Document QkkGQ2g3M8Q5obj4yQ8p83kGv

FILE NAME Manville JMA DATE 1963-1973 DOC JMA112 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Brake Lining Wear Dust - Reports Letters & Memos a Research & Development Center May 22 1973 10012 10012 BD BRAKE AND CLUTCH EMISSIONS GENERATED DURING VEHICLE OPERATION Michael G. Jacko Bendix Robert T. DuCharme Bendik and Joseph H. Somers EPA Presented at the 1973 SAE National Automobile Engineering Meeting Detroit May 16 1973 SUMMARY by J. W. Axelson Emission collectors were installed on the right front disc brake and the right rear drum brake and on the dry clutch assembly The left brakes were left in their normal configuration and were used to monitor the operation of the shrouded brakes Three types of samples were collected and analyzed for asbestos These were the airborne collected on 8.0 u and 0.2 u filters the sump material and the debris on the brake surfaces Optical microscopy with phase contrast at 400X and transmission electron microscopy at 22,000 were used to identify and measure the amounts of asbestos The overall average of asbestos content in brake emission was 0.23 per cent from all three sources in three different tests Some fibers were longer than 20 1. Only 3.7 per cent of the asbestos emission was airborne for the test vehicle and only 2.9 per cent is estimated for trucks It was estimated that 51,500 materials annually and about tons of asbestos are used in friction 37,000 tons are actually worn away Knowing the asbestos omission in ugms per mile it is possible to calculate the total annual asbestos emission per year This comes to a total of 153,200 pounds 79.1 tons but only 3.2 per cent or 5060 pounds 2.53 tons is airborne Over 99.7 per cent of the total asbestos wear is converted to olivine or forsterite Extrapolating the Ford data of only 0.0023 per cent of lining wear appearing Bendix of as onimatos 61,800 tons fiber the would give total friction wear estimated by an asbestos emission of 1.42 tons 2840 pounds which is a little more than one half of the Bendix value in test This is not bad agreement considering procedures and type of calculations the wide differences DistritatiDistoritantion on vee cn ein 6605 3 Research and Engineering Center December 30 1966 H. 3. Koch Brake Decomposition Products Public Health Service During a recent meeting on asbestos and health at the Public Health Service I burned that the Public Health Service had performed brake wear aswiles utilizing dynamometer equipment at the American Brake Shoe Company in Mahwah New Jersey These data were reported on April , 1960 to the Assistant to the Chief for Epidemiology and Field Studies Department of Health by Jeremian Lynch Senior Sanitary Engineer Engineering Section Research and Technical Services Branch Brierly the results showed practically to fiber in the decomposition product at test temperatures temperatures | up to approximately 400-5007 Sample evaluation wes by electron micrograph micrograph Then the test temperature approximated 700F in called panic steps the overload condition apparently apparently deteriorated the resin bond permitting fiber to be ripped out of the braka instead of being worn off approximately 15 per cent of the fiber ma visible in this decomposition unteriai The results are summarized belcu Ape of Brake Disc brexe usbraw nuto brake nute brake Auto brake nuto eluven Dus brake auto brake Auto brake Bus brake Test Condition normal city driving normal city driving 100-2007 300-500F 300-500F 600-700P normal city driving 450-50F 450-550F 450-550F 400-600P 100-300" 450-550 Far Cant Piber som es ( than Zew fibers 3. G. Koch -2- December 30 1966 Fr. Lynch believes that the results clearly indicate that wear of brake Linings is not a significant factor in contributing ffib iebr er to the atmosphere He intends to publish his data as a brief note very shortly I have invited him to visit the Research Center to review our results with you and have indicated that we would give him permission to quote our figures I believe that publication under the auspices of 2 government government would be far more beneficial than by haville I shall s soon as a firm date has been established for this visit isborutory notify you mena 02 F. L. 17. Pyniseck J. J. P. Leineveter Leineveter Leineveter eee ... ... 6 PoaFl .... inschnes Leg inschnes inschnes inschnes " be oDath 441$0 General Headquarters April 21 1967 F. L. Pundsack - Finderne Brake Lining Wear Dust Your Letter of 3/14 to F. J. Solon Your File 25 Confirming our phone conversation of this morning I approve your recommendation that we collaborate with the U. S. Public Health Service through the release of information from this study The publication certainly carry of our data under their considerable weight auspices will It was certainly of discussion with Dr. considerable interest in a recent L. J. Cralley to learn that their findings parallel ours very closely The photographs attached which you requested be returned are 100 F. J. Solon H. M. Jackson love VOE Research & Engineering Center March 27 1968 J. Solon - H. M. Jackson - K. V. Lindell - F. L. Pundsack H. G. Koch J. Leineweber DH DHL Asb Brake Lining Decomposition I thought you would like to have a copy of Jerry Lynch's draft of a paper on brake lining decomposition which is to be submitted for publication in the Journal of Air Pollution Control Association rs S. Speil lo 'Uau wae 11/11 11/11 1/111/11 1 /1 1/ 11/11 1/1 1 /1 an r ~ > us 4 *. : , ~ * . . te 8 8 ApriAlApprirliAlprilApril April 8 , 19601960 1960 Mr. J. EnvironmetalDepartmentDepartment Department Department Ocupational Oc upational Sincianai OcupationalSincianai Sincianai Sincianai DeaDrear Dear Dear Lynch R. Lynch Lynch Activities Activties Asistant Environmental EnvironmeEtanlEvnivroinrmoennmtaelntal Department Environmental Actives Actives Education Department of of of As istant , Assistant Health Health HealtHhealtHhealth Asistant Assistant Assistant Education Activities Actives Education Education Sincianai Sincianai , Sinciani : JoryJory ChicChic Chic ChiefChief Chief Fieldld StudieWselfareStudies StuSdtiudeises Education Education Education ad Studies Studies Welfare WelfaWreelfaWrelfaere muchmucmhuchmuch forfor for Asocationschedul scheduled schedul schedul scheduledscheduled publication Asocation conding scheduled scheduled Assocation me mme e me a draftdradftraft scheduled forfor for publication publipcatuionblication of publication publication Journal Journal Journalbratebrate 1Ad paperpaperpaper in on brate Journal Journal Journal t , of My one Myvari vari exponit tomans tomans tomans thethethe of % 63 r.tci . ver Pere Although Although Although AlthougAh lthough Although urban urban urbuanrban Pere Albers represent represent represent represent manufacturepsnt represnt aa verbyraxes manufacturemanufctre braxes braxes polution braxes very comparedandcompared in compared aparenwtlyitprho tion ininin urbuan rban urban airaiarir polution polution pollutionpolution pollutionpollution when Pere Pere small small proportion andand in apparently compared compared comparcoempadred comparecodmpared proportion proportion ap arently Lavonsequential oth oth oth in the asbestos asbestos asbestos asbestos getconsiderable considerable that thacontsiderable that context Rspirable RspirableRspirable RspirabRlspeiracbloentext Rspirablefibers fibferisbers fibers the the interchangeablyinterchangeably interchangeably interchangeably interchangeably interchangeably reader impresimopnresioimpression impression considerable consideracobnslideerable considerable you intended initnetndeendded of the the reference reference the would Fibers Fibers I refers refersrefers refers refers to refers atmospher words tthhee atmosphewrords words reference rewfroenceurlefrdencewould as presncepresnce thethe CrulleCyrulleyCrulley me that presence presence presenpceresence Howevr However and asbestos asbestos asbestos asbestos, words asbetosespcialyespcialyespcialy and readeimrpresion andand these especialy asbestos impresion impresion that these asbestos asbestos asbestos asbestos especially especially especially one one these these last last ffiveive fivefive aiar irair from thaintended to infeirnfienfrer at thethe the many many many words from other other t if : : amith Soa Lavonsequential Lavonsequential Lavonsequential LavonsequentLialavonsequential Lavonsequential amith amith amith amith amith Ph Ph t: it LavonsequntialLavonsequtial f'bers . Ilentaton carnescarnes bad " presapresa presa presa presence presence one might reier to the the presence presence presence presence might might of tobad one might I do sourcessources sources do not believe believe believe believe Mr. Mr. J. A. Lynch Dept. Dept. of Health Iducation Iducation & Welfare -2- April , 1963 I I was unable to reach you by phone today but did speak to Howard Ayer He suggested the possibility that you might want to delete the last eight words However since you probably do want to reference Dr. Cralley's presentation I might suggest that you use some slight modification such as when compared with sources of free fibers other than asbestos or less desirably and I do not think what you mean when compared with other sources of free fibers in addition to asbestos. I hope that you will be able to modify this last view of your department's efforts to prevent any words sentence especially in possible misuse of your Very truly yours Dr. Sidney Speil Director Corporate Research & Development 00 Mr. Howard Ayer - HEW Cincinnati Dr. Lewis Cralley - HEW Cincinnati bcc - , H. M. Jackson - DH J. Solon - DH X. V. Lindell " Acb W. P. Raines DH F. L. Pundsack H. G. Koch W. C. Streib E. M. Fenner 4410D 4410D 4410D ped COPY COPY Lining Lining Lining Lining composition composicompositiontion composition composition composition composition known known known known known to us us November November November November File File File : Wear Engineering Engine ring EngineerEni ginn eerg ing Conter Conter Conter Conter Conter miles miles miles competitive competitive competitive competitive drums drums drums ' q a "y | Hagin . UUMUMM Manville Research & Engineering Center PO PO Box 159 Manville N. 08835 : 201 722-9000 September 6 1972 000897 ? Dr. M. G. Jacko Materials and Processes Department Bendix Research Laboratories Southfield MI 48075 Dear Dr. Jacko samples We have finally completed the analysis wear debris you sent to us These of the brake lining were described as follows in your letter to Dr. Speil of July 5 1972 Sample No. 1 - Vehicle Test 1 M No. 4123-58-1 Detroit Traffic Schedule Right Front Brake Surfaces Sample Sample No. 2 - Vehicle Test 1 M No. 4123-58-2 Detroit Traffic Schedule Right Rear Brake Surfaces Sample Sample No. 3 - Vehicle Test 1 M No. 4123-58-3 Detroit Traffic Schedule . Right Rear Brake Airborne Sample The fiber content of the samples and the weight loss on ignition are given below The fiber content was determined by the rub procedure which I believe we explained to you at the time of your visit to our laboratory No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Initial Sample Weight mg Weight of Ash After Ignition @ Weight Loss on Ignition 400C mg 50.78 43.50 14.48 Total Fiber in Sample micrograms Percent Fiber in Original Sample 2.54 0.005 46.50 31.10 33.18 0.98 0.002 45.70 30.20 33.98 2.73 0.006 We were unable to determine the element distribution because our emission spectrograph has been disassembled for our move to Denver September 6 1972 Page 2 1 If you have any questions regarding these samples or pro- cedures you can contact Dr. Speil He will be available through the month of September After that time you can contact me in Denver number in Denver will Our be mailing address and telephone telephone Manville Corporation P. O. Box 5108 Denver Colorado 80217 Phone 303 770-1000 Very truly yours jf? RO neweber neweber J. P. Leinoweber mp CC . a Dr. S. Spoil 7 " "" Research & Engineering Center September 30 1966 K. V. Lindell Asbestos Hazardous Dust Upon our return from Asbestos S. Speil and myself met with Dr. Ken H. G. Koch Research Manager of Packings and Friction Materials andSomtihtehr members of the Basic Research group to discuss the status of the program on brake lining dusts Since this was a subject we discussed briefly with you I thought you might be interested in a few of the essential details and conclusions reached at this meeting Sio The brake lining dust sample was collected by wearing a brake against a brake drum with the whole assembly enclosed in a boxlike apparatus As the brake was worn 150 cfm of filtered air was drawn through the system and the airborne dust was collected on a Millipore filter Dust in the brake drum was also collected remaining The airborne dust was illustrated in the electron micrographs which we left with you the other day ray analysis showed this material to be amorphous with no crystalline structure although by spectrographic analysis there was sufficient MgO and in the proper ratios to account for the original chrysotile in the brake lining composition Rubbing out the agglomerate mass and examining this under an electron microscope showed evidence of some small fibers reduced to their ultimate fibril diameter The amount of such fibers is difficult to nacertain but tests are under way to get the best guesstimate Gas analyses of and we have the not fumes given off during these tests have not been successful been able to determine as yet whether any heavy organic gases were present in the effluent air You probably know that Dr. Ken Smith had previously submitted samples of brake dust collected from the druns of other pilot plant tests This material had been for intratracheal sent to the Industrial animal tests under the Hygiene Foundation in direction of Dr. Paul Pittsburgh Gross The results of these original tests should be completed by November to see if asbestos bodies are evident Dr. Smith planned to submit samples of this new airborne material to the same location for additional tests Dr. Smith advised me that he had discussed this matter with Dr. George W. Wright Director of Medical Research St. Luke's Hospital Cleveland and as I understood member of your scientific committee on occupational health from you Dr. Smith Bald that Dr. Wright was in agreement and approved of the Pittsburgh location as the best place to conduct these tests Speil and I passed along to Dr. Smith your instructions that the Scientific Council should be used to determine the best location for such this has been done with the proposed program studies and apparently .. V. Lindell Anbenton 2 September 30 1906 It was agreed at this meeting that the technique used to collect the brake dust sample should be described and illustrated to members of the Hygiene Foundation and any others you feel should be included from the QAMA Occupational Health Institute or Scientific Council In this way the technique of sampling as well as the medical results would be understood and approved by an outside agency A similar approach would be taken on new methods of identification which might be developed Samples of air dust collected in Detroit under the direction of Dr. A. J. Vorwald Wayne State University will be sent to Research for examination to determine if asbestos fibers are present in particulate matter collected from the atmosphere and if it is how much is present You probably are familiar with most or all of the above but I am taking no chances of a breakdown in communications in this important matter ch ce S. Speil File W. C. Streib COPY PORN PORN SEGMENT NO REQUESTING PARTY NOTES BRAKE WEAR DUST 1963-64 --~ Ot | D. Bailey 68 Research & Engineering Center December 13 1963 Ce?Se 7 4. La SUPT , flest arch Brake LinWi earnBug st Fae You will recall that during his recent visit to the Research Center Dr. X. V. Sith mentioned a recent theory that asbestos fibers freed in the 7 _ wearing of brake linings might have some pathological effects Mr. Koch bes obtained wear dusts from three cars and I would appreciate your -... suining these microscopically to see if you can identify sabestos attaching work request cover this yn FD fibers in this material Oop, am Works material ie be 15th 15th Mae fa ars . oe) a fi oh Cr ** cor espondence ** . to Ean also attaching the pertinent correspondence 345 to 20 en hanngatasi la o MR De cara, e pigas. and would like call 3 your attention to Dr. Smith's request for the material remaining after tests ws tye your ot tle w eieis you spuin at han han | ce Maas you 4, . ew . - se w at together with Would you please let me know when which time we can again get any additional work is required you have completed your examination Dr. Smith to determine if . eet K. W. Budith GH A. C. Bulth L. R. Mair F. L. Pundsack H. G. Koch PRODUCED J-M 83 Rtwe 6 an co NS Sh, Streib Research 3 have a received Koch's have You ; of > . G. : November 27 copy ofG. letterto meof | 1963 this subject I am forwarding the tAhsree envelopes containing the dust to you for analysis | a >, discussed on my recent visit wonder if you could =| this dustanalyzed to see if there are any free and ' recognizable asbestos fibersit If there is any dust. left overused could you please retain it for I might like to 3 have itused by our researchpathologist at the Foundation Pittsburgh Industrial Hygi^ne + Hygi^ne in eet . i o roe ea Mih abe a shall . be pleased Ishall very y pleased to visit you again at the Center to your testswhen obtained D 6! oe ade iPRODUCED - JMpe 83 ere ee bene Research and Engineering Center November 27 1963 Dr. K. W. Swith GH Brake Lining Wear Dust File 456 I am enclosing three envelopes containing dust removed from the brakes of the following cars Car Comet Newport Chevrolet Lining 2308 3049 1618 Inlite equipment Mileage 1266 miles 540 miles 9900 miles You will find that the dust consists partly of ferrous particles presumably abrasion products from the cast iron brake drums The remainder should be predominantly abrasion products from the brake lining themselves We can supply information on the composition of the brake linings used in the first two cars The thi car r vd as equipped with competitive lining a composition not known to us but undoubtedly containing asbestos fiber nn wer GK CC: W. C. Streib C. L. Meserve H. G. Koch PRODUCED Te ne ae JM - 83 ORE pRrB e me  MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Repos Date 456 January 20 1964 Title PETROGRAPHIC AND RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSES OF BRAKE LINING WEAR DUSTS Requested by W. C. Streib = Request No. 345 SUMMARY Three samples of brake lining wear dust vere examined petrographically to determine whether chrysotile fiber can be distinguished in this type of material Two of the samples were also examined by ray diffraction for confirmation from the following brake linings The samples were 1963 Comet republicaton 32 1963 Pontiac 3 Chevrolet 6 Inlite Lining or Petrographic examination showed the following distrbution The dust from the Comet lining contained an organic binder plus mall percentages of quartz magnetite carbonates talc and rarely a few chrysotile fibers Chrysotile in sizes recognizable under the microscope constituted less than one genral per cent of the total for The dust from the Pontiac lining appeared similar to the one from the Comet lining Not comtp heosan mee con mpot nens ts in comparable amounts Only an occasional bundloef chrysotile fiber could be detected after prolonged examination of several slides The Chevrolet brake lining dust differs somewhat from the others in that it contains CONFIDETAL possibly 10 per cent quartz Talc appears to be absent appears to be present but was not positively identified of chrysotile fiber was noted as in Samples 1 and 2 A small amount An occasional ; of graphite small bundle ray diffraction results JM quartz weak pattern Dust from Comet Lining + from Inlite Lining of - iron magnetite me ; : =a cee The trace of chrysotile detec bytread y diffractii n o thne Comet lining dust could possibly amount to as much as 5 per cent of the total This would indicate that in addition to the occasional fibers seen microscopically there may be some Notebook No. 2910 p 52 2864 p 88 ~ tes. . = Ame * File 456 PRODUCED eo iy .. | oom. ; . . ; MANVILLE RESEARCH _ AND ENGINEERING CENTER : ) Repon 456 Summary Page 2 finely divided and possibly coated fibrils not recognized under the light microscope Failure of ray diffraction to detect any chrysotile in the Chevrolet lining dust sets the chrysotile content of this sample as well below 5 per cent The Pontiac lining sample was not examined by ray diffraction but the incidence of microscopically recognizable chrysotile in this sample is of the same order as in the Comet sample Contents Summary only Approved Pundrade Pundrade Reported Bailey republication F. L. Pundsack D. Bailey republication republication ray Diffraction by P. P. or distribution . distribution ch distribution ce K. W. Smith GH . C. F. Rassweiler general A. C. Smith 3 general W. C. Streib for H. G. Koch . J. P. CONFIDENTIAL Library 2 CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL JM PRODUCED Mati hy, tine neta wn CO AOEOME OM OB ment oh mein FS Ate aS Se sew earn R& esarch BRAKES Devlopment Cini & Departmen LIGIER CR & BUST D) (466 MANVILLE RESEARCH ENGINEERING CENTER Tite' STUDY OF WEAR DUST FROM BRAKE LINING ; Project 2550 Report No. 456-2506 Date 19 1966 December SUMMARY . Brake lining wear dust was collected on a membrane filter mounted in a box which surrounded a brake run on an inertia dynamometer In addition to thisairborne fraction the dust that settled to the floor of the box and that which remained within the brake was also collected A total of 6-1 grams of dust was collected from 2150 stops during a total time of about 110 hours The airborne portion was 2.7 grams _ Most of the stops were made from 35 miles per hour at 10 secdeceleration interspersed with stops fro5m0 mph about 10 per cent The airborne dust was examined by light microscope electron microscope _ . , rays and other means Asbestos fiber could be detected only by the electron microscope which gave a maximum of dust although the lining contains ; . } 1.4 per cent fiber by weight in 70 per cent chrysotile fiber the wear This result is accounted for by the high surface temperature and severe abrasion during even the mild braking of these tests when the average temperature did not exceed 200 Calculations show that the surface temperature at the true area of contact 1 cent of the apparent area can reach 2000 or more It is _ concluded that most of the fiber is converted to an amorphous mineral by intense grinding heat and fine It is recommended that samples of the particulate matter in the atmosphere be collected at suitable distances from highways and the sample examined in the el^ctronmicroscope for asbestos Contents Summary , Introduction culations Appendix II Tables 1 Appendix IVReferences i Experimental Method and 2 Appendix III Results Appendix I Figure1s-4 and cal- \ ] -- ae 1 CC F. J. SoloGnH K. W. Smith MD -GH , Se an | . oO im Ty Reported by David Sinclair Basic Physics Section A. C. Smith S F. L. Pundsack Att S. J. Dec Speil H. G. Koch W. C. Streib H. W. Gilbert H. F. Remde D. Sinclair Library 2 a Notebook 723 p 141 a | File 456 MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Nos _ INTRODUCTION Report Page 1 1 456-2506 Laboratory measurements were made to determine what type of particulate matter and gases are given off when a brake lining is worn during operation The wear of the usuall cay st iron is necessarily included Of special interest is the airborne dust expelled into the atmosphere from the moving brake Previously some observations been made at Manville Research on dust removebdy hand from a laboratory brake 1 but this our knowledge that any observations have been made on the and Engineering Center is the first time to airborne fraction A search of the literature revealed no measurements on brake lining wear dust although the rate of wear is sometimes given Recently numerous articles . have appeared calling attention to the widespread use of asbestos in materials such as brake linings floor tile roofing asbestos products etc. It is usually assumed that as these materials wear much of the asbestos fiber is dispersed into the atmosphere thereby contributing to air pollution and creating : a health hazard This is understandable since the asbestos content of these materials is and asbestos often high is commonly 70 per cent in the brake linings used in these 4 considered to be indestructible However we tests know of no measurements made to test this assumption or to observe the amount of asbestos in urban atmospheres ee te The present tests show that during the wear of brake linings very little asbestos fiber is dispersed into the atmosphere Examination of the airborne dust by Mer con- light microscope electron microscope and ray diffraction showed very little wee of the original chrysotile fiber Nearly all the fiber appears to have been con- getibe verted to an amorphous mineral by the severe abrasion and intense heat generated pee during brake operation A point made on eight electron micrographs gave an Ae upper limit of 1.4 per cent fiber in the airborne dust This is not surprising when calculates the amount of energy dissipated while Vea operating a passenger car raises the temperature of brake It is shown in the surface of contact the appendix that the heat generated between brake lining and drum to about 2400 This high temperature occurs the surface of the lining at the oe regions of actual contact with the drum much less than the apparent area of contact wi The regions of contact are worn away continually shifts to new regions As during rubbing so a result the wear that the actual contact particles of asbestos , etc. are heated to a very high temperature for a very short time Bowden and / resin . Tabor observed many incandescent hot spots during the rubbing of metals on glass EXPERIMENTAL METHOD os ot. A wooden approximatelya 1-1 cube fit around a 1961 Ford brake mounted on the with a Lucite top was constructed to C inertia machine in the Friction Materials Research Section bral The left pilot plant rear side has Figure 1 is a a conical air photograph of the box inlet which carries a mounted on the square Flanders fiber glass on filter the entrance into the box The right front side and tapers of the box to a square opening at the outlet carries two8 x in filter holders for Gelman a 7-1 membrane filters industrial vacuum These holders are connected through flexible cleaner not shown When the vacuum cleaner about 150 cfm of free air was drawn through the Flanders filter over and out through the membrane filters to collect the airborne wear dust hoses to was the run brake The pressure drop across the membrane filters was about cm Hg measured with the mercury manosm howe n t stae ndir ng on the exit side of the filters on the box at The pressure the right connected to a petcock drop across the Flanders filter was about in H2O measured with the water manometer shown on the left connected to a tube through the side of the box te ... ... Py we pri~stk^...liu24 pri~stk^...liku24 pri~stk^...liku24 pri~stk^...liku24 genrus For oa SEST TATALINOVA TALINOVA TALINOVA TALINOVA wr MANVILLE . MANVILLE RESEARCH Report No. 456-2506 _____ ENGINEERING CENTER ae a ad ++ 3 meemrermnnes Page 2 Since the interior of was necessary to seal the box was undera negative pressure of in Il the joints and screw against entrance of dusty Oit ambient air This was done on the outside with DUXSEAL and on the inside with contact adhesive The interioorf the box the box were painted white to show and the parts of the brake up any wear particles that and mounting settled out within The stationary hubs each end of the brake shaft were sealed to the ends of the . box with 16 rubber sheet and rubber cement I oe 4 Figure 2 shows the auxiliary equipment used to measure the relative rate of evolution of year dust during and after braking At the left rear is seen a Sinclair aerosol photometer connected to the side of the box through a petcock In the left a Moreground is a logarithmic amplifier Dusty air drawn continuously from connected to within the box Varian recorder and through the on the right photometer at rae of about 1 cfm by means of a hp Gast pump Since this rate of air removal is about per cent of the total air flow its reduction of the amount of dust collected on the membrane filteriss negligible Figure3 shows the type of record obtained during stops from 35 and 50 miles per hour at 10 12 secdeceleration at intervals of 2-1 minutes Two of the stops were from 50 mph as indicated and the others from 35 mph Usually a more or less regular in pattern occurred which the dust concentration fell to near zero between each of several at stops and then remained an intermediate level for a couple of stops The marks numbered 2 3 and4 are calibration points for the logarithmic amplifier They are obtained by interposing neutral optical filters of known light transmission into the photometer light beam Figure 4 is the resultant calibration curve which shows the approximate logarithmic relationship between chart reading and dust concentration the latter proportional to settered settered light intensity For examplea chart reading of 50 corresponds to a dust concentration about 100 times that for a reading of 5 instantaneous the Dust was collected during stops most of it on two membrane filters The average temperature of the brake lining was kept at 175-2000F and was measured with a thermo- couple set in a hole in lining about 1/16 in below the surface The temperature was kept low in order to simulate average braking by increasing the time between - stops to to 4 minutes when overheating commenced As indicated earlier this tempera- ture is far below the surface temperature see Appendix I ) 4 RESULTS Three fractions of wear dust were collected 1 2 3. Airborne $ dust collected on membrane filters 2.71 gm Dust removed from within brake after completion of test x Dust collected from within box after completion of test 3.54 gm 0.214 gm fractions These samples were all include some cast iron worn from the drum analyzed for ignition loss by light and electron about 1 gm total microscope ray The spectrometer emission spectrograph infra spectrograph size analyzer In addition air samples were withdrawn from and the Coulter particle box during braking and _. analyzed by the Gollob Analytical Service Table 1 shows the results obtained MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER ; et Report | Page3 456-2506 Table2 shows the composi oftli ino inn gs used is about 70 per cent chrysotile fiber after the It is water seen that and other the finished lining volatiles are driven off total The weight of sample collected 6.46 gm is much less than the measured weight loss of the brake shoes and drum primary 4.0 1 gm the However accuracy of these weights is questionable secondary 7.0 1 and because of the heaviness 2 1 of gm the shoes and the drum We feel certain that negligible loss of dust occurred during the tests so that we cannot account for the discrepancy . \ a berin ee FR FOE emer pat SOP uae Bete Ul He KYLT TUJAN tw TATE MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER an Report No. Page 456-2506 APPENDIX I Calculation of surface temperature of lining ne \ . These tests simulate a front wheel brake of a 1961 Ford designed to decelerate 30.5 per cent of the car mass or 1270 pounds At a velocity of 50 mph = 73.5 sec the kinetic energy of this mass is 106,000 lb or 136 Btu At a deceleration of 10 secthis heat is generated a stop of 7.35 seconds duration During the first second the average rate of heat generation is 34.6 Btu per second 52.5 = 8.72 x 103 sec This heat is generated over a total lining area of 52.5 21,,x2-1 rubbing against cast iron sq in Bowden and Tabor gigveive a method which allows a calculation of the true area of contact experiments on metals showed that the actual area of contact is directly pro- portional to the load As the load was increased the points of contact flowed plastically until the area of contact was sufficient to support the load In the The Gruposadk case of less ductile materials such as brake linings the pointosf contact would be crushed until the bearing area was large enough so that the crushing strength Gruposadak was no longer exceeded Gruposadk ; } Gruposadk . For metals Bowden and Tabor found that the yield pressure is three times the tensile dosifthadur strength We make the same assumption for brake linings Manville Research re- port 156 received from A. J. Taylor gives a tensile strength of 1590 psi for a dosifthaidura lining similar to that used in these tests The yield pressure is then = Pm 4770 psi = 6.87 x 105 sq ft genrdi According to the definition of the yield pressure Pm = a where L is the load and for a is the real area of contact The load on the lining may be calculated by equating torques the ut > - about the axle of the simulated car KALVIST The torque on the tires is TATIZOLINO mdR = 1270 x 10 x 32.2 TATIZOLINO declerated 30.5 Here m mass = per cent of total mass of car = 1270 mass ' TAIZOLINO d = deceleration = 10 sec= 32.2 , iz oe TAIS R = rolling radius = 1.09 ft The torque on the brake lining is ? Mor == 0.4 x L x 0.463 Here ...= coefficient of friction = 0.4 L= load r == drum radius= 0.463 ft - Equating these two torques gives the load L = 2320 force roughness The roughness of even the smoothest brake lining microinch average is about 2500 times molecular dimensions 4 MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report 456-2506 _ Page 3 \ aa The real area of contact is given by the ratio of the load to the yield pressure = Pm = 2320/4770 = 0.487 sq in , Since the apparent area of contact A = 52.3 0.93 per cent The per cent real contact is . the applied pressureto the yield pressure sq in the per cent real contact is alternatively given by the ratio of The equation used to calculate the temperature is given by Carslaw and Jaeger 10 The maximum temperature of a strip the lining sliding over a infinite medium the drum is given by 2 21 max 77V Ked Holika q = 2.78 x 10 cal cm = rate of heat generatipoenr sq cm of real contact area Holika Fo . 1 26.8 cm = 1/2 length of lining of K = 0.111 cm.sec = thermal conductivity of drum disnmodisinimnon 4c = 0.1189 cal = specific heat of drum disnmo cm3 general = 7.5 = density of drum genralfor = 888 sec = average rubbing velocitoyf lining over drum during first second kut 1 T. 50 These values give = 2440 max LAVIA at 10 secdecleration near the beginning of a stop from miles per hour A ZIN For a stop from 35 mph the maximum temperature would be about 2000 ^R LUNG t } JM The , equation is derived for a moving heat source Since the conductivity of the lining 84th is that of the drum the lining may be treated as a heat source 5 Speigh Speigh microns microns Gj Within brake 3.54 m 19.5 19.5 no fiber Classy lor brown agglomerates analysis 4 . incomlete idel ; an i r Within Within Within Within box 31.05 31.05 31.05 fiber Do fiber classy for Canalarais Canalarais incomplete incomplet incomplete incomplete nat wee 0.214 2 brown 3 agglomerates * contaminated ; y Mobserver - S. Wegrzyn D. Dailey D. Bailey Bailey : a aS 2 Pisses _ This very small fraction was contaminated with caint uil-4 per cent by weight weight Dilute suspension in water beaten in Waring blender for Colle Analytical Analytical Service .I.M.CONFIDENTIAL .I.M.CONFIDENTIAL .I.M.CONFIDENTIAL Not for general distribution , or republication TABLE 2. ; APPENDIX II Report 156-2506 Page 7 BRAKE LINING COMPOSITION \' 3 * ( f . Primary Secondary _ shoe shoe PC 3504 PC 3442 SC solvent ' Polyrez 2231 cashew resin 3M Company NC 320 cashew resin Water ; Iloxa Carbon Black Coal Whiting Iron Oxide Red Hycar 1411 Mapico Barytes Luminite Cement JM06 Fiber -_ 2.06 4.12 4.74 7.62 3.09 - 0.62 -- 5.16 . 3.51 -- 1.03 . 0.82 2.78 10.52 63.93 100.00 1.5 5.0 5.2 8.4 2.5 0.6 0.8 11.0 3.5 0.5 1.0 - - - 60.0 100.00 100.00 } F t t 11/4/66 11/4/66 MANVILLE RESEARCH ^ NDENGINEERING CENTER Report No. 456-2506 Page 8 i| APPENDIX III : , : republicaton or distrbuion genral for Not CONFIDETAL ~~? M. Figure 2 M. RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER: 60 70 Report No. 456-2506 Page Figure 3 wouvngdas so vormnguis'? an APPENDIX a posaus oe Saeed s0f I 3ON Fcenadbpeiqsyats HTD: pbOem JWILNACO PTL oa pe Wf pe pecs aoe gp. ( 1 198, 4 o.. a 7. AM. CoUk tT bh PVT AGL. Mot Peo Benet al distribubion or yn +4reais Sain} on iy MET ft t ( pape ia . t _CALIBI 1 Io NC 1.00 k tl 5) U.10 U.10 U.10 L ALK- 3 HDL t 4 6 1.00 OMEiy Cc Ba R ee en Report I, hee, wba ambit ws !! can Ttpoe ' en votfet - 10.0 t. bat 7 i . -l - 10.0 Z iNbe Sol : fe 10.0 Mend qe bees ' trepobl w~tf pe :? - fo trepobl: trepobl z oa vv ae 4AQTSUwipe ime he ergy ta BP aTtqye: tH Chart Oy Poel iret gO 100 MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report 56-2506 Page APPENDIX IV References a 1. Research report 456 January 20 1964 Petrographic and ray Diffraction . Analyses of Brake Lining Wear Dusts D. Bailey J. P. McGourty Mechanical Design Hill 1964 and Systems Handbook Chap 28 p 43 D. Sinclair McGraw- 3 The Fundamentals of Asbestos Friction Materials R. T. Halstead Paper Trade J. 118 p 30-33 March 2 1944 Effects of Biological Asbestos December 31 1965 p 196 J. G. Thomson N.Y. Academy of Sciences Chem Week September 10 1966 . The Friction and Lubrication of . Clarendon Press 1950 : Report 607 December 8 Light and Electron Microscopy Solids Vol 1 F. P. Bowden and 1966 Brake Lining Wear Dust - D. Bailey D. Tabor Oxford Evaluation by \ Memorandum report No. JM December 9 1966 Memorandum report No. 124 October 21 1966 10. Conductioonf Heat in Solids 2nd Ed p 269 H.S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger Oxford Clarendon Press 1959 ' H tae te | MARVILLE JOHNS oo JOHNS JOHNS MARVILLE RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH 6/17| 6/17 a i * ww 456 Report No. - MID ENGINEERING CENTER } Date June 13 1968 _ Title WEAR PRODUCTS FROM BRAKE LINING - Nature of the Material Requested by G. Koch 381 a . . a . i . SUMMARY . t a Airborne brake lining wear dust was collected on a Gelman filter membrane mounted in . an air tight enclosure box The enclosure contained a brake assembly which was connected to inertia dynamometer Wear dust was collected at three different temperatures phases The average temperature of Phase I was 175F Phase II 330F and Phase III 550F simulating various traffic conditions In addition wear dust was collected from the brake assembly and the inner surfaces of the sealed box In Phase I a series of sets of stops were made The airborne dust was collected at the end of each set of stops Only one set of stops was made in Phases II and III was A material balance study ~ made between the weight loss of the brake shoes and drum and the amount of dust collected from the three sources The airborne portion was approximately 48 per cent of total dust collected from a total of 2926 stops This value is high because all dust samples were contaminated with iron and to a lesser degree with stencil ink used to spray the inner walls of the box The source of the iron is from the brake drum and from areas on the brake backing plate where appreciable metal wear was noted Analyses show that most of the contamination occurred during Phase I. The actual amount of dust collected was about 30 per cent higher than the weight loss of the brake shoes and drum because of the metal wear of the backing plate which is not weighed The amounotf dust collected from Phases II and III was i hout 45 per ceon f tt he weight loss of the brake shoes and drum This difference is partially attributed to the loss of water of crystallization of chrysotile and volatilization of organic material Chrysotile fiber was detected only by the electron microscope technique The maximum _ concentration of fiber the airborne dust was found in Phase III to be 0.55 per cent , On the drum and in the box composite the maximum fiber content was 0.65 per cent Phase I Due to the severe abrasion and heat generated in the braking operation the bulk of the fiber 70 per cent of the lining was converted to an amorphous silicate The amorphous silicate formed appreciable amounts of forsteirniPhtasee III indicating hat surface braking temp^'ratures reached at least 600C The only organic constituent actually identified in the wear dust was cashew resin Additional smaller components were detected but not identified A phthalate plasticizer a contaminant stencil ink was present in all samples examined x No. Notebook . 3656 pp 27-31 3613 pp 80-81 3605 p 99 3612 125 3664. n 24 : SFi-le 456 211 JOHNS MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER * Report No. 456-1-94 Page S2 This study is a continuation and expansion of the work begun by Dr. Sinclair " 456N- o. 2 455 6-0 256 06 .* a ~ For details see Results of Analysis of this report and Memorandum M456-386 See 1 Contents | Summary Analysis Materials Submitted and Methods of Analysis Results of , and Appendix I f Photomicrographs W. Wegrzyn Reported by ian : S. W. WegrzyWegrzyn n Analytical ChemistrCyhemistry Section PAnalyticalic Hounty a Ray Work by Work Hounty J. P. Hounty L Analytical Chemistry Section Spectrographic Work by a\ lh xt teh J. Sutherland Analytical Analytical Chemistry Section Microscopic Work by .. .. Gothen Research D. A. Bailey Basic Chemistry Research Section dl 1 Chromatographic Work by t S^...nth HN H. N. Smith Analytical Chemistry Section va cc H. M. Jackson - DH : K. V. Lindell - Asb DH . . oo ay ; - . F. L. Pundsack 2 - S. Speil J. Dec E. M. Fenner H. G. Koch H. F. Remde C. N. Thompson S. W. Wegrzyn . Library 2 MANVILLE RESEARCH - AND ENGINEERING CENTER V 2 Report No. 456 1 Page Py s a MATERIALS SUBMITTED AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS Materials Submitted Laboratory Index No. A97-44-1 A97-44-2 Description Airborne dust Sample 2 Phase I Airborne dust Sample 6 Phase I A97-44-3 A97-44-4 A97-44-4 A97-4-4 A97-44-5 A97-44-5 A97-44-6 A97-44-6 A97-44-6 Composite dust from drum and box Airborne dust Sample 1 Phase II PhaseI Composite dust from drum and box Phase II Airborne dust Sample 1 Phase III 497-44-7 497-44-7 . : Only the above samples Methods of Analysis were analyzed t Composite dust drum and box and the drum and box samples Phase III were composited The amount of airborne after collection All dust determined by weighing filter membrane other dust samples were collected by vacuum and The samples were submitted for the following analyses or examination ray infrared microscopic and gas chromatographic before and weighed x spectrographic The amount of been used for chrysotile fiber was determined determining the amount of fiber by the point count in water samples method that has : Materia Balance RESULTS OF ANALYSIS t Only in Phase I were work The remaining follows sets of dust collected at various phases had only one set of stops stops to duplicate previous The data for Phase I is as Run No. | Net Stops Grams of Airborne Dust Collected 1 2 3 4 56 56 | . . - Total oil leak 136 167 139 439 1259 2146 Weight of dust from brake Weight of dust in box coldluse t c coltlee ctd ed in assembly Phase I -- 0.2520 0.3330 0.2460 1.5036 3.6067 5.9413 6.3930 2.9630 15.2973 grams - JOHNS MA VILLERESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER _ ReRepoprt ort No. No. 4 45 56 6 Page 2 * The following table contains data from the three phases ; ) , Temperature - 4 Number of stops . Total dust collected gms ) Airborne dust collected gms "4 5 - Pericent airborne dust collected Phase I 175F 2146 15.2973 5.9413 38.8 Loss Loss Loss in weight of primary shoe gms in weight of secondary shoe gms in weiogf h drt um shoe gms | 2.805 8.390 0.605 Total loss in weight of brake assembly 11.800 Phase II \ 330F - 720 1.7256 1.3561 078.6 0.855 2.210 0.880 3.945 Phase III 550F 60 8.7435 5.1218 58.6 5.420 12.370 0.976 18.766 total dust collected weight loss of assembly ^' X 100 129.6 43.7 46.6 Tot_ als ! . Airborne dust -- . All dust . Per cent airborne dust Loss in weight brake | assembly . 12.4192 . 25.7664 0 48.2 | 34.511 total dust collected 100 weight loss of assembly 74.6 . ) " ; cbvious It is that Phase I is heavily contaminated About 30 per cent more total dust was collected than the weight loss of the brake shoe and drum The total dust collected in Phase II and III is 43.7 and 46.6 per cent respectively of the weight loss of the brake shoes and drum The reason for the lower values is in part due to the dehydration of the chrysotile and decomposition of organic components in the lining Details of the contamination are found further in this report It is interesting to note that the secondary shoe wears from 2 to 3 times faster than the primary shoe Discounting contamination the amount of airborne dust collected per stop is 2.8 2.4 and 85.3 milligrams per stop respectively for Phases I II and III The rate of accumulation of airborne dust is about 30 times greataet 550F than for either of the lower temperatures 1 - MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER - No: ' No. Report Page 456 3 Spectrographic Analysis per cent in dry basis Sample No. j ; | Ignition loss at 800F MgC approx ) 102 approx ) Lo 2 30.8 Phase I Phase II 6 Composite 1 Composite | | 11.4 20.2 19.0 15.7 17 9 16 24 21 17 9 14 24 21 Phase III 1 Compositex 16.9 15.8 20 25 21 25 F-- 23approx by diff 7 A1203 ' 25 67 0.70 | 0.40 46 0.40 31 0.60 36 0.63 39 0.67 28 0.76 B203 BaO = CaO oe Cr 03 0 | Do, -- --<-- oo Cuo SO Mn203 | M003 . foo 0.24 - - 0.22 0.24 10 0.90 | 1.1 2.8 0.44 | 0.40 1.7 | 0.31 : 0.40 0.03 | 0.07 0.30 0.12| 0.35 as 0.02 0.24 0.4 - | 0.32 1.6 0.16 | 0.12 0.02 0.19 0.15 0.30 1.7 0.42 0.30 0.06 0.20 S fo 1 | - 0.29 0.30 1.7 | 2.5 0.21 0.42 | 0.40 0.42 0.016 0.06 0.23 0.25 - - - Nio : _ T102 a V205 J 0.10 | 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.17 0.21 0.22 - 3.8 | 0.70 1.2 0.08 1.7 0.08 1.7 | 0.001 0.0014 0.0013 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 on | Loss drying at 1050 ' 2.7 | f 2.0 | 2.1 0.7 0.6 - The composites are dust samples from the brake assembly and the box 0.4 Nil Analysis of Drum Filings in per cent as received Iron Cr Cu Mg Mn Mo - major = 0.058 - 0.17 - 0.0013 - 0.33 0.028 Ni - 0.10 7 Si 2.5 ; Ti - 0.026 013 oat : MANVILLE RESEARCH Report Report No. No. 4 45 56 6 sd ! ! AND ENGINEERING feb teerensoeaprinapeelinrsery 4 \ / | 1 Page Spectrographic analysis shows that cach dust sample collected is contaminated with an appreciable amount of iron particularly Sample 6 and composite of Phase I. The iron content of the brake linings is at most several per cent by inspection of the formulation It is estimated that there is roughly a 25-35 per cent iron pickup from the drum and from the area of the brake backing plate The iron pickup is abnormally high in Sample 6 and the composite of Phase I. The minor constituents found on the dust samples confirm the iron pickup based on analysis of the drum v. filings . : 4 t of The chief source of the chromium lead and titanium contamination is from the stencil inks used to spray the inner walls of the box ray analysis shows that PbC--o--and TiO2 are components the stencil ink The ratio of S102 in each of the ratio for chrysotile The amount of most cases based on increase of the dust samples is essentially the same as the S102 and the MgO is reduced proportionally in Fe203 content from brake drum contamination Ray: j The following ray powder diffractometer diagrams were obtained and identified Sample Identification Phase I Sample 2 Phase I Sample 6 . lead chromate PbCr04 halos ' Phase I composite halos . Phase II Sample 1 . halos Phase II composite halos Phase III Sample Ly forsterite 3 MgO.Si02 magnetite Fe203 Phase III composite - . chrysotile - possible trace - | forsterite Stencil ink white j Stencil ink yellow ( T102 major talc minor . lead chromite PbCr04 The broad Kalos on diagrams of the four samples indicate a considerable amount of Tinely divided or amorphous material by TiO2 and PbCro are contaminants from stencil inks as confirmed by spectrographic analysis This is shown the high level of lead chromium and titanium Infrared The following following infrared spectra were obtained Chart No. , Sample Identification 2581 Phase I Sample 2 2532 OF a ; 2583 . Phase I Sample 6 ' Phase I composite , amorphous silica or silicate and trace of organics amorphous silica or silicate and trace of organics " amorphous silica or silicate and trace of organics MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report No. 456 Page 1 5 Infrared cont'd . Chart No Sample 2584 ', . 2585 ot | a 2586 Phase II Sample 1 " , Phase II composite Phase III Sample 1 0-2587 Phase III composite 2642 * 2643 - 26426444 oo stencil ink white stencil ink yellow alcohol alcohol solubles of Phase I Sample 3 \ ' Identification amorphous silica or silicate and trace of organics oe amorphous silica or silicate and trace of organics . forsterite and trace of organics forsterite and trace of organics acrylic resin and T102 acrylic resin and a phthalate phthalate phthalate plasticizer 2645 oo alcohol solubles of Phase I Sample 6 phthalate plasticizer 2646 alcohol solubles of phthalate plasticizer . - Phase I Sample , 2647 : | | 2648 ~ 2649 . alcohol solubles of Phase II Sample 1 | MEK solubles of Phase I composite MEK soluble of Phase III composite phthalate plasticizer phthalate plasticizer > phthalate plasticizer The infrared spectra show that in the first two phases amorphous silica or silicate and small amounts of organic material were detected in the dust samples In Phase III 550F forsterite was formebdy the dehydration of the chrysotile and subsequent transformation to forsterite due to heat The presence of forsterite indicates that the temperature of the brake systeimn Phase III was at least 6000 to In addition contamination of the dust samplessamples by inorganic components a inks organic component phthalate plasticizer of the ink was also most of the dust samples Acrylic resin was not detected of the stencil detected in \ MANVILLE RESEARCH Report No. 456 CENTER AND ENGINEENHIG et a | r a Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography PGC Page | 6 fragments All samples were pyrolyzed under identical conditions and the were analyzed ... _ by gas chromatography The chromatograms of the submitted samples were compared with the primary and secondary brake linings brake identical The original linings showed chromatograms The only organic constituent in the pyrograms was cashew resin Samples 2 and showed no evidence of cashew resin The composite of Phase I showed identifiable 6 of Phase I the cashew resin plus a number of other smaller fragments probably aryl components In Phase II both samples showed the large cashew fragment the composite contained more than Sample 1. In addition the composite showed a significant amount of one other fragment of much lower molecular weight not common to Phase I. Both samples of Phase III showed almost identical chromatograms consisting mainly of the large cashew fragment Light Microscopy : } The major constituaenmtorphous smoky to be essentially of all samples is a brown to opaque material which appears They occur in flakes and masses ranging in size from less than one micron to over 200 microns A trace of carbonate was noted in cach sample A trace of quartz was found in Phase I Sample 1 and composite Phase II composite showed trace of glass fiber Electron Microscopy Electron micrographs at total magnification of 30,000 X are attached to this report The samples were prepared by a rubbing out technique to break up loose agglomerates The micrographs show aggregates made up of very fine material and traces of chrysotile fiber See Figures 1 through 7 a few solid particles The per cent of chrysotile fiber was determined by a modified point - used for cetermining amounts of fiber in water samples The counts plates were made by the Packings and Friction Material Department 7 ! The results are as follows counting from the method electron Sample . Per Cent Chrysotile PhasIe Sample 2 Phase I Sample 6 ' Phase I composite Phase II Sample 1 Phase II composite Phase III Sample 1 Phase III composite 0.531 0.065 0.65 0.087 0.255 0.551 0.390 COPY FORM INITIALS 8/15 4-1162 4-1162 SEGMENT NO NOTES 15 REQUESTING PARTY Castle brable test 1966-67 Research and Engineering Center December 13 1966 A. C. Smith Asbestos environmental Problems Status Report November 1966 1. Packings and Friction Materials Division Study of wear products from friction materials J. Dec During the period October I through November 30 1966 the wear dust collected collected ' from the special dynamometer enclosure was analyzed in detail The results were unexpected in that asbestos fiber could be detected only by the electron microscope which indicated a maximum of 1.4 per cent by weight fibrous debris This is in contrast to about 70 per cent by weight chrysotile fiber in the original friction material David Sinclair has accounted for the difference in fiber content by suggest- ! ing that high surface temperatures and severe abrasion convert the asbestos fiber into an amorphous mineral He further demonstrates mathematically that the very high temperatures 2000F required to break down fiber to this extent could be generated at the contact surface of a friction material even ; during mild braking in which the apparent temperature does not exceed 200F t : This derives from the fact that the true area of contact in the friction couplies about one per cent of the apparent area From this work it would appear that the fear of large quantities of asbestos fiber being introduced into the atmosphere as part of the wear dust of friction materials is unfounded However the tests to determine the bio- logical effects of such dust regardless of its fiber content are not complete| and we are therefore not in a position to draw final conclusions complete 2. Pipe Division A. An inexpensive inner coating for TRANSITE pipe J. H. Swensen A development program Project 22 is under way to develop an Improved Soft Water Coating for Potable Water Pipe The present coating based on asphalt has become more and more unacceptable due to taste and odor problems Efforts are being directed toward a clear coating which will not affect water quality Polyterpenetype coatings have looked promising although their UV resistance now appears to be less than satisfactory A coating developed within this program will have to be inexpensive and may fill the needs for a general TRANSITE pipe coating It is hoped that the improved soft water coating can be commercialized in the first quarter of 1967 B. Effect of water flow through TRANSITE pipe A layout of a system for studying the effects of flow and water composition on TRANSITE pipe has been prepared and an assignment has been placed on the Engineering Department Probably this system will not be operational until the second quarter of 1967 PRODUCED  A. C. Smith -2- December 13 1966 3. Fiber Glass Insulations Residue from flow of air through fiber glass ducts etc. J. Hannes Initial tests run by the Kettering Institute with Corning Fiberglas duct indicated no measurable release of fiber into the air stream Much more extensive tests are under way now in the C laboratories under the supervision of the Kettering Institute Manville duct liners and duct board are part of these tests which will include a variety of air flow conditions Complete data will not be available until about March , 1967 Building Products Division A. Degradation products of asbestos felt built roofs J. Q. Trice The Instrument Development Company of Reston Virginia a division of Resources Research Inc. is preparing a preliminary engineering drawing and specifications for equipment which they propose for the actual weathering and collection of materials Briefly the environmental chamber will consist of four components a the mechanical chamber b the radiation system c the air handling system and | d the liquid handling system Detailed information will be available from the Instrument Development Company by December 15 We now believe that the actual samples weathering will have to be prepared outside the environmental chamber because of the high concentration of material thrown from the hot asphalt and from working with the roofing felts After the samples have been prepared one will be exposed in the environmental chamber and a second exposed on the roof of the Research laboratory so that at least visual observations can be made comparing the performance of the two samples Materials produced or released during the weathering process will into three categories fall a particulate - which will be collected on membrane filters b soluble - which will be picked up by the wash water which must also be put through a membrane filter in order to collect solids which are removed by washing c vaporized materials materials - which will be collected at the low temperature traps in the air circulating system B. Degradation products of asbestos materials A program for sampling and testing materials has been drawn up The test program will include an examination of exposed material which has been in service for many years as well as laboratory exposure of products In the case of exposed products since shingles are partially exposed and partially covered in use it is possible for us to obtain good reference samples and analyze the changes that have occurred to the exposed surface exposed A preliminary examination of some vertically normal cured after long exposure shows the following products 44.8 St gy! A. C. Smith December 13 1966 Source of Samples JM office building Manville New Jersey JM plant Nashua New Hampshire JM plant Nashua New Hampshire JM plant Nashua New Hampshire Products Dry process shingles Dry process shingles Flat TRANSITE Corrugated TRANSITE Exposure Period 1918-1964 1926-1961926-61966 1921-1966 1924-1966 Thickness decrease during exposure inches 0.003 to 0.020 0.001 0.006 0.012 The small amount of weathering exhibited by these products points up the need for very precise measurements in this test program 5. Flooring Division Wear products from flooring materials J. Q. Trice Experimental work has not yet been started in this program 6. General Company Research Organic material in asbestos fibers F. L. Pundsack Cape S Blue packed in paper bags and in jute bags was obtained from the Manville Pipe Plant and the organic content extracted The blue fiber packed in jute bags contained up to sixty 60 times as much organic material as did the fiber packed in paper bags Jeffrey chrysotile packed in paper bags and in jute bags is being analyzeidn the same way and data will be available soon We are working with a company named Analtech to develop methods of ing all the trace organic substances present in asbestos identify- identify- It may be of interest to note that in 1965 in the United States approxim- approxim- ately five 5 times as much pyrene was released in the form of cigarette smoke as was contained in all the asbestos used in this country for all purposes in the same year Incidentally more than half the pyrene associated with asbestos was contained in the approximately 40,000 tons of imported blue fiber F. L. Pundsack CC F. J. Solon - GHQ K. W. Smith -GHQ A. Research & Engineering Center January 25 1967 ASBESTOS - ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS STATUS REPORT - JANUARY 24 1967 1 PACKINGS AND FRICTION MATERIALS DIVISION A. Study of Wear Products from Friction Materials Dec As indicated in the report dated 12/13 only 1.4 of the wear dust collected was asbestos fiber No information has yet been received regarding the dust samples submitted by Dr. K. W. Smith for biological testing No additional information sampling of wear dust is planned until on biological effects is obtained PIPE DIVISION A. An Inexpensive Inner Coating for TRANSITE Pipe Swensen A polystyrene coating has been formulated which has shown more than the required resistance to violet and which meets the AWWA requirements for water coating Long- term adhesion has been satisfactory to date two months will exposure A Commercial Recommendation or about February 15 be issued on B. Effect of Water Flow through TRANSITE Pipe Swensen Plant Engineering has estimated the costs of constructing a system to study the effects of flow and water composition on TRANSITE pipe to be approximately 280,000 In view of the high estimated cost the proposed program and system are being revised Po FIBER GLASS INSULATIONS A. Residue from Flow of Air through Fiber Glass Ducts etc. Hannes As mentioned in the December 13 report the extensive test program is continuing Data will be available about March 1 BUILDING PRODUCTS DIVISION A. Degradation Products of Asbestos Felt Built Roofs Trice Based on specifications and quotation from Instrument Development Co. Reston Virginia an appropriation request in the amount of 25,000 will be submitted by January 27 for an environmental chamber This appropriation will be accompanied by a detailed program and an estimated total : PRODUCED PRODUCED PROPD RODUCED UPRODUCC ED E PRODD UCED JI 23 JI - 23 A. C. Smith . | -2- _ January 25 1967 cost Delivery of the chamber is promised for 16 weeks after receipt of order B. Degradation Productosf Asbestos Materials Trice Samples of Steam Cured TRANSITE COLORLITH showed a decrease in thickness of less than 0.003 after at least 12 years vertical exposure on the REC test decks Normal Cured products showed a decrease in thickness of 0.001 - The program of finding and examining been expanded to include wet and dry normal and steam cured samples . exposed process samples as well has as 5 FLOORING DIVISION A. Wear Products from Flooring Materials Trice A program is being prepared to utilize a modification of the type of environmental chamber being recommended for the asbestos program Item 4A above . 6 CORPORATE RESEARCH A. Organic Material in Asbestos Fibers Speil Research Memorandum M411-489 12/29/66 presented a review of the literature concerning the occurrence and properties of benzopyrene in the atmosphere from smoking exhaust fumes overheated tar and asphalt the general burning of rubbish coffee roasting etc. The outer layer of a well done charcoal steak was found to contain a substantial quantity of benzopyrene Samples of asbestos have been sent to Case Institute Technology and Mount Sinai Hospital for experimental they are conducting on their own of work Work has continued with Analteck Inc. on improving methods of identifying trace organic substances present in asbestos Most recent information shows Jeffrey fiber from a paper bag to contain 19-31 mg organic material gm of fiber whereas samples from a jute bag showed 4 mg at the center and 16 mg adjacent to the surface of the bag -- the reverse of information obtained with Blue fiber Additional tests are in progress We cooperated with the Veterans Administration Hospital Hines Illinois who are studying the relationship between asbestosis and mesothelioma where their work with mice showed treated asbestos gave a more toxic reaction than unheated asbestos . : PRODUCED PRODUCED JM - 83 + A. C. Smith | -3- January 25 1967 Hamster lung tissue samples submitted by the Health Service Institute Fairleigh Dickinson University examined by electron microscopy showed the presence of . both amosite and chrysotile asbestos oe etr cc F. F. B. Burnett GHQ J. Solon GHQ W. Smith GHQ L. Pundsack mm mm W. M. MacAlpine PPRRODOUCDEDUCEPRDODUCED COPY FORM BOX NUMBER INITIALS REQUESTING PARTY DATE tit = To : 00053 Tik BRAKELINING WEAR DUST - Evaluationby 00053 ms 00053 Requested by D. Binclair Binclair Reason for Request F : still proportionof thedust may day determine what : , Description Sample * of ' borne sample of brake lining wear dust collected on laan Sample recovered by removal of Gelman filter by | on cold of * laan SO | |, Methods mater3ialA examined microscopically brighftield in and vas _) The of the sample was rubbed out 1825 of : contrast.A portion outlined in Research report electron grids as The out technique were then shadow fractures solid material It does to a certain fibrils fiber but does not split individual placed on .Two sbhoardnoewbcomrparison shadow borne patern t, oEitgahlt meelectronalgencitfroincamtiicornogorfap3h0s,0o0f0XthEeMS 479 A to B of rubbed material that had not been shadow that had not been rubbed out were taken for material of a small fiber the rubbed o. diffraction pattern Two electron micrographsof ov report to this Figures 2 1 and vas obtained | Appendix borne grid of a with analysis transparent By means means et : of shadow material , determined ^ point Any elongatedrectangular _) content was exce ding but not exceeding 6002 in di fibers wereweighted to to according werefound opening according acording 5. fibers of . divided b . translucent micron to threemicrons 200-300 year particles occasionally Electron microscopy Most of the material dust occurs as rounded in diameter are also pr~ esent occasionally structure noted in chrysotile chrysotile Notebook 3474 pp 30,34,49,67 30,34,49,67 Lawler Fiber content by count method The measurements were made by J. , of Friction Materials and the work was supervised by D. Bailey The percentage of volume basis 200"to about 600X fibers in a total of 2645 units counted as calculated on a amounts to 1.4 per cent Units counted as fiber ranged from about in diameter and from 600^ to about 1.3 microns in length Electron diffraction An electron diffraction pattern of a single fiber in the borne sample of brake wear dust was obtained This pattern coincides with electron diffraction patterns which were obtained from single chrysotile fibers Discussion 600" The values obtained by the point method as outlined indicate that less than 2 per cent of the borne sample examined occurs as small fibers fibers These fibers are of the order of 200 to in diameter and range from 600^ to 1.3 microns in length Note also that somewhat longer fibers occur in brake wear dust that was not rubbed out For example a fiber 3 microns in length is shown in Figure 1 TED an electron micrograph of brake wear dust that was not rubbed out Fibers of this OF length are of rare occurrence in the samples examined and are usually attached to particulate material as in Figure 1 Samples obtained from the drum and the box were found to be comparable to the airtorne sample in general appearance and fiber content On the basis of an electron diffraction pattern obtained from a fiber in the air- Yeres borne sample of brake wear dust examined and found to coincide with an electron 4Y diffraction pattern obtained from a known chrysotile fiber it is apparent that 1749 some or all of the fibers in this sample of brake wear dust still retain the chrysc- tile structure Thus based on the methods used the amount of chrysotile fiber that can be recognized as such in this sample does not exceed about 1.4 per cent RASTER on a volume basis Kerbs WATE Reported by D. Bailey PMR Basic Chemistry Research Section CC A. C. Smith 2 F. L. Pundsack H. F. Remde S. Speil G. Reinschussel D. Bailey Library 2 J.Dra J.Dra 414179 4 Maurus Maurus 1114/711104/70 CB Burnti --- --- -- 10-18-47 D. D. Barley 12.6-6 AND ENGINEERING CENTER I Eieren Figure 1 Brake Lining in water and Magnification 20,000X Wear Dust Material ashei at 427 suspended dried on formvar substrate Not rubbed out 1 micron Figure 2 Micrograph of Brake Lining WearWear Wear DustDustDust Electron Electron Micrograph and shadow Magnification 30,000x 30,000x ( Rubbed Rubbed Rubbed out