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of the SCF-EC-1701 GLEASON-000055 3 - -2. S' Z- i i ? GLEASON-000056 Chemical Hazards of the Workplace Nick H. Proctor, Ph.D. Manager of Medical Surveillance and Toxicologist Kaiser aluminum and Chemical Corporation Oakland, California James P. Hughes, M.D. Medical Director Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation Oakland, California. GLEASON-000057 Copyright 1978 by J. B. Lippincott Company This book is fully protected by copyright, and, with the excep tion of brief excerpts for review, no part of it may be repro duced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without written permission from the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 78-57614 Printed in the United States of America 3 5 64 GLEASON-000058 Gelman VM-1 membrane filter; nuclepore 0.45 micron filler Detector tubes Impinged in acid Air-purifying respirator with cartridge for organic vapors Rubber gloves Air-purifying respirator with filter for nuisance dust Air-purifying respirator with cartridge for ammonia Bauxite (may contain silica) coverings; lagging materials; marinite; molten metal control; brake linings Fibrosis of lung; bronchogenic carcinoma; mesothelioma; cancer of stomach, colon, and rectum Materials handling . Lung overload EKG Chest x-ray Lung function 0.5 mg/m* Chest x-ray Lung function Sputum cytology (OSHA requirement --annual medical surveillance) 5 fibers/ml > 5ja in length (OSHA standard is 2 fibers/ml > S#i) Chest x-ray Lung function lOmg/tn* (nuisance dust) Millipore AA filter Millipore AA filter (OSHA requirement --semiannual sampling) Gelman VM-I filter Air-purifying respirator with filter for nuisance dust Stibine may be generated under reducing conditions Dependent upon concentration Positive pressure respirator Power filtered respirator Filter respirator Vacuum sweeping Local exhaust ventilation Air-purifying respirator with filter for nuisance dust GLEASON-000059 112 The Chemical Hazards of the acute phase. J. Occup. Med., patient exhibits restrictive pulmonary func /S.-633,1976. tion.1 Accompanying clinical changes may 3. Levinsky, W. J., Smalley, R. V., Hillyer, include fine rales, finger clubbing, dyspnea, P. N., and Shindlcr, R. L.: Arsine dry cough, and cyanosis.1 hemolysis. Arch. Environ. Health, 20:436, The onset of asbestosis probably depends 1970. upon the asbestos dust concentration, the 4. Teilelbaum, D. T., and Kier, L. C.: Arsine fiber morphology, and the length of expo poisoning. Arch. Environ. Health., 19: sure.3 Asbestosis is a progressive disease 133,1969. which may develop fully in seven to nine 5. Bulmer, F. M. R., el at.: Chronic arsine years and may cause death as early as 13 poisoning among workers employed in the years after the first exposure.3 Usually, the cyanide extraction of gold: a report of pneumoconiosis becomes evident 20 to 40 fourteen cases. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol., years after the first exposure to asbestos.3 22:111, 1940. Once established, the asbestosis progresses even after the exposures have ceased.3 In its Supplemental severe forms, death results from the inability 6. Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye. ed. of the body to obtain requisite oxygen or 2, p. 158. Springfield: Charles C Thomas, from the failure of the heart to pump blood 1974. through the scarred lungs.1 7. A.C.G.L.H.: Arsine. Documentation of Bronchogenic carcinoma and mesothelio the TLVs for Substances in Workroom ma of the pleura and peritoneum are causally Air. ed. 3, pp. 16-17. Cincinnati; 1976. associated with asbestos exposures; excesses of cancer of the stomach, colon, and rectum have also been observed.3 Among 632 asbes tos workers observed from 1943 to 1967, ASBESTOS 1977 TLV 5 fibers/cc > 5 p. in length OSHA Standard 2 fibers/cc > 5 p. in length there were 99 excess deaths (above that ex pected-on the basis of the U.S. white male population) for three types of malignancies-- bronchogenic (63), gastrointestinal (26), and all other sites combined (10).4 Concern ing mesothelioma, 80 per cent of the cases studied in South Africa and the United King Synonyms: Asbestos is a generic term dom were shown to have had an occupation applied to a number of hydrated mineral sili al or paraoccupalional association with as cates, including chrysolite, amosile, crocido- bestos fibers.4 In the U.S., 14 deaths were lite, tremolite, and anthophyllite reported among 532 asbestos insulation Physical Form: Fibers of various sizes, col workers studied from 1943 to 1968, compared ors, and textures with no deaths, expected in the same number Uses: Thermal and electrical insulation; fire of similar individuals in the genera) popula smothering blankets and safety garments; tion.4 filler for plastics; cement Neoplasm, such as mesothelioma, may Exposure: Inhalation occur without radiologic evidence of asbes Toxicology: Asbestos causes asbestosis, tosis at exposure levels lower than those re cancer of the lungs and digestive tract, and quired for prevention of radiologically evi mesothelioma. dent asbestosis.4 Mesothelioma can occur Asbestosis is a lung disorder characterized after a short intensive exposure; cases of by a diffuse interstitial fibrosis, at times in mesothelioma in children under 19 years of cluding pleural changes of fibrosis.and cal age indicate the latent time period for de cification.1 Chest x-rays reveal a granular velopment of mesothelioma may be shorter change, chiefly in the lower lung fields; as than first estimated.4 'Mesothelioma tumors the condition progresses, the heart outline have yet to be successfully cured by any becomes shaggy, and irregular patches of types of treatment, including chemotherapy, mottled shadowing may be seen.' Asbestos radiation, or surgery; death usually results bodies may be found in the sputum, and the within a year of diagnosis.1 Information is in- featsis '&: i GLEASON-000060 -.iv I'uncmay . Ivspnea, .li-pcnils .11.Ml. the .1 c.xpo- disease ..... nine .-Iv as 13 ...lly, the <1 to 40 .liestos ,3 11 -.presses I 1 In its mahilily i(-ivnen or |^i...i|i hlood | A.i .nihelio. ausally li . \.esses j;.d UCl11 111 I'asbes... 1967, Mini ex male es-- anil .nieemeases I Kingipalionilh aswere mlation niparcd . number I pnpula- may I i>l nsbesii ili.ise re- W evinecur . i.nses of r m s of i Im dcUinrter i minors jjii I'V any ISiiliiiapy, jii ICMiltS i is in Azinphosmethyl 113 sufficient at this time to set an exposure stan dustrial Materials, p. 440. New York: dard (other than zero) which could assure Rcinhold Book Corporation, 1975. prevention of mesothelioma in all workers, 3. Joint ACGIH-A1HA Aerosol Hazards since the disease may occur following a very Evaluation Committee: Background doc limited exposure 20 to 30 years earlier.1 umentation on evaluation of occupation Cigarette smoking is strongly implicated as al exposure to airborne asbestos. Am. a cocarcinogen among asbestos workers.3 Ind.Hyg. Assoc. J.,36:91, 1975. The . incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma 4. National Institute for Occupational among nonsmoking asbestos workers is not Safety and Health, U.S. Department of significantly greater than that of nonasbestos Health, Education and Welfare: Criteria workers, while asbestos workers who smoke for a Recommended Standard. Occupa have a much higher incidence.3 Calculations tional Exposure to Asbestos, (HSM) suggest that cigarette smoking asbestos workers have approximately eight times the 72-10267. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gov ernment Printing Office, 1972. risk of developing lung cancer compared with 5. A.C.G.I.H.: Asbestos. Documentation other smokers.' of the TLVs for Substances in Workroom The TLV was established to protect against Air. ed. 3, pp. 17-19. Cincinnati, 1976. asbestosis and reduce to an acceptably low risk the development of neoplasms.5 Supplemental Diagnosis; Signs and symptoms include 6. Selikoff, I. J., Churg, J., and Hammond, localized pleural thickenings, which may be come radiopaque through calcification; re E. C.: Asbestos exposure and neoplasia. JAMA, 188:22,1964. strictive pulmonary function; rales, dyspnea, 7. Selikoff, 1. J., Hammond, E. C., and cyanosis, dry cough, and finger clubbing. Churg, J.: Asbestos exposure, smoking Differential. Diagnosis: Differentiate from and neoplasia. JAMA,204.106,1968. other diseases which are associated with dif 8. Selikoff, I. J., Hammond, E. C., and fuse infiltration of the lungs: Hamman-Rich syndrome, Loffier's syndrome, fungus infec tions, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, and other Seidman, H.: Cancer risk of insulation workers in the United Stales. Biological Effects of Asbestos, p. 209. Lyon: WHO rare types ofdiffuse interstitial fibrosis. Differential diagnosis of pleural mesotheli oma should include inflammatory pleurisy, primary lung cancer, and the presence of met astatic disease from a primary tumor else International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1973. 9. Wright, G. D.: Asbestos and health in 1969. Am. Rev. Rcspir. Dis., 100:467, 1969. where in the body.1* Special Tests: Radiography, tuberculin skin test, and sputum culture should be per formed. 10. Stumphius, J., and Meyers, P. B.: Asbes tos bodies and mesothelioma. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 11:283, 1968. 11. Champion, P.: Two cases of malignant Treatment; None is specific. Medical Control: Preplacement and annual physical examination, with emphasis on the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointes tinal systems; chest roentgenograms; lung function tests to include FVC and FEV (1 mesothelioma after exposure to asbestos. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., /0J:82I, 1971. 12. Legha, S. S., and Muggia, F. M.: Pleural mesothelioma: clinical features and thera peutic implications. Ann. Intern. Med., 87:613, 1977. sec.); sputum cytology. References Principal 1. Department of Labor: Occupational ex posure to asbestos. Federal Register, 40:47652,1975. 2. Sax, N. 1.: Dangerous Properties of In AZINPHOSMETHYL (CH30)jP(S)SCH2(N3C,0) 1977 TLV 0.2 mg/m3 Synonyms: O.O-Dimethyl S(4-oxo-l,2,3 -bcnzotriazin-3(4H)-yImethyl) phosphoro- GLEASON-000061 STANDARDS MEMORANDOM .0036 TO: ALL DESIGNERS AND DETAILERS +LIST FROM : G A HIDER RE: BRAKE MATERIALS IN ORDER TO REPLACE ALL PRESENT AS3EST0S BRAXE MATERIALS WITH NON-ASBESTOS MATERIALS THE FOLLOWING WILL BE ADOPTED: SCAN PAC 230AF REPLACES SCAN PAC 230 AND JOHNS MANVILLE 230 SCAN PAC 232AF REPLACES SCAN PAC 232, SCAN PAC 242, AND JOHNS MANVILLE 232 REDCO "RNAW" REPLACES EBONY, SCAN PAC R3W, GREY R0CX*98 AND GREY R0CKi'2010 ENGINEERING: FOR ALL NEW APPLICATIONS (UNTIL STANDARDS BOOK CAN BE UPDATED) SPECIFY THE NEW MATERIALS ON THE DRAWING RELYING ON THE DESCRIPTION IN THE STANDARDS'BOOK; III page M29-M31 OF THE MATERIALS THE NEW MATERIALS ARE REPLACING. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING: . ON OLD DRAWINGS CALLING FOR THE ASBESTOS MATERIALS MANUFACTURING SHOULD USE THE NEW MATERIALS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE AND ASK FOR A MINOS CHANGE- ON THE DRAWING! PRODUCTION-QUALITY CONTROL: PRODUCTION SHOULD MAKE A SCRAP YERSUS USE UP . DETERMINATION DEPENDING ON-QUANTITIES ON HAND. SAFETY COMMITTEE: IF ASBESTOS MATERIALS ARE CONTINUED TO BE USED IN THE USE UP MODE, PERSONNEL MUST USE A .FACE MASK WHEN MACHINING THEM. PURCHASING: PURCHASING SHOULD SCREEN ALL ORDERS MAKING SURE THAT NO ASBESTOS MATERIALS ARE ORDERED IN THE FUTURE. 9/23/86 cc: T. UHL / D.S. DEZIO / L.R. GIBSON / R.G. SWINK ` A.E. BUTTERFIELD / J.R. SOBER D.G. LACAVA M.D. LIE3I / T.E. STROHMEYER H.W. BOWMAN . GLEASON-000062