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Lead Fittings For Mass Produced Housing OUSES without plumbing are. it when the enclosing procedure com H is to be hoped, a thing of the menced. past, but residents of Nashville. Tenn. Modern low cost housing demands were recently subjected to the spec smooth assembly line construction tacle of plumbing without houses, techniques if the housing is to remain w hen thev saw long rows of roughed- low cost without sacrificing quality. in plumbing,two stories high.standing The adaptability of lead fittings to like leafless trees. Actually, thev were shop preassembly and their flexibility witnessing an early stage in the con when installed, so that minor dimen struction of the 450-unit Sam Levey sional discrepancies are easily com Housing Project. Efficiency dictated pensated for. give to performance- the construction sequence and flexible proven lead fittings the properties lead bends and lead traps together most desired for mass production pur with lead stubs for lavatory connec poses. Typical examples of lead's use tions were chosen to allow for the in efficiency plus quality, low cost -tructural variations to be expected installations are this Nashville project Preassembled lead fittings were always ready at the Sam Levey Housing pro ject. because they could be prepared in the shop, ram or shine. The rig used in erecting the roughingin iar the \ashitlle housing. The lead bend is almost calked in; the lead drum trap is next. and another recent project in Pueblo, Colo. At the Sam Levev Housing ail of the lead work was prefabricated in the shop on the job site, allowing for steady output in all weather. Then two-man crews went down the line rapidly installing the lead fittings in the construction industry version of the-- automobile assembly line. A special point ai interest on this job is the galvanized box which was built around each drum trap at the line of preassembly to provide easv access after the concrete floor was pourpd. The flexibility of the lead trap easily It Pueblo. Colo., a journeyman plumber *tarts one oj the single all-leutl units ior the Sangre tie Christo Housing Project. 2-- -- L I*<?6028 I accommodates any strain caused by the concrete when hardened. The . L Tuck Plumbing and Heating Co. of Nashville were the contractors. 5- In Pueblo iead fittings were simi larly employed for the Sangre de Christo Federal Housing Project. The standard roughing-in here was a sin gle unit prepared in advance on which were wiped drum trap tor the bath, a vent, wastes for sink and lavatory, and a bend, ail of lead. Taken to the dwelling, the roughing-in was slipped into place w ith any minor adjustments to fit variation a simple matter. Thus one standard unit, foolproof and sure to give long, dependable service was the complete answer for the plumbing on the two hundred and twenty-tour unit project. The all-lead plumbing was i nstalled by the Park Hill Plumb ing and Heating Co. of Pueblo. In the foreground are the completed all-lead plumbing units for the Pueblo project. The smooth bending lead avoids numerous joints and special fittings and compensates for dimensional discrepancies in the construction. Stadia Withstand Sun, Sleet And Feet With Red Lead Protection OOTBALL fans who follow the for Ftunes of the Northwestern Wildcats tinguished, yet each grain was covered with a film of top coat paint at least are probably not too concerned with 9.001 in. thick. Each of the top coats the red lead primer coat was still functioning and no rusting was ob served. Overall it was estimated the the severe test to which the combina was applied at a rate of about 200 sq. condition was_99% perfect. Spot tion of their heavy traffic on Fail ft. per gal. When a survey of the coating of the few rust spots men Saturdays and constant exposure to stadium was made after four years tioned and of the step edges should all kinds of weather subjects the steel the steel structure was found to be in enable the stadium to continue to give bleachers of Dyche Stadium at Evans near perfect condition. In not over a excellent service for at least four more ton. Illinois. The problem was care half dozen places had there been a vears despite the exposure to snow, fully considered, however, when the complete breakdown of the primer rain, excessive ultra-violet light, and Stadium was built in 1948 and the coat. On about 30% of the step edges the tread of spectator feet which is excellent condition of the stadium the top coat had been worn away but its lot. today attests the wise choice made for protecting the steel portions against corrosion. 4 red lead base primer was selected Dyche Stadium of Xorthuestern University at Evanston, Illinois, where a red lead primer coat protects the steel bleachers against the extremes of weather conditions and the tramping feet oj rabid rooters. for the initial coat. Before its appli cation the entire surface of the steel structure was grit blasted. The welds were not smoothed. The red lead primer coat was then applied at a rate of about 300 sq. ft. per gal. After this 1 the structure was given an intermedi ate coat of an alkvd-resin vehicle paint. Before this coat had dried a well graded sand was sprinkled evenly over the surface until the paint film was barely visible. The coat was al lowed to dry thoroughly. Then a top coat of the same alkyd-resin vehicle paint was applied which covered the grains of sand. This left the surface just rough enough so that the contour of each grain of sand could be dis LIA 26029 i f f I Tarm-up bats, like the one Billy Cox of the Brooklyn Dodgers is shown swinging along with his favorite stick, are weighted with sixteen to twenty ounces of lead, poured into a hole drilled in the barrel ot the bat. The surf caster uses a lead sinker to get the distance he wants and hold the bottom. Lead sinkers come in a wide variety ot type' and sizes for every kind of fishing from pier-end to mountain stream. There is also lead-cored fishing line for fly-fishing without a sinker. Duck or deer, pheasant or quail, whatever the huntsn&n's pleasure. lead shot is the ammunition that bring home the game. Till the horse in front still maintain his margin at the finish line? Thin sheets of lead max tell the story. The difference, if any. between the weight of ths jockey plus equipment and the impost. assigned <r race horse is made up by slipping iSif-weights into a pad that fits under the saddle. At right. along~uith the lend weights* are types of pads into which the weights are put. LEAD IN SPORTS The important place of lead in the economy is constantly evident in the batteries of our cars, in the tetraethyl lead in the aasoline that makes the cars go. in plumbing, in red-leaded steel construction. Other uses are less obtrusive, though not less important, like the lead sheathing for telephone cables. There is a field where lead is both unobtrusive and. economically speaking, unimportant. But to the per sonal enjoyment of the baseball fan. or the golfer, or the fisherman, his game, where lead also plavs its part, is far from unimportant. Lead weights attached to the beii oi zhi bOear/tsAerman help him overcome buoyancy and meet the fish on more equal it hostile terms. :e." the pro drills into the rteophue golfer, when he P* him form. Certain clubs, like the driver and brassie. mselves balanced by weighting with lead. The pro here is Jimmy Thomson. \. G. 5y.itd.ng & Bros. The stability of sailing craft, from that oi star class like the boat below, to ocean going vessel like that shown on the cover, is often maintained with a lead filled keel. f. 1. !I I >ome of the shapes in which the phenolic resin marblette is cast, and jrom which max be made screiL'-drner handles, ma-iong pieces, clock cases, bracelets, or what would y o u Likek Marblette, A Phenolic Resin Cast In Lead. Molds 1TERALLA the material of 1,001 the resin is cast in basic shapes in lead manufacturers make the final product. I uses, the east phenolic resin known molds which are remelted and used At Marblette. the steel mandrils, m as marblette might show up on a given over and over again. appropriate shapes for forming the day in the handle of your hairbrush, The Marblette Corporation of Long molds, are made by an outside source. in the trim of your furniture, in the Island City. V \.. the pioneer and The mandrils are made to form a buttons on vour wife's coat or in her leading manufacturer, whose name mold of conveniently handled size costume jewelry, in the handle of the has now become the generic term of that is actually a cluster of identicailv knife vou use to carve the roast beef, this resin, puts a million pounds of shaped molds. The mandril is dipped and. at the end of the dav. in a pair lead a week into the mold-making step into a pot of molten lead. TAhen with of dice or chessmen, depending on for their share of the marblette busi drawn. the lead mold clinging to it is your sport. And these would onlv be ness which is something like 75 per cooled bv dipping it in water, then scratching the surfa"e of the uses of cent. New lead to replace dross loss is knocked from the mandril bv pound this colorful, versatile material, which required bv them to the extent of ing on wooden posts. Until thev are can be freely exploited because of easy 120.000 lb. a year. The company does readv for the casting of the marblette. and economical manufacture. Not the not usually produce finished forms, the molds are kept pre-heated in least factor making for economical but the rods, sheets, tubes, cylinders ovens. This step prevents oxidation production is the initial step, where and special shapes from which other and- also bubbling w hen the liquid <teps in making marblette: To d left, lead molds clinging to steel mandril, are ptiiled from the melting pot. Top nght. liquid marblette in poured into the preheated lead molds. Bottom left, tour to six days in this men at lUi to ibl> F. arc squired to cure the marblette. Bottom right, one of the many shapes is knocked trnm the lead molds by mailer blows. XT resin is poured into the molds. Liquid marhlette is made by cook ing phenol and formaldehyde in the presence of a catalyst, 3nd with de sired coloring added, in steam jacketed vacuum kettles. The liquid is drawn from the kettles in small quantities, mottled it that effect is wanted, and poured into the preheated lead molds. Then the molds are placed ,n ovens where the resin polymerizes or cures for four to six days at tem peratures of 140 to 180 F. Once hardened the marhlette is knocked from the molds by a sharp mallet blow, or, in some cases, a special gun, whicn indents the lead and forces out the rod, tube, sheet or special shape, ready to be-shipped to the manufac^ turer for final finishing. The lead molds then go back into the melting pot, ready to go through the process again. The marhlette shapes come from the lead molds smoothly surfaced and accurately formed. For whatever steps may be necessary before it becomesan end product, marhlette hasmachiip-ing characteristics very- simila^fcBS hard wood, brass and ivory. It is noninflammable and resistant to oils and common acids. But. from a stvie view point. perhaps the most outstanding feature of marhlette is that it may be colored in every shade of the spec trum. and in any of those colors be translucent, opaque, transparent, or mottled. There is good reason for its widely-varied applications. White Lead Paints For Beauty And Durability HITE lead in oil. standard Wchoice of the contractor who and inherent in the surround ing environment. The plasti performed the work, was used for tchiezing action of white lead recent painting of the house in Wilton. soaps prevents cracking and Connecticut, which is here pictured. subsequent scaling of house Depended on by early American paint films. Paint films are builders for the protection of their strengthened physically bv houses, many of which to this day- lead soaps, so that film tough are regularly painted with the same ness and distensibility are in dependable material, white lead, alone creased. And. finally, because or in mixed pigment house paints, of the improved water resist maintains the high place it has held ance ot paints containing -ince paint was first used. white lead pigments the ten For this New England house the dency of the films to emui- painting was done in two coats. The sify. swell, blister and disin ideal tintabiiitv of white lead was tegrate is sharply reduced. taken advantage of in tinting the Besides these, white lead paint used for the shingles with a half provides such good paint pint of lamp black for every hundred properties, both weathering and non oxide in multiple pigment paints, pounds of lead. Straight white was weathering. as controlled oil penetra mildew resistance. used on the trim for a delicate, pleas tion. controlled drying, improved To these reactive properties, then, ing contrast. The painting contractor brushabiiitv. ability to withstand are owed the beauty and durability on the job was Bryon Scott of Wilton. faulty handling and misapplication of white lead painted homes and other The outstanding performance of and. in proper combination with zinc structures. white lead paints is due to several important characteristics. White lead stabilizes paint films by neutralizing the acidic compounds formed in the Spray Coating With .Metallic Lead paint during vehicle decomposition The white lead this painter has just applied to the Connecticut house will retain its appearance for years to came. e t a l l iz in g or the spraying of M metals, much as paint is spraved. has gained considerable recognition as a means of improving the corrosion resistance of the less expensive but readily corroded metals. Among ap plications where spraved lead is used to- particular advantage is wherever sulphuric acid exposure is involved because of lead's unexcelled resistance to attack by that acid. There are manv other instances where this method of utilizing lead's corrosion resistance can serve oracticallv and economi- Sutterv boxes like this, spray coated with lead to protect against sul phuric acid electrolyte, are used by the Sch lu mberger Oil rell Sur veyors. LIA 26 033 cally, though. because of its porous nature, metallized or sprayed lead cannot eilectively serve as a substitute lor sheet lead or bonded lead. ! A typical application ot metallized Vora v coating battery boxes lead is in the spray roating of battery with lead at boxes. Battery boxes must be strong the F. T. Gart- enough to support the weight of leadacid batteries and. therefore, are n t r Co. in Houston. Tt'.ia.s. The system af usually made oi steel. But because of the sulphuric acid electrolyte in such fords a m p i *> p r o i e c f f v r. against corro- batteries, the steel battery box would $ion ai eff- be severely corroded in a short time. n o m i r a i rosi. This costly problem has been solved bv bchiumberger Oil A ell Surveyors, who are using a battery box. as well as hoid-down clamps, coated with ap proximately 0.03 to 0.05 inches ot spraved lead. The illustrations show The F. W. Gartner Company. Metco acids at a cost which has made the the boxes and clamps in the process contractor of Houston. Texas, who did process economically attractive. of being sprayed and a completed unit the metallizing, report that they have Some other instances w here sprayed as installed. Lead wire fed into the coated some two hundred units of this lead has proven useful are in coating spraving machine is melted and atom type in the past and that the system chemical plant flue ducts, flue boxes ized in one step by an oxy-acetylene has more than provided adequate pro for industrial furnaces and the insides (lame. tection from corrosion by battery of metal smoke stacks. The followm* article* 2nd reprints roniain information, draxini* and specification* on the use of lead products helpful to architect*, engineer* and others interested. They sre available, free of charge, eirrpl where otherwise indicated, upon request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 420 LEXINGTON 4VENUE. NEW YORK 17, N. Y. LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS Thr corrosion resistance of lead and its allovt as materials of construction m the chemical process Industrie* is <oo*n lor more than 188 industrial chemicals, citing (be erfecis of cooceotratioo and temperature. The Hluatraied article also describes the forms of lead available for chemical construc tion and gives recommended practices for fabrica LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY $1.50 Postpaid \ lulls illustrated. 23u page, cloth bovd^L. book (esenbine ail phases of the production and uae<f cad. icau alloys and lead compounds. Discus* -mn of (he physical and cbemical properties of lead and ns comuounos is included. Sufficient!* technical ;n be of practical value (o (be engineer NEW DEVELOPMENTS EXPAND USE OF LEAD CONSTRUCTION Imorovements in lead fabrication and installation methods are- described and illustrated in a re print from "Material* 4 Methods" Mav. 1951. The anudfet show* how lead construction development*--.S55t-continued to keep pace *i(D develop ment* in the chemical and process industries. tion as well as applications. Reprinted from in mduairv, vet broad enough for .'hose wirh a ``Chemical Engineering." February, 1953. more casual interest. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS MATERIALS OF CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION ANNUAL REVIEW -- LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS An up-to-date report on new developments in the uses of lead and lead tiiovi in xheniicat construc tion. including research progress, engineering ap plications, and technological advancement*, such a* metnoas of teMing linings, automatic lead welding. nd air pollution control. Reprinted from `Indus trial and Engineering Chemistry." October. 1953. Bibliography. LEAD WORK FOR MODERN PLUMBING $1.50 Postpaid, $1.00 per copy in quanti ses of 10 or more Profusely illustrated with over 14*1 photographs and drawings, thi* rettbook promts clesriy to (he piumbing student the necessary tools, procedures mil (he methods required for lead work. Each oper ation is given in step-by step pnotngraphie sequence fully- complemented bv a -leUileii ettpianatorv lev!. Pocket sized with plastic ring binder. senes of technical letters issued by (be Red Lead Division, Lead Industries Association. The numbers *nd titles follow: {Available separately) Technical Letter No. 3--fled Lead Primer* for Atmospheric Exposure Technical Letter No. 4."--Red Lead Paints for .Marine Exposures Technical Letter No. 5 -- Red Lead.Vinyl and Coumarone Type Paint* Teehnieal Letter No. 6 -- Red Lead Paint F ormuiation* Technical Letter No. 7 --Paint System* for A ft LEAD IN MODERN CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION What \ou abould know about the various types of lead construction in (be chemical Held. Reprinted THE DEPENDABILITY OF FUTURE LEAD SUPPLIES A leadet containing a brief and non-technical dis Hydraulie Structure* Technical Letter No. A-- Paints for Rail roads from `Chemical Engineering," jan. 1952. PHYSICAL AND CORROSION CHARACTERIS TICS OF LEAD IN THE CHEMICAL cussion of (he lead situation. Tells why consumer* .n i ft is country mar depend on adequate supplies of lead in the future. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION TT-P-B6a Paint: Red-Lead-Base, Ready-Mixed Covers four type# of red-lead-base psior# including INDUSTRY two fast drying formulations. Many intended appli A detailed discussion of the use of lead in the LEAD IN MODERN PLUMBING-- cations listed. ihemical industry presented before (he National WHY. WHERE, HOW IT IS USED Association ol Corrosion Engineers Conference, April 11 14. 1949. A 24 page booklet containing descriptive informa tion as well ia four page* of detailed drawing* for plumbiog installations ia various type houses. METAL PROTECTIVE RED LEAD PAINTS The versatility of red iead in protective primer* (o meet i wide range of surface conditions, drying | CONTROLLING CORROSIVE AIR POLLUTANTS A discussion of (he various methods in use todav to control corrosive air pollutants. Reprinted ftom FEDERAL SPECIFICATION, WW-P-32SFor Pipe, Benda and Traps, LEAD schedule* and economic demands is described. Re amed front `Paint tnd Tarnish Production." /gfauary, 1951. "Air Repair." May. 1952. Part 5 of Section IV of the Federal Standards Stock THE USE OF LEAD IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY Catalog, official publication- by the Government Printing Office. a Sh INVESTIGATION OF PRIMERS FOR MARINE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS Detailed description of various applications of lead Results of an investigation of synthetic vehicles sad m 'he modem pulp and paper mill. Cover* ail LEAD WELDING red lead mixed pigment primers over an exposure phases of paper pulp manufacture and treatment An informative is well as practical guide to lead period of three and one half years is a rigorous including sulphite acid manufacture, acid pulping, welding. Reprinted from (he "Welding Handbook, marine atmosphere. Reprinted from "Official Digest'* Bleaching and nock handling. Reprinted from Third Edition" published bv the American Welding published by The Federation of Paint sod Varnish :! `Paper Trade Journal." Oct. 26. 1950. Society. Production Clubs. UPON REQUEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD4* RECULARLY. FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS trr o. j. a- T ISAAC COLOMaflN COM PANT <tt Tro0t*s Cc 1itTtT I . LI A 2603 4