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FILE NAME Brakes BRK DATE 1965 DOC BRK023 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Journal Article - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Occupational and Nonoccupational Exposures to Asbestos teA t,o Ann M.Y. yi Acad Acad Scr Scr Scr JoC . 132 132 132 a dae e key Ge 3a wr gy Mehaae va te nenbaGrceyy Ma 3 ES ak 5 aie CR YODAaA rad ^' oie RS if ae te aa, OS in Ag ied Slit weit ae peed ope eet Ma moeGE, CE TEN . Pay 4 gs cane A a forbid AT ye Y. oy . eaten e a t Te ae a oe oy aabbe Se edulibaties faele see SECTION IV HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS COMMUNITY STUDIES 188 i OCCUPATIONAL AND NONOCCUPATIONAL TO ASBESTOS EXPOSURES W. C. Hueper National Cancer Institute Bethesda Md cNpne Numerous reports by many investigators from various lish the fact that an countries estab- of occupational or nonoccupational inhalation of dust different chemical and physical types of asbestos ment of asbestosis of the results in the develop- lungs which depending upon the type of ure may be designated as an expos- occupational neighborhood or household pneumoconiosis Since 1935 an increasing amount of and pathologic evidence moreover incriminates epidemiologic clinical this health hazard as one of the environmental sources of cancers of the lung TABLE recently also of 1 and more mesotheliomas of the pleura and peritoneum although some commercially interested parties and their medical tectors still prefer for their guardians and pro- of these own reasons and motives to deny the existence dangerous and usually fatal sequelae of a asbestos dust The obvious respiratory contact with fallacy of such allegations is well demonstrated by the remarkable and progressive rise in the number of cases of asbestosis and of cancers of the lung pleura and peritoneum reported from various countries during the past two decades It is shown also by the increase 1 TTAABBLLEE TABLE of publications noting the first observations on the and asbestos occurrence of asbestosis cancers from several countries during the past decade TABLE mark Sweden Belgium Finland Japan Both Den- occupational diseases are definitely not as rare and in fact have become less in , as has been claimed by several industrial parties so recent times $ 1 There was for instance an estimated total of about 700 t tosis in Germany in 1946 cases of asbes- 2 among a total of approximately 8,000 employees of the asbestos industry Wegelius found 125 cases of asbestosis of the > lung roentgenologic examination of 476 asbestos workers of one com- $a > pany in Finland Of 132 asbestos workers examined & ? cent showed by B^hme29 per . u radiologic evidence of asbestosis The morbidity rate of as- .: bestosis in members of this worker group rose moreover with the duration of employment being five per cent in workers exposed to asbestos for less " than three years 56 per cent for those 79 employed for five to ten years and $ per cent for those with over 10 years exposure A similar i rate of 80 per cent morbidity among English asbestos workers with over 20 of employment was reported by Merewether and Price in 1930. Nyeoarros noted an asbestosis attack rate of 65 per cent in 167 asbestos workers 4 studied roentgenologically It is remarkable that no large observations on the incidence morbidity and mortality rates of asbestosis and asbestos cancers have been published from the giant American asbestos industry i 184 f 2 i ; 5 , ' , eC EAL. te Dyers ity erssbestosis pte est nce ABLE inhalation decade from ak EXPOSURES - c IUNITy PSy rUps L EXPOstnry lessper ** diseases increase housebea Md. ; ; US Countries oats, Inhalation of dew i ults jn the devel ye the type of time hood or housebess lemiologic, clinieas ta ow Pelee") oo, amd) 3 al *a Country Number Country Number Ss <loe wt et Sex Sex USA Blo on 1 | Plane} al lame Asbextotics Qa Age faleos paves Reported om period period period azard as cry BLED), andmm toneum, althuugs uardians and pro leny the CXistence tory Contact ws vell demonstrates ases of asbestos.4 ted from Varieus by the Ipcrease nce of asbestoars St decade (Des. a; ti diseases in recent times, casesS of of asbes. 3,000 employees sbestosis of the 2rs of one com. : per rme, !27!9 29 ity rate of as- h the duration bestos for Jes eynears, and 2): lar morbidity over 20 yean 9 3 3 =z F z j 3 z x 3 3 : i ; 5 ; ' a 8 Canada A f3 z be g England oee : o s ie g - Gi E-~ Hy Germany Be Germany o tz FS Blo a > g. ib Z Finland z 3 Finland x ra $ o | 2s ba ele. Ff France $ Rj< Total v Total Olse i LL LL LL Lower S S 4 wala 7" 2a 106 32 32 55.2 55.2 55.2 od> nN le oo | (el NGl 7 7 yy > ed . 52 x rs om a 2 ee Av Mw] 49 F . fy uo. . 1 gl as 1 M 240 197 [Ss 41 32-76 s* UL Upper A Round =8 , Av 23 15 15 ty S< 28 om | gy o 29 ' &s{| [Sia < 9 1-45 he 4-45 ~~ Z| Sb she [alalo a x) . = E 2 = z g S i = < ' < z 17 . oot 1-30 1 11--3300 be 25 Sm , aeon 2 28 8 11930. Nort : stos workers : observations and asbestces $ :o3 industry. >, pe) 5 Fe 8 |< > Rs} ame] of ' g 3 8 Oo | o oe 5 b= BIS S 5 9 oid [az] 2 "3Z 2s F ag ne & oP i g . : : : a zB . a S , ty aa =; a 2 i aa - - ee. =k 2 , ma x cad &- ot i ? g 2. j z &.. : A 3 2 : Ed = %. , S 2 a 2 = &= Asbestos : ; Asbestos oe : 7 = : = : . 8 Es &= wy . Royry ery Labatt aa heen Li ey siesta en She erst s edz Selb tae tension 186 Annals New York Academy of Sciences |;4 ireRnAI 2R0oeduseS0sAamiUhandebs To It is an axiom of sound public health practice that protective and pre- ventive control measures to be rational and effective against environmental health hazards must be based on adequate information on the sources and oF of the causative agent involved and on the population qh types of exposure of an en- et: affected For such an assessment of the potential scope Cer vgirroounpmsental health hazard of occupational and nonoccupational implica- > it is necessary to determine the distribution pattern of the agent cae tfiroonms the site of its original occurrence and production through the sites +1 and types of its subsequent industrial and commercial uses to the homes of the ultimate consumers It is moreover essential to ascertain the various Oo into which the causative agent might be incorporated types of products be used It is important Brea and the purposes for which such products might ee furthermore to investigate the existence and degree of environmental pol- ane tar lution of the plant area as well as of the plant vicinity and the zones along wee ta the routes of transportation of such materials When some or all of such 4 data have become available a sound factual basis is provided for a com- Ce investigation of the workers employed in mines and acRdhacuaned petent epidemiologic using and handling the causative agent and of the Wer factories producing and associated iets members of various trades and occupations having primary contact with it as well as of members of the general population sustaining Graruilt same an incidental exposure to it Past experiences have shown that only through oie J i % wl r es ' a ahaa eins Mevas pAL ey + y s is G Me ~& ren such comprehensive and painstaking epidemiologic procedures are any 1 Mc worthwhile factual data on the existence and scope of occupational and G ETE related environmental health hazards obtained The continued insistence of some industrial parties that reliable decisions on such aspects can be ; v ERe OR based on what is called deceptively sound clinical impression often : merely reflects an objectionable desire to escape from an unpleasant situa- SBF tion into a wishful dreamland in which profits are properly protected ' Soe, e wer against just compensation claims EE of the sources and types of occupational and non- A brief presentation to asbestos and of the various occupational and OR occupational exposures TS nonoccupational population groups having such contacts therefore may Be foundation for the subsequent discussions of the biologic ffuunrcntiisohnaalpraonpderanatomic effects associated with and produced by the in- coaeery halation of asbestos dust The immediate importance of such data is indi- th the fact that the world production of asbestos has increased from radi DerOesRA c5a0t0edtobnys in 1880 to 330,000 tons in 1925 to 446,000 metric tons in 1938 to over 2,000,000 tons in 1958 and that it is still rising FIGURE 1 The PAP country is Canada while the principal consuming country main producing should have the largest is the United States of America which consequently aS number of individuals exposed for occupational and nonocuppational nonocuppational reasons A to an inhalation of asbestos dust from an increasing number of sources tie ae Mr and from a growing number and variety of products waiterpe utate ei 1B) oy at , 7 3,is SPS : Mae aere ~ ee pat ie ee Hueper Exposures to Asbestos - 187 cective and pre t environmental the sources and the population scope of an ea ational implica -n of the agent rough the sit es to the homes Eain the various be incorporated It is important ironmental p the zones alon e or all of such ded for a com- d in mines and ent and of the and associated LD PRODUCTION ASBESTOS IN WETRIC TONS 2,000,000 ee 100,000 600,000 100,000e1400,000 4200,000 02000 600,000 ee 400,000 200,000 A 1900 I 1910 i 1920 Latent period 20 years . NUMBER OF ASBESTOSIS CANCERS OF LUNG REPORTED * 7 | | I i | 1950 YEARS tion sustaining at only throug FIGURE 1. World production of asbestos and asbestosis carcinoma of the lung dures are any cupational and nued insistence aspects can l ression often pleasant situa erly protected Since of the different types of asbestos chrysotile represents approximately 95 per cent of the total asbestos produced contact with this type of asbestos furnishes the chief cause of asbestos pneumoconiosis and cancer in most countries and especially in the U.S.A. which mainly produces imports processes and uses chrysotile.- Contact with other types of asbestos particularly amosite and croeidolite is of comparatively minor and regional importance for occupational reasons because these varieties of asbestos are ional and non- cupational and therefore may of the biologi ced by the inh data is indi- mainly mined in South Africa and preferably consumed in Great Britain and represent only a relatively small fraction of the total amount of asbestos produced and used The exposure data to be given apply therefore mainly to chrysotile although according to Lanza all three types of asbestos dicit the same kinds of biologic reactions OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITIES PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS increased from : tons in 1938 IGURE 11. Th aming country ave the largest ational reaseSTA ber of sources WITH ASBESTOS HAZARDS PE JEP Asbestosis and asbestos cancer hazards related to an inhalatory exposure to asbestos exist not only for asbestos workers proper engaged in the direct and regular production processing handling and using of asbestos Laining materials but also for the large number of individuals who may ustain such contacts on an incidental basis Such persons may be em- oyed permanently or temporarily in or near operations where asbestos and asbestos products are produced or handled and where they inhale t euancginer oe ykaaa 7? eal niuames Pg Sebr t siaoo tigyahtARS <2 HEA aba pnbpn Bendre a LA RNs ana 2 fs 0 APY PON NEI AD AUN Dad siatuehomdinabr COREA 4 SAB x,+ eprinty es PEARY f] OE So the tage Nyhae & +care ght Cae Atfeme patde ta telnet ate ee ST etn nb Dente Sion Sip sharpest Taha MED . ~ gg ix aseFE . we yay 1 2 wabitay h > dias naan . pkg dy noe tage cA Make oben at mp Sa rh Risk nde J a cbt duta tanelices dintte wee! lyetweden tf nm sane ek \ aSENS ele BARB al ee a 4 i Vasant me eamic.dbldscs ho tes int onsen beers Niet ~~ ens fe 188 Annals New York Academy of Sciences . TABLE 2 ASBESTOS Sites of asbestos cancers Exposure stigmata Recognized Lung Chronic fibrosing pneumonia involving first lower lobes asbestosis asbestos bodies in sputum asbestos warts of skin fingers Compounds of economic importance Chrysotile amphibole amosite crocidolite tremolite containing magne- sium aluminum calcium iron silica Operations and products with contact to asbestos for producers processers users consumers residents Asbestos rock mining loading shipping crushing milling asbestos spinning weaving mixing cutting pressing molding plastering cementing spraying of steel construction undercoating of automobiles insulating pipes etc. clothes cloths sheets blankets curtains brake linings linings yarns cords ropes twines ribbons artificial snow filler in rubber goods plastics and roof coatings filter cloths filter pads filter paper artificial wood tiles shingles cardboards wall boards partitions panels paper clutch facings clapboard pipe coverings pipes insulation blocks insulation jackets gaskets pump pack- ings electric wire insulation structural heat insulation facings of acoustical building materials catalyst supports in sulfuric acid production putties Population groups with occupational and environmental exposure to asbestos Occupational groups Nonoccupational groups Asbestos rock miners loaders truckers crushers millers asbestos spinners weavers electrical appliance and wire manufacturers masons carpenters heating equipment workers rubber workers shingle and tile manufacturers building material manufacturers filtering material manufacturers molders of asbestos products asbestos makers putty manufacturers asbestos cement makers asbestos paper cardboard and brake producers asbestos felt insulation workers asbestos sound insulation workers asbestos insulators pipe coverers asbestos tube wrappers asbestos cork insulation workers construction workers cc onstro uction n s constrt uctionruction automobile makers garage attendants garage attendants Residents in vicinity of asbestos processing and textile mills inhaling plant effluents polluted with asbestos dust and individuals living and working along roads on which asbestos is trucked inhabitants of houses with asbestos insulation therefore air po engineers mecha sonnel truckers yard workers au The total num suspected and po run between 50,0 asbestos in mem their relative lia also show distinc of about 50,000 a England and sev must be consider the actual scope c numerous occupa utilization of asti industrial health Miners sorter ularly in underg containing asbes rock and for the and deliver it to rocks comminua fibers from the a 4 deal of dust and technologic preca employed in thes and escaping fro tion of the intra thereby create n ployed in the yar hazard endangeri ity of such plan Reports on the oc miners and mille and South Africa hazards associate | As | | The greatest q of a variety of | J cement proper fi! | | | bate oe ee eee eee ne wee dares bein Sciences stigmata eumonia involving first _s asbestos bodies in of skin fingers ance molite containing magne- os for producers idents , milling asbestos spinering cementing spray-s insulating pipes etc. gs yarns cords ropes , plastics and roof coatial wood tiles shingles lutch facings clapboard ets gaskets pump packon facings of acoustical production putties vironmental upational groups in vicinity of asbestos nd textile mills inhaling s polluted with asbestos viduals living and work- ids on which asbestos is bitants of houses with lation Hueper Exposures to Asbestos 189 therefore air polluted with asbestos dust repairmen maintenance men engineers mechanics laboratory technicians office workers medical personnel truckers railroad workers yardmen construction workers ship- yard workers automobile plant and garage employees 18-23 The total number of individuals in the United States having manifest suspected and possible but often unsuspected contact with asbestos should run between 50,000 and 100,000 The duration and degree of exposure to asbestos in members of this group however must vary considerably and their relative liability to asbestosis and asbestos cancer consequently will also show distinct differences The recent estimate as to the total number of about 50,000 asbestos workers employed in the United States Canada England and several other European countries made by Braun and Truan must be considered an optimistic understatement which tends to minimize the actual scope of the health hazard associated with work in asbestos The numerous occupations and products associated with the production and rene utilization of asbestos provide a vivid illustration of the wide scope of the industrial health problem related to this mineral TABLE 2 gO CAT Asbestos Ore Mining and Milling ADI Miners sorters or dressers of asbestos ore in open pit mines but partic- HA ularly in underground mines are exposed to the inhalation of rock dust td containing asbestos Similar exposures exist for the loaders of the mined rock and for the truckers and railroad personnel who haul the material and deliver it to the crushing mill The crushing and screening of asbestos rocks comminuation carried out in the mills for separating the asbestos fibers from the adherent rock is associated with the production of a great deal of dust and thus entails a heavy exposure to asbestos unless stringent technologic precautionary measures are taken for protecting the workers employed in these mills The amount of dust produced in these operations and escaping from the mill buildings can moreover cause a marked pollu- tion of the intraplant and periplant environment with asbestos dust and thereby create not only an intraplant asbestosis hazard for workers em- ployed in the yard and offices located on the premises but also a periplant hazard endangering individual and animals working and living in the vicin- ity of such plants industrial neighborhood and household hazard Reports on the occurrence of asbestosis and asbestos cancer among asbestos miners and millers which are on record from Canada the United States and South Africa demonstrate the existence of the typical health hazards associated with these occupations in asbestos Asbestos Cement Production and Consumption The greatest quantity of asbestos of all grades is used in the manufacture of a variety of asbestos cement and plaster products such as asbestos cement proper which may be applied like ordinary mortar or plaster or 4 b dies moe vette ans aa erenntn!wran LARKenery Gr! a appv4 ty Jefe RNY Mie 147 251 ~ 2S amit amit saints oR saints work & work Os mB Ly has has Pos Sot Oe been - Ls been at been <= been aa been a been been 2 been 3 2 and & and k1603 ee k1603 k1603 EE k1603 de .s de ge de le 2 77y *a = = FF +i, Poy + z : : x usaldia usaldia usaldia usaldia 3 * levat levat 3 el^/intuh se > dunian dunian TNE bl - <,', ba Eo 3 3 =e . nh aa ah wid <> aed toya 4 i Ste a F - ae L4 , 4 3 3 ao $ 7 : 4 , a , 3 RG 3 3 4 i 3 4 i : P > 3 5 : $" 3; ji it 4 ?H : i .z : , H 4 t i: 2: 5 3 ' 3i 3 i ~ 3 5 a 3 - ~ 3 <a 3 4 x } 4 i cam + 190 Annals New York Academy of Sciences which may be sprayed on walls insulating material for the covering of pipes boilers cables conduits and ducts siding shingles roofing shingles tiles flat and corrugated sheets wallboard clapboard and automobile un- dercoating The production processing and commercial use of these materials often entail for workers engaged in such activities a distinct exposure to containing dust Reports in the more recent medical literature attest to the existence of distinct occupational health hazards from such exposures by noting the occurrence of asbestosis and asbestos cancers in asbestos cement and plaster makers mixers and sprayers in- laggers and coverers especially sulators pipe those employed in shipyards and masons.1,40,41,2,4,8 The circumstances under which asbestos cement products are used in the human economy make it likely that they may create asbestos health hazards of an associated type for other workers as well as in homes where asbestos insulating is used Manufacture of Asbestos Textiles Asbestos alone or in combination with other vegetable or animal fibers and synthetic plastics is employed extensively in the manufacture of threads yarns wicks cords ropes tapes cloths sheets blankets and similar products which in turn are used widely in industry automobile aircraft as friction materials brake linings fireproof safety clothing curtains life jackets and similar articles clutch facings lagging cloths and gaskets During the preparation of the asbestos fibers and in the fabrica- tion process of textiles from asbestos carding stripping mixing bobbing spinning and weaving the workers become exposed to asbestos dust released into the air although the absolute amounts of this have greatly been reduced during recent years by proper technologic measures in modern textile plants Whether the introduction of such protective procedures has succeeded in totally eliminating asbestotic hazards for the workers employed in such plants however remains to be seen because of the often relatively long latent period which may elapse before asbestosis may be- come symptomatically manifest even after workers have left such hazard- ous operations Exposure conditions in the asbestos textile industry until rather recent times definitely demonstrate that asbestos textile work- ers spinners spinners carders weavers carders weavers subject distinct asbestosis were subject to a distinct asbestosis and asbestos cancer hazard 1 58,12,13,53,54,59-72,33,73,74,20,75,76 58,12,13,53,54,59-72,33,73,74,20,75,76 58,12,13,53,54,59-72,3,73,74,20,75,76 58,12,13,53,54,59-72,3,73,74,20,75,76 58,12,13,53,54,59-72,3,73,74,20,75,76 58,123,5 4,59-72,37,420,756 58,12,13,53,54,59-72,3,73,74,20,75,76 Periplant hazards for the population living in the vicinity of such plants may ensue if the effluents of exhaustive ventilation equipment are released into the environmental air without previous removal of their asbestos constituents Miscellaneous Asbestos Products Asbestos is being made into floor tiles by blending it with other mate- rials such as asphalt plastics and similar chemicals It is used for seals packing circuit i Seliko not all exposur pneumo often c ; health E i of many ognized ; quately i| Prote | Prote : Asbes course o L a compli compens countrie ain *** : Great B i condition United S from eac and the le was deni Carolina this decis provision ; i against th still leave ; 1 Th ; during th : asbestos I of them employed | processed environme | The 2 | the past tw ' on the occu , workers b a i | Te 1. NUKEISNUKA EISARR IAY INUKA EISAY RIAY ,,KKIN NUKEISARIAY ,,KKINDR WES POLARITINGASOWASARE POLARITINGASOWASSARE POLARITINGASOWAS ARE IRISTELUSKILS ST^ NARGITEMSST^ NARGITEMS USULCHALETOWY P^s pro^ NG ZAZ3.2700WAVELLINS ZAZ3.2700WAVELLINS ZA3.270WAVELINS ZAZ3.2700WAVELLINS VIVULGTEN LASTE KALIYEMWUALI KALIYEMWUALI KALIYEMWUALI ek le nee entre Pe tee ee ab A he Hueper Exposures to Asbestos 191 overing of g shingles mobile un e of thre a distinct nt medical th hazard d asbestin rayers in shipyards h asbestow that ther er workers packing material for pumps and joints for making paper filter material circuit breakers molds and many other articles whose total number Selikoff et al have estimated to run at about 3,000 different items While not all contacts with asbestos and asbestos products are associated with exposures to asbestos dust and thus may result in the development of pneumoconiosis and cancers of the lungs pleura and peritoneum or less often of asbestos warts of the skin there can be little doubt that such health hazards are connected with the production processing and handling of many of them Their existence however may often not be known rec- intedaliochae! ognized and appreciated by members of the medical profession not adequately familiar with industrial practices and products edantahad Protection of Asbestos Workers by Workmen's Compensation Laws Asbestos workers of several countries acquiring as the result and in the course of their regular.employment asbestosis of the lung with or without a complicating respiratory cancer are covered by provisions of workmen's mal fiber compensation laws These occupational diseases must moreover in some facture of Aw countries be reported to governmental agencies Germany Great Brit- kets and - .2.8.06.07.20 It seems however that this type of protection applies in obile airhing curloths and e fabrica Great Britain to only some types of occupations but not to others The enh conditions on this matter differ distinctly in the different states of the er Nin United States where each state has its own compensation acts differing as from each other to a considerable degree concerning the type of coverage , bobbing s dust re- ha and the length of the mandatory clause Compensability of asbestosis gri Me was denied for instance in North Carolina in 1937 in a suit against the ve greatly in modern Carolina Asbestos Company by the Industrial Commission In an appeal this decision was confirmed by the Supreme Court of North Carolina Legal procedure provisions furnishing presumably adequate protection of asbestos workers e workers against the health hazards peculiar to their occupation at the present time the often still leave much to be desired in many states s may be ch hazard industry tile work stosis and ach plants e released - asbestos her mate for seal CONCLUSIONS a 1 The enormous rise in the production and industrial use of asbestos during the past 50 years has resulted in markedly widened exposure to i asbestos dust for a greatly increased number and variety of workers Some I of them moreover sustain such contacts incidentally either when being employed in various capacities in operations where asbestos products are i processed used or handled or when working in plant areas in which an environmental pollution of the air with asbestos exists | 2 The harmful effects of such growing exposures to asbestos during the past two decades are reflected not only in a growing number of reports F on the occurrence of asbestosis and asbestos cancer in a variety of asbestos ; workers but also in the fact that such reports originate from a rising i z we lee TH ana nee ae } i na Raed insa aie a dS we head Dane CCC " es MO , gingt Bye Sy ede wear Ms5 all SL ls b Uyeda *~ 2 a "s x sy ae ae% 8 TE NY: ME PRA na lhe? LD Sarat = prnenn sy Seen seal bata teeubeecanice Sacto ae a a tee an es ot 2yoohe aC Ne - NS st Sir ER rt . Sriptlatvedl a aipelsb ioe t a ,if .i werkt he Javad \ t2Mas gakde: scanl~-dka , scanl~-d~-ka kumtul kumtul kumtul sumani sumanisumani sumani sumani sumani sumani tay pak we pak ae eae husay th husay on eae ca we d^'shuby wer A manuala li^ ina rte ber ht cover tranet Fake Hn Oe . be haf ome ASN MeN mW ME RDA mle ' tharbt Rela er th whieb AD thel hany ale pasar 4 Baseband ENaR bh wee camer rete a 3 192 Annals New York Academy of Sciences number of countries in some of which such observations were made only recently for the first time 3 Information on the number and variety of exposed workers and on the occurrence and incidence of asbestosis and of asbestos cancers among them is most fragmentary in all countries especially in the United States and Canada one being the principal consumer of asbestos and the other the chief producer of this mineral It is for this reason regrettable that the original plan of having a recent epidemiologic survey on these aspects of asbestos production in Canadian mines and mills to be undertaken under the aegis of the National Cancer Institute of Canada was not adhered to and that this study was carried out as an dominated venture which yielded highly controversial negative results."0 4 The principal worker groups exposed to respiratory contact with asbestos are employed in the asbestos mining and milling industries in the production and commercial use of asbestos cement and plaster and their numerous secondary products in the production and application of asbestos for insulating purposes and in the processing of asbestos and its manu- facture into textiles 5 Because in many countries and states the workmen's compensation laws are defective the protection of asbestos workers against occupational health hazards related to respiratory and cutaneous contact with asbestos is inadequate REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 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TELISCI PMA 72 23 we TORT NR TEER ee ane eR en Nera cen te ee ee oe nc was eos i ee a Part ed ce ee - inane!le gg he ora ache te Metate She th cto ine Wee pee ttle Ss ce ee ee ee ee _ betsy ences tions were made only exposed workers an of asbestos cancer pecially in the United r of asbestos and th is reason regrettati ogic survey on these nd mills to be under te of Canada was not : dominated results 0.84-89,63,91 iratory contact with ing industries in the nd plaster and their pplication of asbestos bestos and its manu kmen's compensation against occupational contact with asbestor erige yrkessuhdom of asbestosis observed with pleural calcifica 202-204 Microbiol Scand 23 189 osants au cancer M^'dL^'g17 85-9 ations 478. Reinhold zig Germany ut Med Wochenschr . 65 407-403 edizinisches Problem ch Gewerbepath 17 bestos factory Arch on Effects of Asbestos e Asbestos Industry Hueper Exposures to Asbestos 193 BOWLES O. & D. I. MARCH 1947. Asbestos Minerals Yearbook 1945 : 1457 15. 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Asbestosis J.A.M.A. 530 bei Asbestos cinoma Ain strial health ' of Factories of Factories the lung in ; 565 569 4 He -F wo - 2. 71 # ponent am | 4 ae .? dy -) es et an Aiiod thee A i . ioeets ae & x | as sy anid. d ; 3 7brltdsh . hy wa- 2d tee ; 4- onREE Ae 4. gE . = 3 rt i i ' f = . see : ; B- 4 s oa H Toe > Eg &. re ss rn Fa $ t 3 & CZ - SA g % = eal - ee 4 5 Si ? a -& 8 fi TE Oe * e ia wid 2 = : a Mee wee ise rere SR She . 7 On . a = os - ote i +