Document QkmrrnxeXdY8bedwyKDvjDZ3R

UNITED STATES DEPARTM 11AKOLD L. ICK BUREAU O n. II. SAYER MINERALS. Y Prepared under t E. W. PEHRS Economics and S C. E. NEEDH N49767 UNITED GOVERNMENT PR WASHINGT For by the Superintendent of Docum Washingt ' 1 )" i: ) a : LEAD By T. H. Mil l e r a n d SUMMARY O General summary......................................................... Salient statistics......................................................... War agenoy regulations.......................................... Domestic production................................................... Primary lead................................................................ Refinery production............................................ Sources of primary lead...................................... AntiinonUu lead..................................................... Secondary lead........................................................... Lead pigments.......................................................... Mine production....................................................... Stocks.................................................................................. Producers' stocks....................................................... Pape 163 164 164 166 166 106 166 167 167 168 168 170 170 Sto C Do N C Prrlin For Im E Wo W R ___ GENERAL SU Record-breaking receipts of foreig fairly steady rate of domestic product costs, eased the supply situation which with other strategic materials and position relative to supply versus dem of lead under Government control me tion of these measures; this ah owe as a substitute for more critical ma zinc, that have a more direct military The production of refined primary ores decreased less than 1 percent in 1 sources' being only 4,128 tons less tha consumption of refined soft lead was le production but permitted most of the in the Government stock pile which a as large as at the beginning. Year-e advanced and reversed a 7-year do inventories were 22 percent lower ow foreign metal to balance the deficient Total imports of lead in all form records largely because of a 35-perce lead over 1941; more than half of the the balance almost entirely from Aust The established price of 5.85 cents at the beginning of 1942 advanced t which level it remained during the b price for the year increased from 5.79 1942. This report deals primarily with tbe smelting, refinin details of mining operations see separate reports Issued for 164 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 10 42 Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United Stales, 1925-29 (average) and 1938-42, in short tons 1026-20 (averago) 1038 1030 1040 mi 1042 Produotloa of refined primer? load: From doznestlo ores and base bullion.. From foreign ore* and baso bullion-- 660, 526 123,104 331,064 51,708 420,087 63,068 783,620 Recovery of secondary lead........................ 280,000 Imports:1 Lead In pigs, bars, and old................. 4,602 , Lead in base bullion.............................. 95,747 Lead In ores and matte........................ . 40,006 Exports of refined pig lead.......................... 98,048 Lead romalnlng In bonded warehouse at end of period........................................................ 136,069 Refined primary load available for con sumption............................................................... 600,016 Estimated consumption of primary and secondary lead................................................... 000,260 Prices: New York: Average for year.cents per pound. 7.47 Quotation at end of year....do___ 6.26 London average.............................. do-- 6.87 Mine production orrecoverable lead........... 664,230 World smelter production of lead.................. 1,860,000 383,669 224,000 3,236 16,206 45,370 46,866 87,811 339,708 646,000 4.74 4.86 3.33 360,726 1,874,000 484,036 241,600 7,130 48,002 30,842 74,302 79,216 416,031 667,000 6.05 6.60 3.00 413,970 1,011,000 433,066 100,114 470.517 100,450 633,170 260,346 161,668 19,624 111,300 '* 49,079 670,067 307,416 274,305 24, 704 82,115 14,369 ' 211,876 166,286 633,989 830,797 782,000 1,050,000 5.18 5.60 o 457,302 ih 6.79 6.85 c) 461.426 467, 307 00, 472 506.830 323,001 360,254 37,244 81,036 *6,814 o 027, 522 (<) 6. 48 0.50 (> 496,239 o i Data Include lead Imported for Immediate consumption plus material entering the country under bond. Includes 36,334 tons of foreign refined lead re-exported, according to American Bureau of Metal Sta tistics; official figures not available. , ._ . ,_ Includes 3,874 tons of foreign lead re-exported, according to records of the Department of Commerce. 4 Data not available. , ' 4 Average for 8 rfiontbs: London Metal Exchange dealings suspended for duration of war. Official maximum prioe fixed by British Ministry of Supply at 25 per long ton. Figure 1 shows trends in the domestic lead industry since 1900. War agency regulations.--Throughout 1942 lead remained under full priority control according to General Preference Order M-38 originally announced in October 1941 and later extended beyond the March 1942 termination date. The order provided for a system of allocation that previously had been restricted to releases of foreign lead purchased and held by the Metals Reserve Co., and a "pooling" arrangement was set up whereby primary producers set aside 15 percent, of current output each month for allocation to.meet special needs. The subsequent easing of the lead situation eliminated the need for this plan later in 1942, and the emergency 15-percent "pool" was dropped after July until further notice, according to Supple mentary Order M-38-j effective July 4. Under Conservation Order M-38-c, issued January 10, 1942, uses of lead were divided into three classes: A prohibited list, an unlimited list, and all other uses limited to 90 percent of the 1941 consumption in each. In September 1942 when the shortage was less acute industryrequested some modification of the conservation order, but not until November 11, 1942, and again on January 1, and again on February 2,1943, were amendments to the order issued that somewhat liberalized the use of lead for construction purposes and as a substitute for more critical materials, such as tin, brass, and. bronze. Likewise, Limita tion Order L-180, affecting storage batteries, was amended January.5, 1943, to balance consumption with available production of antimonial lead. Despite the continued requests for freer use of lead, further liberalization of tho conservation program is limited by the orders and conservation measures that affect other more critical metals. LEA In an effort to stimulate domes Production Management, jointly w lion, on January 13, 1942, announc plan whereby producers (minors) o included in the plan) received, thro cents a pound for lead produced i output as against the ceding price established on the same date. Thi covered a. period of 2K years. In t $39.60 (later adjusted to $41.80) p ----------------United States (dome tic) pefeen age 800 -- -- Total r efinery pro< UC From foreign ores and base bullion ^ m domestk: ore 2 200 Imporis A. \______. ` 1. /New York price Z A / V Y' L Fio u r b l.---Trends In the lead industry in the Unit base bullion, pig lead, and scrap; exports Include pigs benefit of draw-back. ' concentrates was established for' equivalent to 2.75 cents per pound p was continued without iurtner chan ary 18,. 1943, the scope of the Metal to include an additional premium of tive time limit was extended to July the highest possible payment for e rc*eonntfsci aa pno/Muintid/l. New\Tat *t VYmor.1k., basis, de ttthep.rtiouWpta..:: ; . DOMESTIC PR "Pig lead is produced at primary' amount of sccr-a"-p' and a-4t- ^-s-e--c-o--n- 1d--ary -p> Both types3 of plants may produce Because of the large quantity of b 166 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1942 smelters, their output is essentially antimonial-lead alloys. Figures m- for production of refined lead at secondary plants are givon in tho section on Secondary Lead. The following table shows 'production of refined lead and antimonial lead at primary refineries from 1938 through 1942. Refined lead and antimonial lead produced at primary refineries in the United Stales, 1938-48, in short tons Year Refined lead From domes From foreign tic ores and ores and base base bullion bullion From scrap ' 1939............................................................ 1040........................................................... 1041............................................................ 1943..................................... .. .................... 331,964 420,967 433,066 470,617 467, 367 61,706 63,068 100,114 100,460 90,472 24,800 29,011 16,688 13,464 12,866 Total Antimonial lead 408,469 613,046 649,767 684,421 679,096 24,123 21,996 29,762 40,237 61,762 PRIMARY IEAD u I Refinery production--Production of refined primary lead decreased % less than 1 percent in 1942. Refined primary lead produced in the United States, 1938--43, by classes and sources Production (short tons) by-- Total production 1 Glass Bource Year Desllvertied lead 1 * Soft lead 1 Desil Undesilverized verlzed From domestic ores and base bul lion From {ore|gn ores From foreign base bullion 1938..1. 1039.... 1940.... 1941____ 1943____ 243,891 280,366 336,466 366,386 343,971 31,986 66,349 43,400 39,873 42,094 107,792 138,330 153,323 164.710 180,774 331,964 420,967 433,066 470,617 467,367 32,862 24,062 83,663 74,166 81,486 18,843 38,416 16,561 26.284 17,987 Value Short tODS Average sales price per pound Total calculated value . 383, 669 484,036 633,179 670.967 666,839 $0,040 .047 .050 .067 .063 $36,298,000 45,499,000 63,318,000 66.090.000 71.422.000 1 Lead oootent of antimonial lead excluded. * Desilverized soft lead excluded. i Includes lead derived from Missouri ores and other nonargentueroos ores. Sources oj primary lead.--Of the total refined primary lead produced in 1942, 82 percent was derived from domestic ores and base bullion and .18 percent from foreign, the same ratio as in 1941. Production from foreign ores increased 10 percent to within 2 percent of the record established in 1940, but lead refined from foreign base bullion was 32 percent less. The marked drop in output of lead from Mexican base bullion is due to larger quantities of bullion being refined in Mexico and does not indicate a corresponding decrease in total Mexican output of lead. -Tins loss was offset in part by a marked increase in base bullion from Australia. Details of the sources of lqad.from domestic ores are given in the section on Mine Production. Refined primary lead produced in the Un ---------------------------------------------------------------- Source 1109.31 Domeatlo ore and base bullion......................... Foreign ore: Australia............................................................. Canada................................... ............................ Europo......... ,,........................................... Mexico......... _..................................................... South America................ ............... Other foreign.......................................... Foreign base bullion: Mexico........................................... Other foreign........................................... Total foreign............................................... Grand total.................................................... 331 7 3 9 9 2 32 18 18 61 383 Antimonial lead.--Antimonial product of the refining of base bu this,source is only a small part o The greater part-is obtained fro scrap, and some is produced by m soft lead. . Production data from lead-s materials exclusively are summa discussed in detail in the chapter A large quantity of hard-lead scra and refineries; the production o shown in the following table. S steadily, but in general the perc declined correspondingly. Year Antimony conten Production (short tons) Short tons Perce 1938......................... 1939............................ 1940............................ 1941............................ 1942....... ,,.................. 24,123 21,995 29, 762 40, 237 61, 782 2.809 2,031 2,044 3, 510 3, 624 1 SECOND . Although some scrap lead is tre portion is refined at a large numbe on se--conad-a--r-y---m--a-cte.r--ialsJ..--Seconda refined lead, antimonial lead,-othe at primary and other plants in 194 table. Secondary lead recovered 1941 and was equivalent to 69 perc .168 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 2 lead output. Further details appear in the chapter on Secondary Metals--Nonferrous. Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 1941-42, in short tons 1941 1642 As refined metal: In antlmonlal lead: Grand total: , Value............................................................................................................................... 13,454 61,810 75, 264 12,866 65,746 68,602 13,862 192,660 206, 622 . 116,630 11,661 158,998 170,659 83.840 397,416 $46,306, 400 323,001 $40,668, 100 i Inoludee some lead Id chemical compounds. LEAD PIGMENTS Lead pigments manufactured in 1942 contained 223,338 tons of lead--an 18-percent decrease from 1941. Of the 206,680 tons of lead i in > pigments derived from refined pig lead, litharge contained 42 per cent, white lead 36 percent, red lead 22 percent, and sublimed lead, leaded zinc oxide, and orange mineral less than 1 percent. Leaded < zinc oxide and sublimed lead are the principal pigments of which the lead content is derived from ores. Details of production and con sumption of lead pigments are given in the chapter on Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts. I ! rv I ;. 1 . . ' . Lead in pigment* produced in the United States, 1988-48, by sources, in short tons 1 Lead In pigments from-- Lead In pigments from-- Year ' . Ore Domes tic Foreign Metal Total Year Ore Domes tic Foreign Metal Total 1938......... 12,026 1939......... 1940......... 16,171 ; 16,869 ................... 163,816 200,390 196,236 176,840 216,661 213,104 1941......... 1942......... 23,951 16,949 290 248,874 273,316 707 206,680 * 223,338 - Indudes also lead reoovered In leaded tlno oxide. . * Inoludee 400 tons from scrap. 1 Includes 3 tons from scrap. ! MINE PRODUCTION Mine production of lead (including that made into lead pigments) in the United States and Alaska increased 8 percent in 1942,. the advance being credited to an over-all gain of 4 percent in the Western States1 and Alaska and 12 percent in the. Central States, which more ' than compensated for' a decline of 19 percent in the Eastern States. Production of lead from southeastern Missouri increased 33,090 tons to a total.of 197,432 tons, or about 40 percent of the entire United LE States production. The output fr to 34,341 tons, a drop of 6,739 tons A gain in southwestern Missouri the greater productive States of O tinued to be the leading producer cent increase, followed by Utah a and 6-percent loss, respectively. production of recoverable lead wa of nearly all the zinc-lead mines o at Butte in favor of maintaining labor shortages. Arizona produc record year of 1941, largely becau lead ore from the Tennessee-Sch suspension in January of the millin mine. In Colorado and Washingt of lead continued to gain, but the the Pioche district, and from N details of production by mines, d in the State chapters. Mine production of recoverable lead in 1938--42, by Sla State 1925-29 (average) 1938 Western States and Alaska: Alaska...................................... Arizona.................................... California...... ......................... Colorado.................................. Idabo........................................ Montana................................. Nevada.................................... New Mexico.......................... Oregon............................. ........ South Dakota...................... Texas......................................... Utah........................................ Washington........................... Wyoming...*........................ 982 9, 743 2,070 30,113 141.010 18,871 9,807 6,730 6 21 213 149,309 1,323 Central States: . Arkansas............... ............. Illinois........................................ Kansas.................... ........... Kentucky___1.......................... Missouri.................................... Oklahoma....................... Wiaoonsln................................. Eastern Btates: . New York.......... Tennessee............ Virginia........ North Carolina. 38 ' 662 26,121 136 302, 240 68,306 1,746 289,137 260 3,846 4.096 664,230 9 10,6 4 9.4 92,1 9, 3 4,6 4,9 3 65,6 4,2 202,9 1 16,2 1 122,0 21,0 3 168,8 2,0 6 6,3 7,0 369,7 k k ao k d --___1 o \' 170 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 2 Mine production of recoverable lead in the United Stales, by districts that produced . ! 1,000. tons or more during any year from 1938 to 1942, in short tons 'District 8tato 1938 1939 1940 1941 Southeastern Missouri re* Missouri.............................. flon. s Ooeur d'Alene region..... Idaho.............................. Bingham................................... Utah...................................... Joplin region.....,...:......... Kansas, Southwestern Missouri, Oklahoma. Pefk Oity region.................. Utah....................................... 'Tlntlo..;....... ............................ Butte.......................................... Montana.......... .................... H&rsbaw................................... Arizona.................................. Metallne................................... Washington......................... Resting Springs..................... California.......................... .Rush valley............................ Utah...,................................ Wirn Springs........................ Idaho...................................... ` LeadvlUe...:.-...................... Colorado................................ , Central.-.................................... New Mexico!...................... PlOche..........................:.......... Nevada.................................. i St* lAwrence County......... New York............................. . Hedaleston.............................. Montana............................... I Pioneer (RIoo)........................ Colorado................................ i Red 01lfl..r............................ ____ do................. .................... Animas..:................................ Eagle.......................................... Montana............................... Smelter...................................... ........ do...................................... Old Hat____-.......................... Arizona.................................. Upper San MJguel............... Colorado................................ Barker...................................... Montana............................... Austtnvllle............................... Virginia.................................. WaUapat................................... Arizona.................................. Beyboree.................................. Idaho.................................. Opblr........................... Utah........................................ Port Hill................................... Idaho...................................... Montana................................... Montana............................... Upper Mississippi Valley. Iowa, Northern Illinois, and Wisconsin. Hot Hoaven........................... Montana........................... Oataraot.................................... Oro Blanoo............................ Arizona......... Willow Creek:..._____ New Mexico. 118,870 82. 274 41,334 30, 400 7, 268 9,006 204 149 4,009 4,619 7,370 1,222 340 3.214 2,006 29 933 990 4,301 710 1,919 885 283 5, 338 4,004 916 2,013 291 212 320 1,214 1,328 4,160 4,277 153, 622 81,099 30, 842 44,170 11,031 8,618 4,708 2,287 3, 609 3,422 '5, 606 1.088 2.941 2,964 2.387 7 762 1,137 068 3. 252 1,256 1,801 1.489 780 3,380 703 999 0,060 1,111 293 388 2.787 1,672 3, 668 1,800 169, 893 05, 009 37, 857 36,311 19, 749 6. 636 . 8,869 4,681 2. 495 4,700 6.050 794 3, 246 6. 620 1,973 60 1,928 1,412 2,471 4,108 1,363 1,908 I, 278 131 2, 286 2,304 936 6, 364 1,837 966 453 3,688 1,904 104, 342 95. 620 34,612 41,080 19.094 9,424 8,630 6, 641 3.819 4.168 6. 334 1. 112 3, 902 6,822 2,100 967 2,625 1,710 3,045 3, 204 1,627 2,172 1,408 22 3, 390 2,408 1,378 1,437 1,637 1,601 1,346 2,824 366 1 1942 107, 291 100, 474 39,990 34, 341 16. 278 10,176 7, 206 6,132 4,663 3,988 3. 783 3, 348 3. 206 2, 764 2, 434 2. 290 2, 282 2, 240 2,124 1,999 1,988 1,801 1,716 1,704 1,661 1,666 1,644 1,623 1,044 1,026 908 614 26 6 1 Total for Virginia but almost entirely from Austlnvtllo'dlstrlct. STOCKS Producers' stocks--Lead stocks, as reported by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, are shown in the following table. Stocks of refined and antimonial lead include metal held by all primary refiners and by most refiners of secondary material who produce common soft lead. Foreign lead refined in the United States and entered for domestic consumption is included. Lead stocks at end of year at smellers and refineries in the United Slates, 1938-48, ; in short ions 1938 1939 1940 1941 Refined Dig lead................... Antlmnnlrnl 1mj 4................. 102, 489 13.413 ' leadfai baae bollkm-- ,, At smelters and refineries......................... In transit to refineries......... . In prooo. *t Rllnarie,................................ 115.902 '' ,, 18.093 2,339 10*090 lead In ore and matte and In ptouem at smelters.... 37.722 66*332 209,950 62, 783 6,094 68,777 10.337 3.621 16,968 29.810 69,485 148,079 32,468 8,468 40,926 9.160 3,457 18.141 30,704 71,722 143,412 16.973 4, 212 20,185 8.694 2.216 17,709 28.618 61,440 100,149 1942 28,816 6,122 34,937 7.369 1,700 13,926 22.990 59,247 117.174 L In contrast with 1941 the exc 1942 resulted in an over-all gain of refined and antimonial lead mately 20,200 tons at the end o tons by the end of April, followe by the end of August. During more than balanced nearly cons to 35,600 tons by the end of Nov A slight decrease in output in De ments reduced inventories to abo net gain of 73 percent over tho Stocks of lead in ore and matte bullion at smelters and refineries refineries were 3 percent higher 1942. Consumers' stocks.--The data o beginning and end of 1942 are s results, as obtained from a cons estimated to represent 85 to 90 p the basis of lead consumed, but t necessarily hold as regards inven tic lead decreased slightly, but th a__n____o__ver-,,a11ll Adecline of O2O2 percontk Consumers' stocks of refined soft lead iho Corr PdC. 31, 1941 Dec. 31, 1942... 2 2 i Based upon n survey of 600 respondents. < Revised figures. DOMESTIC; New supply.--The calculated able for consumption in 1942 wa 34 percent'above the 1925-29 in the following table do not in and do not indicate the true tren the greater part of the large ton the supply in 1942 is still held in . Refined primary pig lead available for c 1 ,shh " mm *mi 172 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1942 Consumption.--Although figures showing the total consumption of lead, primary and secondary (including antimonial lead), aro not availaDle for 1942 the total probably was somewhat less than the record 1,060,000 tons consumed in 1941 as reported by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics. Owing to the return of largo quantities of secondary lead in discarded and obsolete articles and from the lead-oonsuming industries, the total consumption of pig lead greatly exceeds the supply of new lead. The supply of new lead was greater in 1942, but the actual tonnage released to consumers was consider ably less because of use restrictions, and the proportion of secondary ana scrap lead to primary material was probably even higher than normal. Consumption of refined soft lead in the United States, 1 rJ in short tons 1 , by grades and uses, 1041 1942 1941 1042 By grades: Domestic: Corroding........... Chemical.______ Common............. Foreign: AU grades. Total consumed.. By uses: Ammunition............. Bearing metals......... Cable covering......... Calking lead.............. Casting metals.......... 289,679 160.206 267.113 116,649 812,647 227,207 143,213 134,101 92,668 696,089 32,969 10,160 141.161 32,380 9,243 48,025 12,648 113,374 9,038 3,074 uses--Continued. Collapsible tubes................. Foil............................................ Pipes, traps, and bends... Sheet lead................................ Solder............... -............i Storage batteries.................. Tenieplate.............................. Type metals........................... White lead.............................. Bed lead and litharge........ Chemicals and Insecticides Other uses1............................ 3,720 61,616 32,946 36,480 35,630 73,982 2,069 2,976 83,230 143,490 8.861 112,833 Total consumed............... 812,047 9,966 9,376 21,396 31,774 34,764 41,135 2,337 943 58, 372 98,667 6,298 94,904 690,089 > Based upon survey of 600 respondents; 1041 figures are revised, but 1042 figures are preliminary and subject to revision. i Includes consumption of lead In manufacture of tetraethyl lead, load used for ships ballast, onnoaling, gal vaulting, brass and bronte, and other miscellaneous uses. v A consumer survey conducted by the Bureau of Mines for the . second consecutive year disclosed that the consumption of refined 1 soft lead at 600 plants decreased 27 percent in 1942. Judging from available data as regards supply, shipments, and producers' stocks, : receipts of 607,431 tons of refined soft lead by those consumers can , vassed indicate that the 1942 coverage was probably 85 to 90 percent. Antimonial lead, unrefined scrap lead, and lead in alloys are not included. The accompanying table presents a 2-year comparison by grades and by uses of soft lead. Consumption of all three grades of domestically refined lead and foreign lead declined, common lead showing the greatest drop (48 percent). Of the total amount used in 1942 (comparative 1941 percentages in parentheses), corroding ac counted for 38 (36) percent, chemical 24 (18) percent, common 23 (32) percent, and all grades of foreign 15 (14) percent. Consump tion of lead by uses decreased during 1942 except that consumed m making ammunition, bearing metals, collapsible tubes, and terneplate. Use in solder remained virtually unchanged. Cable covering was the largest of the principal uses of soft lead in 1942, followed in order by red lead, litharge, white lead, ammunition, and storage batteries. The effect of conservation measures, use restrictions, and ' the general industrial change-over from peacetime to wartime economy is particularly apparent with respect to some of the principal uses of lead. The cessation of automobile manufacturing largely was respon- LffltAD sible for the drop in the consumption and, to some extent, the decline in lead u which also enters into the manufacture White lead, the most widely used lead p siderable decline, and foil dropped mar restrictions placed on the consumption packaging. PRICES , , The two major markets for lead in York and St. Louis; much of the lead pro at prices normally based upon quotatio suspension of the London Metal Excha 1939 for the duration of the war the L actual influence on New York quotations, St. Louis and New York prices has rem an amount approximating the freight cha At the beginning of the year prices fo St. Louis and 5.85 cents at New York, b since March 26, 1941. Effective Janu Price Administration established the ce cents, St. Louis, and 6.50 cents, New Yor for the remainder of 1942. The official London maximum price paid, for Empire and foreign lead, as fix of Supply in December 1939, remained u Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of le London, 1988-42, in cents Month 1040 St. Louis New York Lon don 10 St. Louis Ne Yo January...................... February.................... March......................... April............................ May............................. June.............................. July.............................. August........................ September................. Ootober....................... November................. December.................. Average.......... 6.32 4.03 6.04 4.02 4.87 4.86 4.86 4.,70 4.78 6.16 6.68 6.>86 6.03 6.47 6.08 6.10 6.07 6.02 6.00 6.00 4.86 4.03 6.31 6.73 6.60 6.18 (*) 0) 6.36 6.46 6.61 6.70 6. 70 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 6. 70 6.70 6.64 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 i St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1043, p. 466. New York: Meta * London Metal Exchange dealings suspended for duration British Ministry of Supply at 26 In December 1030. FOREIGN TRAD . ... . The continued upward trend in imports in 1942. The total receipts of foreign ma metal but also as lead in ore, matte, and not only to supplement the domestic refi .allow reserve stock piling of a large tonna * Figures ou imports and exports compiled by M. B. Pries, o 174 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1942 of this increased supply, coupled with Government control, was to place lead in the position of a substitute metal. ' Imports.--Total imports of lead in 1942 again broke all records largely' on^-account of a 35-percent increase in receipts of foreign refined lead over 1941. In this category Mexico furnished 52 percent, Australia'nearly 23 percent, Canada 19 percent, and Peru 6 percent as compared with 36, 16, 33, and 15 percent, respectively, in 1941. Nearly all imports of base bullion (97 percent) in 1942 came from Australia, which heretofore has furnished little or no material of this class.' ' Since the war, however, lead bullion in excess of that which Could be refined in Australia has been shipped to the United States . rather than to other metallurgical centers barred by wartime restric tions. Lead in ores and matte came from many countries but princi pally from Newfoundland, Australia, Peru, and Canada, which together supplied 81 percent of the total imports of this material. Total lead imported into the United Stales, 1938-42, by forms in which imported, in short tons 1 Year Lead in ore Lead in baso Pigs, bars, and matto bullion and old Total lead content 1038........................................................................................ 1939.......................................................................................... 1940......................................................................................... 1941....................................................................................... 1942...................................... ................................................... 46, 370 30,842 111,300 82.116 81,936 16,290 48.902 19,624 24,704 37,244 8,236 7,139 161,668 274,395 309,264 63,901 86,883 282,492 381.214 488,434 1 Data Include lead Imported for Immediate consumption plus material entering country under bond. Total lead imported into the United Stales, in ore, base bullion, and refined, 1988-4%, by countries, in short tons 1 Year Canada Mexico Newfound South land America Europe Other countries Total 1938............................ 1939............................ 1940........................... 194!............................ 1942....................... 3,174 5,641 8,721 96, 686 77, 677 38,467 62,059 149, 493 129, 446 194,820 1 27, 603 17, 609 26,649 13,426 16, 627 03,120 69,820 42, 263 680 1,971 3.891 176 62 8,164 10.684 29, 704 68, 612 147,073 63,901 86,883 282,492 381,214 488,434 i Data Inolude lead imported for immediate consumption plus material entering country under bond. * Includes Imports from Argentina as follows--1938: 4 tons; 1939: 3,302 tons; 1940: 16,409 tons; 1941: 13,374 tons; and 1943: 4,682 tons. Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, and old, 1988-48, by countries, in short tons 1 Country In ore and matte: Argentina........................................................... Canada ... .. r.<X)hUe...-..................... ..................................... Mexico................................................................ ,. i Pc t u Ll -........................................ .. ................... United Kingdom........................................... * Other countries............................................... ,;,. , ( ; t,.. 1938 t 4 6, 434 3,173 2,107 24,023 9,317 2 310 45,370 Bee footnote at end of table. 1939 7 3,362 7,612 7 6,624 1,844 3,846 7,174 1,068 308 30,842 1940 7,680 16,469 17,472 2,707 8,666 6,271 1,804 27,663 18,383 3,498 881 111,300 1941 675 13,374 22,634 7,314 6,726 1,384 5,770 17,669 6,666 175 930 82,116 1942 3,871 4. 682 20,997 1,383 7.468 3,166 2,368 26,649 11,168 2 392 81,936 DE Total lead imported into the United States old, 1988-4%, by countries, Country 1038 In base bullion: Australia............... Mexico................... Peru........................ Other countries.. 14,4 61 16,2 In pigs, bars, and old: Australia............... . Canada.................... . Mexico..................... . Peru.......................... . Other countries.... 1,4 1,7 3,2 63,9 "~ i Data Include lead Imported for immediate consum Lead 1 imported for consumption in the U impo Year Lead In ores, flue dust, and mattes, n.-s. p. f. Lead In base bullion Short tons Value Short tons Value S 1938......... 1939......... 1940......... 1941......... 1942......... 6,722 12,317 70,027 82,345 90,633 $643,164 1,063,612 4,669,445 6,343,677 6,686,692 304 1,764 9,992 17,679 41,977 $31,147 166, 298 929,946 1,743.360 3,603,026 3 32 38 i In addition to quantities shown (values Included as follows--1938: 189 tons, valued at $20,374; 1939: 3 $67,363; and 1942: 1:305 tons, $137,393. Figures for 19 ana held In stook piles. Miscellaneous products, containing lead, . States, Year Babbitt metal, solder, white m other combinations contain Gross weight Lead content (short tons) (short cons) 1938......................... 1939......................... 1940......................... 1041......................... 1942......................... 390 136 1,868 702 972 77 46 429 241 274 Exports.--Total exports (excludin of lead in 1942 were much less tha the high level of 1939 resulted fro the Export Control Act of 1940. 176 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1942 Lead exported from the United States, 1938--42 Year Pigs and ban Short too* Value Foreign lead exported in manufactures with benefit of draw-back (short tons) Year Figa And bora Short tons Value Foreign load exported in manufactures with benefit of draw-back (short tons) 1988.. 1B30 1040 ____ *48,866 113,854,616 74,892 4.647,219 . 23,763 1,794,690 9,061 10,379 16,604 1941................. 1942................. 14,369 $1,169,148 1,940 286, 364 21,963 20. 248 i Inoludea sheets and pipes; figures not separable. Pig lead exported from the United Slates, 1938--42, by destinations, in short tons Domination 1938) 1939 1940 1 1941 1942 * f: w.Y f v Yi . \ Countries: Chile...................................................................... China .............................. 28 111 101 8 660 Fraooe.................................................................. Oermany......... ................................................... <) 1,092 Hangary.............................................................. .........30,203* Kwantung......................................................... Mexioo................................................................. 314 11,403 Other countries................................................ 87 1,037 23 78 821 46,866 688 647 6 823 224 1,609 616 640 8,333 660 34,790 99 2,922 2,101 1,091 238 974 7,340 9,411 2,021 74,392 644 1,669 34 492 617 764 12 822 2,336 51 1 18 112 ............... ........ ........................ 1,120 ................... .. ........................ 437 11,968 336 16 2,892 ........... ariM- ........................ 638 460 301 2 360 2,638 379 74 628 112 224 1,379 407 732 186 23,765 , 14,369 1,940 ' Europe................................................................. Africa and Ooeanla........................................ 12,002 303 1,960 31,606 6 3,346 1,317 33,162 36,122 466 866 3,078 6,400 13,384 28 674 2,334 * 228 11,132 91 134 192 1,608 2 * Includes sheets and pipes; figures not separable. __ . . .. . i in addition, 25,834 tons of foreign lead were re-exported, according to American Bureau of Metal Statistics, offioUl figures not available. ,. . . ... , , .. ^ . . , i In addition, 3,374 tons of foreign lead were re-exported, according to records of the Department of Commerce. 4 Less than 1 ton. WORLD ASPECTS OF THE LEAD INDUSTRY Since 1939 the lack of production data from many of the important lead-producing countries has precluded any official statement of world output. According to estimates published by the Metal Bulletin, London, world smelter production of lead in 1941 reached 1,770,000 metric tons, a slight gain over the 1940 estimate of 1,700,000. tons from the same source. Although no figures are available for 1942, it k; is doubtful if'total smelter production has increased appreciably, if at all.: -The Bureau, of Mines estimated that in 1942 the world mine production of lead (recoverable lead content) amounted to roughly 1,635,000 metric tons, an indication that production did not increase. Based on estimates by countries, about 80 percent of the world's supply of lead ore by the end of 1942 was controlled by, or available to, the United Nations. LffiiA/D World production of lead, 193 (Oompllod by B. B.W Country 1937 1938 Argentina............................. Australia............................... Belgium................... ............ Burma................................... Canada.......... ....................... China..................................... Chosen................................... Czechoslovakia..................... France........................ ......... Germany 4............................. Austria............................... Greece.................................... Hungary................................ Indochina.............................. . Italy....................................... . Japan..................................... . ' Mexico................................... Northern Rhodesia.............. Norway.............................. Peru....................................... Poland................................... Rumania............................... South-West Africa................ Spain...................................... Tunisia.................................. Union of Bouth Africa......... U. 8.8.R.............................. United Kingdom...'........... United States (refined) r___ Yugoslavia........................... . 9,900 10,200 232,198 226,166 S3, 310 94,170 77,728 80,166 181,162 181,783 1 1,600 w 6,860 4,300 W` 37,168 41,763 162,400 10,830 171,700 9,280 } 5,890 6,050 147 () 8 10 38,938 43,287 10,200 4 12,000 1 214,663 273,629 668 .277 236 . 323 19,063 28,478 17, 687 19,973 6,726 . 6,666 1,366 3, 214 . 31,973 31,809 24,768 23,916 19 * 56,000 <*) 10,313 10,000 423,232 330,963 4,038 8,646 1,681,000 1,700,000 1 By countries where smelted, but not necessarily refined 1 Data not yet available. 1 Approximate production. ` Estimate Included In,total. * Exclusive of secondary materia! (MetaUeeseUschBft, Fra ab'^nicludes small tonnage of lead contained In exported ore ' Figures cover lead refined from domestic and foreign ores not Included. : REFIEW BY COT Argentina.--Production from the lead of Jujuy came principally from the A Minera Aguilar S. A., subsidiary of t output in 1942 was curtailed owing to monthly production rate in January metric tons of lead concentrates. Tot (containing 74 percent lead, 6 percent during January 1942 aggregated l,950 of the year no further shipments were re fv V mine and the port of Santa F6 on Ja metric tons. ii` Australia.--Mining activities in Aus K.fr `with many adversities Such as higher the armed services, and flow of miners industries. The Minerals Production 'the Federal Government to expedite 'Strategic minerals by furnishing financ -Arid helping to alleviate manpower short ;ori its own account. p Production of lead concentrates was m 'Ltd. The Zinc' Corporation, Ltd.,' re '-'of 3,800,000 tons at the beginning of 19 178 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1942 Bolivia.--Mine production of lead in Bolivia, largely from small mines in the La Quiaca region, decreased from 15,653 metric tons (lead content in ore) in 1941 to 12,360 tons in 1942. All ore and concentrates are exported. No further information has been received regarding the erection of a lead smelter in the province of Sud Chichos. It was reported that such a plant would he built through the use of funds allotted by the Bolivian Banco Minero. Brazil--The Furnas mine in the Iporanga district continued to be the principal lead producer in 1942. Four additional deposits on the Iporanga River, operated by another company, are reported to have estimated reserves of 20,000 metric tons of galena. The State of SSo Paulo is having the mineral resources of this entire zone explored. The small lead smelter at Apiai, Sao Paulo, produced 10 tons of lead during the year, all of which was consumed in Brazil. ' Burma.--The Bawdwin lead-zinc mines of the Burma Corporation were seized by the Japanese near the end of April 1942. Assuming that the Japanese successfully repair the reported damage to mines, mill, and smelter, the potential peacetime annual output of about 80,000 tons of lead would become available to them. { - Canada.--Production of lead in Canada increased from 230,084 i'l short tons in 1941 to 255,751 short tons in 1942. These figures include r smelter production plus lead contained in exported ore. Well over 95 percent of the lead is mined in British Columbia almost entirely from the Sullivan mine of the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. Sales of primary lead in Canada were placed under a, system of control in 1942 whereby no producer could sell or supply primary or secondary lead or lead-base alloys in pig or ingot form without written approval of the Metals Controller of Canada; lead-base type metal, babbitt, and solder were excepted. Extensive exploratory drilling for new deposits was done in an effort to replace the heavy drain on existing . reserves. Gulf Lead Mines, Ltd., was organized to continue the development of lead-zinc deposits on the east coast of Hudson Bay. Ore supplies are being supplemented by numerous efforts to recover lead from residues. , The slag dumps at the gold mines of the Kirkland Lake and'Larder Lake areas of Ontario yielded considerable lead, and the Western Exploration mill produced lead concentrates from tailings dredged from Slocan Lake. The New Calumet was expected . to have its new 300-ton zinc-lead concentrator in operation before the end of 1942. ' ' Mexico.--Mine production of lead in Mexico increased 27 percent from 155,259 metric tons (lead content of ore) in 1941 to 197,019 tons during 1942.: The'most important event in 1942 was the Bateman- Juarez-Telloz agreement between the Metals Reserve Co., the State > iDepartmont, and the Mexican-Govemment, under which the Metals^ Reserve Co. contracted to buy 250,000 tons of lead at 5.40 cents_a.j .pound; each year for the duration of the war; the contract could be-; extended by.mutual1 agreement after the, war. Mexico agreed, to| ;stabilize - taxes on lead, -freeze freight rates, and hold in abeyances .certain' Clauses in the. labor laws.; In spite of the agreement labors difficulties arose, and at the end of the year the miners were threaten-? 'ing to strike for a 25-percent wage increase. On December 23i,a| reciprocal trade pact with the United States reduced the duty on leadl landieftd-jh ore to,50 percent.of the amount set by the United Statesj i ann. It will remain; ,ati.thisdflYfil iiw$> 3Q 'WOT-ftlS Xfl&AD the termination of the national emerge established at 20 percent below the rate In 1942 the Avalos lead smelter of t fining Co. at Chihuahua treated 466,549 118,401 tons of lead, compared with 3 94,947 tons of lead in 1941. Production in the Chihuahua district increased in 1 Potosf Mining Co. exhausted its main or of operation. Nearly all the cooperativ to private ownership and operation in 1 Co. and the American Smelting & Refini mines in the Taxco district. The El Bo dad Cooperativa Minera "El Bote'', S. lead a day (content in concentrates). Newfoundland.--The mine production tent of all concentrates produced amou 1942 as compared with 33,166 tons in 19 North Africa.--The North African m November 1942 and successfully conc 1943, aroused interest in raw materials United Nations. The largest lead prod mine, 15 miles northeast of Midelt. Re been estimated at 60,000 tons on the ba trates. The concentrating plant has a The lead-mining industry in Tunisia from scattered deposits in the northern (concentrates?) .reportedly averaging normal times about 90 percent of the T at the smelter owned by the Pefiarroya which has a capacity of about 25,000 m On May 1, 1942, 3,700 tons of lead were -the period January 1 to May 1, 1942, pr in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia totaled ,. Peru.--The lead content of concentra 1942 was estimated to be about 65,830 ,822 tons in 1941. This estimate is companies producing 80 percent of the xports for 1942 included 3,117 metric t ntrates,-and 36,979 metric tons of ref fetimated 8,000, 12,000, and 38,000 tons ^gjgest lead producer is the Huaron min ^1^0,000 tons of positive ore and 500,0 mg.6.89 percent lead, 8.73 percent zinc v The Oroya lead smelter, with a ca refined lead a month, recovered 42,24 ^376 tons in 1941). paini--According to the official figu a4rp{,Spain, the 1942 output was 61 pities,, compared with 43,728 tons in g^tsiare in the Sierra Morena and th e.a^^.five lead smelters that repor itons of lead annually. Domestic dayjng a'surplus of about 12,000 to r-The suspension of virtually -.A.. , . . 180 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1942 tion to other metals into Sweden due to the conditions of war has forced the Boliden Mining Co. to further intensify its efforts to pro ducethe mltS from Swedish deposits. Reportedly by the summer of 1943 the company will start commercial-scale production from the mine at LaisvalL Lead concentrates produced at this proporty have a'lead content of 80 percent and are shipped to the Ronnskdr smelter at Skelleftead. By A. L. Ra n s o me a n d SUMMARY OU Paso General summary.......................................................... 181 Salient statistics......................................................... 182 War-agenoy regulations.......................................... 182 Smelting capacity...................................................... 183 Supply of tuio concentrates g................................ 173 Domestic production......................J........................... 186 Production of primary and redistilled sec ondary slab alno.................................................. - 186 Distilled and eleotrolytlc tlno.............. .............. 186 Production of primary slab tlno by States.. 18C Secondary tine............................................................ 187 Byproduct suliurio acid......................................... 187 Zinc dust................................................................... 187 ' Zinc pigments and salts................... 188 Mine production........................................................ 188 Stooks.................................................................................. 190 Producers'stocks....................................................- 160 Consumers' stocks............................................................101 Dom Ne Co Ro Price Zlnc- Zln Ele Fore Im Ex Worl Wo Re ____ GENERAL SUM In 1942, a year of broken records A. industrial mobilization of a nation at w ^.sntanddiinnpg- in its abhilitvy to moren than `^between supply and demand. With 1 ^Government regulatory measures, an ^increased its output 7 percent above th /more an all-time high level of producti <`An stocks. . Conservation measures res ^tial needs resulted in an over-all 12-perc ""tion, but consumers' stocks advanced 6 ini domestic shipments of zinc by smel ajn in exports, principally for Lend-Le pniphasis placed on the uso of High-Gra tise in production of high-purity meta jjfere taade by redistillation of the low Ssult of; this and also because of use r ' c decreased 8 percent. At the closo o Unusable' capacity, with additional ectcd to bring an already enlarged o .r : , pmestic mine output showed only a Jitivo of premium prices, and to fulf 'alcity. smelters contmued to use forei '*"Jefpre|i!!Total imports in 1942 ^domestic output of zinc from fo `^ofthe total production. ' V S&taWblliinsVhte/iyd) cAeAifliilnn/g* npmriAceA Aoff 8Q*O25K ____ r_ .i _ _ _ _ _i i. ^deals primarily with the Smelting branoh o S..tat.e. reports. Som_ e_ tlno o..re. is use..d T wd Zlno Pigments and Zino Salts.) to 204 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 42 Peru.--In 1942 the mines in this country produced 51,263 metric tons of 68-percent zinc concentrates, a substantial increase over the 1941 total of 40,800 tons containing 23,700 tons of extractable zinc. Zinc mining continued to be largely controlled' by the Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation which owns a zinc deposit in central Peru con taining ore reserves estimated at 10,000,000 tons containing 17 percent zinc, 0 percent lead, rfhd 6 ounces of silver per ton. The output from the Cerro de Pasco Casapalca mine, which decreased from 15,877 tons of concentrates in 1940 to 13,550 tons in 1941, probably was smaller in 1942. This mine has a flotation plant with a daily capacity of 800 tons. The Huaron mine of the Cie de Mines de Huaron is now pro ducing at the rate of nearly 1,270 tons of 60-percent concentrates a month. In 1943 Cerro de Pasco should finish a new 800-ton daily capacity concentrator, under construction. The smelter at Oroya produces about 800 tons of refined zinc annually which is consumed in South America. Peruvian exports in 1942 were 247 metric tons of zinc in ore, 25,220 tons in concentrates, and 942 tons of refined zinc. Spain.--Three mines and one smelter were reported operating in 1941. Output of zinc concentrates in 1941 was estimated at 73,000 metric tons. The monthly production rate of zinc concentrates early in 1943 was between 5,500 and 6,000 tons, and the stocks on hand available for export were about 15,000 tons containing 58 percent zinc and 7,000 tons containing 52 percent zinc. The Cie Royale Asturienne des Mines enlarged its plant and installed a special furnace to produce high-grade zinc. J. 1 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENT By H. M. Mb y b h a n d SUMMARY OU Page OeDeral summary.......................................................... Salient statistics......................................................... Production........................................................................ Lead pigments........... :.............................................. Zlno pigments and salts. ..................................... Consumption by Industries.............-...................... Whltelead.......................................................... Baslo lead sulfate....................................................... Red lead.................................................................. Orange mineral........................................................... Litharge.......................... 205 207 207 208 200 210 210 210 210 211 211 Con Zl Le LI Zl Zl Zl Raw tin Pric Fore GENERAL SUM Activity in the pigments industry a in 1942 from the rate that prevailed due not to failure of demand but rath metal, scrap, and ores early in the ye shipping drums, cans and other co and other materials, as the year advan revolutionized whole industries, such one of the principal users of; pigme was the regulation of the Office of De that all shipments by rail be in full marked capacity of freight cars. . Supplies of zinc ana lead metal w 'year, but as increasing amounts of i record rate of importation, limitation sin November. Large-scale productio . ( York in August, greatly changing th i of crude materials for the competitive /., result, .restrictions on titanium pigm t',The restrictions, nonetheless, had b probably the only noteworthy set-hack pf this group of pigments. _ 7'' ,Consumption of the lead oxides fo in 1942 was'considerably below the r rbut except for that year it was higher t bf zinc oxide and lithopone used in the sharply. The outlook for future needs * y; inability to gage requirements fo abber. The use of pigments in pa ' cept for red lead, which/establish ulfate for paints and varnish 'proce e# high rate. Curtailment in the us dustry was marked. On the other, Rate established a new high record i According, to the F. W. Dodge Corp in 1942 attained a new high reco . '' 206 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 42 record by 25 percent. The Lumber and Lumber Products Division of the War Production Board anticipates a noteworthy reduction in the number of board feet required by the Nation in 1943 as compared with 1942, or 31,100,000,000 compared with 40,300,000,000. The peak of war construction at army cantonments, drydocks, airports, and shipyards obviously has passed. In 1942 paint materials were largely used to fill Government needs. In its January 11, 1943, issue the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter estimated that by fall of 1942 the Government was taking approximately 60 percent of total paint mate rials compared with 25 percent in 1941 and 5 percent in 1940.. The large proportion of steel-construction paint requirements is indicated in part by the new high-record use of red lead m paint in 1942. This pigment is the only one in the group covered by this report that showed increased use for paint manufacture; it is well-known for its use in steel-construction paints. During and after World War I the chemical industry in the United States made great progress. Dr. J. S. Long 1 says that the American paint industry wdUemergeJIfrom (World War II independent of the .importation of basic commodities from foreign countries. Many of the new products and processes developed since the start of the war have advantages over those used before that time. ; The flexibility of the paint-mixing industry will be tested further by the recent (April 1943) amendment to War Production Board Order M-r71 of the Fats and Oils Section of the Department of Agriculture, which reduced this trade's quota of linseed oil and of all other drying oils not required immediately for direct war effort and not already embraced in the edible and potential food categories from 60 to 50 ercent of the average 1940--41 usage for the second quarter.of 1943. griginal Order M--71 (effective October 1942) cut chemical and vegetable oils to 70 percent. In a mimeographed release on con servation in the use of linseed oil in paint, .Hickson 1 pointed out that linseed oil is the most widely used drying oil in the paint industry and that about 79 million gallons were consumed in 1940 and about 109 million in 1941, of which 75 to 80 percent was used in the paint and '.varnish industry. Consumption in 1942 was considered to have been higher than in 1940. Hickson said: f Nearly all the linseed oil used in the United States is manufactured there, but in 1940 more than oDe-third of the 31 million bushels of flaxseed required was Imported, mainly from Argentina. Under present conditions practically no flaxp seed Is imported from South America. At the same time there have been new demands for the oil, in part to meet the needs of our Allies,, and .in part,to replace other Imported oils such as tung (China wood oil) and perilla oils that were used previously. I Adding to the list of paint components whose need as food material is considered greater than their desirability for paint and. other industrial . uses, the War Production Board has placed processed industrial casein^ .under allocation control under Order M-307. In fwinwtim with the container problems that developed ` .tbs yar, an article bj Labey * probably will he of interest. 5 papers on packaging proUenn ae read U the 14th Animal 3. War Jogs Us Oat of Oar Conplmner p*nt Mc*rin*. t o L No. 4, Afrit P*lHickon, Sonne 7., Conservation of Linseed OD to FatoU Deportment of Commerce, Net. Bi Standard# Letter Olro. LC-717. February 10, IW3,8 pp. . icu k i Lahey, Richard W,, Chemical Containers for the Duration: Cbem. Ind., vol. 52, No, 3, Marcn iw pp. Mi-rn ' '^i LEAD AMD ZINC aging Conference in New York ea in the April 1943 issue of Chemic The increasing use of fiber dru wood boxes, as well as tho exerc drums already in use in tho indus difficulties. Recently: released data on the 1941 show that in that year, the as well as in the United States short tons used in manufacturi should be of interest: White lead oil 714 (648), basic sulfate white red lead 648 (597), zinc oxide (pu and zinc leads 2,256 (2,087) and Through the Reciprocal Trade December, the rate of duty on z containing not more than 25 perc a pound for oxide in dry form an with oil or water. The duty on zin Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigm _____ ^__-________, . {average) a Production (sales) of principal pigments: white lead (dry and In oil).............. short tons.. Litharge....... .......... do___ f Red lead................do___ ZIno oxide.................do___ ' Leaded zino oxide..do____ , Lithopone..................do___ Value of products: . *, All lead pigments............... ,i All tine pigments............. Total..'.......................... {Value per ton received by pro* . . duoers: .y)y White lead (dry)........... . ' Litharge.............................. Zino oxide.'........... . Leaded zlno'oxJde.. Lithopone. {Foreign trade: , ' Lead pigments: - Value of exports . Value of Imports......... '"no pigments: Value of exports.......... r. -Value of.toporti......... Export balanoe__ *. ... ' ; PRODU I ' . ', hi_i_v,r-erpro_rrt,i_s_a_le__s. --are used uas 'ltjljftlfljijosttrryw*tfThiaa nr npmrordlnucntfiToATnI,, p "^r.entories at .the beginnin I 208 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 42 channels. Moreover, pigments produced under one classification at a plant are sometimes employed at the plant of another company for blending into another product covered by the lead and zinc pigments canvass. To prevent duplication, the Bureau of Mines attompts to count the product only m the form in which it enters actual use. Basic lead sulfate used in the manufacture of leaded zinc oxide pre sents the principal problem in this connection. It is included in the statistics in this report at the leaded zinc oxide stage, at which point it enters use in paints. Some other blending is done; but it does not affect large amounts, and--insofar as possible--the duplication in volved is eliminated. Production figures are employed in this report , in calculating the metal content of pigments and salts in the section on Raw Materials Used in Manufacture of Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts. Pigments used by producers in manufacturing prod ucts at their own plants are considered here as sales. The total value of sales of lead and zinc pigments in 1942 was 18 percent below 1941, falling from $85,782,000 to $70,178,000. It was, however, higher than in the 11 years before 1941. The higher average prices generally received for the commodities covered by this report were responsible for the smaller drop in total value as compared with that in the total quantity of the products. Lead pigments.--In 1941 litharge, red lead, and white lead (dry) had reached new all-time peaks. The declines in these pigments, as well as in others in the lead group, in ,1942 may be ascribed, in part at least, to artificial factors--those other than the actual demand. Under'the influence of the heavy Government-construction program red lead made the best showing of any pigment covered by this report; total sales fell only 10 percent compared with a 34-percent decline for dry white lead, the otner extreme in activity among the important pigments. Sales of both red lead and litharge in 1942 exceeded those in all other years except 1941 and were 17 and 8 percent over the averages for 1925-29. "Whitelead in oil decreased 18 percent from 1941, making a better showing than other lead pigments except red lead, but it continued below all others in its relation to other earlier years. Average values received by producers for all lead pigments showed . gains in 1942 that ranged, except for the small-tonnage orange mineral, from $9 a ton for white lead in oil to $32 for blue lead sulfate. The lead-pigment group decreased 23 percent in total quantity and 15. percent in total value from 1941. Lead pigmenU sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Slates, 19J,1--4S 1941 1942 . PIpKOt Short tons Value (at plant, attaiiTS of container) Total Average Short ions Value (at plant, ep-i; chutve of oontafaw)^ Total '' Avene* Beale lead sulfate or sublimed lead: y t ;v White..'........--............................... Blue...............-................................ ;:Bed lead................................................ Orange mineral..................................... `Lithane........................................ White toads . Drj............................ -....................... la oil1.......................................... 8,739 1,831 . 68,838 240 122,280 54,089 80,811 $1,122,622 211,816 8,087,409 67,616 1*41*607 *01*421 1*00* 371 $128 130 101 234 134 147 1 207 1 7,229 1.181 4*369 128 91,513 3*865 47,774 s' " * * iijjS ijM LEAD ANiD ZINC PIGMENT Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacture . \ short ions 1038 1630. 1940. 1941 1942. Year White lead Bas or Dry In oil W 29,813 30,509 30,115 54.689 35. 805 70,400 07.920 50,447. 68,311 47, 774 . Zinc pigments and salts.--In the z oxide established a new high record in 1942 but remained above all previous ment has been increasingly popular in that permitted a better than average made almost entirely from ores, supplie of either metal or scrap (other sourc oxide (lead-free) sales were down 33 supplies of zinc metal and scrap have h duction of this'pigment. Sales of lith 1941, having fallen 22 percent. Altog 28 percent in total quantity in 1942. bu in total value because producers of al average prices. Ztnc pigments and salts sold by domestic manu 394 Pigment or salt Short tons Value ( clusive Total Zfao oxide L................... Leaded sino oxide >.. Litbopone................... IDO ohloride, 50 B... "*eilfate...................... 14*833 68,920 170.042 * (*> 19,201 $18. 558,4 8,101,7 12,560,1 0) 1,424,4 Who oxide oontalplDg 6 peroent or more lead U classed a Data not available. w pigments and salts sold by domestic m 19S8-4S, in sho ilia i- .Year ' Zlno oxide tl -a ^liable./ 79,129. 114.552 11*218 148,833 99, on ; 210 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1942 Sales of zinc chloride totaled 52,374 tons (50 B.) in 1942. Com parable data for a number of earlier years are not available. The figures for 1942 include the equivalent zinc chloride content of chromated zinc chloride and zinc ammonium chloride sold. Except for the high record quantity for 1941, sales of zinc sulfate were at peak levels in 1942. The total for 1942 lagged 25 percent behind 1941 which, however, was 61 percent above the previous record, attained in 1940. ; CONSUMPTION BY INDUSTRIES White lead.--Sales of dry white lead declined 34 percent from 1941, and the "in oil" variety fell 18 percent; the total was 26 percent below 1941 and 46 percent less than the 1925-29 average. The predominant use of both classes of product is in the manufacture of paints, and 92 percent was so used in 1942. Distribution of while lead (dry and in oil) sales, 1938-42, by industries, in short tons Industry 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 Paint............................................................................ 95,018 1,918 3, 277 100,213 92,380 1,767 4, 282 98,429 73,137 3,029 4,396 80, 662 100.665 3,704 8.631 113,000 76,837 1,812 4,990 83,639 Basic lead sulfate.--Basic lead sulfate also goes mainly into paints, either directly or as a component of leaded zinc oxide. The statistics for basic lead sulfate do not include the quantity used for blending into leaded zinc oxide, the amount so used being accounted for under the latter pigment. In 1941 the use of basic sulfate in the manufac ture of leaded zinc oxide reached a peak total of 12,000 tons; in 1942 it amounted to 6,000 tons. ' Distribution of basic lead sulfate sales, 1938-42, by industries, in short tons Industry 1938 1939 1910 1941 1942 Paints........................................................................... 6,024 91 8 683 6,801 6,170 > 140 4 224 6,638 6,693 ' 128 4 476 6,200 9,286 200 8 877 10,370 7,733 89 688 8,410 Red lead.--This pigment receded from its peak performance in 1941 but maintained a high rate of activity in the face of more serious declines all along the line. Sales in 1942 were 10 percent below 1941 but, except for that year, wero the highest ever recorded, surpassing even the heavy construction period in the prosperous twenties. An important reason for the favorable record is the performance of this pigment in construction paints. Red lead is used principally in the manufacture of storage batteries. Its use for this purpose was below the amounts so consumed in 1939, 1940, and 1941, whereas sales for paint manufacture were at new high record levels in 1942. In 1939-40 paint manufacture took 28 percent of the total red lead sold, whereas m 1941 and 1942 it took 37 and 43 percent. LEAD AOM) ZINC PIGM Distribution of red lead sales, 19 Industry Storage battorles.. Paints....................... Ceramics................. Other........................ 1938 19, 8, 1, 30, Orange mineral.--' The manufacture of years. Restrictions were placed War Production Board, limiting of 1942 to 70 percent of that used order was withdrawn in August. Distribution of orange mineral sales - Industry 1938 Litharge.--Although sales of lit than in 1941, they were the large Over a period of years the use shown an up-trena. Its use for in 1941 but above all earlier y insecticides was 24 percent less th had been exceeded in .every year use in ceramics dropped 48 percen in that year probably1 had not be pigments fell 47?'oil refining'29, tion of litharge min 'ouil refining was with 13,,6i1.i5 tons in 1929, In a manufacture of batteries, the 8t selves make'a black of suboxide o for litharge. Whereaass' the quant tons)' was.b' e`lo' w th- e pea-k quanti the former record level establishe not included in the Bureau of Min Distribution of litharge sales, 19 Industry Storage batteries................. Insecticides......................... Ceramics........... ...................... Chrome pigments................ OU refining____..1................ Rubber................... .................. Varnish............ ................ Linoleum.................................. Other.-*................. 32, 11 6 6 6 2 3, 68 212 MINERALS YEARBOOK, .1942 Zinc oxide.--Zinc oxide production was affected adversely by th scarcity of zinc metal and scrap. Metal and.scrap supplies have be" restricted for several years; as a result, the proportion of zinc oxid made from ores has advanced sharply. Zinc oxide produced by t" American process (from ore) accounted for 58 percent in 1936; it'yf) 64 percent in 1940, 76 in 1941, and 84 in 1942. French process (frcr metal and scrap) meanwhile accounted for 42, 36, 24, and 16 percen respectively, in those years. The proportion of French-process oxi made from scrap has also been on the up-trend. It amounted-,' 22 percent in 1936 and 46 in 1940 and 1941 but dropped back to; in 1942. ; Total zinc oxide sales declined 33 percent in 1942, the amounts sp for use in rubber and ceramics shoving the most severe drops, paint class performed better than all others. ;*r-. Supplementary Order M-ll-a was amended in May 1942 (effectjj June 1) to read that each producer of zinc oxide shall set aside fro( his production each month quantities to be determined from time! time by the Director of Industry Operations, the remainder to? distributed so that each customer would receive an equal percent. of the producer's commitments to him. For some tune no zinc oxi has been set aside because of an excess already in the pool. Distribution of zinc oxide sales, 1938--4by industriest in short tons Industry 1038 1039 1940 1941 Rubber.................................. Paints.................................... Floor coverings and textiles. Ceramics.............................. Other..................................... 46,266 20,884 3,030 4,008 4,041 79,129 70,187 25,334 5,641 6,572 6,818 70,979 23,268 4, 752 6,352 7,862 114* 552 113,213 --- * 90,429 80,304 6,091 8,506 12,613 148,833 IttJL Leaded zinc oxide.--Sales of leaded zinc oxide declined 30 per, in 1942, which was almost as severe as the drop in sales of zinc o' (lead-free). On the basis of long-time trends, however, it has i far better than the lead-free class. Except for 1941, the leaded, glj was higher than in any other year and was 81 percent abdve the a average for 1925-29. The lead-free class, on the other hand; wa percent below the 1925-29 average. Leaded zinc oxide is `.i}_ entirely from ores, and although these supplies were not abup.f they w.ere notably larger than those for metal and scrap. Paint, sumes virtually all of the leaded zinc oxide made. The figur. leaded zinc oxide include basic lead sulfate used in blending as cated under "Basic lead sulfate." :- Distribution of leaded tine oxide sales, 1988-48, by industries, in short Industry Paints.................................. Rubber................................ Other......................................... ' 1938 37,348 868 38,216 1030 41,519 1 1,164 42.684 1940 44,341 1,021 45,302 1941 67, 472 1 1,447 68,920 Lithopone.--Lithopone statistics are reported on the basis-of regular lithopone content of high-strength lithopone plus no lithppflnfi solo (is spoil. Lithononp aides in 1842 held un hettw? LEAD . AiN ZINC PIGMyIEENNTS ' jf&vlerage for the zinc-pigment group, |J;ihale9ffor'the'year 1941 were close BdSirThe distribnution of lithopone fo Bpedbl8>.percent in 1942 buutt''wwaas ab Moryflooir Coverings and texti-l-es were Jercent1'lower. Based on somew tiomof th' e 1942 quantities show P<5overihgs and textiles indicates th leum^and felt-base floor coverings a nc8iand'textiles (oil cloth, shade clot products). -Other sales in 1942 inclu $np6mplete) for printing ink. Figu Printing ink' cannot be separated fro jdpal item under "other" uses cover .(has classified part of its exports $jihe//oth.er" class is too small to co lanti'capacity' for the production o ^182,000 tons at the end of 1942, u iar;,M-128 of the War Production led for the establishment of a mo opone is however, ^?no use was made of the power ftihe books should it be needed. mgr-- ----- Industry :i3oMJ..................i............................... mrlflga and textiles................................ Bprxsr-'uV'.......................... :: 1038 101,024 15,400 3,148 5,274 1 1 ' -......................... 125,746 ... 1 K?F---:-------------- :------------------------------ fc<Rptlty, not separable, used for printing Ink* 8$hinptibn of ordinary-strength ttd. lithopone (which usuauy .a^beak;.in 1937, when 19,400 ton butrhalf', of the record amount, ^'figures in the following table lithoponb in the preceding tabl llithopone produced in the United Sta M*" its manufacture, 1988-48, Tlteosted lltbopooe produced Ordinary lltbopooe uaed m! 30.100 16.100 18,100 17,000 13,700 15.300 1041.. 1043.. Mde,--In '"fifzinoi ^or that Sgures for this pigment. On 214 MINERALS YEARBOOK, J042 Zinc chloride--Sales of zinc chloride, in terms of 50 B. soluti totaled 62,374. tons in 1942. These figures include the zinc chlori equivalent of zinc ammonium chloride and chromated zinc chlori produced. Comparable data for recent earlier years are not availat Zinc sulfate.--Although sales of zinc sulfate declined 25 percent fie 1941, they were the highest ever recorded; except for that year. 'i, reason for the recent records for this salt is its increasing use fori cultural purposes. This use made noteworthy gains in 1942 as ag the declines in most other uses. Much less zme sulfate was cons in the manufacture of rayon, chemicals, and glue in 1942 than ini but the amounts so used compared favorably with other years. i C, sumption of zinc sulfate in paint and varnish processing has )bt' increasing rapidly in recent years, and it reached new heights inr j. when it rose 35 percent over 1941. Its use as a flotation reagent, also been gaining. : The large quantity of zinc sulfate produced as an interme' product in the manufacture of lithopone is excluded from the;: sulfate statistics. 11 Distribution of zinc sulfate sales, 1938-42, by industries, in short tonsa Industry 1038 1939 1940 1941 Agriculture...:.................................... Rayon............ ........................................ Chemicals.............................................. Paints and varnish processing... Glue......................................................... Flotation reagent................................ Electrogalvanlrlng............................. Textile dyeing ana printing.......... Other........................................................ 1,664 2,861 947 656 285 63 284 59 948 7,767 2,168 3,897 1,309 583 172 266 666 1,206 10,167 2,366 3,649 2,151 1,609 320 241 348 64 1,299 . 3,038. 6,170 6, 666' 1,422 1,203 312 602 130 1,869 11,037 19,201 RAW MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURE OF LEAD AN. ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZINC SALTS a vLaeraidetypigomf" menattserai.anld.s,.ziinncc-lupdigimngenotrse,anredfinsaeldtsmaeretaml, aannudfascutuchred laneous secondary materials as scrap and waste from various} in processes. In 1942, 93 percent of the lead pigments was deriyec| pig lead and 7 percent from ore. A small part of the ore us? foreign. The proportion for zinc pigments in 1942 was 79. p from ore, 6 percent from slab zinc, and 15 percent from seco materials; 9 percent of the ore used was foreign. ` Metal content of lead and zinc pigments produced by domestic manufacturers, 19 by sources, in short tons 1941 Lead In pig Zinc in pig Lead in pig ments 1 ments ments * Ore: Domestic................ Foreign.............. ! Metal........................ Sie o; on*.da ry materia' lI' : 'if 23,025010 24S074 400 273,315 i Includes also lead recovered In leaded cine oxide. 1 Zlno ashes, skimming*, drosses, and old metal. 129,520 2,464 16,463 31,703 179,150 16,949 707 206,680 2 223,338 ^;l e a d ANB: me. p ig me n t s a jjAvrii v ttpllowing tables give the source of Breach pigment and salt. Pig l olflria Oorra'inngdeiremcitnlye,r'ainl athned misaunsuefda i|L6]iilfate., i "The lead content of l Srafsulfate,'which in turn was made lim&tbLe 'table! ' Zinc oxide is the |pil'ab', ziiic is`used: Ore is empl HfeWeadpd zinc oxide, lithopone; gpA* Substantial proportion of the p^zihO'chloride made in the Unit ^iSddtOTial.'1 A decided increase h ^e&bndaryi zinc consumed in the 33.J The scarcity of zinc metal an ftheproportions of zinc oxide mad yearj'l"""'1' ......< (j'Vil ( I! : -- i .......... : " iof lead and zinc pigments produced by d rferr-* ---y--b-y--s-o-u--rc-e'-s-,-i-n---s-h-o--r-t Io- to pigments produced lli r.fdre . I For eign Second* Pig leadilary ma terial Total lead Id Pig ments m j/.-.;.:; )*1^7,812203 (til; 86,750 47,615 112,099 1721 ,X 126 290 912 ,.400 80,760 | 47,616 11^099 172 7,648 19,031 j "4 11 1. 5 V'Ofitino pigments and salts produced by dom Star any/ by sources, in short Ions ------ ---------------------------------------------- ,,Zlnc In pigments and jalts , . . , produced from-- 'z Total `hit1 hi i ore ''::' zlno In Pig Domes tlo Foreign Slab zlno 8eoond* ments ary ma and terial salts Dom tlo 87,999 27,608 373 15,435 2,091 14,013 .....28' 8 2,831 ......... n" 111 i'L 116,633 31.068 31,449 8 6.071 74,28 19,68 9,40 (*) 67 i^ape higher than those shown In the report on Seconda owed from byproduct sludges, residues, eto., not cla iflabla, Ef/A 216 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1942 1 PRICES The total and average values reported by producers for lead and zinc pigments are given in the tables in the first part of this report. For all of the lead pigments average values were $9 to $32 a ton higher than in 1941: the small-tonnage orange mineral gained $5. All of them were at their lowest points for the year in January, which coincided with the highest levels attained in 1941. For each pigment, except basic lead sulfate (white), the gains in 1942 amounted to % cent a pound. In general, the high points were reached in the first 2 months, and prices continued at these levels for. the remainder of the year and beyond. Lithargo did not reach a peak until June. Basic sulfate (white) advanced % cent in April and dropped back }i cent in July. ' Pig lead, price changes for which are usually followed closely by those for lead pigments, was under ceiling price limitations beginning January 1942. The ceiling price for common lead, delivered New York, was 6.60 cents a pound. Corroding lead and chemical lead were allowed premiums of 0.10 cent a pound. * Average values reported for all zinc pigments sold were also higher in 1942, the gains ranging from $13 a ton for zinc oxide to $8 for litho- pone. The average value for zinc sulfate rose $8 a ton in 1942. The voluntary price ceilings on zinc oxide agreed to by producers, following requests in December 1941 from the Office of Price Administration, were given in the chapter of this series for 1941. On the whole, prices throughout 1942 were % cent a pound above those of the previous year. Late in March negotiations were carried on to increase the voluntary ceilings on leaded zinc oxide containing 35 percent or more lead to 7 cents a pound. The proposed increase was caused by advances in the price of basic sulfate, a basic ingredient of leaded zinc oxide. Later in the month the sweeping General Maximum Price Regulation gathered all grades of zinc oxide among other chemicals, oils, paints, and other commodities under its provisions. Prices under the Regulation were not to exceed the highest ones prevailing in March 1942. In June the Office of Price Administration established the maximum price of 7 cents a pound for the leaded grade mentioned above, effective June 22. Later the effective date was moved back to May 11. A premium of % cent a pound was permitted for delivery of oxide in barrels, another % cent for delivery of less than carlots, and an additional }i cent for delivery in less than carlots to consumers in California, Oregon, or Washington. Price Schedule 80 of the Office of Price Administration, effective February 2, 1942, set a maximum price of 4.25 cents' a pound for the normal grade of lithopone. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN Range of quotations on lead pigments and (or delivered in the East), 198 Basio lead sulfate, or sublimed lead, less than carlots, banels................................................................................................... White lead, or basic lead carbonate, dry, carlots, barrels Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrols............................... Red lead, dry, 05 percent or loss, loss than carlots, barrels Orange mineral, American, small lota, barrols..................... Zinc oxide: American process, lead-free, bags, carlots........................... -' American procoss, 5 to 35 percont load, barrols, carlots French process, red seal, bags, carlots.................................. French process, green seal, bags, carlots............................. French process, white seal, barrels, carlots........................ Lithopone, domestic, 6-ton lota, bags...L................... Zinc sulflde, less than oarlots, bags, barrels............... Zlno oblorlde, works; Solution, tanks............................................................... .... Fused, arums........................................................................ Zlno Sulfate, crystals, barrels------ ------- r........................ FOREIGN T All of the most important items pigments are in the export classific lead, litharge, zinc oxide, and .lith specified, foreign trade in lead and zin Exports of all of the important pig from the previous year but compare diately preceding 1941. Available appear in the following tables. Value of foreign trade of the United Slate 1941- i Data not available. .. Figures on Imports and1 exports complied by M. B. Department of Commerce. KG62G0--43- !v I?. 4 t:. *r' Ii ( 218 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194Z Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1938-4? Year Short tons -- -- -------------- -- Basic carbonate white lead Red load Litharge Orango mineral -- Load com pounds 'Total value 1988.................................................... 1939..................... *............ .. . 1040.................................................... 1941.................................................... 1942...................................... 20 11 2 1 8 (*3 2 86 ' $22,044 1 1 13,960 17 15, 307 11 is?TM" 5,T7i'?8\ rlfmort'' " ' P. f., *198 (2,330 pounds), and suboxide of lend, n. s. p. f,, *8,3.16 i>n2'J1'5155i E?"nl3; ,94^: ,,Le^d ?n- P. WOO (B.270 pounds), an ) suboilde of load, n. s. p. f,, M 620 1 ,cf?' D; P- J13'S71 (71,148 pounds); 1041; Suboxide of lead. n. s. p. f,, $11,694 (66,208 pounds); 1942'. Suboilde of lead, n. 3. p. f., $3,221 (13.228 pounds) , . * Loss than 1 ton. ': Lead pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1938-4?, Year- r , C 1 .. *' - .ly ' . ' . White lead Red lead Short tons Litharge Orange mineral ' Sublimed lead Lead, srsenate value 1938.;.'.......... '............................ .. 1940....*............................................... i. . 1,411 2,024 1,360 2,249 806 1 1,324 1,336 V, 391 i Not complied on an annual basis prior to 1942. 1,694 ill 1,686 ;8 1,999 . 7 0) .-8 96 611 866 1,450 $606,075 876,236 836,230 . ; 296. 1,030,472 Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United Stales, 1938-4? Short tons Year Zlno oxide Dry In oil Lltbopone Zlno sulflde Zlno chloride Zinc sulfate Total value 1938............................ 1939........................ 1940............................ 1941............................ 2942............................ 579 1,486 273 122 13 66 3.932 12 272 392 $321,446 66 2,641 7 399 326 317,719 46 (0 19 246 .. 64,923 11 (0 1 162 29,836 1 I 362 26,390 1 Leas than 1 ton. Zinc pigments and salts 1 exported from the United Stales, 1938-4? Year Short tons Zlno oxide Lithopone Total value Year 1938...................... .. 1939.......................... 1940........................... 1,163 3,485 3,239 1,734 4,845 14,298 $339,416 926.408 1,684,667 1941......................... Short tons Zinc oxide Lithopone Total value 8,264 6,013 21,527 $3.626,386 17,036 1 2,012,796 1 Zina salts not separately recordod on on annual basis prior to 1942. * Zlno sulfide $6,328 (37.091 pounds); xlnc chloride, $42,874 (648,343 pounds); zinc sulfate, $63,624 (1,026,664 pounds); other tine salts and compounds, $70,023 (692,029 pounds), f. . ', - ....... ' . GOLD, SILVER, COPPE 9 (MIN By Ch a s . W SUMMAR Pag Summary............................................................-............ 2 Calculation of value of metal production.... 2 SUM Gold recovered from Alaska 487 621 fine ounces valued at $ nnnr.es valued.at $24,341,345,in 1 as in, 1941,i was'99'percent of the copper,; and. lead produced. Th were, byproducts ! of gold minin mines'depressed from. 56 in 194 bucket dredges from 47 to 31, a from 752 to 422. . 'The outbreak of- the war in De enterprises, both large and small, is virtually responsible for the lode and placer mines/; The; th the expenditure of hundreds o airfields, pipe linte, Navy bases; struction necessary for tne defen offered laborers on these-project positions at the mines and cre closed several of the lode mines, k opening in 1942, and forced a handed. Draglin^ operators wh were unable to finish the 1942 s their, equipment to contractors War Production Board Gold coining as it did on October 8, had in Alaska in 1942, inasmuch as t and dredges'and most rlode min full brunt-of'the order .will be f Goodnews Bay platinum opera the warJ Only three important of 1943, and these were permitte All tonnage figures, are short do not incluae moistureYardage figures used in measu tions are "bank measure"; tha ground before treatment. The value of metal productio at the following prices. 810 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 2 Colombia.--Colombia exported 49,163 ounces of crude platinum in 1942 (37,349 in 1941). The South American Gold & Platinum Co. produced 25,786 ounces of crude platinum metals in 1942 (30,548 in 1941) and 51,974 ounces of gold (72,582 in 1941), Tho figures for other operators are not available. Union of South Africa. --Figures on output of platinum metals are not available for all of 1942, but it is reported that production to the full capacity of tho plant proceeded uninterruptedly during tho year. The output was shipped to England for refining. World production of platinum and allied metals, 1987-42, in troy ounces (Complied by D. 6. WaldbauerJ Country and product 1937 1938 1930 ' 1040 1941 1942 Australia: New South Wales: Placer platinum____ Tasmania: Placer osmlrldlum.................. *. Belgian Congo: From refineries: Palladium............................................................. Platinum............................................................... Canada: Plaoer platinum................................................. From refineries:9 Platinum........................................................... Other platinum metals............................... Colombia: Placer platinum (exports)......... Ethiopia: Placer platinum................................ Italy: From refineries: Platinum.................. Japan: Placer platinum...................................... Netherlands Indies (probably placer plat- 46 686 12,607 2,122 22 139.366 119, 829 29,316 3, 376 1.286 0 New Zealand: Plaoer platinum...................... Papua:9 Plaoer platinum............................................... Placer osmlrldlum............................................ Sierra Leone: Placer platinum....................... Union of South Africa: Platinum (content of platinum metals) *. Concentrates (content of platinum met- als)..................................................................... Osmlrldlum9....................................................... U. 8. 8, R.: Placer platinum ........................ United States: Placer platinum................................................. From refineries:* Platinum.......................................................... Other platinum metals............................... 66 267 20 8 308 17, 770 21,849 6,790 100,000 10,803 124 4,761 6,817 8 191 1,676 226 16 161,310 130,893 34,649 3,637 1,029 0) 21 1 41 4 180 18. 250 36,124 6, 364 100,000 40,032 90 3,701 3,486 0) 283 3,312 868 26 148,877 135, 402 39,070 (0 b ) 28 13 2 4 83 18,008 41,243 7,031 100,000 32,460 60 6. 270 3.364 e> 0) 8 24 108,464 91.622 35, 869 0 b) 34 0) 0) 135 20,140 61,836 (0 100,000 33,800 4,470 3, 304 0 V) (0 (0 60 124,257 97, 432 37, 349 (0 0) e> c) 35 (0 0 0) 0) 14, 206 * 64,790 () 100,000 20, 221 15 1,805 4,689 0 0) CM? 30 298,400 226, 600 49,163 0 0 0 (>) e> 0 0) () <0 10, 805 43,825 0) 100,000 9 23, 213 20 4.333 6. 472 H 478,000 " 541.000 "640,000 " 465,000 " 483, 000 " 790,000 Data not available. , * Recovered from nickel-copper mattes. 1 Year ended June 30 of year stated. * Produced from platinum ores. 9 January to November, Inclusive. . 1 January to October, Inclusive. 1 Produced from treatment of gold ores on tbe Rand. 1 Estimated production. 9 Subject to revision. New platinum metals recovered In gold and copper refining of domestic materials. " Estimate. TITANIUM By Al l a n F. Ma t SUMMARY OUT Pne General statement......................................................... 811 ' Government control..................................................... 811 Domestic production......... -.................................. .. 812 Foreign trade................................................................... 813 Stocks.................................................................................. 814 Price*. Techno World -- GENERAL STATE The fading of summer in the Adirond it the first large-scale shipments of ilmeni N. Y., which is to render the United Stat principal ore of titanium. Domestic p in 1942 compared with 1941, but rutile below its normal level by a plant-expans property. Mining of both titanium min greatly in 1943. Ilmenite imports, nor slumped in 1942 to a fraction of their for ers to draw heavily on their stocks while to reach its stride. In contrast, rutile i in 1942 because of the smaller tonnages priority rating, the relative proximity o availability of cargo space on vessels ret tary supplies to Australia. White pigme took the bulk of the ilmenite and rutil 1942, but both minerals also were consu GOVERNMENT CO Rutile was put under import control Management, December 26, 1941 (O restrictions on ilmenite were removed by June 26, 1942 (Amendment 2, Order M-1 pigments were directed to set aside a production for allocation by the Office effective December 1, 1941 (Order M-44 moved the effective date to January 1,19 effective February 1 increased the allo the output; and December 9 revoked th verbally requested by the War Productio to divert to welding-rod and alloy prod normally moving to ceramics manufactur to that effect was promulgated. '812 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1942 Price action on titanium pigments first appeared January 3, 1942, when to stem a proposed advance the Office of Price Administration requested stabilization of prices at levels of October 1, 1941. The request was made mandatory March 1, 1942 (Price Schedule 98). Amendments allowed one producer to soil above the maximum price for 2 months, provided for additional means of enforcement, and after December 2 permitted adjustable pricing for long-term contracts. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Ilmenite production in the United States tripled in 1942 compared with 1941 and set a new record, but rutile output decreased 15 percent. The decline was due primarily to a stoppage of Arkansas production during plant enlargement. Ilmenite concentrates shipped in 1942 contained 42 to 52 percent TiOa, and rutile concentrates ranged from 90 to 94 percent Ti02. Production and shipments, 1939-42, are shown in tne following table. The Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish corresponding figures for 1929-38. Production and mine shipments of titanium concentrates from domestic ores in the United States^ t9S9-42 Dmenile Rutile Year Production (abort tons) Bhlpmonta Short tons Value 1 Production (short tons) Shipments Short tons Value 1939.......... ................................... 1940........ ..................................... 1941.............................................. 1943.............................................. 14,602 20,668 23,297 (*) 16,872 20.702 21,526 (>) $137,042 183,686 196,522 <J) (>) 2, 888 3.130 2, 648 <*) 2,657 3,431 2,649 (*) $393,243 493. 782 410.956 > Represents cost of production for some producers whose product Is consumod by affiliated companies. * Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. Arkansas.--The Titanium Corporation sold its rutile property at Malvern; Magnet Cove district, Hot Spring County, in March 1942 to the Titanium Alloy Co. of Arkansas, Inc., "subsidiary of the Tita nium Alloy Manufacturing Co. The property was inactive from January to September, during which time the concentrating plant was enlarged. In its decade (1932-42) of operation the Titanium Cor poration produced 3,771 short tons of rutile averaging 93 percent TiOj and shipped 3,621 tons valued at $440,758. In addition, it produced 1,281 tons of rutile averaging 52 percent TiOa and shipped 29 tons valued at $583: the remainder was an inventory sold with the plant and will be brought up to commercial grade by the new operator. Florida.--For 3 years the Riz Mineral Co. (formerly the Consoli dated Operations Corporation) has been recovering rutile, ilmenite, and zircon from beach sands near Melbourne, Brevard County. Unworked since 1927, the beach deposits in Duval and St. Johns Counties near Jacksonville will yield large quantities of rutile in 1943, according to present plans of the Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co. . New York.--The Sanford Lake titaniferous magnetite deposit near 'Tahawus, Essex County, was opened in 1942 by the Titanium Division of the National Lead Co., which granted a 25-percent interest in the TITANIUM project to the Krebs Pigment & Chemic Nemours & Co., Inc. The mine is know ment.1 Production began in August an well on the way toward a daily output concentrates (48 percent TiOj) and 1,80 trates (64 percent Fe, low P, 9 percent T from 4,500 tons of ore (16 percent TiOa) involves grinding to pass a 20-mesh by wet and dry magnetic separators. 15 million tons, and probable reserves of North Carolina.--Ilmenite production at Finley, Caldwell County, by the Y subsidiary of the Glidden Co. The fea from black sands of Albemarle Sound w Carolina State Board of Conservation du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmi not encouraging. A rutile deposit near S from which some shipments were made a development in 1941 by the Southern most of the property was condemned b thority for its Chatuge Dam project. Virginia.--Rutile and ilmenite are pro County, by the American Rutile Cor Metal & Thermit Corporation. Ilmenite by the Southern Mineral Products Co., Corporation of America; this property is 4 million tons of titanium dioxide.3 : FOREIGN TRA Imports. -Ilmenite imports in 1942 co Canada, 2,942 4 from Australia, 1,287 India compared with 1941 entries of 15 from Canada, 4,093 4 from Australia, 3,7 Portugal. Imports of rutile in 1942 com Brazil, 4,6614 from Australia, 111 from and 35 from French Cameroun compare tons from Australia and 2,448 from Bra classified as- "Zirconium ore" by the D about half zircon, and the remaining c ilmenite with some gangue (magnetite, ilmenite content of such concentrates i the preceding figures. After importation separated into their component mineral nium Corporation (subsidiary of the A and Ventures, Ltd.), Carteret, N. J.; O Pa,; and Titanium Alloy Manufacturin There were no imports of ferrotitanium, > Crockett, R. E., Eastern Magnetite: Min. and Met., vol. 2 Hagar, 1.1>., The MacIntyre Development--New Source o No. 12, December 1942, pp. 47-49. , ` Hagar, I. D., Ilmenite and Magnetite Produced in Quantity a ment: Min. and Met., vol. 23, No. 432, December 1942, pp. 69 Mining and Contracting Review, Maolntyre Developmen July 15, 1942, pp. 7 and 17. Bevan, Arthur, Virginia's War Mineral Resources! Virgini 1 Figures on Imports and exports (unless otherwise Indicated Mines, from records of the Department of Commerce. * Partly estimated. See accompanying table, footnote 3. MINIEJRA'LS YEARBOOK, 194 2 .Titanium concentrates 1 imported for consumption in the United States, 1988--42 limenito Rutllo Year Short tons As reported Total* Short tons Value of "As reported" * As reported Total * Vahio of "As reported" * 1938......................................... 1939.,.................................... 1940..................................... 1941......................................... 1942............................... ......... 234,276 286,676 221,641 166.846 7,116 234,141 287,191 223,891 170.680 10,369 $1,018,403 1,126,200 760,690 620.940 66,694 230 442 169 3.114 6, 479 364 787 2,164 6.291 10,466 $26,633 23,170 14,849 306,176 626,376 i Classified as "Or*" by Department of Commerce. i Includes Bureau of Mines estimate of ilmenite and rutile, respectively, contalnod In Australian zircon* ruttle-llmenite concontratos classified as "Zirconium ore" by Department of Commerce. Data for 1038 are adjusted to apportion Australian zircon-rutllo-ilmenite concentrates classified as "Ilmonlte" by Department of Commerce. i Value pertains to "As reported" quantity only. Value of remainder Included with "Zirconium ore." (See chapter of this volume on Minor Metals.) Exports.--Exports in 1942 comprised 617 short tons ($117,886) of titanium concentrates, 491 tons ($61,909) of titanium ferro-alloys, 15 tons ($9,938) of titanium tetrachloride, and 9 tons ($3,728) of other titanium compounds. STOCKS . Stocks of ilmenite were cut in half during 1942 as a result of virtual cessation of imports from India and consequent necessity for con sumers to draw heavily on inventories. On the other hand, imports of rutile from Australia and Brazil were not only maintained but appreciably augmented in 1942 so that, even in the face of greatly increased consumption total inventories of rutile climbed 56 percent. Industry stocks of rutile actually declined 3 percent, but that trend was offset by the stock-piling program of Government-owned Metals Reserve Co. iSfocita of titanium concentrates in the United Slates q.t end of year, 1941-42, in short tons 1941 1942 Stocks Ilmenite Rutile Rmcnlto Rutile Gross weight Estimated TIOi content Gross weight Estimated TIOj content Gross weight Estimated TJO content Gross weight Estimator! TIOi con ton t Mine................................ Distributors <............ ; Consumers.................... 28,106 12,867 311,087 Total stooks... 362,000 12.087 6,032 178,258 198,377 76 2, 387 1,144 31 3, 637 63 2,238 1,072 29 3,392 11,917 11,641 149,153 172,611 6,142 6,371 81,736 92, 248 75 1,702 1,707 2,194 6, 678 63 1,588 1,689 2,002 6. 292 11ncludes ilmenite and rutile content of mixed ^zirconium-titanium concentrates. CONSUMPTION AND USES Consumption of ilmenite decreased 6 percent and that of rutile increased 67 percent in 1942 compared with 1941. Ilmenite was used TITANIUM principally in pigments (95 percent) and in wolding-rod coatings (84 percent), all ics (1 percent). Consumption of ilmenite and rutile in the Uni ------------------------------------------------- - Ilmenite Product Gross weight E TIO 1941 Plgmonts (manufactured titanium di oxide) 11........................................................... Welding-rod coatings 1................................. . Alloys.................................................................... Ceramics.-........................................................... Miscellaneous *................................................. Total consumption..;.................... . 1942 Pigments (manufactured tltaDlum di oxide) 1 *............................................... * Welding-rod coatings 1................................. Alloys................................................................... Ceramics............................................................. Miscellaneous *................................................ Total consumption.. 68207,944 7,104 276,100 244, 406 60 11,802 1,212 267, 636 * "Pigments" include all manufactured titanium dioxide, co was 1,700 short tous in 1941 and 4,900 tons in 1942. > Partly estimated. 1 Consists of limenito used as a steel flux and rutUe used in lam Titanium figments.--Manufactured tit ilmenite is used as a white pigment, prin lacquer but also in paper, linoleum, rub printing ink, soap, and cosmetics. Nonp ufactured titanium dioxide mclude ceram DomesticT)ATnnflti/i pnrronrdlIuirctftiinonn of titaniumrif fiinniny y a pniimgmv the high levels of 1941 at about the same registered the second-best year to date. of 1938 and was more in tonnage and ume as any other white pigment. Titan for a high degree of opacity (covering po whiteness, and durahuitv. Welding-rod coatings.--Some 321,000 s welding rods were produced in the Unit with 152,000 tons in 1941. ' According t all types of welding rods produced in O 35,000 tons.' Of this amount 60 to 70 shipbuilding to replace riveting with we requirements for cargo ships by 10 per arc from oxidation during welding and protects the cooling weld deposit; it is us positions as rutile, manufactured titanium Titanium alloys.--Ferrocarbontitanium cent C) is a powerful deoxidizer in steel me percent Ti, 0.1 percent C max.) is added --------------- 1 Oliver, Frank J., Welding--Given Tremendous Impetus by 1943, p. 127. } 816 MINERALS YEARBOOK, X94 2 inhibit intergranular corrosion of stainless steels, and to prevent air hardening of 5-percent chromium steels. Titanium is added to a nutnber of nonferrous alloys, particularly to aluminum to increase strength and ductility, and is a constituent of a number of complex deoxidizers. The use of the pure metal is limited principally to radio tubes. Other uses of titanium.--One hundred to two hundred short tons of ilmenite are consumed monthly by the Rustless Iron & Steel Corpora tion, Baltimore, Md., as a replacement for fluorspar (which, according to the company, emits fumes causing illness to workers) in making titanium-bearing stainless steel. Rutile and manufactured titanium dioxide are used in ceramics, principally to improve the acid resistance of porcelain enamels, to impart colors ranging from cream to brown in pottery bodies and glazes, and to make electric insulators. Con sumption of rutile in ceramics was curtailed in 1942, and the quantities thus conserved were diverted to welding-rod coatings and alloys. Small quantities of rutile are used in lamp-electrode coatings of street lights and as a deoxidizer (with aluminum) in special alloy steels. Titanium carbide is a constituent of hard cutting alloys used in ma chine tools. Titanium tetrachloride is an important smoke-screen chemical. PRICES Titanium (in all forms) showed no prico changes in 1942. Ilmenite, 60 percent Ti02, was-nominally quoted at $28-$30 a long ton, f. o. b, Atlantic seaboard, according, to Metal and Mineral Markets. One consumer was paying $31.50 a ton for Indian material early in the year. Rutile. 94 percent Ti02, was listed at 8-10 cents a pound. Steel quoted ferrotitanium, ton lots, at $1.23 per pound of contained Ti for 40- to 45-percent grade and $1.35 for 20- to 25-percent grade; and ferrocarbontitanium, 15-20 percent Ti, at $142.50 a short ton for 6to 8-percent carbon and $157.50 for 3- to 5-percent carbon. Titanium metal, 96-98 percent, was listed at $5-$5.50 a pound. The base price of manufactured titanium dioxide was fixed at 14K-16K cents a pound by Office of Price Administration Schedule 98, noted under Govern ment Control. TECHNOLOGY Titaniferous magnetite analyzing 18 percent Ti02, from Poplar Lake, Minn., was crushed to mmus-48-mesh and treated by hydraulic classification, tabling, and magnetic concentration to yield a product containing 43 percent Ti02.9 The effects of titanium m blast-furnace charges and tne recovery of vanadium from Sanford Lake ilmenite tailings (titaniferous magnetite) were investigated by the Bureau of Mines, the University of Minnesota, and the National Lead Co.7 An improved method of making powdered titanium metal was patented.8 * Minnesota Geological Survey, Notes on Titanium and Vanadium (mimeographed): 1042,4 pp. > Wood, O. Ev Joseph, T. /., and dole, 8. 8.. Smelting of Vanadium-Bearing Titaniferous Sinter In an Experimental Blast Furnace: Bureau of Mines Itept. of Investigations 3670, 1043, 24 pp. 1 Comstock, George F., and EflmolT. Vlatobeslav V. (to Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co.}, Powdered Titanium Meta): U. 8. Patent 2,273,834, February 24, 1042, TITAN'IUM WORLD PRODUC The United Nations controlled most deposits of titanium in 1942. The Axis mines in Norway and Malaya, unless in a ore to the Nazis or collaborationist Vichy. from Senegal. Cameroun concentrates, u ing Free French, were shipped to Great B Available data on world production of i years are shown in the following table. World production of titanium concentrates (ilmenite ' iinn tmuAetfrriicr ftonnms (Complied by B. B. WaU Country 1037 1038 Ilmenite: Australia: . Now South Wales......................... Quooiuland.................................... Brazil (exports)................................. Canada................... ......................... Egypt................................................ Federated Malay States (exports). India, British.................................... Norway........ ........ ......... ................. Portugal............................................ Senegal............................... ............ United States.................................... Rutile: . Australia: New South Wales......................... Queensland................... ................. South Australia............................. Brazil (exports)............................... * Cameroun (French)......................... Norway............................... ............ South-West Africa........................ United States.................................... 081 234 3,836 317 5,290 182,142 84,200 1.466 3.075 (*) M 317 188 90 6, 462 256. 268 62,724 669 6.436 0 ..... ....* 1,141 4CO ........... . ........... 377* 8 488 103 118 187 124 16 00 1 Data not available. ' * Subject to rovislon. <* Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. i In addition, rlrcon-rutilo-Umcnlte concentrates were produce i Loss than 1 ton. Export,. Algeria.--The Keddaradans mine, Pale metric tons of titanium-zirconium conce of 1942. Australia.--Mixed rutile-ilmenite-zirco in New South W^les by Porter & Derric Metal Recoveries Pty., Ltd., at New Brig Ltd., at Byron Bay; and in Queensland by at Little Burleigh. Most of the concen form to the United States; the output goes to the Titanium Alloy Manufactu International Titanium Corporation, and Orefraction, Inc. A little rutile is also South Australia. , Some titanium conc Australia by the Broken Hill Proprietary titanium. .