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HM8B-00B9595 > AIR HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC., 440C Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa., Sect. 1, 1937. REFERENCES TO RECENT LITERATURE ON INDUSTRIAL'DISEASE abstract^: the following are obtainable from The Institu tion of Mining and Metallurgy, Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C.; Abst. no. 310, price Is. 6 d., ho. 393, 1 s. 6 d.; no. 394, 1 s nos. 153 and 159 in one pamphlet, 4 s. 420. b (A) News Items: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE DISABILITY LEGISLATION. Survey of Labor Law Admin., Division of Labor Statistics, U. S. Dept, of Labor, May, 1937. Ind. .'Jed. 6, 397-8 (June, 1937). Reprints obtainable from above address. Bills on some phase of occupational disease have been introduced in 23 legis latures. Laws have been enacted in Indiana and Washington, and bills have passed the legislature but have not yet received the governor's approval in Delaware, Nebraska, Ohio and Rhode Island. (The Ohio law, at least, has been signed, and has been discussed in an earlier abstract) Idaho, Maine, Montana, and Oregon have provided for committees to study the problem. New York has amended its law to provide for fmeral expenses in silicosis cases. Provisions of each of these law3 are given briefly. 421. WORK ON DUST CONTROL STANDARDS. Concrete (Cement Mill Ed.) 202,(Jul/,1937). Standards of dust cbntrol practice are rapidly nearing completion by the en gineering committee of the Dust Control Equipment Association. Theodore Hatch spoke at a meeting of the Association held at Cleveland, Ohio, on June 9, 1937 on the Importance of JJodem Standards and Methods of Dust Analysis 1900 Design and Efficiency of Dust Control Equipment (which apparently covers the same ground as abstract 428). (B). Papers on Dust. Dust Diseases and General Industrial Hygiene. 422. THE PNEUMONOKONIOSES (SILICOSIS), LITERATURE AND LAWS. BOOK 3. George G. Davis, Ella M. Salmonsen and Joseph L. Earlywine. Chicago Medical Press, 302 So. Canal St., Chicago, 111. #10.00. Obtainable from the publishers or booksellers. Of the 1033 pages of this volume, 321 are devoted to 701 abstracts of the lit erature on jaieumoconiosis, dust prevention and associated subjects, which ap peared in 1935 and 1936, Including a number of news items and editorials, but mostly scientific papers. The abstracts of important articles are quite full, several pages often being given to one paper. ?/e recommend this volume as a valuable extension of our abstracts back to 1935* Some of the 1936 literature on pneumoconiosis abstracted in our bulletins will be found treated more fully. A legal section of 131 pages summarizes recent state occupational disease legislation, with decisions in important cases. The book does not deal with industrial poisons or diseases not caused by dust. The following papers which apreared in the June Industrial Medicine are among those given at the meetings reported in our July bulletin. In general they have not been reprinted, and they are obtainable only in Industrial Medicine for June, which can be ordered from Industrial Medicine, Inc., 844 Rush St., Chicago, for 50 cents. However, reprints of no. 413> in our August bulletin, are obtainable from the author. ~u r^3 423. INDUSTRY ho SOURCE OF DISEASE. Emery R. Hayhurst. Ind. Med. 6, 329-337 (June, 1937). The writer begins by saying that industry means being busy and that health means a state of well-being so that it is an anomaly for industry to be a cause for ill-health. It is only when nan's ability has over-stepped the threshold of "homeostasis" or the limit of endurance that he is susceptible to a given hazard. Some people are more susceptible than others; it is noticeable that in the most striding disasters 70-80$ of those exposed, escape, a list of various hazards nay oc summarized in twelve words: dust, dirt, dampness, darkness, devitalis ing air conditions, temperature, fatigue, infections, poisons, compressed air, Suimulantisn,susceptibility. Complaints on the part of workers, of headache, numbness, stiffness or sleeplessness are not diseases, but they are earmarks, and they should guide the industrial physician, as veil as the engineer and chem ist in seeking the elimination of possible industrial health hazards. Tables arc given shoving reports of occupational diseases in Ohio other than silicosis; a special table for silicosis, silicatosis and asbestosis for the years 1927-36 and a list of the industries involved is also given. The writer feels that more investigation is needed on silicosis with tuberculosis, for theoretically the two diseases should be antagonistic, but old evidence does not seem to show this. In a study of sandstone workers, 912 were examined; few under 25 years had sil icosis, but at 34-44 there were as many silicotics in various stages as non-silicotics. Acute silicosis was reported as early as 1713* Recent outbreaks include the scourge to the American soldiers on the Mexican Border in 1915-1916, and the effects of recent dust storms. Often we have the paradox of a new agent method brought to the perfection of production for industrial purposes with no investi gation of possible health hazard, ancl far too often employes are hnan guinea pigs in establishing the hazards that arise. In America organized labor leaves the health question pretty much to the individual. If it is hasardous to hman life to produce an article of hxsnan usefulness, then the cost of production should include the cost of health protection. Industry should be a source of health and happiness and not a source of disease. 424. INDD5TRI.iL HYGIENE LABORATORIES AND THEIR WORK. Gordon C. Harrold. Ind. Sled. 6, 342-49 (June, 1937). This paper treats of the laboratory and field work done in the investigation of industrial poisons and dusts, with special emphasis on lead. Recent developments in laboratory and field instruments are discussed, h method of calibration of the impinger and helpful details of procedure in its use are presented. The relative values of various instruments, especially the newer ones, are discussed. Proced ures for estimating arsenic, cadmium, manganese and iodine are given briefly. Some unrelated subjects which involve some portion of the industrial hygiene lab oratory's time arc also considered, including noise, light and other conditions conducive to nervous disorders of workers, with mention of recent works in those fields. The study shows that the industrial hygiene laboratory is an implement for the industrial physician and engineer and a necessity for the investigation and control ofindU3trial health hazards. 425* OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES AND THE GENERAL PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. Robert T. Legge. Ind. :.ied. 6, 352-358 (June, 1937). During the last twenty year3 great advancement in knowledge of physical and syn thetic chemistry has developed. New trades, new substances in manufacturing plant and the increasing nuaber of chemicals used in industry, on the farm and in the home have increased morbidity due to toxic conditions. Therefore the industrial physician and the general practitioner must be constantly seeking a more thorough undwrsoancing of occupational diseases, toxicology, and the physiological and pathological changes found. Medical education standards in American schools have progressed, and the medical men entering fields of industrial medicine possess a Keener insight for the pursuit of investigation. It is high time for the medical profession to think in terms of etiology of occupational disease in considering >tccuro ar.se.* r t 'us to infection causes. The greatest hazard attracting the HB8B-0009596 HWBB-0009597 REFERENCES TO ASCENT LITERATURE - 3 obscure cases not due to infectious causes. The greatest hazard attracting the medical attention in industry at present is the one from solvents. The know ledge at present in the hands of the profession is far from adequate for a true diagnosis of how these poisonous agents act on organs and cells. Laws for occu pational disease disability are important because through them exact informa tion of cause and effect of industrial diseases nay be obtained, and through this knowledge, remedies, control and preventive measures can be promoted. In lessening trie incidence of occupational and degenerative diseases the general practice of medicine will become . still greater benefactor to mankind. ,o_- 426. PRACTICAL LJETHODS FOR THE CONTROL OF HYGIENIC EXPOSURE'. G. A. Coburn. Ind. Med. 6, 375-377 (June, 1937). The writer gives various methods for good control of the dust and poison hazarc in inaustry: 1) substitution of a safe material for a dangerous one; (2) sub stitution of a safer process; (3) prevention of the escape of toxic substances either through enclosure of equipment or power exhaust ventilation; (4) pro tective equipment for the worker; (5) proper hygienic care; (6) lower exposure by rotating workers; (7) selection of least susceptible workers for certain jot He gives as an example his company's plant, in which labor turnover was high before 1934 duo to the high concentration of dust in the cast-iron machinery department, but since that time the company has instituted a practical dustremoving system and stricter hygienic laws so that at present this department . is considered a very satisfactory place to work, and few transfers are request-, from workers. In the storage battery department,involving a lead hazard, only a selected group is allowed to work and regular periodic analyses of the air and physical examinations of the workers are made. Similar improvement has beer made in the chromium plating department by the installation of equipment of which the control of fumes is an integral part. Personal cleanliness and hygier on the part of .the worker is insisted upon throughout the plant, since it is one of the major factors in industrial disease prevention. 427. COMPENSATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE. James A. Britton. Ind. Med. 6, 384-385 (June, 1937). This paper is a broad and goneral discussion of compensation for occupational disease. Because the age tends to more and more industrialization, and certai. diseases are the results of industry, such disabilities are a charge against production. Laws have been made to meet these charges, but the laws alone are not enough. Physicians nust be educated to understand and diagnose cor rectly., and clinical opportunities should be given to internes to examine and study suspected cases of occupational disease. Engineers must have every facil ity for studying dangerous exposures and for experiments on the removal of th. hazard or the best preventive methods. Industrial boards should have complete evidence in claims for compensation: (1) that there was an exposure; (2) that there is an occupational disease and hov; it is diagnosed; (3) that there is a disability; (4) that the disease is, or is not curable, (5) that the disabil ity is temporary or permanent. The board cannot get this information unless their physician and engineer advisers can answer these questions. There are no enough doctors and plant engine :rs with training and experience in this field. Every medical school should have undergraduate instruction in occupational hazards and diseases. Every university should have occupational disease re search in both medical and engineering departments because the big job of oper ating the laws satisfactorily will fall on the medical and engineering pro fessions. (0 0 a -O' 428, PROGRESS IN INDUSTRIAL SANITATION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL DUST. Theodore Hatch, Associate Dust Control Engineer, Div. of Industrial Hygiene, New York State Dept, of Labor, SO Centre St., N. Y. City. Am. J. Pub. Health 27, 671-679 (July, 1937). Reprints obtainable from author. Close cooperation between engineering, medical and chemical experts is nec essary in order to solve industrial hygiene problems, especially that of esti mating maximum permissible possible concentrations of toxic gases and dust, and of judging the efficiency of control by different methods and equipment. This paper indicates the progress that has been made in this direction in the field of dust diseases and the problems that are to be met. Three aspects of the problem must be considered; (1) measurement of dust concentration; (2) evaluation of the dust control program in terms of permissible dust con centrations, and (3) development of basic methods of design. The impinger has many good characteristics, but a real demand exists for a more convenient and rapid method, a high degree of accuracy is not important so long as the results are consistent among themselves. The purpose of dust determination is simply to obtain an index of the health hazard, and there is no high degree of correlation between dust concentration and degree of hazard. Failure to recognize this low degree of required accuracy has led to the un warranted condemnation of certain methods. There has been much controversy on the respective merits of the so-called grab sample and the sample of large volume; however, when it is considered that years of daily exposure to dust is required to produce serious lung trouble, the difference disappears, and the konimeter, used in South Africa, has been found to yield results just as closely related to the degree of damage observed, as the impinger used in the United States. A large number of properly spaced dust determinations of low accuracy may be more valuable than a few samples of the highest quality. The difficulties of establishing the permissible standards are pointed out, and a table gives such recommended standards as have been obtained. Despite the uncertain value of any standard, there is need for practical criteria to be employed by governmental and other agencies. A single standard for each industry is preferable to a sliding scale depending upon composition of the dust, because there is usually no known definite correlation between composi tion and harmfulness, and because a sliding scale is too difficult to enfo rce. The remainder of the paper is devoted to the design of exhaust systems. They must be adapted to the particular dust and operation, and their efficiency may be increased by first preventing undue movement of the dust by the machin ery itself. A mathematical discussion of air flow and particle movement is included, and fundamental specifications for the exhaust systems conclude the paper. 429. CHEMICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS, WITH SPECIAL QiPHASIS ON SILICOSIS AND SILICOTUBERCULOSIS. H. C. Sweany,(M.D., Chicago Mwiicipal Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Chicago, 111.), J. D. Porsche and J. R. Douglass. Arch. Path. 22, 593-633 (1936). Reprints obtainable from author. This paper reports the results of chemical and pathological examinations of 40 patients, compared with those of 20 control patients. Nodulation is usually found in patients who have been exposed to siliwa dust and show a con tent of 0.2% of the weight of dried lung tissue, but there is no direct rela tion between the quantity of silica and either the time of exposure or extent of nodulation. Normally the silica content of the lymph nodes increases from about the same as that in the lungs in early life to about 0.6%. In cases of exposure to silica, the lung content gradually increases, exceeding the lymph node content and reaches nearly 2.5/6 in extreme cases. In workers in pure quartz there is little or no ^terihl'-athaP.tha^^dlic^, but in gran- HWBB-0009598 HWBB-0009599 ite workers, stonecutters, coal miners, molders and others the non-siliceous residue has a definite ratio to the amount of dust inhaled. Tuberculosis seems to be present in nearly all silicotics and seems to change the sili cosis from a benign to a slowly progressive disease, with usually an acute and sudden termination. The lym^h nodes usually undergo calcification in a form called "egg-shell". In coal miners the silica content of the lungs may become twice that at which silicotic nodules usually appear, without showing specific nodulation. The nob-siliceous residue in coal miners is only slight ly less than the silica content. Silicosis, tuberculosis and silico-tuberculosis are retarded by exposure to coal dust, sometimes resulting in the V J development of large black masses, larger and more benign than those of the tuberculo-silicotic complex. Uncomplicated anthracosis is generally free from nodular fibrosis, but is, nevertheless, of grave significance on ac count of predisposition of the patient to pneumonia and inflammation. 430. THE COMPENSATION ASPECT OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE. Wesley M. Graff. Am. J. Pub. Health 27, 667-70, (July, 1937). Copies obtainable from National Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters, 1 Park Ave., New York City. In an address before the Industrial Hygiene section of the American Public Health Association, the author calls attention to the great cost of occupa tional diseases. In South Africa $65,00'J,000 has been paid for compensation of silicosis alone, with an additional liability of $34)000,000 outstanding. In some of our states the number of laborers is larger th .n in South Africa, and there are many occupational disease problems in addition to silicosis. In Massachusetts the compensation rate for stone cutting is now $5 per $100 of pay roll, plus an additional occ\$ational disease hazard payment of $300 per year for each ezsployee. Statistics on compensation payments for several states are given. There is danger that compensation will become an unbear able expense to industry. The only remedy for that condition lies in preven tion. A substantial reduction in compensation payments has been made in South Africa, and progress has been made in Ontario. The state health de partments have an important part to play in controlling occupational disease. The Connecticut department, with eight years of experience, is cited as hav ing made great progress, and the seventeen health departments recently organ ized will undoubtedly do much to relieve the situation. 431. DUST CONTROL, A CHALLENGE TO THE ENGINEER. Ralph R. Meigs, Nat. Safety News 26 , 21-22, 63 (July, 1937). Wherever a great amount of fine material escapes into the air from a manufac turing process, something should be done about it. If the material is known to contain silica, there is undoubted need for dust control. The absence of visible dust does not indicate that there is no hazard; often dust generated at a place where only two men are working may contaminate an eitii*e workroom where twenty or more persons are working on non-dusty operations. The dust control problem is principally an engineering one, and the demand at present for dust control finds the engineer tackling problems never before faced. He is a pioneer and is therefore free to select or try any method he thinks feas ible provided he does not violate conventional standard practices. One of the first things for the engineer to do is to look into the housekeeping. This, at a glance might not seom to be his job, but it is. Housekeeping in a plant is often a hit-and-miss affair, and there are countless alibis for poor housekeeping. Part of the housekeeping problem consists of the condition of the floors, congested arnJigements, defective apparatus, leaks and spillages. A considerable portion of dust exposure is due to these sloppy housekeeping conditions. When a system of dust control is installed, the engineer must watch constantly to see that it is not neglected. A properly designed exhaust system is a delicate apparatus, and the engineer should be its guardian.  % 432. A REPORT OF A SURVEY OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIES IN NORTH CAROLINA INVOLVING A SILICEOUS DUST HAZARD. H. F. Eason and M. F. Trice. Div. Indust. Hyg., State Board of Health and North Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh,N.C. (July, 1936). Obtainable from these departments, but.we have no information on price. This interesting survey contains a graphic map of North Carolina, showing the distribution of the mining industries (mica, feldspar, kaolin, gold, granite, talc and copper). The preparation for such an investigation and the procedure carried out in the plants are outlined. Statistical tables are presented, showing the distribution of workers in the industries, percentages exposed to dust hazards, industrial welfare provisions and a full analysis of the asbes tos textile industry. The results of the survey show that 25/6 of the state's population are engaged in manufacturing, mechanical and mineral industries; that welfare activities are supported by 2056 of the industries involved; that only a small percentage share in sick-benefit or group life insurance; that first aid is available in only 20J6 of the plants; that 55^ of all workers in cluded in the survey are exposed to siliceous dust hazards,, and 75^6 of the workers in the asbestos industries are similarly exposed; that only 25/6 of all the workers in these dusty trades are protected by dust-controlling appa ratus, and that flagrant practices such as sandblasting in open workrooms are reported as common practice. 433- METHODS FOR CONTROLLING THE DUST HAZARD. A. 1 . Brandt, Sc. D., 7/illson Products Co., Reading, Pa. Metal Cleaning and Finishing % 281-8(April,1937). Reprints are not obtainable, but the author or company will send information covering the material. The important methods for controlling the dust hazard are given as follows: (1) control of harmful material at the source; (2) isolation of hazardous processes; (3) substitution of non-hazardous processes, and (4) reduction of dusts in inspired air by respiratory protective devices. The first heading is subdivided into (1) the use of water or other suitable liquids, (2) the use of properly designed local exhaust equipment, and (3) good local housekeeping. Each of these subjects is treated briefly, as are also the second and third main headings. Most attention is given to respirators, their requirements, inspection, effectiveness, and types, including mechanical filter, chemical filter, and supplied air for abrasive blasting. 434. a CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO ALUMINA DUST. REPORT BY THE INDUSTRIAL PULMONARY DISEASE COMMITTEE OF THE MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. Lancet n, 1478-1480 (Dec. 19, 1936) also Brit. Med. J. 1273-4 (Dec. 19, 1936). Powdered flint in the manufacture of china biscuit ware has been the chief cause of silicosis in the pottery industry. As a substitute for flint, exper iments were made with alumina. This was satisfactory to the industry, but the question was, what risks of pneumoconiosis there were to the worker. Men working on reduction furnaces in the manufacture of aluminum were exposed to alumina dust, and on investigation was made on fifty men 7/orking in the reduc tion factory of the British Aluminium Co. These men had worked from five to forty years, and those who had been exposed to harmful dusts in previous occu pations were not included. No clinical or radiological changes were fo\nd, with the exception of those who had previous histories of pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, asthma, etc. Within the limits of this investigation the com mittee could not find any evidence that inhalation of alumina dust caused fi brosis of the lungs. Dr. Bradford Hill gives a report of sickness in the whole factory for a five-year period. While the sickness rates were slightly higher in the reduction works than in other parts of the factory, there were no real differences between the kinds of sickness. An investigation was made of dust clouds consisting of alumina, with small proportions of aluminuo, Q096000-99HH 1096000-89HH O) 33 sodium fluorides, sodium oxides and cryolite. Dust counts included all par ticles seen as resolved entities down to about 0.25 micron. Records were taken at one factory from the thermal precipitator worn by furnace workers. 'These ranged from 1020 to 2430 particles per cc. and the general air of the furnace room samples varied from 410 to 655 particles per.ee. (1 particle per cc. is equivalent to 28,300 particles per cubic foot, or 35 particles per cc. equal 1 million particles per cu. ft.) Men emptying sacks of alunina in the furnace room were exposed to concentrations of 1510 to 1580 parti cles per cc. At other factories similar results were obtained. The median size of particles are given as 0.23 micros to 0.5* 435. - PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN INDUSTRY. INCIDENCE AND AFTER-HISTORY. AN ANALY SIS OF 3,755 CASES. H. H. Bashford and W. L. Scott. Lancet 1115-1116 (Nov. 7, 1936). This article refers to the regular staff of 156,000 men and women employees of the General Post Office in England with ages ranging from 16-60 years, and ail physically examined before being employed. Between 1914 and 1935, inci dence of pulmonary tuberculosis varied, being sometimes higher, sometimes lower than that of the whole population of England and Wales. Incidence in 1935 (1.04 per 1000) compares with 1920-1935 figures of 1.55 per 1000 for London Post Office employes and 1.43 for those in the provinces. During the same period, the rate for manual worxers in the general population in London and mostly outdoors, was 1.92 and 1.56 for the provinces.Tho jauthors/ con clusion is: (1) that only about 50% of those who develop pulmonary tuberculos is are able to return to work; (2) of those who return, a further wastage of IZ% for various forms of ill-health has resulted: (3) that light manual and clerical indoor workers have a slight advantage over manual, outdoor workers and a 10 advantage in respect of subsequent survival in industry after re sumption of work; (4) of cured and arrested cases who survive a period of 10 years, the wastage dim to various ailments, including recurrent pulmonary tu berculosis, at the end of an additional five years is reduced to about 14. 436. MINE WORKERS' PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. H. M: Hudspeth. Iron and Coal Trades Rev. 134. 100 (Jan. 15, 1937). 4 In England about 130,000 non-fatal accidents occur in the mines every year, and 75,000 of these affect the parts of the body that can be most easily safeguarded. These are the head, hand, foot and eye, for which the hard hat, gloves, safety boots, goggles and other modern protective equipment for mine workers is so widely known. A general adoption of protective equipment is imperative, not only from the humanitarian viewpoint but from the question of the cost to industry, in lost production, broken ecuipment, reduced effic iency and overhead charges. Compensation paid .in' 1935 Far all accidents was two and a half million poinds, and by the use of such equipment much of this could be saved. 437. SILICOSIS. P. H. Pierson, M.D., Dept, of Medicine, Stanford University, San Francisco, Calif. Cal. & West. Med. JL, 477 (Dec. '36). Reprints obtain able from author. The author gives four reasons for the development of the silicosis "racket", including the increasing industrial uses of silica and silicates, more wide spread appreciation of the presence of dust diseases, labor mrest and read iness of unscrupulous lawyers and doctors to plead and testify on presumptive knoY/ledge. The importance of silicosis as an industrial problem, with special reference to California, is pointed out, and the medical problem is also considered. In discussing the solution of the problem, the nature of the dust hazard is considered, and the necessary data to be obtained are listed. Two cases are given in which insufficient knjwledge of maedying conditions led to zr*r HMBB-0009602 rUjaw-M-VM. .V . * U4iUWU-.dll *" W error. The author advocates surveys in all dusty industries. The paper closes with a brief account of the author's survey of an asbestos factory, with a tabulation of industrial and clinical data. 438. DUST ALLAYMENT DURING SHOTFIRING. A. Nelson. Colliery Guardian 155. 1-2, (July 2, 1937). The dust hazard from the drivage of hard headings is considered one of the most dangerous undergromd. The author describes here various tests made with the heading sprayed,- vdth ?/ater, with water containing soda solution,and with water containing a soft soap solution, also a dry test. The Hay mist projector was used for spraying and the Zeiss konimeter for dust tests. Dust samples were collected dry and before and after spraying. The testing ground consisted of massive sandstone. Tables are given showing the samples taken, dust count und time-interval before and after firing. The dust produced after dry firing was very dense. It was an hour before it cleared to a countable and safe working condition. This means a loss of work time. The Hay projec tor r/as very efficient; the mist spray resembled condehsing steam, and the atmosphere in the face of the heading was refreshing. A period of spraying before shotfiring will damp the existing floatable dust and prevent its agi tation into suspension by the shot-firing concussion. Improvement in hyg ienic conditions and economy in work time is effected by the use of a mist projector; another important precaution to be observed regarding the dust problem in hard headings is to inculcate a dust consciousness in the heading men and shotsmen in charge. They can contribute considerably to healthier conditions by exercising care in placing of shot-holes, in using the correct amount of explosive, and in the use of good stemming materials. 439. ROYAL COMMISSION ON SAFETY IN COAL BUSES, TESTIMONY OF MINEWORKERS* FEDERATION OF GREAT BRITAIN. Colliery Guardian 1^, 58-59 (Jan. 8, 1937). Machine or intensive mining gives rise to additional dangers in the opinion of tne Mineworkers Federation. Stricter observance of regulations, more adequate control by inspectors, managers, and their assistants, and increas ing the number and the powers of the workmen's inspectors will overcome many of these dangers, the chief of which arc: (a) the difficulties of roof control caused by the rapidly advancing coal face; (b) the increased quantities of gas given off at the coal face per unit of time; (c) the increased accumula tions of coal dust at the face, at conveyor ends and on the roadways; (d) the increased friction surface for the ventilating currents.(e) the loss of aud ibility and visibility by the workmen and (f) the dangers from the increase of shotfiring and the extended use of electricity. Changes in mining prac tise constitute the solution to certain dangers, and these changes would involve, in some cases, changes or additions to the existing law. 440. NATURE OF THE SILICA FOUND IN LIVING ORGANISMS: SILICA OF CONSTITUTION AND OF INTERPOSITION. E. K&hane and G. Antoine. Bull. soc. chim. biol.(French) 1769-1782 and 1783-1788 (1936). The spicules of the siliceous sponges, the tabashirs or siliceous concretions found in the nodes of bamboo stems and the shells of diatoms consist of amor phous silica and are metabolic products of the organisms. The silica left after destruction of organic matter by digestion with hot perchloric acid gives the x-ray diffraction diagram of an amorphous substance and is readily soluble in concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. To distinguish this sil ica from crystalline silica derived from dust, the authors call the former "silica of constitution" and the latter "silica of interposition". 'O-. jS> 0_ tUiT>rh^<wxw i'J l'-L-uiHi vi--. -- y 441. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS OF SILICOSIS IN AUSTAIA. J. Adler-Herzmark and G. Kopstein. Wien. med. Wchnschr. (German) 87. 433-441 (1937). Luring the years 1931-1935, 295 cases of pneumoconiosis were investigated on men employed in various industries. Severe cases were found in the quartz mines, in casting polishers and sandblasters, in porcelain workers and in the manufacture of scouring powders, and also with those who worked with carbor undum wheels. Light or negative cases were found among ceramic workers, sanddressers and mixers in foundries, among those who worked in the production of quarts tubes and vessels and workers with siliceo-us earth. The report is illustrated with short tables. 442. LUNG DISEASES OF COAL MINERS. A. Feil. Presse m*d. (French) 591-93 (1937). Lung diseases of miners a e discussed, including common diseases, bronchitis and lung inflammation. A bronchitis aggravated by coal dust that results in emphysema should be considered as an authentic industrial disease. If tuber culosis or syphilis is not present, lung fibrosis of coal miners is caused by a mixture of silica in the coal dust, and chronic bronchitis and alcoholism hasten its development. The incidence varies in different countries. In the quartz district of Gard, France, silicosis is common, but in Nord and pas-de-Calais it is scarcely known, because little quartz is found there. In explaining conditions the author makes various suggestions and believes that carbon has a specific action. 443. DISEASE CAUSED BY THOMAS SLAG DUST IN FORTS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES. E. Holstein and 0. Mau. Arbeitsschutz (German) 99-104 (1937). In the autumn of 1935 and summer of 1936 respiratory diseases increased among workers who unloaded Thomas slag dust in Koenigsberg harbor. There were severe bronchitis and 11 pneu&onia cases, 6 of which were fatal. One of the sick men had worked only one day and for the first time with Thomas slag dust. However, acclimatization does not prove Immunity, for some workers with long experience with the material have been affected. The causes for this increased incidence were investigated and foiad to be: use of weak and un suitable workers for hard labor, overexertion because of too long a workday, increased importation of the material at this port, unsuitable sacks, etc. The authors energetically handled the situation and have made & number of changes, among which they forbade alcohol and smoking and give two litres of milk to each man; have medical examinations and supervision. 444. (C) Papers on industrial poisons, dermatitis, etc. THE ATMOSPHERIC CONTENT OF LEAD. Carey P. McCord, Herbert T. Walworth, Jan Johnson and Philip E. Fisher. Ind. Med. 6, 357-361 (June, 1937). (See note preceding abst. 423). As a rule the chief exposures of lead-are from the manipulation of dry lead oxides, preparation of grid paste, application of paste to lead grids and the cleaning and inspection of plates prior to forming. Generally the extent of exposure depends on the site of the plant. Most large establishments have introduced protective measures, and in such places clinical lead poisoning is rare. It is in the small plants where exposure is great, where no .facilities for bathing, meals ana change of clothing are to be found, and often cir cumstances are such that no monetary responsibility can be laid upon the small employer. The study that the authors made of these smaller plants was divided follows: (1) engineering survey; (2) collection of air samples and doterulmitioa of lead concentration; (3) collection of blood specimens of all employeelworking at the time of the visit. Although it is believed that exposures differ with the various processes, it was difficult to decide this point because all processes were carried out in the same room. Tables are given of the atmospheric lead determinations and corresponding basophilic HMBB-0009603 ^ Cn -z< ca) (W0):iu [m;)) :i[p :il HWBB-0009604 flrCih^tiu^iO iv. u^vvi^iv._kv>.!*_....-.-- aggregation cell counts of workers exposed and persons unexposed to lead. Not all workers showed the sane response to test6. This might be due to the tolerance of the worker, the Banner in which the worxer manipulates tools or the variations in different workers regarding cleanliness, change of garments, etc. Statements arc frequently made that there is no known tolerance to the action of lead, but from this survey it is quite aprurent that equal expo sures do not present uniform lead poisoning on all those working under sim ilar conditions. 445. DIVEftTICULOSIS OF COLON, PAftTICULAflLY AFTEft LEAD POISONING. J. Hartmann. Mttnch. mea. Wchnschr. (German) 8, 252 (Feb. 12, 1937). The author describes two cases showing that late intestinal symptoms may be mnifestation of diverticulitis and colitis, and these nay be the probable re sult of an earlier lead intoxication. Persons who have had lead poisoning often complain in after years of chronic constipation, digestive disturbances ana colic; and if they do not exhibit signs of late sequels of lead intoxica tion, the connection between intestinal disorder and lead poisoning is usually rejected. In this paper the author considers the subject of chronic spastic constipation as the cause of diverticula and their occurrence in lead poison ing. In one of the cases referred to above, examination revealed colitis and diverticulitis, and in the other diverticulitis of the transverse colon. Bott patients had histories of load poisoning and of chronic spastic constipation. The author feds justified in assuming a connection between: lead intoxieatioz and constipation and between lead intoxication and formation of diverticula. 446. 447. STUDY OF CHRONAXIE IN LEAD POISONED PftINTEftS. K. Kuroda. Nagoya J. M. Sci. 10, 89-96 (1936). An investigation was made on the sensitivity of the extensor digiton communis muscle to electric stimulation of 606 men and 76 women printers. Ab normal chronaxie was found in 397, and as exposure to lead absorption in creased, it was still more prevalent. The right side was more likely to suff< than the left. The chronaxie test was found to be more reliable than blood tests for lead content or for the presence of punctuate basophilia. It is superior and easier to carry out for first diagnosis. High percentage of ab normal chronaxie was found in those who did not taxe hot baths very frequently also the percentage was unduly high in those workers addicted to drinking or smexing. This was true also for syphilitics. LL.The Influence of Thiosulfai UftINAftY EXCRETION OF AftSENIC. I. NOftiAAL SUBJECTS. fT. ft. Mattice and D. Veisnan. Am. J. Med. Sci. 22b 413-4L3,(Mar., 1937). Casual specimens are not satisfactory for study of urinary arsenic excretion and figures have no meaning mless the diet is known. On an average diet, a normal individual's urinary arsenic excretion fluctuates from day to day. In the 163 subjects examined, the fluctuations were from negative (l8t) to 0.85 mg. of arsenic (elementary) per diem with the mean at 0.25 mg. In 48 subjects an arsenic low diet decreased the urinary elimination; they ranged from nega tive (6256) to 0.2 mg. arsenic per diem with trie mean at 0.07 mg. Only with a standardized chemical procedure for the detection of arsenic can results of urinary arsenic excretion studies be interpreted. Only under conditions that control the ingestion of arsenic is it possible- to study the effect of thio sulfate- upon the excretion of arsenic. An intravenous administration of thio sulfate will not increase the elimination; it tends rather to decrease it bot on the day and subsequently. 448. DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF AftSENIC IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL. K. Hinsber/ and #1. Kiese. Biochem. Z. 290. 39-43 (1937). This is a description of a colorimetric method in a small apparatus. :I< 449. INDUSTRIAL hRSINE POISONING. H. Garmsen. Scan. Vergift. (German) 8, 6r-70, (1937). After about three hours* handling of a lye waste that consisted of a solution of silicic acid and sodium fluoride, two workers fell ill with exhaustion and hematuria. The typical picture of phosphorus-arsine poisoning appeared in both nen causing death to one. Six weeks after the poisoning the surviving man's blood pressure was still 180-105 but dropped to normal some time later. 450. SICKNESS DUE TO CHROMIUM. THE PROTECTION OF WORKERS MAKING OR USING CHROMIUM SALTS. Leroux-Robert. Bull. Acad. Med. (French) 116. 375-882 (1936). This study was made under direction of the French Minister of Labor in Jugo slavian, Czechoslovakian and Rumanian factories in the chromium salt manufac turing industry. These salts are very toxic, although the metal itself is not harmful. The industries concerned arc; electrolytic ehr-aium plating, manu facture of colors, as lead chromate, chrome tanning of skins, certain dyes, sporting powders, photography and the manufacture of Swedish matches. When dust is generated, the nasal mucous membrane is attached; if the skin comes in contact with these substances, eczema develops, and if there is an abrasion on the affected part, painful ulcers form, as in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavities. In the countries named adequate care is taken to protect wor kers, Protection lies in strict cleanliness, wearing gloves, well-planned ventilation to remove dust and fumes. Workers should be warned of the risks, for preventive measures snould be obligatory upon both master and man. 451. LIVER DAMAGE FROM THE CHRONIC ACTION OF METALS. D. G. Tallenberg. Z. klin. Med. (Gerpan) 1^2, 115-119 (1937). Functional disturbances of the liver were found in an examination of workers in metal foundries and in 30 welders who had been exposed to metal fumes. These disturbances are considered early symptoms, but ahly further investigation will show whether they will develop into some form of disease. The author had pre viously made a report on liver damage in mercury workers. 452. CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING - SYNDROME OF THE PARIETO-OCCIPITAL REGION AND SYMP TOMATIC EPILEPSY. H. Scheller. Samra. Vergift. (German) 8, 77-78 (1937). A 14 year old boy with a fractured leg was brought to the hospital in an am bulance heated v/ith exhaust gas. It was the first time that the heater was used. The boy and his attendant both lost consciousness. The boy complained of double vision and headache and became very agitated. The fracture was set under a short ether anesthetic, and four days later severe psychic disturbances developed. He had difficulty in recognising his surromdings, hallucinations, optic disturbances, numbness and trouble in counting. Two years later he was again carefully examined, but there were still aproxial and optical disturb ances. Another accident 6 months after this examination developed repeated epileptical attacks at increasing intervals, showing an injury to the parieto occipital region. 453. THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. B. Stoinmann. 2. Kreis- laufforsch. (German) 29, 281-299 (1937). The hearts of 30 patients who suffered with light or severe monoxide poison ing were examined clinically and electrocardiographically by the author. Nearly all patients were below thirty years of age, and clinically detectable enlargement of the heart was nearly alv/ays absent. In only one case could he determine anginosis, and only one of lowered blood pressure. The latter ended fatally. In 21 cases the electrocardiogram showed myocardiac damage of a light to a severe degree, but there was no connection between the severity of the poisoning and the electrocardiographic picture. In only one case a chron ic myocardiac le3icn was seen. The electrocardiographic changes returned to normal in the cases that took a favorable turn. No doubt the reversible cnanges result from anoxi* of tho heart-muscles, while the rarer 6yaDtoms are caused by hemorrhage. MWBB-0B09605 'Cyc t--j REFERENCES TO RECENT LITERATURE - 12 454. RESORPTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE THROUGH THE SKIN. C. Schmid. Arch, internet, de Pharmacodynam. et de Therap. (French) 318-330 (1937)* Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in aqueous solution were put in tubes,of which the open ends were applied to the skin. The carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide contents were measured before'and after the experiment, and the differ ence was taken as the amount resorbed by the skin. 455. ON THE RESORPTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE FROM SALT SOLUTION AND THROUGH THE SKIN. G. Lehmann. Arch, internet, de Phanaacodynam. et de Therap. (French) 331-46 (1937). Using the same method, as Schmid, the author determined whether or not carbon dioxide diffuses from salt solution. Diffusion takes place.iand decreases with an increase in salt concentration. 456. CYANOSIS OF THE EXTREMITIES FROM SEVERE CARBON DIOXIDE POISONING AND PROLONGED ANOXEMIA? H. Tflger. Samm. Vergift. (German) 8, (Gutnchten), 19-30 (1937). A man 22 years of age working in a green fodder silo in June, 1935> developed a severe gas poisoning. After a two months' absence, he returned to work. Uis hand and lower arm turned blue, as did the feet later on. The ganglion coeliacum was removed, and two months later there was an attack of tetany. The case was considered for compensation, and the question arose as to which gas was responsible. The author concluded that it was the anoxemia in parti cular that caused these late results, as the effects of carbon dioxide poison ing pass quickly. Some symptoms were of a purely neurotic nature. 457. POISONOUS AND HAZARDOUS GhSES ON SHIPS. J. Winter. Arbeitsschutz (German) 104-105 (1937). Men working in a -freight hold containing dry ice in New York Harbor were overcome by carbon dioxide from evaporation. Only three of the eight persons afflicted could be revived, a man in Hamburg entered an empty oil storage tank and became unconscious from oxygen lack, another who went to his rescue also became unconscious. When they were taken out, the first one revived, but the second one died. Two ship engineers investigating a false bottom feed water tank became unconscious, and one died. The author makes his report from news items in the press. 458. SEVERE OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS WORTHY OF ATTENTION. L. Teissl. Ztb. f. Gewerbehyg. (German) 22, 236-240 (Oct. 1936). There are many serious hazards to which maintenance workers are subjected that are difficult to foresee or guard against. In construction operations, trans portation, elevator and crane operation, in the field of electrical trans mission and in repair of machines, accidents occur frequently. There are thir ty severe accidents described, some taken from the Austrian Factory Inspection Department's annual reports. Among them are three cases of gas poisoning, 16 persons involved with 7 fatalities, and a group of accidents in construc tion and demolition and other diverse operations. A suggestion is made that machinery be frequently inspected `so as to insure safety in the plant and pre vention of injury. HWBB-0009606 f(WBlf-0009fi07 ^cft--n vy^.- -> REFERENCES TO DECENT LITERATURE.- 13 459. GAS WORKS AND INDUSTRIAL DISEASES. R. 5arthe. Presse med. (French) 579-580 (1937). Exposed workers are examined periodically so that suspicious cases are detect (there are. 2 to 3 yearly). The author discusses diseases that have occurred in the past few years. He has never seen chronic carbon monoxide poisoning of a d inite character. From 1924-32, 25 moderately acute carton monoxide cases were seen, but after a technical change was made, these cocaine very rare. Benzene poxsoning was not discovered. Despite a great amount of dust in the coke pul verizing plant, x-ray examinations show no dust diseases. The coke contains on ly a small amount of silica. Tar cancer has never been seen. Tar acne was seen, and burns were numerous. Conjunctivitis is common, and there are sporadic cases of dermatosis. Slight general disturbances might be caused by hydrocarbons. 460. AAFID DETERMINATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN AIR. D. N. Finkelstein. J. Aoclicd Chen. (Russian) % 1347 (1936). An investigation was made of existing methods of sulfur dioxide determination. The colorimetric determination can be carried out on a 10 cc. sample, with a sulfate ion content of 0.05-0.50 mg. The influence of potassiun chlorate upon the coloration of the chromate solutions should be determined, and series of standard solutions with a concentration interval of 0.05 mg. should be used.For the determination of oxidized sulfur dioxide up to a concentration of 0.005 mg. the iodometric and alkalimetric methods are adaptable. A manually-operated pump was used for sampling air. 461. THE DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF GASEOUS HYDROCYANIC ACID. A. Sieverts and K. Rehm. Angew. Chem. (German) 50. 88. (1937). Within wide limits, the determination of gas traces by means of benzidine cupr: acetate is independent of the copper and benzidine-salt contents of the test s. lution. Test conditions, such as temperature, small variations in weighing and mixing, and the acetic acid content of the acetate are unimportant. It is imroi tant to ascertain the color shade immediately after the test. Procedure for pr< paration of test solutions and experimental results are given. 462. QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID. K. 0. Moeller and K. Stefanss. Biochem. Z. (German) 2^0, 44-57 (1937). The Schulek-Lang iodometric, colorimetric and step-photometric methods were re examined and approved. A special procedure is suggested for the last one. 463. GaS DETECTORS FOR DETERMINATION OF FLAMMABILITY, OXYGEN DEFICIENCY AND TOXI CITY IN ROOMS AND VESSELS. E. K. Gilliland and W, P. Yant. Trans 25th Natl. Safety Congr. 229-240,(1936). No information as yet about reprints. Chemical, physicochemical and physiological methods and instruments for detect ing and determining contaminants in air are discussed. The greater the differ ence between weight of air and weight of gas or vapor, the easier it is to de termine their presence by measurement of the physical properties. 464. THE NEW DRAGER OXYGEN-BREATHING APPARATUS, MODEL 210. F. Kallmann. DrfigerHefte (German) No. 187, 3331-3336 (1936). The mechanical construction of this new small-size apparatus, put on the marke* late in 1936, is explained in detail. Numerous photographs and sketches are gi\ en with a detailed sketch of the oxygen-distributing valve. 465. LACQUER DISEASE. H. Bonnin and Andrk. Gaz. Mftd, de France 2, 15 (1936). Dermatitis from the use of Asiatic lacquer has been known for a long time in China and Japan. The lacquers are dried sap from trees of the Rhus genus, and the whole Rhus genus is toxic. Some persons are not affected, but others lr-- ' HWBB-0009608 develop an eruption on the exposed skin, distress follows and an irritating erythema with vesicles appears. There may be swellings on the face and eye lids, or nephritis. In rare cases there are convulsions and heavy breathing and more rarely still a fatal issue. The breath is strong and aromatic. The lesions are benign and disappear after a few days. The lacquer is taken from the trees in the same way as rubber is. Three toxic substances are found in it; uroshiel, laccol, thitsiol. The treatment is simply removing the patient from the source of trouble and applying soothing applications. Protection is attained by observing strict cleanliness and wearing gloves. 466. SaFETY IN SOLVENT EXTRACTION. B. Bonotto. Oil and Soap 1, 30-33 (1937). Some of the precautions recommended are : differences of voltage between sec tions of pipe lines or machines should be avoided; pipings handling solvents should be welded; compressed air in pipe lines generates istatic electricity and should not be used, and metallic moving purts that could cause sparks should be made of brass, bronze or copper. The ser.tr connecting the building to the main sewer should be trapred many times before it roaches the main to prevent escape of solvents. There should be no U bends in pipes handling sol vents. Solvent spilled on the floor should be diluted with carbon tetrachlor ide- from pint bottles kept for that purpose. Continuous extraction is prefer able, as there is no periodical opening and closing of extractors. Although, as a fire preventive, carbon tetrachloride is useful, the effects of it on man should not be overlooked. 467. BENZENE POISONING IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MIRRORS. D. Gilbert. Brux. med., (French) 17* 779-83 (1937). The work of >men in the production of silvered mirrors consists of first covering the silver with a varnish containing rubber and alcohol and then with a coat of rubber.resin in a benzene solution. From this occupation the author reports 6 cases of poisoning with 3 deaths, and at the time of writing one case is in a very grave condition. Bilateral blocking of the nipples, marked blood changes and optic nerve atrophy in the left eye developed in one woman causing her to lose ground. The use of benzene should be abandoned in this work Other necessary changes include automatic lacquering in closed containers and medical supervision. 468. THE ACTION OF DICHLORODIFLUOROtlETHANE ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE CAT. C. Brenner. J. Pharmacol. 52* 176-181 (1937). Tremors following the inhalation of dichlorodifluoromethane are not due to convulsant poisoning. Dichlorodifluoromethane is a depressant of low toxicity affecting the central nervous system and the tremors are due to release pheno mena from its action on the regulatory, motor centres. 469. APPLICABILITY OF THE ELECTROFILTER IN PROTECTION AGaINST WaR GASES. A. Schleich er and R. Koester. Gasschutg u. Luftschutz (German) 7, 22-23 (1937). To determine whether an electrofilter could be used in a collective protector, some experiments were undertaken. The completeness of the filtration was de pendent upon the temperature, the controllable factors of voltage and velocity of air stream, the volatility of the substance, its stability in the electric field and in the presence of ozone which is always present in these discharges. Ciphenylchloroarsine precipitated completely in a liquid condition at a temper ature of 40. It was oxidized to the* extent of 7C%. Mustard gas was not com pletely precipitated, although the wall of the filter was covered with a solid decomposition product. Because it was believed that behaviour of other war gases could be predicted from their chemical compomds, they were not investi gated. 0. a -.a 470. MORE PSYCHOLOGICAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION0 Schuormann. 2tb. f. Gewerbchyg. (German) 22, 241,242 (Oct. 1936). In most cases the greatest number of occupational accidents are the result of the personal factor and are preventable. The best method to prevent acci dents is to educate the worker in giving as much attention to safety as he does to proper conduct of his work. The engineer has succeeded in safeguard ing imchines and there is a decrease in such accidents. In occupational accidents there are between 7,000-8,000 fatalities yearly, about 1,500 perman ent disabilities and about 120,000 temporary injuries. 70% of these are con sidered preventable. New employees, those who have been out of work for a long time and young workers should be instructed, and posters are a means to this enc. Statistics are given of decrease in accident rates where safety en gineers are employed and technical accident prevention has reached a high level. Now safety engineers should carry on the psychological accident preven tion and bring it to as high a level as the technical accident prevention. A tendency to become involved in accidents is the result cf bodily defects as mental characteristics and psychological accident prevention has an important problem in the choosing of workers. (Although this paper deals with physical accidents, the psychological factor is equally important in dealing with occu pational hazards^ 471. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AS CARCINOGENIC AGENTS. J. W. Cook and others. Am. J. Cancer 2, 219-59 (1937). A full survey of the carcinogenic chemicals, dealing with their chemical rela tionships and their biologic effects is presented by Cook and his colleagues. They bring together all the material published up to the end of 19i36>uider appropriate hearings. Included in their survey are the hydrocarbons of the benzanthracene type and also the a*o compounds, cstrin, the styryl quinoline derivative discovered by Brov/ning, et al, P.s well as the inorganic compounds, zinc chloride and arsenic. Appended is a bibliography of 194 references. 472. DERMATITIS FROM PHENYLHYLRAZINE COMPOUNDS. J. G. Downing. New Engl. J. Med. 216. 240 (Feb. 11, 1937). In a rubber mill a t./enty-five year old worker mixed raw and reclaimed rubber with chemicals and shoveled the mixture into a machine. He worked for 14 months with no ill effects. Then a new material was introduced, a compound of zinc chloride and phenylhydrazine. After handling this material twice, his eyelid swelled, his eye became bloodshot, and an itchy rash appeared on hands and anas. The trouble returned the next time he handled the material, and he experienced a burning of the tongue, a loss of sense of taste and a hard, dry cough. Wet and dry patch tests wore mace. The first produced an area of erythema and edema, the second a veryred and edematous SKin covered with tiny vesicles. The nature of the reaction vras impetiginous. 473. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSES IN RELATION TO COMPENSATION. Robert C. Jamieson. Ind. Med. 6, 378-381, (June, 1937). (See note preceding abst. 423). A quotation, taken from a treatise written nearly two hundred years ago, is, that every sick person should be asked by his physician, "What trade he is of?" In the field of occupational dermatoses of today, this question is probably of more importance now than it was then; because of the tremendous increase in occupations, reported as productive of dermatitis. It is generally agreed among dermatologists and also by their patients that dermatitis should be com pensable. So the question arises, should occupational dermatoses be classed as a compensable occupational disease and be paid for as other occupational diseases; how should it be judged and on whom should the burden of proof rest. HWBB-0009609