong all m anufac tu rers the burden of producing this type of furnace. To Uprate Repair Parts T he R efrig eratio n and A ir Condi tioning Section of th e G eneral In d u strial E quipm ent D ivision of the W ar P roduction B oard h as inform ed m anufacturers and trad e associa tions of th e refrig eratio n industry th a t W PB is p repared to u p rate to AA-1 o rd e rs fo r c e rta in re p a ir p a rts used by th e industry. T his m ove h as been ta k e n to help solve difficulties th a t h ave developed in m anufacture, delivery and instal lation of rep air p arts, W PB said. A t present, the agency added, the repair p a rts covered a re in sh o rt supply. T he telegram w hich th e R efrigera tion and A ir C onditioning Section sen t to th e industry, telling of this action, follow s: " Please issue bulletins to your members, dealers and distributors informing them that wholesale and retail trades division is pre pared to uprate to A A -i repair parts for commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, orders for which have been placed before February 15 and are as yet undelivered. The program covers the following item s: Controls (pressure and thermostatic) capacitors and/or starting condensers for motors, control bellows, sol enoid valves, liquid line strainers, refriger ant dehydrators, thermostatic and automatic expansion valves, compressor bodies, com pressor repair parts, including but not lim ited to pistons, rings, flapper and disc valves, crank shafts, seals, piston pins, high and low side float valves. Program is lim ited to the items enumerated. H ave P D S47 HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 filed or refiled for uprating. Form s should clearly designate in section four that request is against special program refer to G IE Q program determination number twenty eight. Give case number and item number of PD 547 on which previous rating was received, or i f fo r uprating o f M R O rating list each M RO rating for which uprating is requested. " S T E R L IN G F . SM IT H , Chief Refrigeration and A ir Conditioning Section General Industrial Equipment Division." Comfort A-C G ets "Break" W ith F reo n denied com fort airconditioning system s, an d w ith "F22" re frig e ra n t recen tly added to the prohibited list through issuance of O rd e r M-28-a, it h a d b e g u n to look as though com fort a ir conditioning w as doom ed to go through th e sum m er w ithout getting a single nod from W PB. B ut th e m erits of air-cooling are n o t e n tir e ly fo rg o tte n . Directive 1 to L im ita tio n O rd e r L-38, issu ed M ay 19, a u th o riz e s th e m an u factu re of a lim ited n u m ber of "d e se rt cool e rs "-- e v a p o rativ e coolers fo r u se in hom es of W est Coast w ar w orkers who a re forced to live under air conditions because of the location of certain w ar plants. D esert coolers consist prim arily of a fan pow ered by a fractional horse pow er m otor and an evaporative m edium such as w etted excelsior. They are designed to low er the air tem perature by the evaporation of w a te r. W h ile W P B 's d e c is io n to perm it th e ir m anufacture w ill not alter th e production schedule of m ajo r a ir conditioning p lan ts, it is a step in th e rig h t direction--a fur th er trib u te to the essentiality of conditioned air. Corrosion Inhibitors F ees an d ch arg es to r co rrosion inhibiter services for boilers and h eat ing system s are exem pt from price co n tro l, th e Office of P ric e A dm in is tra tio n an n o u n ced M ay 23. T his service consists of a special analysis o f th e c u s to m e r 's n e e d fo r a c o rro sion inhibiter in his heating system by a person w ith the necessary tech nical know ledge and th e use of pre scribed chem icals to re ta rd th e cor rosive action. T h is actio n , effective M ay 27, w as tak en because th e technical know l edge of th e person giving the serv ice, ra th e r th a n th e m aterials used, is th e im p o rtan t facto r involved in retard in g corrosion w ithin a heating system . O PA believes it im practicable to try to regulate m axim um prices for such an unstandardized service, and, in this particular case, th a t the ab sence of price control w ill n o t resu lt lit a n in crease of p re se n t prices. H ow ever, OPA w ill keep th e corro sion inhibiter service under study and, if th e necessity arises, take fur th e r action in th e m atter, the agency said. 87 NEWS OF THE MONTH Non-War Buildings Urged by Housing Men Chicago-- F iv e h u n d re d m em b ers of th e N a tio n a l A ssociation o f H ousing Officials a t th e ir an n u al m eetin g heard a rep o rt May 4 of its com m ittee on post-w ar housing, approved by the board of governors. It recom m ended th a t som e resum ption of non-w ar housing con struction be perm itted before th e end of th e w ar if th e m aterials and m anpow er situation perm it. T his w ould ease th e acu te housing shortages to be expected in som e com m unities w hen service m en and w ar w orkers re tu rn hom e, it w as held, and w ould also help th e housing industry g et read y for its big post w ar job. E m phasizing th e m agnitude of the task, w ith a m il lion to a m illion and a h alf dw elling u n its a y ear needed for th e first fifteen y ears a fte r th e w ar, th e rep o rt asserted th a t th e post-w ar y ears could be m ade "the golden ag e" of A m erican housing. It said th a t th e goal of adequate hom es for all could be attain ed if p rivate enterprise, th e G overnm ent and labor cooperated. H olding th a t local au th o rities should determ ine how and w hen w ar housing should be disposed of, th e rep o rt urged th a t tem porary stru c tu re s be rem oved as quickly as possible a fte r the w ar le st they give rise to new slum s, and th a t perm anent buildings should n o t be dum ped on th e m ark et b u t offered to occupants, local housing authorities or private en terp rise in such a m anner as not to depress th e real estate m arket. It said th a t privately produced w ar housing on w hich m ortgages had been foreclosed should be dem olished unless housing of such n a tu re w ould be useful to public housing authorities. P hilip M. K lutznick, new ly appointed C om m issioner of th e F ederal Public H ousing A uthority, said th a t there m ust be no com prom ise on th e su b ject of th e dem oli tion of tem porary w ar housing units a fter the w ar. "W e m ust steel ourselves to perform th is job w ith dispatch and in a creditable fashion," he added. A perm anent F ederal housing agency should be pro vided now, th e post-w ar re p o rt urged, so th a t it could be ready and functioning w hen th e w ar ended. It said th a t th e actu al planning and provision of housing w as a local responsibility, bu t th e re should be an agency to coordinate all F ederal activities, including adm inistra tion of funds for aid in slum -clearance and low -rent housing and supervision of need, standards and plan ning in justification of F ed eral aid. Saying th a t th e national G overnm ent should n o t "con tro l" housing, it advocated the end of Federally con structed and operated housing w ith the end of the w ar, except for reclam ation projects. U rging cooperation betw een private en terp rise and public housing, it said th a t th e achievem ent of post-w ar goals required unprecedented activity by private in itia tive and investm ent. May Ventilate Tunnel S taunton, V a.-- T h e p ro s p e c t o f a v e n ti la t io n jo b on th e old B lue R idge ra ilro a d tu n n e l a t A fton, V a., loom ed h ere follow ing announcem ent th a t th e C hesapeake & Ohio R ailroad is co ntem plating leasin g th e tu n n e l for cold sto rag e purposes. 1 R ailroad representatives said the project is now un d er consideration. If th e proposal goes through, fru its and garden produce could be preserved th e y ear round. T he tem perature of th e tunnel is 56F. T he tun n el is b ric k lined, 4000 fe e t lo n g a n d p re su m ab ly could be supplied w ith a ir ducts so th a t fresh a ir could be pum ped in to prevent m old and rotting. 88 Haines Speaks on Electronics W ashington-- E lectro n ic controls so sen sitiv e they r e a c t to t h e h e a t o f a p e r s o n 's h a n d w ill e lim in a te , in th e n o t too d ista n t future, th e cold floors and drafts p rev alen t in the m ajority of hom es today, John E. H aines, chairm an of th e postw ar planning com m ittee, M inneapolis-H oneyw ell R egulator Com pany, said in a ta lk M ay 10 b e fo re th e lo c a l c h a p te r o f th e A m erican Society of H eating and V entilating E ngineers. E lectro n ic controls, Mr. H ain es continued, w ill be valuable in connection w ith th e air-conditioning and heating of both hom es and industrial plan ts since they react to m inute tem perature variations. The use of electronics, com bined w ith present-day tem perature control equipm ent, w ill m ean g re a te r com fort--as w ell as convenience and safety--for the hom e and factory. 4 0 0 0 M eet at C. T. S. C. Clinic Chicago -- A t a reco rd -b re a k in g m eetin g , 4000 e n g i n e e rs g a th e re d a t th e H otel S h erm an , M arch 30, fo r th e 2nd W ar Production and related problem s conference sponsored by th e Chicago T ech n ical S ocieties Council. The C linic w as held a t the request of the W ar Produc tion B oard and w as in cooperation w ith the B oard and the A rm y and Navy. Principal speakers w ere John Collyer, p resid en t of the B. F. G oodrich Com pany, and R ear A dm iral A. S. C arpender. T he purpose of the conference w as to expedite the w ar effort by providing a m eans for th e exchange of m utually beneficial ideas am ong engineering, technical and scientific societies, an d in terested m a n u factu rers in the Chicago area. T he conference w as held in a series of 33 p a n e l sessio n s in w h ich a ll p h a se s of w a r p ro d u c tio n and related problem s w ere discussed. All panel dis cussions w ere led by recognized ex p erts in th e ir fields. C om posed of th e re p re se n ta tiv e s of 36 societies, th e aim s of th e Chicago Technical Societies Council are: (1) to provide a m edium for cooperative action by the engineering, technical and scientific societies in th e m id w est on m atters of m utual in terest w hich are beyond th e scope of individual societies or w hich can be per form ed b etter by cooperative action; (2) to provide m eans for m ore effective public service by th e m em ber societies; and (3) to cultivate greater appreciation by th e public of the p art w hich engineering and scientific professions have contributed to hum an w elfare. T he Chicago Council is composed of tw o delegates from each m em ber society including the A m erican So ciety of H eating and V entilating E ngineers. Those de sirin g m em bership or fu rth er inform ation should w rite to K. H . H obble, corresponding secretary, Chicago Tech nical Societies Council, care of th e D river-H arris Com p a n y , 1140 W e s t W a s h in g to n B lvd., C h icag o 7, 111. Rose Joins Coal Research. Group P ittsburgh-- B itum inous Coal R esearch, Inc., h as elected D r. H . J. Rose, M ellon In stitu te , as vice-pres ident and director of research in charge of th e expanded investigational and developm ental program of th e bitu m inous coal industry. T his organization of coal oper ators, associations, and railroads in the A ppalachian an d M id-C ontinent coal fields is enlarging its research projects on coal production and utilization to m eet w ar tim e problem s and to p repare for and stren g th en the in d u s tr y 's p o s t-w a r p o sitio n . M o re th a n tw o m illio n dollars w ill be invested in th is research program d u r ing th e n e x t five years. D r. R ose h as had extensive experience in th e tech- JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING nical a n d a d m in is tra tiv e p h a se s of coal re s e a rc h . S ta r t ing w ith T h e K o p p e rs C o m p a n y in 1918, h e b e c a m e assistant directo r of research of th a t organization. H e has b een w ith th e a n th ra c ite in d u s try sin c e 1932, an d is re s ig n in g a s v ic e - p re s id e n t in c h a r g e o f re s e a r c h , o f A nthracite In d u s trie s, Inc., N ew Y ork, N. Y., to a c c e p t the n ew p o sitio n . In a ss u m in g d ire c tio n o f th e b ro a d e r domain of bitu m in o u s coal research , he is re tu rn in g to his o rig in a l field o f a c tiv ity . H e h a s b e e n a s s o c ia te d with M ellon In s titu te th ro u g h o u t h is p ro fessio n al career. REMA Elects Schellenberg Chicago -- A. B. S chellenberg, president of Alco V alve Com pany, St. L o u is, w a s e le c te d p r e s id e n t of th e R e f r ig e r a tin g E q u ip m e n t M anufacturers A ssociation a t its annual m e e tin g h e re A p ril 25-26. Other officers a re a s follow s: vice- president, F. J. Hood, A nsul Chem ical C o.; tr e a s u r e r (re -e le c te d ), J. A. S tra c h a n , th e W e a th e rh e a d Co.; s e c r e ta ry , G eorge R . A llen , Mueller B rass Co. N ew ly elected A . B . Schellenberg to th e b o a rd of d ir e c to r s a r e C h a rle s H . B e n so n , Im perial B ra ss M fg. Co.; J . P. R ain b au lt, G eneral E le c tric Co.; H . F . S p o e h re r, S p o e h re r-L a n g e C o.; a n d R . 0 . White, D ay & N ig h t Mfg. Co. At the convention fourteen h eat tra n sfe r m anufac turers rep resen ted a t th e m eeting considered a new set of sta n d a rd s fo r ra tin g re frig e ra tio n h e a t tra n s fe r equipm ent. A five-man com m ittee w ill p rep are th e rec om m endations. Sim ultaneously, th e N atio n al R efrig eratio n Supply Jobbers A ssociation m et h ere and am ong o th er things discussed w h eth er or n o t refrig eratio n jobbers should sell packaged re frig e ra tio n a n d a ir co n d itio n in g equip ment. "Or Equal" Clause Discouraged New Yobk-- T he P ro d u cers' C ouncil, a n atio n al o r ganization of m an u factu rers of q uality building m ate rials and equipm ent, h a s proposed a solution to th e problems affecting th e building in d u stry involved in bidding p ractices w hich a rise b ecause of th e u se of th e "or equal" c la u se in specificatio n s. T h e p la n a d v o cated by the P ro d u c e rs' C ouncil is a s follow s: (1) A ll b asic bids a re to be b ased o n ex a c tly th e sam e m aterials and equipm ent, th ereb y being tru ly com petitive; (2) S p ecifier m ay n a m e o n e o r se v e ra l m a k e s o f a particular building product, but if m ore th a n one, he indicates w hich one is to be u sed a s th e b asis fo r th e regular bid; and (3) S p ecificatio n s a lso p e rm it a n y b id d e r to su b m it a n alternate price on any o th er nam ed o r unnam ed m ate rials o r eq u ip m en t w h ich h e th in k s w ill m e e t th e r e quirem ents. H e does so by su b m ittin g w h at ad ditions or deductions from h is basic bid should be m ade if such a lte rn a te s a re used.. The system is said to be sim ple in operation and is expected to enab le th e o w n er an d a rc h ite c t to decide before a c o n tra c t is le t w h a t m a te ria ls o r eq uip m en t they w ish to use, ta k in g in to c o n sid e ra tio n a n y a d v a n tages to be g ain ed by u sin g a n y of th e a lte rn a te s to th e basic bid. tr HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 JV ew A tU e M o n th Suggests Plan for Post-W ar Civilian Construction W ashington-- A p lan fo r au to m atically rem o v in g w ar tim e restrictio n s on the building of private residences, schools, stores, and other urgently needed civilian con struction as fast as the necessary m aterials and m an pow er are released from the w ar program has been recom m ended to th e W ar P roduction B oard by D ouglas W hitlock, p re sid e n t of T he P ro d u cers' Council, n atio n al organization of m anufacturers of building products. U nder th e proposed plan, th e W PB w ould g ran t per m ission for civilian construction to begin, w ithout de term ination of th e relativ e essen tiality of each indi vidual project as is the p resen t practice, in any com m unity w here th e follow ing conditions exist: (1) T he con stru ctio n is to b e located in a W ar M an pow er C om m ission C lass III, C lass IV or u n rated a re a w hich has been so ra te d for one m onth or longer, and w here it m ay be presum ed th a t an adequate supply of labor is locally available; (2) T he ap p lican t for perm ission to begin construc tio n c e rtif ie s t h a t th e w o rk s h a l l - s t a r t w ith in 30 days of the date of his application; and (3) T he ap p lican t certifies th a t n o t m ore th an 10% of th e value of m aterials required for th e con struction shall be obtained on a preference rating o f AA-3 (o r h ig h e r, if sp ecifically a p p lied fo r an d g ran ted for obtaining any particu lar item ) and th a t the rem aining m aterials can be obtained eith er w ithout a ratin g or w ith a ratin g low er th a n AA-3. Columbia to S tu d y High Frequency Heating New York-- A center fo r in d u s tria l research in the field of high-frequency elec trical h e a tin g h as been e stab lished a t Colum bia U niversity, according to P rofessor A rth u r W . H ixson, head of th e dep artm en t of chem ical e n g in e e rin g . T he lab o rato ry w ill be operated by C olum bia chem ical engineers and by technical experts from th e Induc tion H eating C orporation of N ew Y ork, w hich provided the high-frequency equipm ent for th e new research en terp rise. T he C olum bia d ep artm en t of chem ical engi neering w ill have full au th o rity in guiding the labora to ry program and in publishing th e researches. H igh-frequency h eating resu lts from passing a lte rn a t ing electric cu rren t, a t several m illion tim es th e fre quency of cu rren t ordinarily used through non-con ductors of electricity such as wood, plastic or rubber. In so doing, th e high-frequency c u rre n t gen erates in tense h eat w hich h eats the substance in ternally instead of from th e outside as in th e oven m ethod. T he research program , w hich w ill attem p t to discover th e basic p rinciples of high-frequency h eatin g and to apply them to industrial uses, is under the direction of P rofessor H ixson, and P ro fesso r P hilip W . Schtz, of th e d epartm ent of chem ical engineering. E v erette K. M cM ahon, a grad u ate of th e G eorgia In stitu te of T ech nology and a specialist in chem ical engineering appli cations of high-frequency heating, is in charge of th e la b o ra to ry . FHA Stim ulates Fuel Conservation W ashington-- A "su m m er p la n " fo r in su red financing of fuel saving installations, designed to assist in the national effort to conserve fuels, w as announced A pril 1 by A bner H . F erguson, C om m issioner of th e F ederal H ousing A dm inistration. U nder th e plan, th e first paym ent on FH A -insured loans m ade during th e spring and sum m er for this pur pose m ay be deferred u n til th e fall. (Concluded on page 90) - 89 Neutd. ojf the. M onth (Concluded from page 89) T h e F H A h a s n o tified th e 5,000 p riv a te le n d in g in s ti tutions authorized to operate under its T itle I program th a t initial paym ents on loans m ade a fter A pril 1 m ay b e d e fe rre d u n til N o v em b er 1, 1944, p ro v id in g th e e n tire proceeds are used: (1 ) for th e conversion of heating equipm ent to th e use of other fuels, or the rep air and replacem ent of heating equipm ent w orn out or dam aged; (2 ) for th e application of insulation w ithin exist in g stru c tu re s; o r (3) fo r in sta lla tio n o f sto rm doors, storm w indow s, o r w eath erstrip p in g . T h e F H A 's o b je c tiv e , in m a k in g th i s lib e r a liz a tio n o f its T itle I loan term s, is to encourage hom e ow ners to undertake fuel conservation w ork during th e w arm w eath er season and thus p rev en t a heavy congestion of th is type of w ork n ex t fall, M r. F erguson said. A. C. Fires Discussed S t. P axil-- "A ir c o n d itio n in g s y s te m fire s, lik e th o s e of the autom obile in its early days w hen th e car w hich d id n 't b u r n u p w a s u s u a lly th e o n e w h ic h w o n th e ro a d race, w ill be largely elim inated w hen th e causes are fully understood," said flre-preventionist John N eale, chief en gineer of U n d e rw rite rs' L ab o rato ries, Inc., Chi c a g o , o n M ay 17 a t th e t h i r d d a y 's s e s s io n o f t h e N o r th w est F ire School. "L oss of life and property has resu lted from a ir con ditioning system fires b u t can be prevented in the m od ern a ir conditioning system ," th e speaker said, "by proper design' and m aintenance and th e use of such safeguards as fire-resistive a ir filters, non-com bustible ducts, fire-resistive d u ct linings and insulation, auto m atic fire sh u tters in the duct system s to p rev en t the sp read of fire, a n d ele c tric eye sm oke d e te c to rs coupled w ith alarm system s and electrically connected to shut dow n th e system w hen fire b reak s out. "Sm oke, as w ell as fire, introduces a panic hazard," M r. N eale said. "T his is p articu larly serious," he pointed out, "as a ir conditioning system s are usually in stalled in public buildings w here crow ds a re p resent." Screening of th e intake openings, frequent cleaning of th e ducts and p roper location of th e in tak es w ell above th e floor lev el w ill help p re v e n t accum ulations of all m anner of com bustible tra sh and lin t in th e ducts. M r. N eale advised. W alter E. Becker H ouston, T ex .-- W a lt e r E u g e n e B e c k e r, w id e ly k n o w n southern regional m anager of th e Y ork C orporation, d ie d u n e x p e c te d ly h e re A p ril 10, a t th e a g e o f 57. M r. B e c k e r's f ir s t b u s in e s s c o n n e c tio n , m a d e w h e n h e w as 19, w a s a s s e c re ta ry o f th e P ilsb ry -B e c k e r E n g in e e r ing Company, a distributor of Y ork M anufacturing Com pany, th e n being o rganized in S t. L ouis. In 1911 he accepted th e position of treasu rer and m anager of Y ork E ngineering and Supply Com pany of H ouston, a Y ork d istrib u to r. In 1919 h e joined th e L ane and B ow ler C om pany, M em phis, m a n u fa c tu re rs o f .deep-w ell pum p s and related equipm ent. ' S ince 1922, M r. B eck er h a d b een w ith th e H o u sto n bran ch of th e Y ork Ice M achinery C orporation, being m ad e m a n a g e r of th e H o u sto n b ra n c h in 1927. In 1931 he w as m ade southern fegional m anager, w hich brought A tlanta as w ell as H ouston u n d er h is supervision. , Vernon Edler L os Angeles--V ernon E d ler, vice-president an d gen eral m anager of th e Peerless Pum p D ivision of the Food M ach in ery Corp., d ie d M ay 1. H e w a s g e n e ra l m a n a g e r of Peerless. P um p since 1935. 90 BRIEF REVIEW S Overfire J ets-- T w o p u b lic a tio n s on overfire jets t elim in a tio n o f sm o k e a n d re d u c tio n of fuel waste r e p o r tin g th e w o rk d o n e a t B a tte lle M em orial Instituteb o th u n d e r a u th o r s h ip o f R ic h a rd B. E n gdahl, research e n g in e e r o f th e I n s tit u te . O n e p u b lic a tio n is a 6 x 9 1 b o o k le t, 14 p a g e s, r e p o r t N o. V II, issu e d May, 1944 j,. B itu m in o u s C o al R e s e a rc h , In c ., 803 S o u th e rn Building W a s h in g to n , D. C., a n d e n title d "A p p lic a tio n of Over fire J e t ? ." In c lu d e s in f o rm a tio n o n p ro b le m of overfire je t s , lim ita tio n s , c o n s tru c tio n , siz e se le c tio n , changing th e a m o u n t o f a i r , lo c a tio n , s ile n c in g , a n d o th e r prac t i c a l in f o rm a tio n . T h e s e c o n d p u b lic a tio n is an article e n title d "D e sig n D a ta fo r O v e rfire J e t s " a n d covering e s s e n tia lly th e s a m e in f o rm a tio n , re p rin te d from Com- bustion, M arch , 1944. I n su la tio n -- A c o m m e rc ia l s t a n d a r d CS117-44 on Min e r a l W o o l fo r H ig h T e m p e r a tu r e In s ta lla tio n s and cov e r in g b la n k e ts , b lo c k s , in s u la tin g c e m e n t a n d piping in s u la tio n f o r h e a te d in d u s tr i a l e q u ip m e n t h a s been ad o p te d by th e N a tio n a l B u reau of S tan d ard s. Standard is a v a ila b le in m im eo g rap h ed form , TS-3699; will later b e a v a ila b le in p r in te d co p ies. 30 pages. Coke-- A m im e o g ra p h e d 6-page R e p o rt of Coke and B y -P ro d u c ts fr o m C oal-G as R e to rts in 1943, issued a s o n e o f th e M in e ra l I n d u s tr y S u rv e y s , published by th e B u re a u of M ines, U n ite d S ta te s D ep a rtm e n t of the In te rio r. N eoprene-- A 5% x 9 in ., p a p e r b o u n d , 46-page bul le tin , p u b lis h e d b y th e U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L abor, Di v is io n o f L a b o r S ta n d a r d s , a n d d e v o te d to su b je c t of s a f e g u a rd in g w o r k e r s h a n d lin g N e o p re n e . B ooklet is th e first of a series on safeg uarding rubber workers. In clu d es a c h a p te r on E n g in eerin g C ontrol of Solvent V a p o rs, b y C arl T o o th a k e r, U. S. R u b b e r Co., N auga tu c k . Oil S hortage-- A 514 x 8% in . b ro c h u r e of 20 pages an d e n title d "T h e re W ill B e E n ough Oil," an address by W allace E . P ra tt, vice-president and director, Stand a rd O il C om pany, d e liv e re d a t th e a n n u a l d in n er of the Oil H e a t In stitu te o f A m erica in M arch. Valves--P rin te d copies of Sim plified P ractice Recom m e n d a tio n R204-44, B ronze P o p S afety V alves, and B ronze, Iron, and S teel R elief V alves, are now available, according to th e D ivision of Sim plified Practice, N ational B ureau of S tan d ard s. T he recom m endation includes bronze pop safety valves, and bronze, iron, and ste e l re lie f valves su itab le fo r steam , oil, w ater, air, and g as in in d u stria l service, and for m arine service w here applicable. C opies m ay be o b ta in e d fro m th e S u p erin ten d en t of D o c u m e n ts , G o v e rn m e n t P r i n t i n g Office, W a s h in g to n 25, D. C., fo r 5 c e n ts each . Saftt-- T h e U. S.' D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r's D ivision of L abor S tan d ard s h a s published "S afety Subjects," a r e v is io n o f B la k e 's " I n d u s tr i a l S a fe ty S u b je c ts " w hich served as basic te x t m aterial in th e ESM W T Safety E ngineering W ar T raining course. The new bulletin c o n ta in s th e e n tire 25 m onographs, re v ise d an d brought up to date. T he c h a p te rs a re arran g ed in logical se quence an d th e book should be valuable for use outside th e sa fe ty c o u rse s b o th b y th e nov ice in th e safe ty field w ho w ishes to g et a com prehensive picture of industrial safety fundam entals, and by the experienced safety man w ho w ishes to brush up on certain phases of th e sub ject. F ree distribution is restricted to S tate labor de p a r t m e n t s a n d c o u rs e s u p e r v is o r s a n d in s tru c to rs . C opies m ay be purchased from th e S uperintendent of D o cu m en ts, G o v ern m en t P rin tin g Office, W a sh in g to n 25, D. C,, fo r 20 cents. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING ) I 1. S T RE A y rre ng TO- iinovin- n ard iter and sued 1 by .be bulDi e t of et is hers, -tvent , lga- tiages ddress Standof tbe .com;s, an d aable, ractice, ndation on, and ter, air, e r vice id e n t of ig to n 25, v isio n of jects," a -which Safety - bulletin i brought o g ical se;e outside i f e t y fieW in d u s tria l ety aa , tb e sui>la b o r deinstructors, te n d e n t of b in g to n 25, 1LAT1NG Tube-Turn welding fittin^s-^d^SM^bring true stream* lining to a piping system. Tnfey^n&NQnly save space and weight, but perm it neater layoifbsgnd more com pact design, with lines of piping nestling closely together, hugging walls and making the best use of comers or odd spaces. Insulation is far easier in pip ing systems where Tube-Turn welding fittings are used. Tube-Turn seamless steel welding fittings them selves are basically streamlined. Their smooth in n e r and full circularity pressure "less ana Ilow resistance at vital points where flow direction changes. No flow-impeding "offsets" where Tube-Turn fittings are used -- no waves or ridges to accelerate corrosion or erosion I W rite for Catalog 111. TUBE TURNS (Inc.) Louisville, Kentucky. Branch Offices: New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleve land, Dayton, Washington, D. C., Houston, San Francisco, Seattle . . . Distributors located in all principal cities. 7 /e lc lito flk tti* u ? d a n d HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 91 NEWS OF EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS Induction Heater Name-- Sm ith-D olan sy stem of in d u c tion heating. P urpose -- T h ro u g h th e use of h ig h am perage, low voltage, alte rn a tin g c u rre n t, a pow erful e le c tric a l field is induced w here desired and through large pipe being preheated so th a t it can be bent w hile in place. A fea ture of preheating is th a t it prepares .the m etal to absorb stra in s norm ally set up by the electric w elding arc. Made b y -- Electric Arc, Inc., 152 Jeliff Ave., Newark 8, N. J. Iron Lung Roof Ventilator Name-- Iro n L u n g roof v en tilato r. P urpose--F o r v e n tila tio n o f h eav y in d u strial buildings. F eatures -- A pow er ty p e roof v en tila to r w ith a x ial flow fan, dam pers w hich open autom atically w hen pow e r is tu rn e d on and close w hen pow er is off, h e av y g a lv a n iz e d iro n base, chassis of heavy steel w elded into one piece, equipped w ith slip-slop hinges, and ra in gu tters for carrying off excess w a te r collected in rid g e g u tter. W hen fan is operating and dam pers open, rain and snow are ex- Portable Heater Name--Janitrol p o rta b le h e a te r. P urpose -- H eatin g m obile tru ck re p a ir u n its; supplying h eat for con crete m ixing or preventing concrete from freezing during severe w eath e r; localized h eatin g in shipyards, th is induction heating, heat is cre ated w here desired for bending large size pipe, or for preheating as p a rt of th e w elding process.. F eatures-- T o p re h e a t a p ip e, be fore w elding, th ree layers of asbestos paper are applied around th e pipe fo r a distance of about tw elve inches on each side of th e weld. Special a s bestos covered w ire is w ound around the pipe on each side of th e w eld, and th e leads are th en connected to the transform er supplying th e high am perage, low voltage cu rren t. To m ain ta in proper tem p eratu re control, two therm ocouple w ires are tack w elded onto th e w ork, and the w ires ru n to a pyrom eter, eith er of th e recording .o r non-recording type supplied by the m aker. W hen the predeterm ined tem perature is reached, the current is c u t off so th a t th e actu a l w elding can proceed. Illu stratio n s show the standard single transform er w ith autom atic control equipm ent, and a pelled by force of a ir stream . D am p ers have no bearings; instead, use a self-cleaning hinge. Sizes and Capacities-- A v a ila b le in a ll s ta n d a rd sizes fro m 20 to 60 in., u s in g m o to rs o f fro m % to 10 h o rs e pow er, and w ith exhaust capacities ra n g in g fro m ap p ro x im a te ly 3500 to 60,000 cfm . Made by--Powermatic Ventilator Co., 4019 prospect Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. Liquid Level Indicator N ame--U-C indicator. P urpose--F o r in d ic a tin g p o sitio n of liquid level content of drum s con ta in in g oil. F eatures--H as now been m ade ad ap ta b le to a 30 gal. d ru m in ad d i tio n to th e 55 gal. steel d ru m s in w hich it has been used' for some y ears. Device is applicable to e ith er 30 o r 55 gal. d ru m s a n d ca n be, tra n s ferred as easily as a faucet, it is claim ed. Made by--Techtmann Industries, Inc., 828 N.i Broadway, Milwaukee, W ise. factory yards, and for m any other uses w here a portable h eater w ould be suitable. F eatures -- T h is u n it em bodies th e sam e principles of com bustion used in th e Jan itro l aircraft heater made by th is com pany. I t embodies the sam e w h irl flame com bustion p rin ciple w hich perm its in stan t ignition in sub-zero tem p eratu res. T he flame is m ade to w hirl by tangential in tro d u ctio n of a ir into th e com bustion cham ber. Top of illustration shows th e portable u n it w ith sideboards an d th e low er photograph shows the heater w ith sideboards removed. Sizes and Capacities--O u tp u t ra tin g , 250,000 B tu p e r h o u r; ta n k capacity, 25 g allo n s o r sufficient fo r eight .h o u r s o p e ra tio n ; w e ig h t of u n it, 270 lb. Made by--Surface Combustion, Tole do, Ohio. Heat Timer Name--H eat Tim er. P urpose--Indoor-o.utdoor w e a th e r con tro ls for m ulti-fam ily residential buildings an d larg e com m ercial in sta lla tio n s. F eatures-- D esigned fo r hand-fired coal, oil-fired an d stoker-fired boilers. T im er is electrically operated utiliz in g low vo ltag e of 24 v o lts to m ini m ize in sta lla tio n expense. I t includes a n o u td o o r e le m e n t a n d in d o o r ele- ( Continued on page 94) 92 JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING simple mm problem: replace steam boiler in old tw o-storey building ... m ain tain 65 th r o u g h o u t... d a y an d night A small-Massachusetts firm engaged for many years in the manufacture of special machinery, found itself facing increased war production w ith a steam system too old and inefficient to satisfy heat re quirements. The building was so cold on many winter mornings that the mechanics wasted much of their time trying to keep warm. The old bricked-in boiler was taking up much badly needed space. To save fuel, steam was kept up only during the daytime. This firm, faced w ith vital war contracts, needed warmth for their building and it had to be provided simply, quickly and efficiently. DRAVO CORPORATION * PITTSBURGH i ' ' HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 heater of old boiler , ing spa" 10 8, Mass.. who of Ho'Vke; hf 0% ration ^ ^ S b ^ t A dduct - " "- " "" T 1 93 / Aleuti ajj Zqulpm ent a*td M atesUali (Continued rom juge 92) m ent attached to eith er system or boiler and control panel m ounted a t any distance from either th e outdoor or indoor elem ents. C ontrol panel includes provisions fo r operating eith er: (1) autom atically in accord ance w ith outside w eather; (2) cy cling, w hich provides a fixed num ber actual inches and ten th s readings on a drum indicating u n it Sizes and Capacities-- R a n g e of 0 to 100 in. of w a te r w ith a se n s itiv ity of 1/4 of 1/10 of 1 in. w ith an accuracy of plus or m inus one ten th of 1%. Also av ailable low er ran g es of 0 to 5; 0 to 30; a n d 0 to 50 in., h a v in g correspondingly better sensitivity w ith sam e percentage of accuracy. Made By-- Trimount Instrument Co., SI W. Yan Buren St., Chicago 5, III. Sturtevant Heater Name-- S tu rte v a n t H eavy D uty Steel H eater. P urpose--H eav y d u ty a p p lic a tio n in in d u strial heating, a ir conditioning, vapor absorption, drying, and other processing w ork. F eatures-- S aid to p ossess m a in te nance and repair-free advantages of pipe coil h eate rs com bined w ith p er form ance of m odern heating surface, w ith h e d tin g c a p a c ity in c r e a s e d 10 to facilitate assem bly to o th er sec tions and to duct connections. S izes a n d Capacities-- F o u r siz e s, 20 in., 25 in ., 30 in ., a n d 35 in. in w id th across pipes. E ach size furnished w ith p ip e le n g th s fro m 2 to 10 ft. in 6. in. in c re m e n ts . L iterature Available-- 32-page cat alog. Made B y--B. F. Sturtevant Co., Inc., Eyde Park, Boston, Mass. Exhaust Heating Unit Name-- H ex h eat. P urpose-- A n e x h a u s t h e a tin g u n it for airp lan e and in d u strial applica tion. F eatures -- Of tu b e con stru ctio n . of "o n " m in u te s of h e a tin g p er cycle, or (3) a tim e delay provision for re s tric tin g th e "on" cycle a fte r circu latio n has been established in build in g for a pre-determ ined num ber of m in u te s . C irc u la tio n m u s t b(e e s ta b lished com pletely in th e building be fore th e tim in g cycle sta rts , th u s as s u rin g ad e q u a te h e a tin g in th e diffi cult portions of the building. L iterature Available -- Illu s tr a te d booklet and installation instructions. Made By-- The Seat Timer Corp., 160 Filth Ave., New York, N. Y. Electric M anometer Name--E le c tric m anom eter. P urpose-- F o r m e a s u rin g m in u te pressures. F eatures-- S m all p re s su re s a re con v erted into an electrical reading by a very sensitive pressure, m easuring device. P ressu res a re converted into h eater is proportioned and balanced to give u n ifo rm a ir flow control. Flow can be a rra n g e d fo r cross-flow, co current-flow o r counter-flow, w hich ever is m ost desirable for condition involved. U n it illu strated is of crossflow type. D evice o rig in ally designed for. w ing de-icing, cabin h e a tin g and related purposes b u t is adaptable to a w ide v ariety of needs. Made B y--Draper & lianson, Inc., 138 E. Pico St., Los Angeles 21, Calif. tim es d u e . to ad d itio n of fins to h e a te r pipes. H eaters constructed of 1 in. steel pipe threaded into cast iron headers. Inside these pipes are % in. steel pipes w hich carry the steam , from header, d istrib u te it to all h e a te r pipes, p rev en t a ir binding, and provide a non-freeze .character istic. W ound around h e a te r pipes a re s p ira l fins of so ft c a rb o n Bteel strip 9/32 in. w ide an d tapered from .035 in . th i c k n e s s ' a t th e edge a t ta c h e d to th e p ip e to .012 in . a t th e outside edge. Tapered construction of th e fins said to provide g reater h e a t tra n sfe r th a n fin of uniform thickness. A fter assem bling, fins and pipes are passed through a m etallic b ath for bonding and protection ag ain st corrosion. ' Standardized steel casings, of heavy gauge galvanized steel, die-form ed for strength and uniform ity are fitted w ith flanges, tem plate punched, ,' Oil Separator Filter Name--Air-M aze oil sep arato r filter, ty p e R-56B. (C ontinued on page 96) JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING 'ou Heed These Bulletins \NE of the worst saboteurs of them all is low water in ' steam boilers. And yet low water is the easiest of all to 0p in its tracks. All that is needed is a relatively inexpenLe McDonnell Boiler W ater Level Control, properly inIjjlled and kept in good operating condition. The two bulletins illustrated here are your guide in doLg this. The new Condensed Catalog shows what type of lontrol is needed for the essential boilers that do not have McDonnell protection. The new service manual shows |jiow to keep McDonnell equipment going and bring (the old models up to date. If you haven't received these handy tools mail the Icoupon today for your copies. la this c u rre n t condensed c a ta lo g y o u w ill find com - Ipiete p rice in fo rm a tio n , d a ta c o v e rin g service ranges, |ilectrical ra tin g s a n d condensed catalog in fo rm a tio n M cD onnell B o iler Feeders, Feeder Cut-off Com- Jbinations, L ow W a te r Cut-offs, P u m p C o n tro lle rs, Jiafety R e lie f V alves and H u m id ifie r W a te r Level gControls. Facts a re o rg an ized so th a t it is easy to find Sthe rig h t c o n tro l fo r th e job, re g a rd le ss of b o ile r size Jor pressure ra n g e . CONDEHSED CATALOG and PRICE LIST Li** 2is lUr. -li' Mot a HKSj , ***, ' h" "ll,t, w c* '*' lev., c ' S t * * SOA.T-4"* Et sa ..s <>- 2 U7 * T his new service m anual contains clear directions for testing out M cD onnell W ater Level Controls and covers each product individually w ith complete infor m ation as to servicing, ordering replacem ent parts, o r bringing old types u p to date w ith new conver sion mechanisms. T here are thousands of M cD onnell B oiler W ater Level C ontrols in service, all capable of d oing a perfect job of protecting vital steam boilers. T heir ow ners w ill welcom e suggestions for keeping them in first class condition as covered by this manual. MDONNELL & MILLER W-'^lev a.-' ->- -no II, Illinois (D ) 4 Cargo Ships ( D 20 Tankers t STEEL PRODUCER ( 7 ) 54 Landing Ships (G ) 192 Liberty Ships 97 /Veo/4 of Zquipm eH t an d M a teria li ( Continued from page 94 ) Purpose--For removing oils from air in ventilating systems. Features--'Consists of permanent, viscous impingement filter.which re moves dust and dirt and with remov able oil collecting media that traps remaining oil particles. Removes oil and kerosene but does hot remove oil smoke or liquids in a true vapor ous state. Sizes--Available in standard size. Made B t-- Airmaze Corp., Cleve land 5, Ohio. Persons Control Name-- P e rs o n s te m p e r a tu r e c o n tro l, ty p es 530-1E, 531-E, 531D-1E. P urpose-- A d ir e c t d u c t-m o u n te d ty p e control sw itch. Features-- C o m p o n e n ts in c lu d e te m peratu re elem ent, sw itch m echanism , lam p m ade in clear and ru b y glass. H as heat-proof S uperlok base, efficient and durable ceram ic heat reflector disc, th e W abash tu n g ste n M -filament, an d built-in. reflector. Made by -- Wabash Appliance Corp. 335 Carroll St., Brooklyn SI, N. Y. Fix-Iron Name-- F ix -Iro n . Purpose-- P o w d e r w h ic h w h e n m ix e d w ith w ater is effective for rep airing broken, cracked, or defective m etal pipings, etc., or for stopping leak s in boilers, furnaces, fire-pots, and o ther equipm ent. Features-- N o h e a t is r e q u ire d . M a te ria l is quickly applied w ith a putty knife and m ay be ham m ered into cracked or broken parts. H ardens rapidly. H as the sam e contraction and expansion as iron itself. Can be used w ith iron, steel, brass, o r wood. Sizes--A v a ila b le in 1, 5, 25 a n d 100 lb cans and kegs. H ousehold sizes in 1% and 7 oz glass jars. Made By--So-Lo Works, Loveland, Ohio. tig h t m e c h a n ic a l coupling. Where w e ld e d c lo s u re is re q u ire d , cem ent is o m itte d a n d en d s of sleeve lap-welded to c o n d u it a f t e r c la m p s h a v e been ap p lied . C lam ps a re th e n removed a n d lo n g itu d in a l s e a m la p welded. W hen co n d u it cou p lin g is completed a sp h a lt blanket, applied w ith heat ov er th e e n tire clo su re area, fuses w ith facto ry -ap p lied a sp h a lt. Acces so ries fo r th e com plete system , in c lu d in g e x p a n sio n loops, elbow s, tees, anchors, and reducers, are prefabri cate d a n d equipped w ith th e same d riv e co u p ler fo r assem b ly w ith con d u it sections. Literature Available--6-page bul letin, F o rm 4404. Made By--The Ric-wiL Company, 1572 Union Commerce Bldg.. Cleve land, Ohio. Exhaust. Head Name-- W rig h t-A u s tin e x h a u s t head , type FF. P urpose-- R e m o v in g m o is tu re from ex h a u st steam and red u cin g objec Ric-wiL Drive Coupler Name-- R ic -w iL d riv e c o u p le r. Purpose-- A c o u p le r a d a p ta b le to m echanical or w elded closure for Ric-w iL p refab ricated in su lated pipe conduit, said to elim inate need for adjustm ents, and housing. H ighly sensitive coiled elem ent used. Coil ing affords a m axim um area exposed skilled w orkm en and reduce installa tio n tim e in th e field w hen lay in g the conduit. w hile a "solid liquid charge" in th e coil increases sen sitiv ity w hich ex pands and contracts equally for each tem perature change transm itting positive pow er for accurate operation of th e sw itch m echanism . Sw itch w ill not sh atter under heavy cu rren t leads to m otors, can also be applied w here sw itch is rem otely located. R ange of charge is -- 65F to 375F; range of .operation, 75F; m inim um tem perature differential, 5F; toler an ce, 2F , sw itch r a tin g a t 40,000 ft. a ltitu d e , 24 VDC, 25 am p ., nonin d u c tiv e , 15 am p., in d u ctiv e. S in g le pole, double-throw sw itch. Sizes and Capacities--A v a ila b le In th re e types, type 530-1E, n o rm ally c lo sed ; ty p e 531 4 E , n o rm a lly open, and Features-- I n s u la te d c o n d u i t is sh ip p e d to jo b s ite in 21 ft. sectio n s com pletely prefabricated. E nds of helical corrugated conduit are ex panded sm ooth a t th e factory, re m oving corrugations for a distance of_ 3 B are pipe extends beyond of th e fins tgnduit for 3 m ore inches, h e a t tra n sfe r la s beeu coupled o r weldth ic k n e s s . A f te r lI.a tlo n a p p lie d o v e r e x p ip e s a r e p a s s e d "b s m o o th e d e n d s of bath for bondingted w ith w aterproof a g a in s t c o rro sio n . A. h e a v y -g a g e s p lit ' S tandardized stee) is th en slipped over gauge galvanized im Ps a re d riv en onto TO CONTROL VALVES fo r stre n g th and annels over lapped fitted w ith flanges, t# InS a stro n g w ater- tionable noise ord in arily associated w ith exhaust head operation. Features -- D ev ice s a id w h o lly to elim inate w ater spray w hich is one of the principal causes of ru st and erosion on roofs and adjacent stacks. D irectional vanes or ribs are cast on th e inside of th e head, to collect and c a rry th e sep arated m oisture and oil o u t of th e ste a m flow. F o r elim in a tion of these contam inants, the nor m al steam velocity is slowed down by a tw o-stage expansion of the steam --first in th e dome, and again in th e body surrounding the dome. As a resu lt of th is construction, it is claim ed th a t nothing b u t dry steam passes out through the ex h au st head. F eatu re is an outlet opening m uch larg er th an the area of th e ip tak e pipe, p erm ittin g th e purified exhaust to escape easily, w ithout back pressure. T his feature is said to assure practically silent operation, w ith no irrita tin g "puttp u tt" noises. Sizes A td Capacities-- F o r all pipe (Concluded on page 98) 94 JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G I 380 FIGHTING AND CARGO SHIPS These ships equivalent in value to 1000 Liberty ships. (A ) 3 Aircraft Carriers and 6 Cruisers ( D 37 Destroyers (C ) 64 Destroyer Escorts (D ) 4 Cargo Ships (T ) 20 Tankers WORLD'S LARGEST SHIPBUILDER 54 Landing Ships SECOND LARGEST STEEL PRODUCER ( D 192 Liberty Ships H E A T I N G AN D V E N T I L A T I N G , J U N E , 1944 97 off C t^ U fu n e n t a n d M a ie n .c a U . (Concluded from page 96) sizes from 1% to 14 in., sta n d a rd o r custom m ade to m eet individual con ditions. L iterature Available--C atalog. Made by-- 'Wright-Austin Co., 834 TV. Woodbridge St., Detroit 26, Mich. Barometric Draft Control Name--Perfex barom etric d raft con tro ls . F eatures--A new type of h inge pivot, m ade of sp rin g steel, is said to elim inate difficulties often ch ar acteristic of bearing type of hinge pivot, assure perm anent calibration a fter th e in itial setting, and contrib utes to sensitivity of vane. Square construction of vane and thim ble channel allow s g re a te r a ir volum e th a n is obtained w ith conventional controls. Vane itself is m ade of alu m inum for lightness, w hich also con trib u tes to precision action an d sensitivity. A n off-center turn-w eight is used to ad ju st action of vane. Once adjusted, it retain s position w ithout com plicated locking o r setting. E asi ly and quickly installed in eith er a v ertical or horizontal pipe. Sizes and Capacities-- F o u r m odels, for use in pipes of sizes ran g in g from 6 in . to 12 in . Made B y--Perfex Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. Sutton Blowers N ame--S utton m otor driven blow ers. P urpose-- G eneral v en tilatin g appli cations for various industrial and special uses. F eatures -- D esigned fo r continuous and quiet duty. T he single in le t type can be used fo r suction, blow ing, or both. H ousing of fu rn itu re steel spot w elded a irtig h t an d supported by cast iron and brackets; baked on crackle finish; ou tlet m ay be tu rn ed to any one of four positions--right, left, up or down. O utlet has rem ov able nozzle ad a p te r to p e rm it use of round or rectangular duct as re quired. M ultiblade w heels have steel back plates riveted to m achined hubs. Sizes and Capacities-- T h re e sizes w ith 1/6, 1/4 a n d 1/3 h p m otors, 500, 1,000 a n d 1,500 cfm fre e a ir d eliv ery , respectively. L iterature Available--B u lle tin No. 244. M ade by -- Sutton Mfg. Co., 112-114 TV. Wilson Ave., Norfolk 10, Va. Small Dravo Heater N ame--D ravo direct-fired heater. P urpose-- D esigned to m eet th e prob lem of h eatin g sm all stru ctu res or provide additional h e a t for lim ited areas. F eatures--N ew m odel is one w hich com pany is now supplying to arm ed forces to h e a t steel service igloos at advanced bases. R etains principal characteristics of reg u lar line but on a sm aller scale and w ith floor space re q u ir e m e n ts o f 3 x 514 f t. A lso ca n be suspended from w all. E quipped to b u rn e ith e r gas or oil. T herm ostati cally controlled. S ize s and C a pa c itie s-- 300,000 to 850,000 B tu p e r h r ou tp u t. L iterature Available-- B u lle tin No. 509-A. or signals, as w ell as num erous o th er applications w here sequence opera tions are of im portance.. F eatures-- Solenoid s ta rtin g m echan ism is operated from a rem ote con tro l m om entary sta rt button, so th a t the tim er w ill go through its com plete cycle or an y p a rt of its cycle of operation and stop. R eclosing th e m om entary s ta rt button w ill either continue or re p e a t th e cycle as the case m ay be. T hey can be arranged so th a t in th e event of a pow er in terru p tio n it is necessary to again press the rem ote control s ta rt but to n to continue th e cycle, or, after pow er is restored to autom atically continue th e cycle of operation. Made B y--The f t. TV. Cramer Co., Inc., Centerbrook, Conn. Packed Refrigeration Unit Name--Packaged refrigeration plant. P urpose--F o r in sta lla tio n on V ictory ships. F eatures--M anufacturer claim s n ear ly 1600 sq f t of carg o a re a a n d 16,000 M a d e is? -- Dravo Corporation, Ma chinery Div., Beat Dept., 800 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Multi-Contact Timer N ame--M ulti-contact tim er for re m ote control. P urpose--To control a series of oper ations in definite order, autom atical ly to reverse or a ltern ate in opera tio n a group of m otors o r devices, to operate in a predeterm ined se quence a series of valves, solenoids, m an-hours of in stallatio n tim e w ill be saved on 133 new V ictory sh ip s by use of this unit. H as com bination tw in refrigeration com pressors, re ceivers, condensers and auxiliaries w hich by cross connections can be operated separately for both high an d low tem p eratu re room s. In em ergencies eith er com pressor can be connected to carry both high and low tem p eratu re sim ultaneously. Re ceivers form in teg ral stru c tu ra l p a rt of base, increase rigidity of fram w ork a t m inim um of w eight. Ma chine is b u ilt in form of a rectangle; piping and valves located for easy accessibility. Com pany now building sim ilar packaged u n it for other type vessels. Sizes and Capacities-- T o tal w eight 3804 lb. U n it a p p ro x im a te ly 71 in. lo n g , 68 in . w id e, 42 in . h ig h . C om bined com pressor capacity five tons; com pressors driven by two 7% hp m otors. H igh tem perature room s 40F, low tem p eratu re room s 15F. , Made B y:--York Corp., York. Pa. 98 JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G $ 0 t a t ~ k e & s T o c n s n < ? id e < f d e a * c Tocco is Amachine to heat-treat steel by electrical induction. Tocco units make better bomb cases faster. Heat airplane propeller ends to 2000 F. in 115 seconds. Increase out put of drill chucks 600 per cent. In sum, bring to hundreds of manufac turing plants faster production, lower costs and improved products. Tocco's insides consist of expensive, precision machinery. A motor-gener ator is its heart. To assure proper operating tem perature for the enclosed electri- cal equipment, air is fan-circulated throughout the cabinet. This air must obviously be clean as a whistle. Dust-Stop* Air Filters inside the intake louvres (see inset) make it that way. Saves Possible Expense Dust-StOps are one of the contributing factors to Tocco's remarkably low maintenance costs, made possible by careful design and engineering of the complete unit. All users of machinery equipped with Dust-Stops have the advantages of a quick-change, standard size filter that can be easily removed when clogged with dirt accumulations and replaced with a new, clean Dust-Stop in a few minutes. Tocco is but one interesting ex ample of how Dust-Stops can be designed and engineered into ma chines where dust must be control led. For further information on this type of application write: OwensCorning Fiberglas Corporation, 1912 Nicholas Build ing, Toledo 1, Ohio; Fiberglas Canada, Ltd., Oshawa, Ontario.' -TIUATING FIB E R G L A S * T.M. Reg. U.S. Pit. Off. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 AIR FILTERS 99 D egree-D ays for A p ril, 1944 H E A T IN A N D V E N T IL A T IN Q '8 16th year of publication of monthly degreo-day data Monthly Degree-Oays 1 Cumulative Degree-Days* City Degree-Days,! Degree-Days, 1 Oarm -payi. Season. 8easorv, April, 1944> April, 1 9 4 3 I April, Normal 8/1/43-4/30/44 9/1/42-4/30/43 1 A b ile n e , T e x a s ........................... 88 31 A lb a n y , N e w Y o r k ..................... 694 . 759 A lbu q u erq u e, N ew M exico .. 386 163 A lp e n a , M ic h ig a n ..................... 846 849 A n a c o n d a , M o n ta n a ................ 704 611 A sh ev ille, N o rth C a ro lin a . . . 323 365 A tla n ta , G e o rg ia ..... ............... 181 176 A tla n tic C ity, N ew J e r s e y . . 492 562 A u g u s ta , G e o r g i a ....................... 130 122 B a k e r, O re g o n ........................... 615 512 B a ltim o re , M a ry la n d .............. 361 437 B illin g s, M o n ta n a ..................... 492 398 B in g h a m to n , N ew Y o rk . . . . 661 751 B irm in g h a m , A l a b a m a ............ 168 124 B is m a rc k , N o r th D a k o ta . . . . 689 502 B lo ck Is la n d , R h o d e I s la n d .. 647 710 B o ise , Id a h o ......... . .................... 488 331 B o s to n , M a s s a c h u s e tts ............ 608 649 B o z e m a n , M o n ta n a ................... 615 544 Buffalo, N ew Y ork . . . . . . . . . 721 842 B u rlin g to n , V e rm o n t .............. 788 859 B u tte , M o n ta n a . . . ................. 742 ' 624 C a iro , Illin o is .............................. 226 235 C a n to n , N e w Y o rk ................... 782 864 C h a rle s C ity , Io w a ................... 631 582 C h a rle s to n , S o u th C a r o l i n a . . 95 107 C h a rlo tte , N o rth C a ro lin a . . 187 206 C h a tta n o o g a , T e n n e sse e . . . . 232 188 C h e y e n n e , W y o m in g .............. 819 505 C h ic a g o , Illin o is ....................... 590 583 C in c in n a ti, O h io ....................... 347 458 C le v e la n d , O hio ......................... 596 649 C o lu m b ia , M isso u ri ................ 419 315 C o lu m b ia , S o u th C a ro lin a . . 132 145 C o lu m b u s, O hio ................ . 428 540 C oncord, N ew H a m p s h ire . . 760 800 C o n c o rd ia , K a n s a s ................... 534 273 D a lla s , T e x a s .............................. 85 49 D a v e n p o rt, Io w a ....................... 5 3 3 468 D a y to n , O hio .............................. 472 578 D e n v e r, C o lo ra d o ..................... 651 291 D es M o in e s, Io w a ..................... 568 458 D e tro it, M ic h ig a n ..................... 665 679 D e v ils L a k e , N o rth D a k o t a . . 742 658 D odge C ity , K a n s a s ................ 508 235 D u b u q u e , Io w a ........................... 593 517 D u lu th , M i n n e s o t a ..................... 841 806 E a s tp o r t, M a in e ......................... 803 871 E lk in s , W e s t V irg in ia ............ 503 621 E l P a s o , T e x a s ............................ 112 54 E ly , N e v a d a ................................ 806 507 E rie , P e n n s y lv a n ia ................... 671 725 E s c a n a b a , M ic h ig a n ................ 828 885 E v a n s v ille , I n d ia n a ................. 317 357 P o r t S m ith , A rk a n s a s ............ 151 101 P o r t W a y n e , I n d ia n a .............. 609 634 P o r t W o rth , T e x a s ................... 79 44 F re s n o , C a l i f o r n i a ..................... 216 107 G a lv e s to n , T e x a s ....................... 20 7 G ra n d J u n c tio n , C olorado . . . 509 165 G ra n d R a p id s, M ich ig an . . . . 625 655 G re e n B a y , W i s c o n s i n ............ 730 720 G reensboro, N o rth C a ro lin a .. 270 309 G reen v ille, S o u th C aro lin a .. 196 208 H a rris b u rg , P e n n s y lv a n ia .. 484 572 H a r tf o r d , C o n n e c tic u t ............ 598 665 H a t t e r a s , N o r th C a r o li n a ___ 186 241 H a v re , M o n ta n a ....................... 498 437 H e le n a , M o n t a n a ....................... 623 533 H o u s to n , T e x a s ......................... 22 16 H u ro n , S o u th D a k o ta ............ 671 526 In d ia n a p o lis , In d ia n a .............. 423 518 K a n s a s C ity , M isso u ri ............ 448 254 K e w a n e e , Illin o is ....... ............. 575 534 K n o x v ille , T e n n e s s e e ............ 257 L a C ro ss e , W is c o n s in ............ 534 267 528 L a n d e r. W y o m in g .................. .. 719 455 27 549 288 789 756 330 132 519 24 615 348 534 594 69 657 633 435 . 570 731 675 654 741 201 684 612 36 159 144 720 537 333 564 303 . 63 420 669 342 9 453 396 534 441 573 756 342 489 801 786 501 45 , --- 609 828 276 93 474 27 135 0 384 . 534 600 210 195 405 531 255 ' 630 646 0 570 384 306 472 . 210 617 690 2512 7010 4775 7468 7285 4152 2905 4815 2259 6308 4420 6146 6821 2873 7819 5526 5611 5865 7265 6774 7872 7855 3903 7908 7162 1870 3106 3539 6952 6245 4869 5878 5120 ` 2461 . 5308 7441 5526 2418 6054 5692 5568 6267 6417 8786 5413 6550 8558 7418 5721 2802 7339 6217 7736 4693 3204 6447 2369 2538 1161 5311 6398 7366 4026 3145 5457 6198 2721 6904 7343 1300 7545 5301 5104 6408 3667 7205 8025 2301 7109 3597 7783 7423 4087 2865 4682 2178 6307 4346 6779 6599 2477 8953 5630 5312 5913 7483 6864 7869 8049 3859 8101 7816 1909 3056 .3251 6447 6548 5000 5849 4931 2375 5391 7474 5313 2314 6389 5415 4895 6469 6515 9785 4711 6961 9165 7546 5454 2200 6095 6139 8311 4726 3075 6483 2311 2398 1046 4565 6582 1 7859 3823 3105 5313 6240 2518 7988 7953 1212 8023 5618 4911 6763 3663 7786 7024 8/1 -4/30 2061 6397 4258 7662 7493 4161 2890 4956 2161 6519 4511 6743 6554 2352 8809 5311 5316 5800 7724 6475 7238 7424 3909 7686 7364 1769 3120 3118 6894 5715 4684 5935 4900 2364 5311 7001 5250 2256 6171 5183 5607 6266 6264 9450 4988 6641 8746 7398 5520 2428 -- 6016 8118 4244 3147 5795 2148 2334 1016 5430 6361 7503 3529 3380 5285 5834 2571 8187 7261 1157 7737 5239 4950 5996 3670 7139 7384 Year1 9/1-6/3 2061 6580 4298 8299 8357** 4232 2890 5176 2161 7163 4533 7119 6808 2352 9192 5788 5552 6045 8521** 6822 7514 8272 3909 8020 7588 1769 3120 3118 7466 5957 4684 6155 4922 2364 5398 7353 5315 2256 6289 5264 5874 6384 6490 9970 5035 6790 9443 8520** 5697 2428 -- 6273 8771* 4244 3147 5925 2148 2334 1016 5548 6535 7825 3529 3380 5375 6036 2571 8700 7898 1157 8004 5298 4956 6139 3670 7322 7947 i Cumulative data identical with monthly figures for September only. In subsequent months, cumulative figures will show record for whole heating season to and including month in question. 'Figures in this column are normal totals for a complete heating sea son, September to June, inch Figures in this table, with eight exceptions, based on local weather bureau reports. Exceptions are Otica, Lewiston, Kewanee, and Sioux City, figures for which are furnished through the courtesy of Coke Sales Depart- ment. Central New York Power Corp., tica, N. Y.; Norman E. Boss, Bursar, Bates College, Lewiston, Me.; J. M. Hartman, Engineering Depart ment, Kewanee Boiler Corp., Kewanee, 111., and Alfred B. Wagstaff, Engi neer, 8 ioux City Foundry and Boiler Co., Sioux City, Iowa, respectively: Anaconda, Bozeman, Butte and Livingston, Mont., through the courtesy of the Montana Power Company. . . [Table concluded on page 102] 100 JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING r 'i i X K ' i . K --.'35 W IT H IRON FIREMAN STOKERS Danville, Illinois, High School turned a struggling steam plant into a smooth running system with ample reserve power -- using the same 3 boilers A TY PIC A L example o f how Iron Firem an firing saves fuel and m anpow er is the Danville High School. Previous to installation o f Iron Fireman pneum atic spreader stokers, three hand-fired boilers failed to m eet heating dem ands. A fter a season's heating with Iron Firem an, M r. D onald E. M cG rath, Superintendent o f School Buildings, reported these ourstanding results : " W ith Iron Firem an firing, we operated 40% o f the tim e o n one boiler, using tw o boilers only during early hours and peak loads--the third boiler always in reserve for emergencies. W e had plenty o f time for cleaning and readying each boiler in turn by alternate firing in tw o week cycles. 30% Coal Saving-- M anpow er Save d for Other W ork " Fuel savings averaged 30% or $1800 a year. Also we found our m en had time to do m any other jobs o f im provem ent during their shifts. Elimination o f part time labor, previously necessary, saved a further $200 a year." With Iron Fireman performance proved by this installation at Danvitie High School, Donald K. McGrath (right) taking over aa Superintendent of School Buildings at Pontiac, Mich.,promptly ordered Iron Fireman stokers for four schools. B E F O R E installation of Iron Fireman Stokers three heavily fired boilers could scarcely carry the load. i fi 1 M A* AFTER installing Iron Fireman Stokers 1 Boiler carried the load 40% of the time-- 2 Boilers carried all peak loads -- leaving 1 Boiler alw ays in reserve. 1 i : , m ; 1 \ NQRMAL i P D .f lQ LOADS j 1 FOR PEAK LOADS STAND BY FUEL S A V IN G -- $ 1 8 0 0 A YEAR Iron Fireman Stokers Available NOW ;j Ask for Free Heating Plant Survey Danville High School--a three story main budding with a two story double gymnasium and swimming pool, a detached manual arts building and boiler plant. Boiler plant consists o f three 225 h.p. four drum water tube boilers, now efficiently and economically fired by _ Iron Fireman Pneumatic Spreader stokers. Because they contribute so substantially to fuel and m anpower conservation, Iron Firem an autom atic stokers are now available to all users o f 25 tons o r m ore o f coal annually. O ur nationwide organization o f qualified factory representatives and dealers is a t your service. F or a free survey showing-what Iron Firem an firing can do in your building or plant, write Iron Firem an M anufacturing C o., 3430 W est 106th St., Cleveland 11, O hio. F y HEATING AND V ENTILATING, J U N E , 1944 A U T O M A T IC COAL STOKERS 101 Degree-Days for April, 1 9 4 4 (Concluded) H E A T IN Q A N D V E N T I L A T I N G ^ 16th > w of publication of monthly dpr-- day data I Monthly Dogr*a*Oayt Cumulativa Dagroo-Day*1 i City Dogree-DsrM Dsgros-Day* | Dgrts*Dayti Saamn. I Season. i Seaton. Normal, 1 1April, 1 0 4 4 | April. 1 9 4 3 I April. Normal 9/1/43*4/80/441 9/1/ 4 2 *4 / 30 / 4 3 I 9/1*4/80 1 L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n ................... 696 L e w is to n , M a in e ....................... 757 L in c o ln , N e b r a s k a .................. 581 L it tl e R o c k , A r k a n s a s ___ __ 152 L iv in g sto n , M o n tan a . . . . . . ' . . 632 L o s A n g e le s , C a lifo rn ia ___ 184 L o u is v ille , K e n tu c k y .............. 283 L y n c h b u rg , V irg in ia ................ 279 M a c o n , G e o rg ia ......................... 140 M a d iso n , W is c o n s in ................ 672 M a r q u e tte , M ic h ig a n .............. 849 M e m p h is, T e n n e s s e e .............. 179 M e rid ia n , M i s s i s s i p p i .............. 118 M ilw a u k e e , W i s c o n s i n ............ 733 M in n e a p o lis , M in n e s o ta ___ 659 M o d e n a , U t a h ................................ 662 M o n tg o m e ry , A l a b a m a ......... .. 98 N a n tu c k e t, M a ssa c h u se tts .. 631 N a s h v ille , T e n n e s s e e .............. 241 . N ew H av en , C o n n ecticu t . . . . 601 N e w O rle a n s , L o u i s i a n a ___ 40 N e w V o rk , N e w Y o rk ............ 509 N o m e , A la s k a ........................... 1816 N o rfo lk , V i r g i n i a ....................... 247 N o rth H ead , W a s h in g to n .. . . 494 N o r th P la t te , N e b r a s k a ___ 618 O a k la n d ,. C a lifo rn ia ................ 362 O k lah o m a C ity, O k la h o m a ... 229 O m a h a , N e b r a s k a ..................... 568 O sw e g o , N e w Y o r k ................... 760 P a rk e rs b u rg , W eBt V irg in ia . 381 P e o r ia , Illin o is ............................ 529 P h ila d e lp h ia , P e n n s y lv a n ia .. 440 P h o e n ix , A r i z o n a ....................... 51 P itts b u rg h , P e n n s y lv a n ia . . . 449 P o c a te llo , Id a h o ......................... 640 P o r t la n d , M a in e ......................... 780 P o r t la n d , O re g o n ___ 1............ 372 P ro v id e n c e , R hode Isla n d . . . 566 P u e b lo , C o lo ra d o ....................... 633 R a le ig h , N o r th C a r o l i n a ___ 205 R a p id C ity, S o u th D a k o ta . . 676 R e a d in g , P e n n s y lv a n ia . . . . . 473 R e d d in g , C a lifo rn ia ................ 306 R e n o , N e v a d a .............................. 635 R ic h m o n d , V irg in ia ................ 270 R o c h e s te r , N e w Y o rk ............ 745 R o s e b u rg , O re g o n ..................... 431 R o s w e ll, N e w M exico ............ 223 S a c r a m e n to , C a lifo rn ia .......... 276 S t. J o s e p h , M i s s o u r i ................. 488 S t. L o u is , M is s o u ri ................ 343 S a l t L a k e C ity , U t a h .............. 633 S a n A n to n io , T e x a s .'.............. 27 S a n D ieg o , C a lifo rn ia ............ 164 S a n d u s k y , O h io . . . ..................... 617 S a n F ra n c isc o , C alifo rn ia . . . 354 S a u lt S te . M arie, M ic h ig a n .. 881 S a v a n n a h , G e o rg ia ................... 73 S c r a n to n , P e n n s y lv a n ia ___ 604 S e a ttle , W a s h i n g t o n ................ 39& S h e r id a n , W y o m in g ................ 574 S h r e v e p o r t, L o u is ia n a ............ 79 S io u x C ity , I o w a ......................... 620 S p o k a n e , W a s h in g to n ............ 512 S p rin g fie ld , Illin o is . . . ; .......... 427 S p rin g fie ld , M i s s o u r i ................ 386 S y ra c u s e , N e w Y o r k ................ 715 T a c o m a , W a s h in g to n .............. 434 T e rre H a u te , In d ia n a . . . . . . . 383 T o le d o , O h io ................................ 654 T o p e k a , K a n s a s ......... .. 446 T r e n to n , N e w J e r s e y _______ 482 U tic a , N e w Y o r k ......... ............. 726 V a le n tin e , N e b r a s k a ................ 699 - W a lla W alla, W a s h in g to n ... 365 W a s h in g to n , D. C. ..................... 342 W tc h ita , K a n s a s ............/ . . . . 398 W iU i8 to n , N o r th D a k o ta . . . . 644 W in n e m u c c a , N e v a d a ............ 623 Y a k im a , W a s h in g to n .............. 394 718 776 343 126 449 ` 130 371 339 127 624 863 161 87 671 621 424 76 694 252 647 21 589 1667 309 467 345 271 93 349 835 488 488 521 41 560 ' 378 804 286 632 267 238 442 556 181 430 343 793 315 86 174 300 312 283 6 122 643 282 947 80 708 341 393 50 465 438 393 293 796 382 410 668 237 568 810 416 294 414 187 631 370 318 682 693 417 78 653 159 264 273 33 582 804 96, 24 648 570 679 0 639 180 543 0 486 1766 246 616 486 273 162 414 675 351 453 402 0 423 567 666 402 558 456 183 594 417 156 534 246 618 411 180 207 342 276 453 0 174 726 294 819 0 613 462 648 0 489 604 366 267 630 465 333 525 300 402 688 561 363 348 252 669 539 360 7003 7813 5968 3095 6466 1309 4317 . 3931 2363 7073 7724 3204 2357 6993 7424 6334 2041 5486 3666 6973 1232 6271 10084 3420 3916 6255 2650 3612 6238 6914 5005 6137 4801 1519 5330 6689 7417 3775 5690 5814 3423 6967 5267 2570 5641 3917 6927 3903 3606 2524 5456 4623 6940 1671 1284 5933 2199 8396 1528 6260 3839 6906 2224 6849 5893 5353 4742 7008 4253 5130 6480 6067 5273 7434 7071 4835 4441 4695 7821 6055 6214 7047 6819 7560 7318 6874 5900 3044 2811 6672 6638 1081 1414 4458 4180 3859 3980 2243 2201 7488 7193 8198 7968 3157 2950 2179 2160 7269 6856 8229 7614 5527 6170 1922 1884 5598 5450 3622 3507 5755 5672 1205 1024 5146 5192. 10801 10642 3158 3350 4111 4271 5773 6167 2532 2665 3454 3613 6124 6047 6900 6668 4858 4722 6109 5988 4799 4787 1013 1405 5195 5157 5981 6263 7409 6771 3784 4134 5755 5764 4919 5328 3181 3234 6950 6744 5219 5293 2456 2451 4865 5436 3747 3695 6853 6472 3527 4047 2896 3484 2433 2600 5326 5145 4583 4585 5195 6319 1408 1202 1083 1524 6010 6025 2222 2417 7419 8448 1556 1490 6199 5958 4009 4379 6844 7485 2106 1938 ,f 7002 6734 6055 <6989 6376 ' *- 5317 4569 ; 4416 6944 < ` 6614 * 4312 - 4551 6171 4872 6368 s 6897 ' 4916 4935 6207 4852 7188 6543 6806 6766 4C80 4637 4303 4601 4653 4673 8970 8907 6127 6960 5422 5413 YstfJ Normal. 9/1*6/80 7048 7707 5999 2811 7205 1504 4180 3980 2201 7429 8693* 2950 2160 7245 7850 6562 1884 5957 3507 6895 1024 6347 14580** 3350 5452*1* 6366 3143** 3613 6131 7088 4775 6109 4856 .1405 5235 6655 7218 4469 6015 5514 3234 7118 5389 2451 5892 3695 6732 4428 3484 2653 5161 4585 6555 1202 1645 6208 3264** 9285** 1490 6129 4934** 8008 1938 6898 6355 5373 4428 6893 5181** 4872 6077 4969 4933 6796 7039 4808 4626 4673 9323 6427** 5599 Include August. Includes July and August. lOumuUtiTe dels Identical with monthly figures for September only. In subsequent months, cum ulate figures will show record for whole WHwy season to and including month in question. .......... . 'Figures In this column are normal totals for a complete heating sea son. September to Jane. incL ' 102 JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G /HEATING AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 High-Altitude HEATING FOR BU ILD IN GS The engineering strides made in war-time high-altitude oper ations place new emphasis on High-Altitude Heating which has been serving many of America's finest buildings for almost 20 years. A Dunham Differential Vac uum Heating System, by means o f various " altitudes"--or more exactly, sub-atmospheric pres sures--automatically raises or lowers the temperature of the steam being circulated, thus balancing the heat supply with the heat loss of the building. This results, not only in un varying room temperatures re gardless of weather changes, but in an appreciably impor tant conservation of fuel--a problem which confronts the Nation now, as never before, in the interests of unfailing supplies for our Armed Forces. Fuel conservation will be a dominant requirement after the "duration" and this is the moment to consider Dunham Differential Heating for post war building. Vast housing projects are already "on the boards" of architects and en gineers for release when Vic tory is in our hands. For such huge undertakings only Dun ham High-Altitud Heating will prove satisfactory in econ omy, in performance, in low upkeep cost and in ease of maintenance. No large build ing management can justifiably ignore these factors. M AY W E M A IL YO UR C O P Y ? M a y we sen d y o u a n ew B rochure o n H igh-Altitude H eating w hich explains and d escribes the system together w ith i p e r fo r m a n c e d a ta on ou tsta n d in g buildings. WITH THE MAHUFACTURERS W O RTH ING TO N PUM P A N D M AC H IN ERY CORP. H arrison, N. J., h as p u rchased E lectric M achinery M an u fa c tu rin g Co., M inneapolis, M inn. S eco n d im p o r ta n t acquisition by W orthington w ithin a year, E lectric M a c h in e ry 's m a jo r lin e s o f s y n c h r o n o u s m o to rs f o r d i re c t drive for a w ide v ariety of pow er p lan t and indus tria l m achinery, as w ell as electric gen erato rs for steam and in tern al com bustion engines, provide a logical ex te n s io n o f W o r th in g to n 's a lr e a d y la r g e p o w e r a n d in d u s tria l equipm ent lines. E lectric M achinery w ill continue to operate independently of th e o th er W orthington activities. Its p resen t executive personnel, W alther H. F eldm ann, p resid en t; O. A. S derstrm , vice-president in charge of m anufacturing; R. H . O lson, vice-president in charge of sales; and F red W . H otchkiss, secretary and treasu rer, w ill continue in those capacities. CARRIER CORP. S y ra c u s e , N . V., h a s a p p o in te d W illia m A. H a ile m a n a g e r o f i t s I n t e r n a t io n a l D iv is io n 's W a s h in g to n offices. A v eteran of U nited S tates export trade, engaged for a num ber of years in foreign sales of industrial m achin ery, Mr. H aile w ill leave th e D iesel engine division of W P B to jo in C arrier. Colin M cCulloch h a s been nam ed m a r k e t r e s e a r c h m a n a g e r o n H e m a n G re e n w o o d 's sta ff a t Syracuse headquarters. A M E R IC A N M A C H IN E A N D M ETA LS, INC. E a s t M oline, 111., a n n o u n c e s t h a t J o h n C. V a n d e r P y l, vice-president for th e p ast fo u r.y e a rs and operating o fficer a t th e c o m p a n y 's p la n t in E a s t M o lin e sin c e 1941, h a s been n am ed executive vice-presid en t. W ayne M endell, g en eral sales m an ag e r since 1940, is nam ed vice-president in charge of sales. M r. V ander P yl joined th e com pany in 1931 a s facto ry office m an ag e r. In 1936, he w as elected secretary of th e corporation and w as m ad e vice-p resid en t in 1940 follow ing h is elec tio n to th e b oard of directors. Mr. M endell becam e connected w ith th e com pany in 1939 a n d w as a p p o in te d g e n e ra l sales m anager th e follow ing y ear 'w ith h ead q u arters a t th e c o m p a n y 's offices in E a s t M oline. H. C. LITTLE B U R N E R CO. M idw est D ivision h av e m oved th e ir offices from A urora, III. to 32 S. Je ffe rs o n S t., C hicago, e ffe c tiv e J u n e - 1. M r. K en Sw ift continues as D istrict R epresentative. THE BRISTOL C O M P A N Y h a s o pened a new b ra n c h office in H ouston, Tex. T he n ew office w ill be lo c a te d in th e C itizens S ta te B an k B uilding and w ill serve th e sta te s of L ouisiana and T exas w ith th e exception of th e P a n h a n d le , section. D. D. A ult w ho h a s been re sid e n t sales eng in eer in H ouston for th e com pany for a num ber of y ears w ill b e in c h a rg e of th e new office. I * ALLEN-BRADLEY CO. of M ilw aukee, W is., h a s m oved its N ew Y ork offices to 155 E a s t 44th St., N ew Y ork 17, N. Y. T h e new te le p h o n e n u m b e r is M u rra y H ill 2-7142. C. N . C alk in s rem ains in charge as New Y ork d istrict m anager. AIRTEM P DIVISIO N , CHRYSLER CORP. h a s a p p o in ted W illia m C. S to n e r, w ho fo rm e rly o p e ra te d C hrysler A irtem p dealerships in Illinois and Indiana, as A irtem p d istrict representative, w ith h eadquarters in A tlanta. 104 BAILEY METER C O M P A N Y h a s an n o u n ced th a t E. G. B ailey, fo rm er p resid en t and 1 c o m p an y fo u n d e r, h a s b e e n e le c te d c h a irm a n . R o b e rt S. I Coffin su c c e e d s h im a s p re sid e n t. M r. Coffin, w ho has I been vice-p resid en t sin ce 1925, w as com pany treasurer a t th e tim e o f its o rg a n iz a tio n in 1916. O th er officers elected are, R. E. W oolley, vice-president, who has serv ed in th a t cap a c ity since 1927, an d J. H. Black, s e c re ta ry -tre a s u re r. M IN N EA PO LIS-H O N EYW ELL REG ULATO R CO. h a s form ed a new division to m anufacture and m arket its re c en tly an n o u n ced M oduflow h eat in g c o n tr o l s y s te m . H a r r y C. Jenkins, form erly m idw estern zone m an ag e r, h a s been prom oted to m anagership of th e new ly-created jk, post, w hile a n u cleu s of a sales organization has been started by the addition of th ree specialists Harry C. Jenkins to th e staff. A pplicable to all - ty p es of h e a tin g sy stem s in p resen t, a s w ell a s p o stw ar houses, M oduflow w ill not be placed on the m ark et u n til a fte r victory or until m a te ria ls a re m ade available. A ssistin g Mr. Jen k in s in his new position are th re e engineers who w ill w ork for the p re s e n t in th e M inneapolis an d Chicago offices of the com pany. T hey a re Jo h n E . P e te rso n , M ilford G. B ird and B ruce F. M cLouth. S ta rtin g w ith the com pany as a salesm an in Ju n e, 1921, M r. Je n k in s first sold dam per co n tro ls before fully, au to m a tic h e a tin g sy stem s becam e w id e s p re a d . H e l a t e r w a s th e c o m p a n y 's s a le s m a n a g e r in M inneapolis and St. P aul, and Tw in C ity B ranch M anager before assum ing his duties as zone m anager w hich position he held for five y ears before h is la te st prom otion. Mr. P eterso n , p re sid e n t of th e Illinois S heet M etal C o n tra c to rs A sso c ia tio n from 1941 to 1943, and a ssistan t m echanical engineer for the Corps of E ngi neers, U. S. A rm y, w as form erly p resid en t of th e H om e H e a tin g C o m p an y , H in s d a le , 111. H e h a s b e e n a s s ig n e d to M in n e a p o lis-H o n e y w e ll's C h ic a g o office a n d h a s s t a r t ed w ork th e re afte r com pleting, a brief technical course a t the m ain plant. P resen tly on inactive statu s as a lieutenant in the U nited S ta te s A rm y, Mr. B ird h as joined H oneyw ell a fte r serv in g a s b a tta lio n in telligence officer, In fan try , in th e S outh Pacific. H e grad u ated from C hicago T ech n ical I n s titu te in 1934 a n d w as asso ciated w ith th e h e a t ing business continuously until he entered th e arm ed services. M r. M cLouth h as been chief of th e heating section, 9th Service Com m and, U. S. A rm y. B oth M essrs. B ird and M cLouth w ill m ake th e ir h ead q u arters in M inneapolis as a ssista n ts to Mr. Jenkins. (Concluded on page 106) M ilford G. Bird (L e ft). John E . Peterson (C enter), and Bruce F . M cLouth (R ight) JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND. V E N T IL A T IN G D IR E C T H E R m D IRECT-FIRED UNIT HEATERS WHERE, WHEN, A N D H O W Y O U N E E D IT ^ ^ 7 or permanent or temporary, for additional or emergency heating. Can easily be moved to other rooms or buildings. Auto matic controls prevent heat-wastage. Direct heat outlets save fuel. Powerful blower spreads heat evenly without draft. M ay we give you detailed information on this flexible and economic w ay pf heating? 7 2 2 S. Spring Ave., St. Louis, Mo. BA LD O R glass* Inflated motors are used for all applications; especially recommended where limited space and weight is a factor. B A ID O R totally enclosed motors, STREAMCOOLED DESIGN, available in 1 ph., 3 ph. and D. C. BALDOR fan and blower motors, gimbal-mounted, assure Quiet Operation. Fully compensated D.C. motors; avail able in standard and low voltage for truck, ra ilw a y and traction service. BALDOR BETTER MOTORS 2 5 th Y E A R of engineering service to m o t o r b u y e r s BALDOR face-mounted ver tical motors;totallyenclosed STREAMCOOLED DESIGN; 1 ph., 3 ph. and D. C. Regardless o f m e c h a n ica l specifications and cur rent-characteristics required, Baldor is qualified by e xp erience to handle yo u r motor problems. The complete Baldor line includes a ll types o f motors 1/20 to 2 0 H; P. B A L D O R ELECTRIC C O M P A N Y , ST. LO U IS 10, M O . District Offices in Principal Cities H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 105 / r f if T td v M yo u # iia f e 'T W aner l l- f o o d e d TRANSFORMERS B ecausey th e y a r e - Safe for either indoor or out door installation. C om pact and easy to install. Usable right at load.- STUDY THESE FEATURES: 1* Dry-type... no liquid. 2* Core and coils are vacuum treated in com pound for protection against moisture. 3 . Totally enclosed. 4* Provided with built-in junction box with knockouts on sides and bottom for conduit or open wiring. 5* Large removable coverplate of junction box assures ease in making connections. 6 Hanger-lugs designed for ease in mounting. 7 . All ratings within the limits o f the National Board of Fire Underwriters have the Under writers' approval. TVntte FOR COMPLETE LITERATURE WainjedELe^Bric C orporation ESTABLISHED 10 91 6 4 6 i Pl ymout h Avenue, St. Louis 14, Mo., U. S. A. ELECTRICAL AND AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS 106 (Concluded from page 104) B R O W N IN STRU M EN T C O M P A N Y h a s e le c te d P a u l L . G o ld stro h m a n d G eorge M. Musc h a m p m e m b e rs o f th e b o a rd o f d ire c to rs. Mr] Mus] cham p Is vice-president In charge of engineering of the B row n com pany, a division o f M inneapolis-Honeywell R e g u la to r Co., a n d M r. G o ld stro h m is vice-president In charge of production. LINK-BELT C O M P A N Y C aldw ell P la n t, 2410 W e st 18th St., Chicago (8), an nounces th a t F . H . H erndon h as been appointed man ager of the com p a n y 's Coal S to k e r Division, in full charge of its activities and ager fore for the eastern la s t 10 y e a rs. stoker division personnel, w ith headquarters at t h e Caldwell p lan t. Mr. H ern don has been assistant man K . C. E llsw orth, hereto m anager a t New York, h a s been ap p o in ted sale s m a n a g e r of th e sto k er divi sion, w ith h e a d q u a rte rs a t th e C aldw ell plant. Mr. H erndon cam e to L ink-B elt Com pany from th e Modern C oal B u rn e r Co. in 1934, w hen L ink-B elt acquired the auto m atic sto k e r business and stock of p arts of this sub sid iary of th e P eabody Coal Co. H e had started w ith th e P eabody o rg a n izatio n in 1918, la te r serving as a trav elin g auditor, and for tw o y ears having been gen e ra l su p e rin te n d e n t fo r M odern C oal B u rn er Co. Mr. E llsw orth has been through practically every phase of sellin g in th e L ink-B elt sto k e r division, joining it in 1934, a f t e r h a v in g b e e n th e c o m p a n y 's s to k e r d e a le r in E rie, Pa. L. J. W IN G M FG . C O . h as appointed th e follow ing new sales representatives: W illiam H . N eville, B irm ihgham , A la.; Johnson & Scott, M em p h is, T e n n .; a n d R ic h a rd B a rth e lm e s s S a le s Co., Jacksonville, Fla: DRESSER MFG. CO. h as announced th e election of th ree vice-presidents of th e com pany follow ing a re c e n t m eeting of th e board o f d ir e c to r s . J . B. O 'C o n n o r h a s b e e n e le c te d e x e c u tiv e v ice-p resid en t. A rth u r R. W e is a n d L yle C. H arvey have been elected vice-presidents. Mr. H arv ey is pres id en t of th e B ry an t H e a te r C om pany of Cleveland, a subsidiary. M IN N EAPO LIS-H O N EYW ELL REG ULATO R CO. h as appointed G. M. K ingsland a s refrig eratio n controls division m anager. M r. K ingsland, form erly of th e Com p a n y 's C le v e la n d office, h a s b e e n e le v a te d to th e p o s t follow ing th e resignation of A. B. N ew ton who had been re frig e ra tio n co ntrols m an ag e r for. th e p a st five years. L in J. K rause h as been appointed assistan t sales m an ag er to M r. K ingsland and w ill be attached to th e hom e office p e rm a n e n tly . M r. K ra u se a lso h a d been a tta c h e d to th e C leveland staff, w here he w as associated w ith refrlg eratid n and a ir conditioning controls, b u t has been in M inneapolis for the p a st y ear on a tem porary assign m ent. In C leveland, M r. K ingsland had been zone super v is o r o f M in n e a p o lis-H o n e y w e ll's M o d u tro l d iv isio n . W E ST IN G H O U SE ELECTRIC ELEVATO R CO. h a s b e e n e le c te d 'to m em b e rsh ip in th e A ir C onditioning and R efrigerating M achinery A ssociation, Inc. JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G i PERSONALS AND PERSONNEL ROSS RATHBUN m anager of a ir conditioning a t th e W estinghouse E lec tric E levator Company, Jersey City, N. J,, h as an nounced the appointm ent of th ree m en to executive positions on h is staff: L. Gale H uggins w as nam ed a ssist a n t m anager of a ir conditioning and w ill be general a ssista n t to Mr. R ath b u n in ad m in istratio n , engineering and ap p lication m a tte rs; W a lte r C. G oodwin becom es negotiation m anager w ith responsibility for application engineering and negotiations, and H ow ard A. B lair w as appointed service m anager. L. Gale H uggins W alter C. Goodwin H oward A . Blair Mr. H Uggins joined W estin g h o u se in 1923. W h en th e air conditioning d epartm ent w as organized in E ast P itts b u rg h in 1933 h e b e c a m e a s s is ta n t to th e d e p a rt m ent m anager and application engineer, accom panied the d ep artm en t w hen it w as m oved to M ansfield, Ohio, in 1936, a n d to S p rin g fie ld , M a ss., in 1938, a n d c a m e to Je rse y C ity la te la s t y e a r w h e n th e C o m p a n y 's h e a v y a i r conditioning m an u factu rin g activ ities w ere tra n sfe rre d to th a t city. B efore lea v in g th e N ew E n g la n d p la n t he was activ e in th e d ev elo p m e n t of w a r e q u ip m en t a n d the tra in in g of A rm y p erso n n el in its uses. Mr. G oodw in jo in e d W e stin g h o u se in 1915 a n d h a s been developm ent engineer, section engineer in charge of developm ent, liaiso n e n g in ee r, and, in 1933 becam e division en gineer in th e supply en g in eerin g d e p a rtm e n t in charge of a ir conditioning. In 1936 h e w e n t to M ans field a s a p p lic a tio n e n g in e e r in th e a i r c o n d itio n in g com m ercial d ep artm en t an d w as la te r assig n ed to th e E a st Springfield, M ass., W orks. M r. G oodw in w as assig n ed to a ir co n d itio n in g a t th e E le v a to r C om pany la te la s t year. Mr. B lair join ed W e stin g h o u se in 1929 a n d h a s b een editor of engineering m a te ria l an d ex ten sio n courses. In 1934 h e w a s se rv ic e m a n a g e r o f th e M e tro p o lita n A ir C onditioning C orporation in N ew Y o rk C ity. S ince 1940 he w as assistan t to th e service m anager, electric appli ance division, located a t E a s t S pringfield, an d w as re sponsible fo r th e servicing of a ll p ro d u cts m an u factu red at th a t plant, including a ir conditioning. A. B. N E W T O N has been appointed staff engineer in charge of comm er-' cial re frig e ra tio n b y th e A irte m p D ivision, C h ry sle r Corporation. Mr. N ew ton w as fo r th e p a s t eig h t y ears with M inneapolis-H oneyw ell R e g u la to r Co., th e la s t six of w hich w e re s p e n t a s th e e n g in e e r o f th e c o n tro l d i vision. P rio r to th a t h e w a s w ith Y o rk Ice M ach in ery Corp., a n d G e n e ra l E le c t r ic Co. F. G. C O G G IN has been appointed m an ag e r of th e O il B u rn er C ontrols Division o f th e D e tro it L u b ric a to r Co. P . S. R u ssel, w ho formerly held th is position, is d evoting h is effo rts to research and developm ent. . (Continued on page 108) HEATING A N D V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 A u to m atic controls of pressure, tem p eratu re and flow assure pre-determined accuracy of results w h e re v e r th e y are used. N o thinking executive, production m anager or m aintenance engi neer can m iss the full significance of this statem ent. I n fa c to rie s a n d p la n ts o f e v e ry size a n d k in d , automatic controls increase productive output and reduce w aste by sim plifying operations, speeding w ork, and assuring uniform ity of finished product. W ith controls, even the m ost inexperienced novices quickly attain proficiency. I n h o m e s a n d b u ild in g s, la rg e a n d sm all, automatic controls prom ote econom y, com fort, health by providing optim um tem perature and hum idity, saving fuels and doctors' fees. O n stationary equipm ent such as presses, m achine tools, in ter n a l c o m b u s tio n a n d d iesel e n g in es, automatic controls sa v e m a terials, plum bing, space, tim e and m oney. O n m oving equipm ent such as aircraft, ships, tractors, trucks, ta n k s , lo co m o tiv es, hi-g light-weight controls a ss u re efficient perform ance because they operate in any position, regardless of v ibration, change of m otion or acceleration, hi-g saves w eight and space. A lthough now engaged full-tim e in supplying w ar needs, G en eral C ontrols' staff of "straight-thinking" engineers invite your request for help in solving your post-w ar control problem s. F o r com plete description of G eneral C ontrols' broad line of autom atic pressure, tem p eratu re and flow controls, w rite for C atalo g 52. 107 I T 'S n V I L T t N T O EV ERY 4 f f r \ \ VALVE (Continued from page 107) V. P. V IC T O R h a s o p e n e d a c o n s u ltin g e n g in e e rin g office a t 655 F ifth Ave., N ew Y ork 22, N. Y. F o r th e p a st fifteen years M r. V icto r w as asso c ia te d w ith th e J. O. R oss Engineer ing Corp., N ew Y ork, specializing in drying, industrial a ir conditioning, re frig e ra tio n , and associated subjects. P rio r to th a t h e s p e n t five y e a rs in th e m achine tool an d au to m atic m ach in ery field. F o r several years h e' ta u g h t evening classes in m achine design and product engineering in N ew Y ork schools. H e is a licensed pro fessional engineer. FRANK EWEN BOOTH co n tro ller of G rayson H e a t C ontrol, Ltd., Lynwood, Calif., and E dw ard J. M urphy, co n tro ller of The Ken n e d y V alv e M fg. Co., E lm ira , N . Y., h a v e b een elected to m em bership in th e C ontrollers In stitu te of America. T he In stitu te is a technical and professional organiza tio n o f c o n tro lle rs d e v o ted to th e im p ro v em en t of controllership procedures. DR. R A Y M O N D C. J O H N S O N cite In d u stries, Inc., and as such w ill su p e rv ise th e re se a rc h program now being carried on at th e A n th ra c ite In d u stries' labora- Used to regulate pressure at the tail of the evapo rator, Model 235 is particularly valuable where two or more evaporators must be operated at dif ferent temperatures from a single condensing unit. Maintains evaporator temperature within close limits. It has a graduated pressure scale, and adjusting range from 10" vacuum to 30 pounds. Furnished complete with shut-off valve for pressure recording gauge, it can be used on flooded, semi-flooded or dry expansion types, in capacities up to y 2 ton Freon, or % ton Methyl or Sulphur! nuTomiiTic products compfinY 2462 North Thirty-Second Street Milwaukee 10, Wisconsin Export Dept. -- 13 East 40th Street, New York 16, New York DEPENDABLE R E F R IG E R A N T VALVES 108 Dr. R, c. Johnson d e n t a n d d ire c to r of re se a rc h of B itum inous Coal R esearch, Inc. Dr. Johnson h as been engaged in an th ra c ite coal re s e a r c h a n d e q u ip m e n t d e v e lo p m e n t w o rk sin c e 1927. E a r ly in t h i s p e rio d , h e w a s a s s o c ia te d w ith th e U. S. B ureau of M ines and then w ith th e Philadelphia & R ead in g Coal & Iro n Co. a s a re se a rc h engineer. In 1937 h e jo in ed th e staff co n d u ctin g re se a rc h w ork for A n th racite In d u stries, Inc., a t M ellon In stitu te of In d u stria l R esearch . In 1941 he becam e d irecto r of the A n th racite In d u stries, Inc., L aboratory. R. L. IR V IN h as been appointed application m anager, sm all motor d iv is io n o f th e W e s tin g h o u s e E le c tr ic a n d Mfg. Co., L im a, Ohio. H e w as form erly in d u stria l m anager of the C o m p a n y 's N o r th w e s te r n d is tric t* w ith h e a d q u a r te r s in C h icag o . JOHN M. DUMSER has been appointed m anager of Pipe and W ater Tube S ales, C hase B rass & C opper Co. H e h as been w ith the com pany sin ce 1927 an d w ill continue to su p erv ise p ri o rity an d controlled m aterials plan w ork. Mr. D um ser sta rte d w ork a t the St. L ouis branch in th e sales and sales prom otion departm ents and cam e to W aterbury, Conn., fo u r 'y ears ago a s a ss is ta n t m an ag e r of P ipe and W ate r T ube Sales. R A L P H H. M E T C A LF h as been appointed by M inneapolis-H oneyw ell R egulator Com pany zone supervisor for th e a ir conditioning con tro ls division in th e C leveland area. F o r th e p ast eight y ears, M r. M etcalf h as specialized in a ir conditioning c o n tro ls, m a k in g h is h e a d q u a rte rs in th e S t. L o u is office of th e company and a t th e m ain plant here. D R . H A R V E Y C. R E N T S C H L E R d ire c to r o f re s e a rc h o f th e W estin g h o u se L am p Div., has been presented w ith th e F ran k P. Brow n M edal aw arded annually by T he F ranklin In stitu te for his w ork in de velopm ent and application of the Sterilam p. JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G 555 F jftll en years jD8:ineer. ld u stria i '" b je c ts . " *e tool ears he' Product ;ed pro- -vood, 3 Ken- lected lerica. 'anizaf con- ident ithrasueh proa at iora-.on has resli of c. re927. S. & In for Inhe or 3., le in [ft W. R U SSE LL (president, A irte m p D ivision, C h ry sle r C o rp o ra tio n , w a s j elected p r e s id e n t o f t h e A ir C o n d itio n in g a n d R e f r ig e r ating M a c h in e ry A s s o c ia tio n , I n c o r p o ra te d , in it s a n n u a l meeting h e ld a t H o t S p rin g s , V a., M ay 19. O th e r o fficers are S. E. L a u e r o f th e Y o rk C o rp o ra tio n , f ir s t v ic e -p re s i dent; F . S. M cN eal o f th e U n iv e rs a l C o o le r C o rp o ra tion, seco n d v ic e - p re s id e n t; a n d P . A. M c K ittric k o f th e Parks-Cram er C om pany, tre a s u re r. C. E . W ilson, vicepresident of th e W o rth in g to n P u m p a n d M achinery ! Corporation, w as e le c te d to th e c h a irm a n sh ip of th e ACRMA b o a rd o f d ir e c to r s . In a d d itio n to th e officers, the m e m b e rs o f th e B o a rd a r e : W . H . A u b re y , F r i c k Co., In c .; F . T . G oes, T h e Y ilt e r M fg. C o.; G. A . H e u s e r, Henry V ogt M achine C o.; E . T. M urphy, C a rrie r C o rp .; Harry Newcom b, Servel, Inc.; J. P. R ain b au lt, G eneral Electric Co., R o ss R a th b u n , W e s tin g h o u se E le c tric E le vator Co.; H . R. Sew ell, B. F . S tu rte v a n t Co.; an d G. E. Wallis, T h e C ream ery P a c k a g e Mfg. Co. M ary J a n e Stew art continues as se c re ta ry of th e A ssociation. JOHN D. BEEBE has been nam ed m anager of a new departm ent, ru bber suspension sales, it is announced by T he B. F. G oodrich Company. T he new d ep artm en t w ill have charge of sales o f th e c o m p a n y 's T o r s ila s tic r u b b e r s p r in g s a n d its line of V ibro-Insulators, m ade of ru b b e r an d m etal prim arily for the elim ination of vibration, and devices for sound dam pening. Mr. B eebe jo in ed th e com pany in 1923 a s a sa le sm a n o f in d u s tria l ru b b e r p ro d u c ts in the D enver district, h as been in sales posts in the' in dustrial products division a t A kron head q u arters since 1928. ED. C R A N E h as been appointed in d u strial sales engineer in the B uffalo a re a for th e B row n In s tru m e n t Co., P h ila d e l phia, precision in d u strial in s tru m e n t division of Minneapolis-H oneyw ell R eg u lato r Co. M r. C ran e h a s been tra n sfe rre d from the N ew Y ork C ity office. H e w ill include th e northw est section of N ew Y ork S ta te in his te rrito ry . J. N E IL B R O P H Y a fte r six w eeks sp en t a t the m ain offices an d p lan ts of E n terp rise Engine and Foundry Company, San F ran cisco, w ill rep resen t th e engine division of E n terp rise c o v e rin g th e N ew E n g la n d S ta te s o u t o f th e c o m p a n y 's N ew Y ork offices. J O H N L. M A H O N E Y form erly of Philip H . H arrison & Company, northern New Jersey, distributors for G eneral E lectric Company, h as joined th e staff of C arrier C orporation. Mr. M ahoney w ill be affiliated w ith applied refrigeration. H A R R Y R. W IN K LE O w ens-Corning F ib erg las C orporation com ptroller and treasu rer, h as been elevated to th e post of vice-pres ident. T his action w as tak en a t a recen t m eeting of th e c o rp o r a tio n 's b o a rd o f d ir e c to r s in. recognition ot "the increased im portance of the financial phase of th e business." Mr. W inkle w ill continue to serve as com ptroller and treasu rer, a post he h as held since th e F iber glas C orporation w as form ed No v e m b e r 1, 1938. H e h a s b e e n a s sociated w ith O w ens-Corning and p re d e c e s so r com panies sin ce 1923. M r. W inkle is a m em ber of the board of directors of th e F iberglas C orporation. H arry R . W inkle H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 PREVENT FROM CLO GGING STEAM EQUIPMENT 4 ^ v.:' v-V.: STRAINERS "The Screen's the Thing" A H ig h G rade M onel W oven W ire Basket with m e sh fine e n ou gh to catch the dirt -- yet am ple free area for passage o f clean condensate, o il and other fluids. B o d y Cadm ium Plated Inside and Out fo r Protection A ga in st Corrosion. R e a d ily Rem oved Steel Blow -O ff Bushing. Bushing A utom atically A lig n s Screen. Thousands in Use-- Sold M b y Over 100 M ill Supply Houses. 6 S iz e s lA ,Jto 2 " f o r P r e s.su re s u p to 6 0 0 Lbs. SeeYour Supply H oute or w rite fo r B ulletin S-200 Y A R N A L L -W A R IN G C O M P A N Y 104 MERMAID AVENUE PHILADELPHIA 18, PA. Y g R J W S f STRAINERS 109 Designers oj the fam ous "W ater B la lo s" I LT TAKES a lot of things, like bullets, bombs, bayonets, bazookas --- and water, to win a war. Cool, fresh drinkable water in abundance. Peerless Pumps at the fighting fronts keep canteens filled -- and keep our fighting men fit! Ever since Pearl Harbor, the building of Peerless Pumps, like the building of the justly famous "Water-Buffalo" Amphibian Tanks (also Peerless designed), has been an essential War Industry. Even in the days before the war, Peerless was producing more Deep Well Turbine Pumps than any other concern in America. As the leading manufacturer in the Industry, Peerless won recognition throughout the entire civilized world. On the great ranches, farms, orchards and irrigation projects. In the waterworks of our great cities. In the vast industrial plants. Wherever water is needed, there you find dependable Peerless Pumps, operating twenty-four hours per day, year in and year out. . . Now that we are meeting the tremendous war-front demand for Pumps, we hope to be able to start "digging in" on our huge backlog of orders for home needs. PEERLESS PUMP DIVISION-- Food Machinery Corporation 1250 Camden Ave., 8.W., Canton 0, Ohio 801 W. Ave. 26 Loi Angelee 81, California OTHER FACTORIES: 8an dote 6, and Fresno 18, California H I-LIFT and TURBINE TYPES 2 to 3 0 ,0 0 0 G. P. M. P EER LES S Deep W e ll Pu m ps 110 QeititUf, P & ilan al Capt. B. S. Matin, n o w d e tailed for special training, C orps of E ngineers, F t. Belvoir, V a., receiv ed h is B.S. from M .I.T. in 1934. T h is w as fol low ed w ith o th er studies a t the U niversity of M ichigan. F or the next four years he had various positions as de signer and a t construction w ork in th e a ir conditioning an d re frig e ra tin g fields. D u rin g th e p e rio d 1938-1941 he served as associate m echan ical engineer and m echanical Capt. B. S. Malin inspector w ith th e U. S. De p artm en t of A griculture, B ureau of Engineering. He h a d ch arg e of th e a ir conditioning design for 5 large research laboratories th a t required special tem perature control. A fter being called to active arm y duty he was assig n ed as A ssista n t to th e W orks M anager, Spring- field, M ass., A rm ory. A sm all a rm s p la n t had to be brought up from peacetim e operation to w ar demands. T h is b ro u g h t a b o u t problem s in tem p eratu re control, ventilation, exhaust, d u st collecting and acoustics. See h is article, D u st C ollecting S ystem in Gunstock P la n t, p a g e 51. Since acquiring his m echan ical engineering degree from the U niversity of Illinois in 1936, M. H. R i n g q u i s t (V e n tila tion for W elding B ooths, page 62) has received a general all around background in heating and ventilating. Follow ing graduation, he spent th e next 2% y ears w ith D eere & Co., a s a v e n tila tio n and d ust control engineer. For th e n ex t five years, he served as sales engineer in the Con vector D epartm ent of The M. E. Ringquist T ra n e Co., L aC ro sse, W is. P roving th a t th ere is alw ays a chance for a return engagem ent, M r. R ingquist is now back w ith D eere & Co., a s m ech a n ical en g in e e r in th e P o w er D epartm ent. H e is w orking w ith problem s in th e field of pow er plant w ork, heating, lighting, and ventilation in w ar produc tio n w o rk an d in th e m a n u factu re of critical farm im plem ents. F itz g ib b o n s B oiler C om pany, Inc., 101 P a rk Ave., New Y ork 17, N. Y. (2nd A w ard) K en n e d y V alv e M fg. Co., E lm ira , N . Y. ("M" A w ard) C ro ck er-W h eeler E le c tric M a n u fa c tu rin g Co., D ivision of Joshua H endy Iro n W orks, Am pere, N. J. ("M" A w ard) JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V EN TILA T IN G SCO TCH M A R IN E BOILERS The James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio A stan d ard size, 28-page b u lletin 236, devoted to th e c o m p a n y 's S c o tc h m a r in e b o ile rs a n d u n d e r f e e d s to k e r s , and including com plete descriptions, photographs, cross sections, and o th e r in fo rm atio n on 200 hp boilers, S cotch m arine portable boilers, and Scotch m arine type boilers, a n d s im ila r in f o r m a tio n f o r th e c o m p a n y 's a u to m a tic underfeed stoker, intended for in tern ally fired, re tu rn tubular, or Scotch m arine type portable boilers. HOT W ATER HEATERS Kewanee Boiler Corp., Kewanee, III. A 4-page, sta n d a rd size, loose-leaf-punched folder en titled "T abasco", on w elded h o t w ater h eate rs and giv ing descriptive inform ation, size and capacity data, in form ation on grates, and pipe connections. A X IA L FLOW FANS Aerovent Fan Co., Piqua, Ohio T h e 1 0 th e d itio n o f th e c o m p a n y 's h a n d b o o k o n A e ro v e n t M a c h e ta A irfo il fa n s is s ta n d a r d size, c o n ta in s 52 pages in color, giving perform ance data, illu stratio n s, a p p lic a tio n d a ta o n th e c o m p a n y 's 2 -b lad e d ire c t-c o n n e c te d , 4-blad'e d ir e c t c o n n e c te d , 6-blade d ir e c t c o n n e c t ed fans; tubular construction fans, large propeller fans, extension sh a ft fans, b elted fans, d u ct fans, m ain cool ing fans, pulley fans, autom atic sh u tters, and roof ven tilators. Includes engineering data. W ELDING Air Reduction Sales Co., 60 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N. Y. A tw enty-page, revised price list, "G as and E lec tric W elding Supplies and A ccessories." T his list supersedes sim ilar previous lists. T he products in th e revised list include gas w elding rods m ade in a w ide ran g e of m etals, types and sizes for all w elding require m ents. O ther products listed and described are hardfacing alloys, brazing alloys, fluxes, helm ets, goggles, gloves, aprons, w elding cable, cable lugs and ground clam ps. In addition to prices, th e contents include de tailed inform ation of assistance to buyers, such as: sizes, dim ensions, w eights, stock num bers, forw arding data and recom m ended uses for products. C opies of th is revised price list can be obtained by w ritin g to th e m ain office o r to an y of th e ir m any b ra n c h offices an d au th o rized d istrib u to rs. HEAT EXCHANGERS Niagara Blower Company, 6 E.' 45th St., New York 17, N. Y. A 4-page, sta n d a rd size, loose-leaf-punched folder de voted to the N iagara A ero h eat exchangers w ith bal anced w et bulb tem p e ra tu re control and intended for co n stan t and accu rate control of tem p eratu re in liquids or gases. INSTRUM ENTS Illinois Testing Laboratories, Inc., 420 N. La Salie St., Chicago 10, III. A sta n d a rd size b u lle tin No. 2929 devoted to A lnor in s tr u m e n ts fo r fo u n d ry s e r v ic e a n d c o v e rin g c o m p a n y 's pyrom eters, therm ocouple, contact pyrom eter, and other in stru m en ts including the V elom eter, for providing ac cu rate m easurem ents in foundries. (Concluded on page 112) jfO you KNOW HOW EASY -AND PROFITABLE- IT IS TO SELL CLASS nA" FREEMAN STOKERS RIGHT 0 Now , , more than ever before . . apartments, stores, factories, schools, etc. need stokers to conserve vital fuel and save labor! T hese prospects have the money and they're ready to buy. You will find it easy . . . a n d p r o f i t a b l e . . . to sell them Freeman. Only one simpli fied form to fill out for W.P.B.; no in stallation problems if you take advantage o f Freeman diagrams and engineering assistance; and no follow-up service troubles thanks to Freeman's rugged construction and time-proved ,efficiency of operation. Go after this business now. Freeman is one of the pioneers of the stoker industry and one of the leaders in national sales volume! In quire about your territory today! NOW ! R EEM i STOKERS *.< i C O M M ERC IAL A N D INDUSTRIAL FREEMAN STOKER DIVISION, ILLINOIS IRON & BOLT CO. 91B SO. MICHIGAN A V E., CHICAGO 5 , I I I . H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 111 ttO 150 M otoco T herm o/neler Indicating Model M $20. Shown with capil lary tubing for remote reading. You Benefit 4 W a y s w ith MOTOCO IN DICATIN G THERMOMETERS 1. Absolute accuracy of temperature indication... 2. No intricate mechanism to get out-of-order... 3. Low cost, due to specialization and large-scale production... 4. Remote reading--temperature observation can be made at some distance from where tempera tures are taken. These four features recommend M o t o c o Indicating Thermometers for use wher ever uniform temperature is required in heating or cooling. Write for full infor mation on money-saving, time-saving M o t o c o temperature indication. Illustrated here are two of the many types of M otoco precision instruments made for spec/fic industrial appli cations. Left: Combination Thermometer, Pressure and Altitude Gauge. Right: Pres sure G auge used in oxyacetylene welding. THE ELECTRIC AUTO-LITE COMPANY MOTO METER GAUGE AND EQUIPMENT D IV ISIO N CHRYSLER BUILDING, N EW Y ORK 17,' N . Y. in addition to a w ide range of thermometers an d gauges, MOTO M eter specializes in the production o f instruments o f special de* sign for use as a standard part of manufacturers* equipment. 112 (Continued from page 111) BAFFLES The Ramtite Co., Div. of The S. Obermayer Co., 2563 West 18th Street, Chicago 8, III. . B ulletin, "E conom y B oiler Baffles," ex plains and Illus tra te s how significant econom y can be effected by p ro p er design of baffles in furnaces. P re se n ts blue p rin ts show ing the old and new location of baffles to geth er w ith an account of savings m ade in each case. CO M BU STIO N CO N TRO LS Leeds & Northrup Co., 4934 Stenton Ave., Philadelphia 44, Penn. D e v o te d to th e c o m p a n y 's n e w s y s te m o f c o m b u s tio n control designed especially for the sm aller industrial or m u n icip al p o w er p la n t, a . cata lo g N-01P-163, h a s been Issued. P u b licatio n show s how sy stem re g u lates fuelfeed and d raft by an electrical balance, varying settings of valves, dam pers or vanes in proportion to steam de m and. A t sam e tim e, furnace pressure is autom atically regulated. A pplication of th is system to different types of boilers is show n by schem atic illustrations. Several typical installations are pictured. The electrical bal ance action and control of furnace pressure are shown by photo-diagram s. V-BELTS The B. F. Goodrich Company, Akron, Ohio. A 4-page folder on its line of V -belts, featu rin g infor m ation about its recently announced w ire grom m et type. T he w ire grom m et V -belt is a developm ent of th e com pany, in w hich tw in cores of endless steel w ire tw isted on itself form the grom m ets, w hich are k ep t a t a uni form distance from the sides of the belt throughout its length. The grom m ets are covered w ith counter-balanc ing an d in su lated cord. T he grom m et type V -belt is be ing furnished on special jobs w here it has been decided by belting engineers th a t standard belting cannot be used. PUMPS Worthington Pump and Machinery Corporation, Harrison, N. J. F o u r sta n d a rd size, loose-leaf-punched fo lders: B ulle tin W-321-B-14B, devoted to sin g le stag e M onobloc cen trifu g al pum ps for g eneral w ater service, cooling tow ers, boiler feed, condensate, an d circulation system s; B ulle tin W-321-B15, co v erin g M onobloc c e n trifu g a l tw o -stag e pum ps for general w ater service, cooling tow ers, d rin k in g w ater, etc.; B u lletin W-321-B13B, covering, steam turbine driven centrifugal pum ps for pow er plants, air conditioning, refrig eratio n and h eatin g system s, and in d u s tria l p la n ts ; B u lle tin W-321-B7C, covering M onobloc centrifugal pum ps, open im peller type, for use In chem i cal plants, canneries, sum p pum ps, brew eries and irri gation. DUST COLLECTING Peters-Dalton, Inc., 628 East Forest Avenue, Detroit 1, Mich. A ir P ro cessin g E quipm ent is th e title of a 56-page c a ta lo g sh o w in g in s ta lla tio n s o f th e c o m p a n y 's d u s t c o l lecting u n its and system s, spray booths and equipm ent, ovens and ventilating and engineered a ir processing s y s te m s . T e lls th e s t o r y o f th e c o m p a n y 's e n g in e e rin g fa c ilitie s , va n d in c lu d e s d e ta ile d sp e c ific a tio n s o f H y d ro W hirl d u st collectors and spray booth u n its to gether w ith engineering data. JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G FLOW -METERS Cochrane Corp., 17th & Allegheny Ave., Philadelphia 32. R e p rin t No. 29, e n title d "Flow M eter E ng in eerin g ." a 16 p ag e b o o k let b y W illiam C. B e n n e tt, C o ch ran e C orp., te lls w hy, w hen, an d w h ere flow m e te rs an d in stru m e n ts are needed in the m odern plant, and how they can be m ade to fu rth er th e w ar effort. A considerable am ount of basic m etering data is covered, being arranged in tw o facing pages for convenient use. Tw o pages of draw ings h re devoted to details of proper installation m ethods. A lso includes h elpful h in ts fo r keeping in strum ents out of the rep air shop. PLYW OOD Douglas Fir Plywood Association, Tacoma Building, Tacoma 2, Wash. A stan d ard size, loose-leaf-punched, 24-page bulletin en titled "Plyw ood W artim e U ses" and inten d ed a s an addition to th e "In d u strial U ses for D ouglas F ir P ly wood H andbook." RECORDING THERMOMETERS The Bristol Company, Waterbury 91, Conn. A data sheet has been issued to describe and illu strate recording therm om eters th a t are used in frozen food locker plants. 4 -Season AIR CONHITIONING A v a ila b le f or E sse n tia l N eeds INDUSTRIAL DEGREE DAYS April, 1944". Number of Industrial Degree Days City 5 5 F Base 4 5 F Base Baltimore ..................... 120 23 Buffalo .............................. 421 159 Chicago .................... 304 88 Cleveland ........................... 312 87 Detroit .............................. 369 114 Indianapolis ....................... 171 55 New Y o r k ........................... 224 46 Philadelphia ....................... 179 31 Pittsburgh ......................... 185 64 St. Louis ........................... 12 5 32 COMING EVENTS J U N E 5-7-- T h e 3 1 st S p rin g M e e tin g o f T h e A m e ric a n Society of R efrigerating E ngineers, to be held a t th e W illiam P enn H otel, P ittsburgh. Secretary, D avid L. Fiske,' 60 W . 40th St., N ew Y ork, N. Y. J U N E 7-8-- M id -Y ear M e e tin g o f th e N a tio n a l W a r m A ir H eating and A ir C onditioning A ssociation, t o . be held a t the Stevens H otel, Chicago, t ! R eid M ackin, . In te rn a tio n a l H e a te r Co., is c h a irm a n o f th e C hi cago convention com m ittee. J U N E 19-20-- S u m m e r C o n v e n tio n o f th e A m e ric a n S o ciety of H eating and V entilating E ngineers, to be held a t th e P a n tlin d H otel, G rand R apids, M ich. S ec re ta ry , A. V. H u tch in so n , 51 M adison Ave., N ew York, N. Y. JU N E 20-21. 35th A n n u a l m e e tin g o f th e N a tio n a l D is tric t H eating A ssociation, H otel W illiam Penn. P ittsb u rg h , P a. Jo h n F. C ollins, Jr., 827 N o rth E uclid Ave., P ittsb u rg h , S ecretary -T reasu rer. N O V E M B E R 15-19-- T h ird N a tio n a l C h e m ic a l E x p o si tio n w ill be held a t th e Chicago Coliseum , Chicago, 111. S p o n s o re d b y C h ic a g o S e c tio n o f th e A m e ric a n C hem ical Society. H ead q u arters for th e show a t 330 So. W e lls S tr e e t, C h ic a g o 6, 111. H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 ^ The four seasons are as one where STREAMAIRE Air Conditioning Units are installed. Wide variations in outdoor tem peratures and hum idity are leveled off into a controlled uniform ity that assures ideal research, manufacturing, processing and operating conditions. Tolerances for precision tools and instrum ents on many government contracts require that they be man ufactured under controlled temperatures and humidity. Priorities for equipm ent to correct excessive heat and contaminated air conditions harm ful to the health of workers can also be obtained. Food processing plants (engaged in canning, dehydrating and freezing perish able foodstuffs), biological laboratories and hospitals may also install YOUNG A ir Conditioning Equipment. If you are not eligible for the cooling and dehumidifying features, you can install a STREAMAIRE U nit with the heating coil now and merely add the cooling coil when restrictions are lifted. W rite for Catalog No. 7541. STREAM AIRE A ir Conditioning Units are made in eight horizontal and eight vertical models with capacities ranging fro m 400 to 16,625 cfm. The large unit above is designed fo r ceiling suspension. The model at the le ft is a floor unit. iuriiios . RAODUCI MORN SALVAGE SCRAP WIN THE WAR HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERS Manufacturers of O il Coolers Gas, Gasoline, Diesel Engine Cooling Radiators * Intercoolers Heat Exchangers Engine Jocket Water Coolers Unit Heoters * Convectors Condensers * Evaporators Air Conditioning Units Heating Colls Cooling Coils and a Line of Aircraft Heat Transfer Equipment. YOUNG RADIATOR CO., Dept. 104-F, RACINE, W1S- A P P L IC A T IO N EN G IN EE RS in Principal C ilia 113 BROOKS EQUIPMENT CORPORATION lu st use it once-- The Alnor Velom eter gives you in sta n ta n e o u s, direct readings of a ir velocity in feet per m in u te. Hold it in th e a ir stream for low range readings; use th e tube-connected special jets for high range readings or inaccessible locations. That*s all th ere is to it, and once you use th e Alnor Velometer you will never tolerate other m ethods. The Alnor Velometer is b u ilt in several standard ranges fro m 20 fp m to 6,000 fp m , a n d u p to 3 in ch es s ta tic o r to ta l p re ssu re . Special ra n g e s available as low a s 10 fp m , an d u p to 25,000 fp m a n d 20 in c h e s p ressure. W rite for Velometer bulletin. ILLINOIS TESTING LABORATORIES, INC. 420 NORTH LA SALLE STREET CH ICA G O 10, ILLIN O IS CONSOLIDATED HINGED JOINT "D ELIV ER S" HIGH TORQUE at 0 to 9 2 < Bond to t this Booklet < Registered copies o f a new handbook on Shaft Joints and Assemblies available . on request. Exmcutlvm O fficer for tho Eaatexn U nited States BROOKS EQUIPMENT CORPORATION 9 0 W EST ST., N E W Y O R K 6, N. Y. C O 7-2881 BROOKS EQUIPMENT CORPORATION OF CALIFORNIA Excutiv OfTie and Warehouse , 6 3 6 POTRERO AVENUE U n fnncbco10,Oil. Viitoca0223 Branch Office and Warehouse 1159 SOUTH HILL STREET Los Aflfilis !5, Cal ftsspaet 4378 Branch Office and Worehoui* 717 SECOND AVENUE Snttit 4. Wsliwgt0Q * Miti 3569 Branch Office 203 U. S. NAT. RANK BLDG. ftrtUod 4, OfifBn Atwitir 0233 114 I M onutaefurer* o f T e m p e ra tu re Instruments 1 4 2 0 W; A A F A Y I T T i B L V D ^ D I ^ O I T 1 6 ; M1l C H I A N IN V O L U T E NOZZLES The preference for trouble-free air w ashing service -- because there are n o Internal parts pr vanes to w e ar o r clog. Proven through m any years o f service In water cooling an d air conditioning instal lations totaling m ore than 5 mil lion g. p. m. M o d e In sizes a n d typ e s fo r alt re quirements. A sk fo r Bulletin N-616. Y A R N A U -W A R 1N G CO. 104 Mermaid Ave. Philo. 18, Pa. JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G i STOKERS w The CRO W N - i Crrew U n b r e a k a b le Coal fe e NOKf WELDED All-Steel Worm-- All Sizes-- All Pitches TM Prompt Delivery: f a For replacement or production needs, Crown is now able to offer for prompt delivery its all-steel Coal Feed Screw. Available with right or left hand screw, in all sizes and pitches,-tapered or straight, and in combinations of pitches. For both domestic and industrial stokers, the Crown Coal Feed Screw insures longer and continuous operation because it is all-steel and because it is machined so smoothly that wear is reduced to a minimum. This smooth surface is your assurance, too, that coal will flow freely and easily through the flights. Prompt de livery is possible because production requires less time on Crown's automatic machines and because the steel used in Crown's Coal Feed Screw while critical, is more easily procured. In o rdering g ive com plete specifications on size a n d design. CROW N 1229 Tyler S t., N . E. IR O N W ORKS Since 1878 COM PANY Minneapolis, Minn. IS * l &m JHHL H ow S T R O N G Is h W IN G REVO LVIN G UNIT HEATERS Wing Revolving Unit Heaters insure uniform-mixture and circu lation of heated, by the Use of discharge outlets which revolve slowly and project the streams o f heated air to the working level sweeping around in a complete circle. As the moving air circu lates along the working level, it mixes uniformly with the cold air, circulates around heavy machinery and obstructions and penetrates into cold, damp corners--insuring a comfortable uniform temperature throughout.the entire plant. These Wing Revolving Heaters are sutcable for all types and sires o f buildings because the deflectors on the discharge outlet can be adjusted to propel the air in two different concentric circles which permits coverage o f a great area. L . J . W in d M fb.C o. i 158 Watt 14th. St., Haw York, N. Y.-- Factories i Newark, N. <1 H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G . JU N E . 1944 HERM-O-TI L T Reg. V. S. Pat. Og. Surprisingly great strength results from the Immov able "spread-footing" concrete base of Therm-O-Tlle, and the ideal arch construction of heavy tile members. Official unbiased tests show th at this underground cpndult provides greater strength than is required by A.S.T.M. even for extra heavy tile. Complete data on request. Sold and Installed by Johns-Manville Construction Units in all P rin cipal Cities. See our space in Sweet's or The Heating Guide. H. W . PORTER & CO., Inc. 8 2 3 -V Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark 5, New Jersey W ithout obligating ui In any way, Q Please tend Bulletin 381 Send representative Q Enclosed It _a s_k_e_t_ch,. wi.t.h .p.rincipal data of proipeotlye underground! piping job, on which we shall be glad to have your ^comments, Qquotations. Clip your name. firm, and address to this ad: tear out with the checked souares above: mail: and you will hear from us promotly. 115 It is packed under full steam pressure. By the turn of a wrench, integral pressure guns force a special semi-plastic packing into the stuffing box. W elded Steel Construction. Alemite lubricated cyl inder-guided sleeve. M ad e also in conventional gland-pakt types. Write for Bulletin EJ-1908.' Y A R N A L L -W A R IN G C O M P A N Y 104 Mermaid Avenue Philadelphia 18, Pa. essay WANTED: Air Conditioning Engineer National organization has West Coast opening for* mechanical engineer to design heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems for its retail stores. Thorough technical training plus specialized experience desirable. Major consideration is experience with equipment used for extreme tem peratures and under a wide range of conditions. Permanent connection with attractive future for man who makes good. Salary open. Replies held confidential. Send letter giving age, draft status, education, and detailed employment record. Address Box 383, H e a tin g and Ve n t ix a t in c 148 Lafayette St., New York 13, N. Y. THREE BOOKS FOR ENGINEERS A N D CONTRACTORS DEGREE-DAY HANDBOOK For checking heating plant operation and pre dicting fuel consumption. $3. AIR C O N D IT IO N IN G IN T H E H O M E Fundamental principles of air conditioning, equip ment and systems in use. $3. DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL EXHAUST SYSTEM S How to design, build or buy an exhaust system to remove dust, shavings, fumes, etc. $3. THE INDUSTRIAL PRESS, 148 Lafayette St., New York CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING _________________ SALESMEN WANTED-- A midwestern m an ufacturer of commercial refrigeration com ponent parts is in need of salesmen for im portant territories western, northwestern and eastern parts of country. This is an oppor tunity for several men who know something of commercial refrigeration and who have successful selling records. Refrigeration is a w ar weapon so in addition to essential war work there is an opportunity for rapid and sound growth during and particularly after the war. Box No. 386, HEATING AND VEN TILA TIN G , 148 L afayette St., New York 13, N. Y. ENGINEER-- Chief Design, Graduate pre ferably w ith m aster's degree in heat tra n s fer w ith a minimum of ten years engineer ing experience on heat transfer equipment' such as heating and refrigeration coils, heat exchangers, unit coolers and heaters, air conditioning equipment, and for other similar equipment. Perm anent position having a bright future with a nationally known 60year-old AAAI cooling and heating equip m ent m anufacturer in Buffalo, New York. W rite in complete detail and confidence and enclose a recent photo (non-returnable). Our engineers know of this advertisement. W rite Box 889, HEATING AND VENTILATING, 148 L afayette St., New York 18, N. Y. SALES MANAGER--Company m anufactur ing complete line of space heating-cooling equipment wishes to employ a sales m anager for this division. Should have experience and background in heating, ventilating and air conditioning and be experienced in han dling organization of representatives. Grad uate M.E. is preferable but not essential. W rite stating complete qualifications. - Box N o. 884, H EA TIN G AND V EN TILA TIN G , 148 L afay e tte St., New Y ork 13, N. Y. . WANTED SURPLUS EQUIPM ENT-- Fans, blowers, m otors, cooling coils, heating coils, unit heaters, etc. Send list of item s avail able and state cash price and whether prior ity is required. Air Conditioning Engineer ing Company, 90 Memorial Drive, Cambridge 42, Mass. v 116 MANUFACTURERS AGENTS WANTED in each of the following Trade A reas:-- New England Trade Area, New York Trade Area to handle our production of oil burning equipm ent as follow s:-- space h eaters, traile r heaters, domestic oil burning furnaces and floor furnaces, side-arm and storage type water heaters, domestic gun type power burners to contact and develop distributors and dealers in furniture, hardware, appliance and heating lines. We prefer established capable organizations handling affiliated nonconflicting lines. Box No. 387, HEATING AND VENTILATING, 148 L afayette St., New Y ork 13, N. Y. SALESMEN WANTED. Fuel conservation chemicals-- boiler feedwater treatm ent, sludge remover for fuel oil (unqualifiedly guaran teed) are in extrem e demand now. Also air conditioning, brine, corrosion and algae treatm ents. This is an outstanding oppor tu n ity to cash in on tim ely available prod ucts. A ttractive commissions. Box No. 888, HEATING.AND VENTILATING, 148 L afay ette St., New York 18, N, Y. MANUFACTURERS AGENCY -- Seventeen years experience, offices in Buffalo, New York and Erie, Pa. Three salesmen calling on In dustrials, Contractors, Architects and Engi neers, can handle few more lines of heating, air conditioning, ventilating equipment. Box 881. HEATING AND VENTILATING. 148 L afayette St., New York 18, N. Y. FOR SALE 2-- Kewanee No. 20 Boilers purchased in 1982 w ith 2-- No. 4 Iron Firem an Stok ers, rated 107 H P Boilers. 2-- Sims No. 9 Boilers purchased in 1932 with 2--No. 3 Iron F irem an Stokers (Boilers rated 85HP). 2-- Pacific No. 67S1 Boilers purchased in 1940 w ith 2-- No. 5 Iron F irem an Stokers (Boilers rated 142.9 H P ). 1-- Pacific No. 67S1 Boiler purchased in 1941 w ith 1-- No. 6 Iron Firem an Stoker (Boil ers rated 142.9 H P ). 2-- Pacific No. 8602 Boilers purchased in 1932 w ith 2-- No* 4 Iro n F irem an Stokers (Boilers rated 107 H P ). T hese are all in A -l condition. Box No. 385, HEATING AND VENTILATING, 148 L afay ette St., New York 13, N. Y. Impending Events make the 5th W A R LOAN the supreme financial effort of the war N on-display a d v e rtis e m e n ts 10 c e n ts a w ord per insertion. (No charge for nam e and address.) M inim um charge $2.00. P a y a b le in ad v a n c e . . . . BUY YOUR BOND TODAY! JU N E , 1944, H E A TIN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G r V When you want accurate and depend able automatic temperature or hu midity control for Heating, Ventilat ing and Air Conditioning Systems or Industrial Processes call in a Powers engineer. With a very complete line of self-operating and compressed air operated controls we are well equipped to fill your requirements. THE PO W ERS REGULATOR CO. 2718 Greenview Avenue CHICAGO Offices in 47 Cities-- See your phone directory Over 50 Years 4r of Temperature and Humidity Control Engineers EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS SERIES 3000 TEST SET HAYS COMBUSTION SET For accurate, quick combus P ortable. SIZE OF CASE 7 % 'x5'x15'H IG H tion analysis. Combines single unit gas analyzer with a dia phragm type draft gage and WEIGHT 9 IBS. flue gas thermometer. Com pletely enclosed in steel case with leather handle, weight 9 lbs. Of particular benefit to service and. heating engineers and installers of oil and gas burners, stokers, furnaces, and boilers. Full details in Bulletin 43-362. COMBUSTION instruments ANO CONTROL CORPORATION MICHIGAN CITY, INDIANA. U.S.A H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , .1944 NUCOR? 1 m e a t i aM rc O H O .T 6 a ia U O O U CTS m? McCord spiral fin tube construction with the tubes formed or bent permits uniform ex pansion without strain. Headers are heavy wall constmction with tubes brazed into extended ferrules formed in the headers. Fin s are helically wound and metallically bonded. A tried and proven heating unit, modern in design. McCord spiral fin tube con struction creates air turbulence without un due restriction, thus increasing heat trans fer capacity. Guar anteed for 150 lbs. saturated steam pres sure. Nine models Proven, nigged, modern design. Quiet, guaranteed for use on to , #150 p.s.l. steam pres sure. Heating element, ,, Individual spiral fin i ' tubes free to expand without strain on Joints. Standard motorswithstand^ r d 'b a s e s / used. Ten | 5 -p BLAST HEATING COILS . AIR CONDITIONING COILS ALL TYPES 4 A A 5 * ft;? A 4 J VERTICAL TYPE UNIT HEATERS 4 4 44444 \ \ \ 4 HORIZONTAL TYPE 44i UNIT HEATERS 117 e A le * \ --forithe 5thWar Loan drive during June and July. The need for the 5th War Loan is immediate, crucial. For impending events may make the 5th the supreme financial effort of the war. The U. S. Treasury has set the overall goal at $16,000,000,000 -- $6,000,000,000 from individuals alone. This is the big gest sum ever asked of the American people--and it must be raised. That's why the U. S. Treasury asks Man agement and Labor to sit down together and organize--NOW! For organization--good organization-- has been responsible for the excellent showing of the payroll market. And its most important single superiority has been personal solicitation--desk to desk, MANAGEMENT LABOR bench to bench, machine to machine personal solicitation. 71% of all persons on payroll deductions were solicited for the 4th War Loan. Now, to personal solicitation, add the sales incentive of a definitely established plant quota. Build your campaign around a quota plan. Set up departmental goals. Stress percentage of participation fig ures. Stimulate group enthusiasm. In planning your quota campaign, work in close cooperation with the Chairman of your War Finance Committee. Every thing is set to make the 5th War Loan drive a huge success--with your help! (Note: You've read this message. If it doesn't apply to you please see that it reaches the o n e person who can put it in action!) he Q U O ^ ____________ _________ gTM & #***r ^ ____-- - -- - r T qoo w v ees r i M E W t - <* ^ o o o C ..V O ' " ,, _ $100 - `S S * * \ 0 'J 118 SOLICIT D E L IV E R The Treasury Department acknowledges with appreciation the publication o f this message by HEATING AND VENTILATING This is an official U* S, Treasury advertisement-- prepared u n d e fth e auspices o f Treasury Department a n d W a r Advertising Council. ' At ' JU N E , 1944, HEATING AND V EN TILATIN G ^ w - R e a l Vibration - Isolation Economy with KORFUND Girder Type Integral Base! Standard units offer unlimited arrangements for resiliency mounting fans, pumps, compressors, etc. The KORFUND Girder Type Integral Base (typical installation in prominent Ordnance Plant, right) provides efficient, economical isola tion of vibration and noise in the form of standard natural cork and steel units fabricated into integral bases of ANY TYPE OR SHAPE. ^"Magram below shows primary isolating units (natural cork blocks ' cased in steel housings) connected by steel framework to form ideally shaped base for fan and motor. Unlimited arrangements possible. Write for data, outlining your requirements. %K@RFUND Korfund Girder Type Integral Base installed under large Ian and motor. Note how steel girder arrangem ent provides isolation base common to both fan and motor, thus con stantly m aintaining essential alignment be tween . them. Compare diagram at left. An economical solution to many machinery in stallation problems in heating, ventilating and air conditioning. Investigate! (Z o m f r c u t y , y t t c . ENGINEERS. MANUFACTURERS LONG ISLAND CITY 1, N.Y. Blower Wheel Housings of Standard Dimensions M ade in sizes to fit 4J/, 5, 6, 7 } 4 and 9 in ch w heels and in w idths to su it sin gle or double in le t w heels . . . also individual parts for your ow n assem bly. D e-Sta-C o h ousin gs are engineered for m axim um effi ciency and q u ietn ess in operation . . . n eatly finished. S end fo r " D e-Sta-C o Blower H ousings" b u lletin ; gives com plete inform ation, in clu d ing essen tial dim ensions. WTlill0 | M P IN G CO. S 3 7 S ^ Z e^ ro^ ;ch.g H E A TIN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 "D a ty o u " R e e d i f e . . . THAT E V EN A SHO RT PIECE OF PIP E WILL EXPAND WITH AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE? THAT IF THERE IS A " S T I F F " C ON N E CT IO N , THE S TR ESSES SET UP W IL L BE T R EM EN D O U S ? THAT YOU MUST PROVIDE FOR THE E X P A N S I O N ? D on't assum e, because th e p ip e is short, there Is no need to w orry about expansion. This m ay be true If the arrangem ent of the piping is such that the expansion can be taken care of by a spring connection w ithout unduly stressin g it. B ut, often th e piping is "stiff" and then expansion stresses m ay be introduced which are greater than th e pipe or fittings can w ith stand. D on't ta k e th is c h a n c e . In s ta ll ADSCO Internally Guided E xpansion Joints. W rite for illustrated bulletin No. 35-30 HV. .A m e r i c a n D i s t r i c t S t e a m C o m p a n y North Tona.v<ga_ N X m a k e r s o f "UP*TO*DATE" s t e a m l i n e EQUIPM ENT FOR OVER 60 YEARS ADSCO Inter nally G u i d e d Jo in t in blow down line from boiler* A d s c o expans,on JOINTS C itH c n a te 4 c iu n c rA o m e fr is te &e*tcC 119 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ADVERTISERS A A c m e I n d u s tr i e s ................................... 43 A ir C o nditioning E n g in e e rin g Co. 116 A ir-M a z e C o rp o ra tio n ....................... 40 A irte m p D iv . C h ry s le r C o rp ........... 4 A ir th e r m M fg. C o..................................... 105 A lco V a lv e Co. .................... 11-24 A lle n C o r p o r a t i o n .................. 13 A m e ric a n A ir F i l t e r Co., I n c ........... 27 A m e ric a n ^ .-ta y re r C o rp ....................... * A m e ric a n L . tc t S te a m C o...........119 A m e ric a n -M a rs h P u m p s , I n c ........... * A m e ric a n R o llin g M ill Co................ T4 A rm s tr o n g M a c h in e W o r k s ............ 10 A u to m atic P ro d u c ts Co. 108 B B a d g e r M fg. & S a le s Co. B a ld o r E le c t r ic C o........... 105 B a rb e r-C o lm a n C o............. 38 B e ll & G o s s e tt C o............. 35 B ethlehem S teel Co. . . . 97 B re id e r t, G. C., C o........... * B rooks E q u ip m e n t Co. . 114 B r y a n t H e a te r C o............. 32 B u ffalo B o lt Co.................. 7 B u ffalo F o rg e C o............... 45 B y e rs, A. M., Co................. C C a re y , P h ilip , M fg. C o........................ 34 C a r r ie r C o rp o ra tio n . . ....................... 33 C ash , A. W ,, V a lv e M fg. C orp. . . . 12 C h r y s le r C o rp o ra tio n ....................... 4 C la ss ifie d A d v e r t i s i n g ....................... 116 C o n tin e n ta l S te e l C o rp ....................... * C ra n e C o.................................................... 31 C ro w n I r o n W o rk s C o........................... 115 C urtis R e frig eratin g Mch. Div. of C u rtis M fg. C o.................................... 48 . D D e tr o i t L u b r ic a to r C o......................... 6 D e tr o it S ta m p in g Co. . . ................... 119 D ra v o C o r p o r a t i o n ........... .................. 93' D u n h a m , C. A.-, C o...................... 103 E E c o n o m y P u m p s , In c . ..................... * E le c t r ic A u to -L ite C o........................ .. 112 E lgq S h u tte r & M anufacturing Co. * E lls w o r th P ip e & S u p p ly C o........... 17 E m erson E lectric M anufacturing C o . . . ....... .................. ...... * ' F F reem an S to k e r Div. Illinois Iro n & B o lt C o............... ............................... I l l G G e n e ra l C o n tro ls C o........................ . . 107 G e n e ra l E le c t r ic Co......................... * H H a y s C o rp ............................................. . . 117 H e n r y V a lv e Co................................ * H o lc o - h & H o k e M fg. C o............ . . 39 H o w ell E le c tric M o to rs Co., Inside B ack Cover I Ilg E le c t r ic V e n til a ti n g C o............... * Illin o is E n g in e e r in g Co., I n c ........... * Illin o is T e stin g L a b o ra to rie s, Inc. 114 Ir o n F ir e m a n M fg. C o......................... 101 J J o h n s o n F a n & B lo w e r C orp. . . . . 36 J o h n s o n S e rv ic e C o...............B a c k C o v er K K e w a n e e B o ile r C o rp ........................... 8 K o rfu n d Co., In c .................................... 119 L L a d is h D ro p F o rg e Co......................... 29 L e la n d E le c tr ic C o................................ 23 L in k -B e lt C o............................................. 16 M M arley Co., Inc. . . . M a rio C o il C o........................................... 41 M a rs h , J a s . P ., C o rp ............................. 49 M e rc o id C o rp .......................................... 37 M cC o rd R a d ia to r & M fg.C o............. 117 M c D o n n e ll & M i l l e r ............................ 95 M m neapolis-H oneyw ell R egulator C o............................. I n s id e F r o n t C o v e r M o d in e M a n u f a c tu rin g C o.................. 42 M u e lle r B r a s s C o.................................. 26 N N a s h E n g in e e r in g Co........................... 50 N e lso n , H e rm a n , C o rp ........................18-19 O O w en s-C o m in g F ib e r g la s C orp. . . 99 P P a c ific S te e i B o ile rs ___ \ . . 5 P a tte rso n -K e lle y Co., Inc. * P e e rle ss P u m p Div., Food M achin e r y C orp., ...................................\ . . . . 110 P e n n E le c t r ic S w itc h Co.................... 44 P o r t e r , H . W ., & Co., In c .................. 115 P o w e rs R e g u la to r C o..............................117 P r o p e lla ir , I n c ......................................... * R R e z n o r M a n u f a c tu rin g C o................. 1 R ic-w iI Co.................................................. 9 S S a il M o u n ta in Co. .............................. * S a rc o C o m p a n y , I n c . ' ......................... * S a r c o th e r m C o n tro ls, In c .................. 25 S m ith , H . B., Co., In c ........................... * S o m e rs, H . J ., In c .................................. * S t a r E le c t r ic M o to r Co..................... 21 S u p e rio r S h e e t S te e l Co. ................ * T T a y lo r F o rg e & P ip e W o r k s ......... 22 T h ru s h , H . A., & C o............................. 28 Todd S hipyards Corp. (C om bus ti o n E q u ip m e n t D iv.) .................. 20 T r a n e C o.................................................... 15 T re ric e , H . O., C o................................. 114 T u b e -T u rn s , I n c ...................................... 91 T u ttle & B a ile y , In c ............................. * u U. S . M a c h in e C o rp ............................. * U nited S tates A ir C onditioning C o rp ........................................................... * U n ite d S ta t e s R a d ia to r C o rp ........... 5 W W a g n e r E le c t r ic C o................................ 106 W a n t A d v e r tis e m e n ts ....................... 116 W e b s te r , W a r r e n ,' & C o.................... 2 W e e k s , B. H ., ...................................... * W estinghouse E lectric & M anu facturing Co. ................ . ' . . . 46-47 W h ite R o d g e rs E le c t r ic C o............. * W h itlo c k M a n u f a c tu rin g C o.......... * W in g , L . J ., M fg. Co. ...................... 115 W orthington Pum p & M achinery C o rp . . . . . : . . ---------------------- 30 Y Y a rn a ll-W a rin g Co.................... 109-114-116 Y ork H e a t Div., Y ork-Shipley, Inc. * Y o u n g R a d ia to r Co............................... 113 *A dvertisem ent appeared in preceding iBsue. 120 JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G ANw ,, E N T IL A T JN G