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NO. 31506 SHIRLEY HODGE, Individually and as Personal Representative of the and Estate of A. J. Hodge, Jr., Deceased; GREGG A HODGE and ANGELA R. McClain, IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF Plaintiffs, vs. FANNIN COUNTY, TEXAS TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC COMPANY'(d/b/a VALLEY POWER PLANT), et al Defendants. 6TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT VIDEOTAPE ORAL DEPOSITION OF RAYMOND A. HEIT September 24th, 1996 Houston, Texas rD)'^7 Taxable Costs $______ Paid by: Plaintiffs Andrew Waters, Esq. SBN 20911450 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 2 1 2 EXAMINATION INDEX 3 4 DIRECT EXAMINATION PAGE By Mr. Waters............................................................................................. 9 5 6 7 8 EXHIBIT INDEX 9 EXHIBITS MARKED FOR IDENTIFICATION 10 11 NUMBER DESCRIPTION PAGE 1 Amended Notice of Intention to Take 12 Videotaped Deposition Duces Tecum............... 8 2 Copy of excerpt from the book "Thermal 13 Insulation"...................................................................... 146 3 1970 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 14 . 146 14 4 1970 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 12. 146 5 Industry Standards and Engineering Data. . 146 15 6 An Index of U.S. Voluntary Engineering Standards........................................................................... 146 16 7 Excerpt from The American Educator Encyclopedia.................................................................... 146 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 1 2 APPEARANCES: 3 FOR THE PLAINTIFFS: 4 Andrew Waters, Esq. Attorney at Law 5 400 South Zang Suite 1420 6 Dallas, Texas 75208 (214) 941-0532 7 and 8 J. Todd Kale, Esq. 9 Silber Pearlman, P.C. 3110 Webb Avenue 10 Dallas, Texas 75205 (214) 528-2000 11 FOR THE THORPE DEFENDANTS: 12 David Fisher, Esq. 13 Miller Thomas, Esq. Fairchild, Price, Thomas & Haley 14 413 Shelbyville Street Center, Texas 75935 15 (409) 598-3317 16 FOR THE BROWN & ROOT DEFENDANTS: 17 Phillip S. Brown, Esq. Fanning, Harper & Martinson, P.C, 18 Third Floor Preston Commons West 8117 Preston Road 19 Dallas, Texas 75225 (214) 369-1300 20 REPORTED BY: 21 Michelle Pfeiffer, CSR 22 Q & A Reporting, Inc. 2700 Post Oak Boulevard 23 Suite 1540 Houston, Texas 77056 24 (713) 439-7441 25 Q & A REPORTING INC. (713) 439-7441 3 1 APPEARANCES CONTINUED: 2 VIDEOGRAPHER: 3 Warren Mullins 4 Legal Eyes, Inc. 220 West Parkway 5 Denton, Texas 76201 (800) 622-7542 6 ALSO PRESENT: 7 Ms. Lynnette G. Adams 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 On the 24th day of September, 1996, in 8 the offices of Brown & Root, 4100 Clinton Drive, 9 Houston, Harris County, Texas, beginning at 1:10 p.m., 10 RAYMOND A. HEIT appeared before me, Michelle Pfeiffer, a 11 notary public in and for the State of Texas, and being 12 by me first duly sworn, testified by his video oral 13 deposition as hereinafter set out, pursuant to notice 14 and the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure; 15 The deposition may be signed by the 16 witness before any notary public or other officer 17 authorized to administer oaths. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 6 1 2 THE VIDEOGRAPHER: Okay. You're on the 3 record. Go ahead. 1:10. 4 5 THE REPORTER: Stipulations? 6 7 MR. WATERS: Just by the Rules. 8 9 THE REPORTER: Signature? 10 11 MR. BROWN: He'll read and sign. I 12 haven't even seen his notice. So if you're gonna 13 ask him about the notice, could someone share it 14 with me. I don't understand that he was asked to 15 bring anything. 16 17 MR. WATERS: Well, the -- the notice 18 pertained to all three of the depositions with 19 respect to the -20 21 MR. BROWN: He's not an industrial 22 hygienist. 23 24 MR. WATERS: I appreciate that, but it 25 would probably -- Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 7 1 2 MR. BROWN: So if there's anything other 3 than that 4 5 MR. WATERS: There's nothing other than 6 that, but if -- if you were -- I imagine you have 7 those pulled together. If you could give them to 8 us now, Todd can be looking at them while I'm 9 deposing him. 10 11 MR. BROWN: Mr. Drysdale's gonna bring 12 them. 13 14 MR. WATERS: Okay. 15 16 MR. BROWN: If they can be available any 17 sooner than that. I'll -- I'll certainly at a break 18 make that inquiry. 19 20 MR. WATERS: All right. Let's go ahead 21 and mark the depo notice as Exhibit 1. 22 23 MR. FISHER: Additionally, Michelle, an 24 objection by one would be good for both of the 25 defendants so we don't have to both pipe up during Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 8 1 the same -2 3 MR. WATERS: That's fine. 4 5 MR. FISHER: Okay. 6 7 MR. KALE: Also, Michelle, that's the 8 notice for -- for all three depositions. 9 10 THE REPORTER: Okay. 11 12 MR. WATERS: Okay. 13 14 THE REPORTER: Can we go off the record, 15 please? 16 17 MR. WATERS: You most certainly may. 18 19 (At which time, a short recess was 20 taken.) 21 22 (At this time, the instrument 23 referred to was marked Heit Exhibit No. 1 24 for identification and is attached 25 hereto.) Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 9 1 2 THE VIDEOGRAPHER: Back on the record at 3 1: 12 4 5 DIRECT EXAMINATION 6 7 BY MR. WATERS: 8 Q Would you tell us your full name, sir? 9 A Raymond A. Heit. 10 Q H-E-I-T? 11 A That is correct. 12 Q Mr. Heit, what is your date of birth? 13 A September the 12th, 1936. 14 Q That would make you 59 years of age? 15 A No. 16 Q 60 years of age? 17 A Correct. 18 Q Just had your birthday. Okay. 19 A Correct. 20 Q How long have you been employed with Brown & Root? 21 A Approximately 22 years. 22 Q All right, sir. Have you ever given a deposition 23 before? 24 A Yes, sir, I have. 25 Q On how many occasions? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 10 1 A Two. 2 Q Did either of those involve asbestos in any way? 3 A No, sir. 4 Q Okay. What did they involve? 5 A One was anelectionsituation up in Ohio, and the 6 other was a resolution of some contract expenses 7 with respect to some work I had been involved with. 8 Q Were either -- Well, the one you spoke of first, I 9 take it, was before you were employed with 10 Brown & Root? 11 A That's correct. 12 Q The second one was a contract dispute? 13 A Contract involved some work I had done prior to 14 coming with Brown & Root. 15 Q Oh, I see. 16 A Yes. 17 Q Okay. All right. Soboth of thosecases were 18 independent and totally separate from your work 19 with Brown & Root? 20 A That is correct. 21 Q Have you -- So therefore, you've never given a 22 deposition while a Brown & Root employee before 23 today? 24 A That is correct. 25 Q All right, sir. Since you're somewhatfamiliar Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 11 1 with the process, I'll just briefly refresh the 2 ground rules, if you will. If for any reason you 3 don't understand my question, will you stop me and 4 ask me to rephrase or repeat the question? 5 A Yes, sir, I will. 6 Q Okay. And you're doing fine so far. If you'll 7 continue to be sure to let me finish my questions 8 before you answer, and likewise, I will let you 9 finish your answers before I start another 10 question. Will that be all right? 11 A Great. 12 Q Okay.. What is your present position with 13 Brown & Root? 14 A I'm manager of engineering procedures and 15 standards. 16 Q How long have you been in that position, 17 approximately? 18 A On and off, essentially my entire career at 19 Brown & Root. 20 Q Okay. From -- Would it be from 1974 to the 21 present? 22 A That's correct, with some project assignments 23 scattered in between. 24 Q Okay. How was it that you -- Well, strike that. 25 Let me ask you first, just very generally. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 12 1 what are your duties -- what do you consider your 2 duties and responsibilities to be at the present 3 time? 4 A In a nutshell, to a laymen, the best I can describe 5 it is that I recycle intellectual products. 6 Specifically, engineering documents. Now, that 7 covers just a multitude of areas. 8 Q When you say recycle, do you mean that you utilize 9 engineering plans and documents that have 10 previously been used for something and you use them 11 again for some other purpose? 12 A Parts. 13 Q Okay. If I were to ask you what your job 14 description was when you started with the company 15 22 years ago, what would you have said? 16 A Design engineer. As it turns out, I was under 17 review for the job I'm in right now. 18 Q And as a design engineer, what were your duties and 19 responsibilities? 20 A Work with project requirements on a specific task 21 and bring those requirements to completion where 22 they could be used in the actual procurement and 23 construction of the plant or whatever to 24 completion. 25 Q How was it that you came to be hired by Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 13 1 Brown & Root in 1974? 2 A I had just gotten back in from an assignment in 3 Algeria and went back through the interview process 4 here in late 1973, and Brown & Root gave me the 5 best job offer of all the groups that I had talked 6 to. 7 Q Now, how would you have been employed immediately 8 prior to coming to work for Brown & Root? 9 A I was an independent consultant for the five years 10 prior. 11 Q Approximately '69 to '74? 12 A That's correct. 13 Q And just again very generally, describe what sort 14 of consulting services you provided in that time 15 frame. 16 A Among other things, I was a private consultant to 17 the design of the TransAlaska Pipeline. I was 18 design consultant to a local engineering 19 architectural firm on the design of the College of 20 Minerals and Petroleum in Saudi Arabia. I did the 21 safety, fire protection and security consulting 22 work in Algeria in '73. I was the design 23 consultant for a grass roots fiberglass plant, 24 manufacturing plant. I was the owner's consultant 25 for a manufacturing storage facility south of Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 14 1 downtown here where I was able to make use of an 2 existing foundation and floor system. Then, at the 3 same time, I was doing OSHA consulting for various 4 groups around town on an intermittent consultant 5 basis. 6 Q All right. The safety work that you did in 7 Algeria, was that in connection with a particular 8 project, construction project? 9 A No. This originated in Washington, D.C. One of 10 the consultants in Washington was hired or directed 11 by American insurance interests and, I believe, 12 their international insurance interests, also, to 13 review the status of safety, fire protection and 14 security at all Algerian industrial facilities. So 15 I was part of the team that went over to do that 16 task. 17 Q And did you go to a variety of manufacturing or 18 refining complexes? 19 A Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Welooked ateverything of 20 any significance in Algeria. 21 Q Okay. And what -- The Algeria job was in '73? 22 A Yes, sir. 23 Q And I think you said that was the last thingyou 24 did before you came to Brown & Root? 25 A That's correct. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 15 1 Q Okay. You indicated that you had been a design 2 consultant at a fiberglass plant. 3 A Yes, sir. 4 Q Where was that located? 5 A Galveston, Texas. 6 Q What's the name of the plant, if you remember the 7 owner, perhaps, or the 8 A I believe it was Texas Fiberglass Products. 9 Q And when was that project? 10 A That would have been in early 1969. 11 Q All right, sir. Then you mentioned a Houston 12 manufacturing facility. I think you may have said 13 south of Houston. 14 A Yes, sir. 15 Q What is that called? 16 A I do not recall the name of that concern. 17 Q Do you recall what the plant was set up to 18 manufacture? 19 A It was electrical goods. 20 Q Electrical goods? 21 A Yes, sir. 22 Q What was the time frame you were involved with that 23 project? 24 A That was in mid to late 1969. 25 Q Okay. And you also mentioned that you had done Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 16 1 some OSHA consulting? 2 A That's correct. That's correct. 3 Q How is it that you got involved with OSHA 4 consulting? 5 A OSHA was breaking on the scene. There was a 6 significant amount of concern, frustration, and let 7 me say confusion as to where OSHA was going to take 8 the American construction industry and American 9 business and industry in general. 10 Q All right. 11 A So I saw it as a good extension to things that I 12 had been doing up to this point. 13 Q Okay. Had you previously been involved in 14 occupational health and safety matters? 15 A Remotely. 16 Q Okay. We'll come back to that. 17 A Okay. 18 Q Maybe the better way to go is go back to -- start 19 at the beginning and work our way forward to fill 20 in the gap. 21 A Okay. 22 Q You were born in 1936. Where were youborn? 23 A Norfolk, Virginia. 24 Q Okay. Well, I went to school atWilliam and Mary, 25 and I used -- Q S, A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 17 1 A Okay. 2 Q -- to spend a lot of time down there. 3 A Okay. 4 Q How long did you take in Norfolk, Virginia? 5 A My family left there in 1946. 6 Q All right. And where did you move? 7 A To a city just outside of Cincinnati known as 8 Hamilton, Ohio. 9 Q Okay. And how long did you reside in Hamilton, 10 Ohio? 11 A Till I went away to college. In fact, I would stay 12 at home with my parents until I graduated. 13 Q Where did you go to college? 14 A University of Cincinnati. 15 Q Okay. When did you graduate from the University of 16 Cincinnati? 17 A 1959. 18 Q What was your degree in? 19 A It's the professional degree ofcivil engineer. 20 It's a little known degree. It ranks between a 21 bachelor's and a master's. 22 Q Okay. 23 A The University of Cincinnati is allowed to award 24 that on the basis of a cooperative education 25 program. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 18 1 Q Okay. After you graduated in 1959, what did you 2 do? 3 A I went with a group known as Factory Mutual 4 Engineering Division. 5 Q What did they do? 6 A This was the technical arm of the Factory Mutual 7 Insurance Companies. 8 Q And what sort of services did the technical arm of 9 these insurance companies provide? 10 A Factory Mutual was, and is, one of the leaders in 11 preferred risk industrial fire insurance. And 12 accordingly, they backed up their marketplace with 13 a full complement of fire protection related 14 engineering services. So this included everything 15 from review of policyholder plans for expansions, 16 new construction in the words of -- Okay. Just to 17 give you an idea of Factory Mutual's marketplace, 18 at that point in time, they carried all your Blue 19 Ribbon manufacturing facilities and other Blue 20 Ribbon properties. For example -- Go ahead. 21 Q Well, I just want to be clear on one thing. Is the 22 coverage that they provide pretty much limited to 23 fire, or is it more broad than that? 24 A It was fire and what's called use and occupancy. 25 In other words, if one of their insured facilities Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 19 1 was taken out of service as a result of fire or 2 other disaster, such as wind storm or flood or what 3 have you, then they also covered the operating 4 expenses and salaries and profits that would not 5 have been made during that period. 6 Q So it's sort of like a catastrophic loss coverage? 7 A No. 8 Q No? 9 A It depended on the client. For example, most of 10 their policies were full coverage. However, at the 11 other end of the spectrum, there were a few 12 companies, like Union Carbide, that carried as much 13 as a million-dollar deductible. But Union Carbide 14 and other groups that had this kind of deductible 15 wanted the benefit of the fire protection and 16 related engineering services. 17 Q Okay. Did they provide any worker's compensation 18 coverage? 19 A No. 20 Q Okay. 21 A No. 22 Q No general liability coverage? 23 A No. 24 Q Okay. And was that true throughout the entire time 25 you worked with them? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 20 1 A That is correct. 2 Q And if I understand your position in the position 3 of the Factory Mutual engineering division, y'all 4 would provide the expertise to assist the customers 5 in taking the appropriate precautions that would 6 help them avoid those types of losses? 7 A That is correct. 8 Q Was there a fair amount of travel involved with the 9 job? 10 A Yes, sir. It just so happened that I was the only 11 bachelor at that point in time in the Cleveland, 12 Ohio office, so I got the majority of the road 13 work. 14 Q Okay. Did you travel to Texas during that time 15 frame? 16 A No, sir. 17 Q Okay. For how long a period did -- did you work 18 for Factory Mutual engineering division? 19 A Approximately three and a halfyears. 20 Q And that was out of Cleveland? 21 A Correct. Correct. 22 Q Let me ask you if at -- during that time frame or 23 at any point in time up to, say, 1964, had you ever 24 learned anything about asbestos? 25 A Yes, sir. Are you familiar with asbestos cement Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 21 1 pipe? 2 Q Yes, sir. 3 A Okay. Asbestos cement pipe was very highly 4 regarded 5 Q From a fire -6 A -- for underground water supply. In fact, I can 7 vividly recall one plant up i. central Ohio that 8 had had the misfortune of having a tremendous 9 amount of cinders used as fill material around the 10 plant site. The cinders, in turn, generated fair 11 amounts of acid, which, in turn, attacked the 12 cast-iron fire water mains. So on visits to 13 insured facilities, when the weather permitted, 14 people like myself would run hydraulic tests on the 15 water system. And invariably, at this particular 16 location, when the fire pumps would kick in, it was 17 almost a sure bet you were gonna blow some of the 18 cast-iron water main. So people like myself would 19 stand by, stay on site until that fire main was 20 back in service. So the asbestos cement pipe was 21 the -- the, I guess, hands-down choice to replace 22 the cast-iron pipe. 23 Q Is that your -- at that point in time, in that time 24 frame -- your experience with that product? Was 25 that your first experience or knowledge about any Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 22 1 asbestos-containing products? 2 A No. My parents used to make candy as an art form 3 when I was a youngster, and I can vividly remember 4 the asbestos gloves that my father used in moving 5 the big copper candy pot. And he had other 6 asbestos pads that he used to set things on. So I 7 vividly remember asbestos from my days as -- as a 8 youngster. 9 Q Okay. In the time frame up to 1964, did you ever 10 have any understanding or knowledge about the 11 health hazards of asbestos? 12 A No, sir. 13 Q Okay. Did you ever have any -- any courses, for 14 example, in college that touched on biology or 15 mineralogy that discussed at all asbestos? 16 A I had a basic geology course, and then I did some 17 graduate work in sanitary engineering, and in 18 neither of those programs do I recall anything in 19 regard to asbestos. 20 Q Okay. Now, up to this point in time by 1964, had 21 you received any training, either formal or 22 informal, in industrial hygiene? 23 A No, sir. 24 Q Had you received any training in on-the-job safety? 25 A No, sir. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 23 1 Q Okay. Why did you decide to -- to leave the 2 Factory Mutual engineering division? 3 A I had the opportunity to take a very unique 4 position with one of the suburbs of Cleveland, 5 Ohio. 6 Q Okay. What was that position? 7 A That was village engineer for the Village of 8 Cuyahoga Heights. 9 Q I need you to spell Cuyahoga for me. 10 A C-U-Y-A-H-O-G-A. 11 Q All right. And tell me again, it was called 12 village engineer? 13 A Village engineer, yes. 14 Q What were the -- what was the nature and duty of 15 your responsibilities in that job? 16 A Essentially, I was thetechnical expertise for the 17 town. It's a very unique situation. At that point 18 in time it had a bedroom population of 19 approximately a thousand people and a working 20 population of something in excess of 50,000 people. 21 In other words, this little town had a lion's share 22 of Cleveland's industry. So I essentially served 23 as the technical arm for the Village. 24 Q And did that require you, for example, to spend 25 time at manufacturing facilities that were operated Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 24 1 in the Village? 2 A That's correct. 3 Q Were you a consultant for the city -- Strike that. 4 Did your duties and responsibilities include 5 inspecting on behalf of the Village the sites to -6 to ensure that operations were safe and met 7 specifications and things of that nature? 8 A That is correct. In addition to being village 9 engineer, I was also the Village building 10 commissioner and the Village zone commissioner. 11 Q How was it that you came across this opportunity or 12 how did it -- how did you -- how were you given 13 this job? 14 A I was approached by -- well, it was known in the 15 industry as a headhunter. 16 Q Okay. Does the Village of Cuyahoga Heights have -17 did it have a mayor, for example? 18 A That's correct. 19 Q Okay. Did you work directly for the mayor? 20 A I was directly employed by a civil engineering firm 21 out of Cleveland, and I was positioned out at the 22 Village. 23 Q Okay. So you were technically not employed by the 24 Village; you were employed by the consulting firm, 25 but your services -- Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 25 1 A Yes. 2 Q Okay. 3 A Yes. My full work week was spent out at the 4 Village. 5 Q And for how long a period did you maintain that 6 position? 7 A That was approximatelythree years. 8 Q In those -- During that time frame, did you become 9 familiar with whatever local or state ordinances or 10 regulations may have applied to safety in the 11 workplace? 12 A Yes, sir. 13 Q And in the course of your duties, did you advise 14 facilities or the Village of Cuyahoga Heights if 15 certain regulations or ordinances were not being 16 followed or if there were violations of those 17 requirements? 18 A Yes, sir, I did. 19 Q Was that a significant part of your -- of your job? 20 A It all depends on significant. Among other things, 21 the Village was topographically suited for 22 landfills. So as a result, the majority of 23 Cleveland's industrial refuse was brought out there 24 for dumping and I had to ride heard on the landfill 25 contractors. So typically, once or twice a day the Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 26 1 chief of police would come by and pick me up, and 2 we would probably stop for coffee, and then we 3 would just go visit the landfills. So it's a 4 rather dubious distinction, but it was my 5 responsibility to ensure that noxious materials 6 were not being allowed into the landfills and that 7 things were generally being kept in control. 8 Q Do you recall the specific regulations or 9 requirements that had to be adhered to or had to be 10 followed by the landfill operators, for example? 11 A Just the high points. 12 Q Well, let me -- let me ask the question this way. 13 A Sure. Go ahead. 14 Q Was it, for example, state law or was it local 15 municipal ordinances that had to be followed? Do 16 you recall? 17 A Yes, sir. It was contract requirements with the 18 landfill operators. These -- these were contracts 19 that were prepared by the Village solicitor. 20 Q Okay. So the Village had contracts with the 21 landfill operators which required the landfill 22 operators to follow certain safe practices? 23 A That's correct, yes. 24 Q Okay. Did either the city or the state, to your 25 knowledge, at that time, have any regulations in Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 27 1 place that pertained to these types of operations? 2 A I do not recall anything of that nature. 3 Q Did the city or the state have any regulations in 4 place at that time that pertained to safety and 5 health generally in industrial operations? 6 A The Village had its own code. I do not recall 7 anything in state regulations that I was required 8 to follow in dealing with the industries in the 9 town. 10 Q And the code that the Village had, that was 11 mandatory for that to be followed by the industrial 12 industry -- rather, by industries that were located 13 in the Village? 14 A That's correct. 15 Q Okay. And all of thepeople -- all of the 16 companies that operated facilities in the Village 17 were essentially held to understand that they had 18 to follow those codes? 19 A That is correct. 20 Q Okay. And for the most part did they follow those 21 codes? 22 A Yes, sir. 23 Q Okay. Did you everhave any of the industrial 24 operations out there respond to a violation of 25 codes by merely saying, well, we didn't know about Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 28 1 it, we didn't know that that was a requirement or 2 we didn't know that that was a restriction, 3 something of that nature? 4 A I do not recall any situations like that. 5 Q As -- as a general rule, would you agree with me 6 that companies are required and held to -- to know 7 whatever laws or regulations may be applicable to 8 their operations? 9 10 MR. BROWN: May he limit his answers to 11 his perspective, which is engineering, or are you 12 asking him broader than that? 13 14 MR. WATERS: Well, we -- he's been 15 talking about regulations that pertain to safety 16 and health. 17 18 MR. BROWN: Well, I understand that. But 19 you understand his background, training and 20 experience? 21 22 MR. WATERS: Yeah. I think he -- he's -23 he's -24 25 MR. BROWN: I think your question's Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 29 1 outside his area of expertise, and I want to go 2 ahead and make that objection. 3 4 MR. WATERS: All right. 5 6 MR. FISHER: We also object that it calls 7 for a legal conclusion on the part of this witness 8 and it's outside of his scope. 9 10 BY MR. WATERS: 11 Q Okay. Having said all that, you can answer my 12 question. From time to time there will be 13 objections. Do you want the question read back to 14 you, or do you recall it? 15 A I think it would be a good idea if we went back 16 over it. 17 18 MR. WATERS: Okay. Do you mind reading 19 that back? 20 21 MR. BROWN: Let me, before you do that, 22 tell you, Mr. Heit, that when counsel says to you, 23 "You now can answer the question," you need to 24 understand that that means if you can. 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 30 1 THE WITNESS: Okay. 2 3 MR. WATERS: No. I certainly -4 5 MR. BROWN: You're not under any 6 obligation to do more than try to respond as 7 completely and fully as you can to the question 8 that's asked, not to speculate or do anything 9 beyond that. 10 11 BY MR. WATERS: 12 Q Absolutely. Mr. Heit, if you don't know the answer 13 to my question, all you need to tell me is you 14 don't know and we'll move on to something else. 15 I'm only interested in the knowledge that you've 16 acquired in your years of experience and what you 17 know. And if there's something that you don't 18 understand or don't know, just tell me and we'll 19 move on to something else. 20 21 MR. WATERS: Okay. Can you read that 22 back to him? 23 24 THE REPORTER: Can we go off the record, 25 please? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 31 1 2 MR. WATERS: Sure. 3 4 (At which time, a short recess was 5 taken.) 6 7 RAYMOND A. HEIT, 8 having now been duly sworn, testified as to the 9 following: 10 11 (Whereupon the following was read by 12 the reporter: 13 14 "QUESTION: As -- as a general rule, 15 would you agree with me that companies 16 are required and held to -- to know 17 whatever laws or regulations may be 18 applicable to their operations?") 19 20 THE VIDEOGRAPHER: You're on. 21 22 A That covers a lot of territory. Back in the 60s, 23 from a technical point of view, life was a lot more 24 simple. What it came down to is we didn't know as 25 much then as we do now. By their very nature, laws Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 32 1 and regulations are meant to apply to everybody. 2 But sometimes there is a lag in disseminating this 3 information through the community and through those 4 that need to know. 5 6 BY MR. WATERS: 7 Q All right. I think that's a fair answer. 8 When you say life was more simple then, in 9 fact, in that time frame -- and we're really 10 talking about the early 60s right now, I think. 11 A Mid 60s. 12 Q Mid 60s. Okay. 13 A Uh-huh. 14 Q Okay. There were a lot less regulations concerning 15 safety and health in the workplace than there are 16 today? 17 A That is correct. 18 Q And the regulations that they had in those days 19 tended to be simpler -- that is to say, they were 20 less complex and easier to understand? 21 A That is correct. 22 Q Okay. And you would expect that in terms of the 23 lag time for a company or an individual to 24 recognize and address and follow a regulation, that 25 the larger the -- and more sophisticated the Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 33 1 company, the more able it would be to fairly 2 quickly understand the regulation and follow it to 3 the best of its abilities? 4 A Again, you're -- you're covering a lot of territory 5 there. Today we look at all the regulations that 6 are put out by EPA, NIOSH, OSHA, Internal Revenue. 7 I've had the opportunity to try to keep up with the 8 Federal Register, which -- at the federal level 9 where so much of this is put out. Most businesses 10 cannot afford to dedicate someone to stay right on 11 top of this on a day-to-day basis. It's -- it's 12 just the reality of the situation. Again, the 13 variety of subjects that are under regulation and 14 the variety of requirements. This is why OSHA is 15 still maintaining such a strong inspection posture. 16 Q Okay. And I appreciate what you've said and -- and 17 especially what you're talking about now -18 A Uh-huh. 19 Q -- how we have a lot ofregulation. 20 A Uh-huh. 21 Q But going back to the mid 1960s when there was 22 significantly less regulation, am I correct that 23 the companies that were better able to understand 24 and comply with those regulations would tend to be 25 the larger companies that had the financial Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 34 1 wherewithal to make themselves familiar and be on 2 top of what the requirements were? 3 A I can't guarantee that that would be true. 4 Q Okay. Can you think of any reason why a large 5 company in the early to mid 1960s would not be 6 aware of regulations concerning safety and health 7 in the workplace? 8 A I believe it's a matter of experience and exposure 9 to the sources of these regulations. For example, 10 again, looking at today's situation, the variety of 11 subjects that are being flushed out as being 12 problems. 13 Look at the tobacco industry today. Here we 14 have the tobacco industry that claims that there's 15 no hazard to cigarette smoking. So that you -- you 16 have the -- this gap of credibility. In other 17 words, what -- what -- what are we really-seriously 18 talking about here? And your corporate managers, 19 of course, are committed to their stockholders and 20 to the boards of directors. 21 Q Well, and I guess that presents -- can present a 22 problem in the sense that the corporate managers, 23 in their commitment to the stockholders, they have 24 a direct concern in -- in enhancing the 25 profitability of the enterprise, correct? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 35 1 A I would believe so. 2 Q Okay. And oftentimes the -- the profit motivation, 3 if you will, or incentive, can outweigh other 4 considerations, such as health and safety, that 5 might -- might be- pushed a little bit aside? 6 A I would probably have to look at that as a broad 7 generalization. 8 Q Yeah. I'm -- and I'm 9 A Go -- go ahead. I'm sorry. 10 Q I -- I wasn't speaking in any specifics, just in 11 general. Absolutely. 12 A There's no doubt that that doeshappen. 13 Q Okay. Do you believe that there's too much 14 regulation at the present time? 15 A That's almost like asking me if -- if I quit 16 beating my wife. It's -- it's a two-edged sword. 17 Q Okay. Do you think that there is adequate 18 regulation in the workplace today so that if the 19 regulations are followed, workers will generally 20 be -- be protected from accidents and industrial 21 exposures and things of that nature? 22 A I do believe that. 23 Q Okay. Do you believe that there was adequate -24 that there were adequate regulations in place in 25 the mid 1960s to properly protect workers from Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 36 1 injuries and exposures in the work place? 2 3 MR. BROWN: Again, is your question 4 limited to his perspective -- that is, from an 5 engineering standpoint? Or are you asking more 6 than that? 7 8 MR. WATERS: I'm asking his perspective 9 based on his world view, if you will. He has a lot 10 of different experiences which we're still working 11 our way through. 12 13 MR. BROWN: Are you asking him for his 14 personal opinion? 15 16 MR. WATERS: Based on his experience and 17 training and background. 18 19 MR. BROWN: Personal opinion? 20 21 MR. WATERS: Well, his opinion. I don't 22 know how personal it is. He's sharing it with us. 23 24 MR. BROWN: Okay. Just as long as you 25 understand it's outside his area of expertise, but Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 37 1 he certainly can share with you any personal 2 opinion he may have. 3 4 BY MR. WATERS: 5 Q All right, sir. 6 A Applying the knowledge and expertise that we have 7 acquired up to this point in time, I have to say 8 that in the mid 60s we probably did not have 9 adequate regulation. 10 Q Okay. 11 A And a real quickexample would thesafety belt and 12 the lumbar belt. 13 Q Okay. In that time frame, mid 1960s, you were 14 personally involved with trying to ensure that 15 companies followed regulatory or other 16 requirements, correct? 17 A That is correct. 18 Q Okay. And at that time, indealing withthe 19 industrial concerns in facilities that you 20 addressed on a continuing basis, would you have 21 been critical of a company that professed ignorance 22 of applicable regulations? 23 A At that point in time it was my responsibility to 24 ensure that the businesses and industries in that 25 municipality were, in deed, following the Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 38 1 regulations that had been enforced. In other 2 words, I -- for lack of a better expression, I was 3 a miniature OSHA. 4 Q All right. 5 A And, to a degree, a -- a miniature EPA. 6 Q All right. Well, and that -- that brings me back 7 to my question. In that capacity in which you 8 found yourself employed at that time, you expected, 9 did you not, that the industrial concerns in 10 facilities would know what the requirements were 11 and would follow the requirements, correct? 12 A If I had expected them to know and follow 13 everything, I would not have had to make rounds to 14 ensure that they were. 15 Q When you made the rounds, the purpose was to -- to 16 determine whether or not they were following the 17 regulations and doing so correctly? 18 A That's correct. 19 Q All right. And before doing so, before you would 20 make those rounds, you anticipated, did you not, 21 that -- that these companies would take the 22 necessary steps and would know about the 23 regulations and at least they should have been 24 following them? 25 A Would you go back over that? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 39 1 Q Try that one again? Okay. 2 As you went out to make your rounds and make 3 your inspections as a miniature OSHA or EPA, as 4 you've described it, -- 5 A Uh-huh. 6 Q -- these -- you anticipated that these companies 7 would know about the regulations and that they 8 should have been following them, correct? 9 A No. I -- I did not anticipate that they did know 10 them. And, in fact, in some cases they did not 11 know. 12 Q Okay. And -- 13 A And -- Go ahead. 14 Q And so part of -- of your job description, then, 15 was to educate them on what they didn't know -- 16 A Yes. 17 Q -- concerning therequirements? 18 A Yes, that would be correct. 19 Q Okay. 20 A Uh-huh. 21 Q And then once they did know, you would certainly 22 expect them tofollow themthereafter? 23 A Yes. 24 Q Okay. 25 A Yes. Which theydid not always do. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 40 1 Q I'm sure that's true. 2 And some of those companies presumably didn't 3 follow the regulations, which they knew about, at 4 least in part because of their commitment to 5 stockholders and to the -- the profit situation? 6 A I really can't answer that. 7 Q Okay. 8 A Again, that -- that's a -- that's a broad 9 generalization. 10 Q All right. Where did you go when you left Cuyahoga 11 Heights ? 12 A I went to the position of assistant county engineer 13 in Lake County, Ohio. 14 Q And what was the approximate time frame that you 15 made that move? 16 A I'm gonna say early 1966 -- excuse me, early 1965. 17 Q All right. Did you continue to operate as a mini 18 OSHA or a mini EPA in your new job as the assistant 19 county engineer. Lake County? 20 A No. For the short time I stayed in that slot, I 21 was looking after county road responsibilities. 22 Q All right. How long did you actually stay there? 23 A Just a matter of a couple of months. 24 Q Okay. And then where did you go after that? 25 A I went with a general contractor there in Lake Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 41 1 County. 2 Q Okay. Where is Lake Countyvis-a-vis Cleveland? 3 A Immediately east. 4 Q Okay. 5 A Cleveland's located in Cuyahoga County, and Lake 6 County is the next county to the east. 7 Q And I'm sorry. What was the name of the 8 engineering company? 9 A In Cleveland? 10 Q The one you went to. Right. 11 A Okay. I went to work for the countyengineer, a 12 gentleman by the name of Frank Riley. 13 Q All right. I've gotten myself confused. You left 14 the Lake County assistant county engineer job -- 15 A Okay. No. No -- okay. Yeah. Yeah. Goahead. 16 Q All right. And -- and that -- and that would have 17 been approximately mid 1965? 18 A Yeah, close to that. 19 Q And then you went -- What was the name of the 20 company you went with then? 21 A I went to Osborne, Incorporated. 22 Q Osborne. 23 All right. And it was -- What was Osborne, 24 Incorporated? 25 A General contractor. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 42 1 Q What kind of work did they do? 2 A Highway construction, site development, concrete 3 supply and building materials. 4 Q How long were you employed by Osborne? 5 A A little over a year and a half. 6 Q Till approximately the end of 1967? 7 A End of 1966. 8 Q Oh, I'm sorry. What were your duties and 9 responsibilities while employed by Osborne for that 10 year and a half? 11 A My primary responsibility was to keep the 12 construction of about a five-mile stretch of 13 freeway on track. In other words, I had to look 14 after the layout work and the materials testing. 15 Then there were some inconsistencies in the results 16 of the Ohio Department of Highway testing program, 17 so it was necessary to unravel that. So then along 18 the way I was estimating and bidding projects -- 19 and I was chief engineer for Osborne. 20 Q How -- how big a company was Osborne? 21 A Okay. With all the divisions, they probably had 10 22 million dollars worth of equipment, in the dollars 23 at that time. He had -- I guess you'd call it a 24 franchise where he used one of the lake mooring 25 boats to go across Lake Erie to Canada and he would Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 43 1 bring -- the mooring boat would bring back a boat 2 load of crushed limestone. 3 Q Huh. 4 A And this, of course, was the aggregate that was 5 used in the concrete and it was a material that was 6 used in a variety of ways. So that's probably one 7 of the best money machines I've ever seen. But he 8 had the ready mix concrete business -9 Q When you say he -10 A Jerry Osborne, the owner. 11 Q Okay. 12 A Yeah. Yeah. 13 Q Okay. Did Osborne have a safety department? 14 A Not as such. I -- I was the unofficial safety 15 manager. 16 Q Okay. 17 A With that kind of work, the primary concern is 18 cave-ins with your underground. 19 Q Did you familiarize yourself, to the extent you may 20 not have already known them, with whatever 21 requirements, regulations may have applied to 22 digging trenches -- 23 A Yes. 24 Q -- and that sort of thing? 25 A Yes. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 44 1 Q Okay. 2 A There was not much in place at that point in time. 3 Q All right. Fair enough. To the extent there was, 4 however, information and regulations in place, 5 Osborne made a conscious effort to -- to address 6 that and to follow those rules? 7 A Yes. Yes. 8 Q And was Osborne doing thatbefore you arrived, to 9 the best of your knowledge? 10 A From everything that I can recall, Imaybe brought 11 it up a notch. 12 Q Okay. Kind of tightened up the program? 13 A Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. 14 Q All right. And why was it that you left Osborne? 15 A Had the opportunity to come to Texas. 16 Q Okay. 17 A We had had two weeks ofsubzero weather in 18 Cleveland and I came down here in January of '67 19 and had two of the most beautiful weeks I can ever 20 recall. Nobody told me it was the mildest winter 21 they had had in years. But I was able to interview 22 and on the spot I decided, hey, I had had enough 23 cold weather. So I was able to interview with half 24 a dozen outfits at that point in time and was able 25 to pick up employment. So I went back, packed and Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 45 1 moved south. 2 Q Were you interviewing with construction companies 3 for the most part? 4 A No. I interviewed with Brown & Root. 5 Q Uh-huh. 6 A I interviewed with Exxon and Fluor and Union 7 Carbide, and there were two others, and I don't 8 recall who they were. 9 Q All right. And who did you wind up taking a job 10 with? 11 A Union Carbide. 12 Q Do they have a plant in the Houston area? 13 A Texas City. 14 Q Texas City? 15 A Yeah. Yeah. 16 Q So you began work sometime -- was it in January 17 ' 67? 18 A February of '67. 19 Q February of '67? 20 A Yeah. 21 Q And what was your position at Union Carbide? 22 A Essentially, I was project engineer responsible for 23 civil, structural, architectural, fire protection 24 and safety-related projects. 25 Q Wow. That's a big job description. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 46 1 A It was a lot of fun. 2 Q Yeah. Now, when did -- when did that plant open, 3 if you know? 4 A Yes, I do. Construction started in the late 30s, 5 early 40s. 6 Q And how many employees did that plant have at the 7 time frame you arrived, approximately? 8 A I would estimate maybe2,000. 9 Q All right. 10 A It was around-the-clock operation. 11 Q Now, in your -- in terms of your safety-related 12 responsibilities, did they have a -- sort of a 13 safety hierarchy at the plant that you fit into or 14 were you hired to -- to, in effect, oversee the 15 safety department, or how did that fit together? 16 A As a project engineer, it was my job to pick up on 17 a need or a problem and work with the unit 18 management to arrive at a solution. Now, one of 19 the surprises on arriving at Union Carbide at that 20 point in time, early '67, was to find that they had 21 an industrial hygienist. The first time I had ever -22 ever come across that particular phrase. And they 23 had a plant doctor, which apparently was pretty 24 common at the larger refineries and chemical plants 25 along the Gulf Coast at that point in time. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 47 1 Q Let me just ask -2 A Sure. 3 Q -- for a point of clarification. Do -- Are you 4 saying it was common to have a plant doctor or it 5 was common to have IH 6 A It was common to have a plant doctor. 7 Q Okay. 8 A Again, the -- this planthygienist-- industrial 9 hygienist was the first time I -- I had come across 10 that particular position. 11 Q Do you recall the name of the industrial hygienist 12 working for Union Carbide in 1967? 13 A I do not. I do not. 14 Q Did you have anopportunity tospend time with -15 with this gentleman and learn something of what his 16 expertise was all about? 17 A Just very limited. 18 Q Okay. 19 A I -- I recall having conversationsabout 20 ventilation problems, fume exposure. That 21 particular plant was a petrochemical facility. 22 Q All right. 23 A And there were all kinds of noxious chemicals in 24 the area. 25 Q Do you know if at that time Union Carbide had Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 48 1 developed some procedures that from an industrial 2 hygiene standpoint would reduce or eliminate 3 asbestos exposures? 4 A No, sir, I don't. In fact, I can vividly recall 5 using cement asbestos siding and cement asbestos 6 pipe with no knowledge of any concern. 7 Q Okay. And this was personally used on your part? 8 A No. No. This was -- 9 Q This was -- the workers? 10 A -- with respect to the projects that I was 11 responsible for. 12 Q All right. And I take it that at that point in 13 time anyway you did not have any knowledge about 14 the potential hazards that could result from dust, 15 dusty operations or inhaling the dust? 16 A That is correct. There was -- there was no 17 knowledge. 18 Q Had you had knowledge at that time that you 19 subsequently developed in your position in -- in -- 20 with respect to your safety-related 21 responsibilities, would you have asked for a change 22 in procedures to try to eliminate those exposures? 23 A Well, I believe that Union Carbide would have 24 handcuffed me. In other words, they flat -- they'd 25 have rode me out of the plant, if -- if, for Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 49 1 example, today I would go and try to use corrugated 2 asbestos. 3 Q Uh-huh. Well, if you had -- if you had known about 4 the hazards of asbestos in '67 and had gone to 5 Union Carbide with your concerns, do you think that 6 they would have responded by trying to adopt some 7 safer practices? 8 A That -- that's a good question. I can't be real 9 sure about the answer. Unfortunately, the Gilbert 10 principle wasn't in effect back then. There were a 11 couple of situations where I had put in what I 12 thought were significant improvements -- not in the 13 safety field, but in -- let me call it engineering 14 economics, and the bureaucracy was able to make 15 sure it didn't get implemented. 16 Q It was hard to make changes, in other words? 17 A That's correct. 18 Q Okay. 19 A That's correct. 20 Q Did you understand that the -- the gentleman -- and 21 I -- I know you can't recall his name, but the 22 gentleman that was employed there was a certified 23 industrial hygienist, or do you know if he was 24 certified? 25 A That, I don't recall. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 50 1 Q Okay. 2 A I'm not sure that they -- they might have had a 3 certification program that far back. 4 Q All right. Was Brown & Root involved with any of 5 the projects at the Union Carbide facility while 6 you worked there? 7 A At the time that I was on site, there were not any 8 Brown & Root crews there. However, Brown & Root 9 had been one of the major contractors in that 10 plant. 11 Q How long a time frame were you there at Union 12 Carbide? 13 A Approximately two years. 14 15 MR. BROWN: We've been going about an 16 hour. 17 18 MR. WATERS: Yeah. 19 20 MR. BROWN: Do you want to take a break, 21 Mr. Heit? 22 23 MR. WATERS: Sure. We can do that. 24 25 THE WITNESS: Okay. Sounds good. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 51 1 2 THE VIDEOGRAPHER: Off the record at 3 2 : 10 4 5 (At which time, a short recess was 6 taken.) 7 8 THE VIDEOGRAPHER: Okay. Back on the 9 record at 2:22. 10 11 BY MR. WATERS: 12 Q Mr. Heit, we were talking about your employment 13 from, I guess, '67 to '69 -- early '69 at the Union 14 Carbide facility. 15 A That's correct. 16 Q Okay. And where did you go after that? 17 A The next five years I essentially worked as an 18 independent consultant. 19 Q All right. And that would be early '69 to '74? 20 A Late '73. 21 Q To late '73? 22 A Yes, sir. 23 Q All right. We've come full circle. Tell me, if 24 you will, what -- I assume that it was during the 25 time you were at Union Carbide that you decided you Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 52 1 were gonna go into business for yourself? 2 A That's correct. 3 Q All right. And what was it that you hoped to 4 accomplish or what was -- what was your goal in 5 setting up that business in terms of what sort of 6 customers you wanted to have, what sort of work you 7 intended to do, what sort of services -- services 8 you intended to provide? 9 A I intended for my consulting practice to be 10 primarily civil structural, but to -- to also offer 11 the fire protection and safety consulting. 12 Q Did you anticipate that the safety consulting would 13 generally be in the context of construction 14 operations? 15 A No. 16 Q Okay. 17 A I figured that would be one part of it. 18 Q All right. What other -19 A Go ahead. 20 Q What other parts did you anticipate at that time in 21 addition to -22 A The industrial -- primarily the industrial side. 23 Q And when you say industrial side, you'retalking 24 about manufacturing operations or refining? 25 A Primarily. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 53 1 Q Okay. 2 A Yes. Yes. 3 Q During your time that --the twoyears at Union 4 Carbide, did you receive any additional training or 5 instruction with respect to safety or industrial 6 hygiene matters? 7 A Nothing that would be classed as formal training. 8 I was interacting with a variety of disciplines. 9 We had a full complement of technical disciplines 10 on site there. 11 Q All right. Including theindustrialhygienist you 12 referenced earlier? 13 A Yes. 14 Q All right. 15 A Yes. Yes. 16 Q During the time frame you were at -- at Union 17 Carbide, did you learn anything about the hazards 18 or potential hazards of asbestos in the workplace? 19 A I did not. 20 Q Okay. When was it that you first learned or 21 understood about the -- developed an understanding 22 about the hazards of asbestos? 23 A To the best of my recollection, that started to 24 come into the picture in 1974, after I had joined 25 Brown & Root. Q A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 54 1 Q Okay. 2 A And the asbestos picture began to unfold at that 3 point. 4 Q Okay. So is it a fair statement that prior to 5 arriving at Brown & Root you were not yet aware 6 that asbestos was hazardous? 7 A Yes, sir. Yes, sir. 8 Q And you mentioned that you -- one of the things 9 that you did was OSHA consulting? 10 A Yes, sir. 11 Q In that time frame when you were an independent 12 consultant? 13 A Yes, sir. 14 Q Okay. Did youunderstand at that time frame, in, 15 let's say, 1970, that OSHA -- that the -- that the 16 Act had been passed and signed by President Nixon 17 in 1970? 18 A That would have been -- You're referring to the 19 William Stigar? 20 Q Well, I -- I'm not -- What I'm referring to is the 21 Occupational Safety and Health Act, which is what 22 set up the OSHA administration and commenced the -23 the preparation of regulations. 24 A Okay. I believe that's referred to as William 25 Stigar Occupational Safety and Health Act. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 55 1 Q I think that must be right. 2 A Yes. 3 Q And that was signed into law by President Nixon in 4 1970? 5 A That's correct. Yes. 6 Q Okay. And are you telling me that you did not 7 become aware until 1974 that one of the regulated 8 substances, materials in the implementing regula -9 in the implementing regulations was asbestos? 10 A Okay. I knew that asbestos was in the -- the dust 11 and breathing area, but it was not considered any 12 more unusual than any of the other regulations that 13 came out. You have to understand that when they 14 put together the first two regulation packages -15 okay. Part 1910 is what they called the general 16 industry regulations, and Part 1926 was the 17 construction regulations. Essentially, what they 18 did with those two packages was to pull together a 19 lot of loose consensus standards or voluntary 20 standards that were in existence at that time. 21 Does the term ANSI mean anything to you? 22 Q Uh-huh. 23 A Okay. Most of the material published in 1910 and 24 1926 were existing ANSI regulations. So there were 25 just innumerable loose ends that were included in Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 56 1 those two packages. 2 Q I take it that in the time frame '69 to '74, in 3 your work as an independent consultant, you did not 4 address or encounter the OSHA regulations 5 pertaining to asbestos in the workplace? 6 A It was never an issue. Now, the -- the prime 7 emphasis was on trenching, perimeter protection, 8 hard hats, untidy job sites. At that point in 9 time, there was so much in the elementary area of 10 safety control that needed attention that the more 11 sophisticated ends really did not get significant 12 attention. 13 Q Okay. So just to kind of capsulize what you've 14 just told me, the asbestos regulations that were 15 passed in '70, as you say were more -- the more -16 at the more sophisticated end? 17 A Yes. 18 Q And they tended to be overlooked, for lack of a 19 better word, for a few years until implementation 20 really began to kick in? 21 A Yes, At that point in time, you never saw anything 22 in the way of air sampling on a job site. In other 23 words, there were too many tripping hazards or too 24 many working without hard hats. There were too 25 many obvious shortcomings that needed immediate Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 57 1 attention. 2 Q Okay. So you would not anticipate, for example, 3 that at construction sites in the 1970s time frame 4 Brown & Root, for example, would have completed air 5 monitoring while working with asbestos? 6 A I would have been surprised if they had. 7 Q Okay. 8 A I really would. 9 Q Are you aware of the fact that the State of Texas, 10 as of 1958, had passed regulations that required a 11 minimum -- or excuse me, that required that 12 asbestos exposures be limited to a certain level? 13 A I've learned that -14 Q Okay. 15 A -- since that era. 16 Q Okay. I take it that's not something you knew in 17 the 1960s, for example? 18 A No. No. 19 Q All right. How was it that you learned that Texas, 20 in 1958, had adopted maximum concentrations -- 21 allowable concentrations for workers working with 22 asbestos? 23 A It's just come up in discussions over the years. 24 Q Okay. 25 A In talking with other engineers and -- Of course, Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 58 1 after the cancer connection started coming to the 2 front in the mid 70s, then more and more attention 3 was focused on the finer points. 4 Q Okay. All right. Just -- Have you heard from 5 other people at Brown & Root that you've worked 6 with over the years -- is that how you learned 7 about the 1958 standard? 8 A Yes. Yes. 9 Q Okay. And in the course of those conversations, 10 while you never had any personal knowledge of 11 that -- of those regulations, you came to und -- to 12 understand from talking to older, I guess, or 13 perhaps Brown & Root employees who had been with 14 the company much longer that, in fact, those 15 standards had been in place? 16 17 MR. BROWN: Let me object. That assumes 18 facts not in evidence. He has not identified who 19 he talked to. Could be that some young whipper 20 snapper just joined the job and got out of college 21 and-knew a lot about it. Who knows. So I object 22 to your question. 23 24 BY MR. WATERS: 25 Q All right. You can answer, sir. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 59 1 2 MR. BROWN: If you can without 3 speculating. 4 5 A Restate that question -6 7 BY MR. WATERS: 8 Q Sure. 9 A -- because it's -- Go ahead. 10 Q What -- what you've told us already -- 11 A Uh-huh. 12 Q -- and I think the record's pretty clear on this, 13 but I just wanted to follow up, is that at some 14 point in time since you started working for 15 Brown & Root in 1974, you've had conversations with 16 other Brown & Root personnel and as a result of 17 those conversations have come to understand about 18 the Texas threshold limits for asbestos that were 19 put into place in 1958? 20 A Uh-huh. 21 Q Is that a fair statement? 22 A Yes, that is. 23 Q Okay. 24 A That is. 25 Q Can you recall the names of any of the individuals Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 60 1 at Brown & Root that you spoke with after 1974 that 2 identified for you the fact that this previous 3 regulation had been in place, starting in 1958? 4 A I recall conversations back in the mid 70s. I was 5 working with some of the disciplines on development 6 and various standards, and insulation was part of 7 what I was involved with, and a big deal was made 8 that, hey, we get rid of the asbestos -9 Q Okay. And so -10 A -- usage. 11 Q -- in that context, y'all were discussing 12 presumably the new regulations, the OSHA 13 regulations that y'all -14 A Primarily, yes. 15 Q Okay. 16 A Yes. 17 Q And it would have come up that, in fact, these 18 gentlemen would have told you -- I understand you 19 can't recall who they were necessarily -- that, in 20 fact, there had been some previous regulations as 21 well that you had not personally been familiar 22 with? 23 A Yes. That -- that did come up. 24 Q Okay. Did you understand from speaking to those 25 gentlemen or just in general that the regulations Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 61 1 that had been in effect since 1958 had not been 2 routinely followed by Brown i Root over the years? 3 A To the best of my recollection, the regulations 4 were not that well known or understood up until the 5 mid 70s. In other words, there was not an intimate 6 knowledge of what was involved there. 7 8 MR. WATERS: Okay. Let me object. And 9 I'm gonna make an objection that your answer was 10 nonresponsive to my question. Don't take that in 11 the wrong way. 12 13 A Okay. No. No. That's all right. 14 15 BY MR. WATERS: 16 Q My -- my specific question was -- and I think you 17 sort of answered it, but my specific question was: 18 As a result of those conversations, did you come to 19 understand that Brown & Root had not routinely 20 followed or had not been focused on the 1958 21 regulations that had been in place? 22 23 MR. BROWN: Excuse me. You've asked two 24 questions. 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 62 1 MR. WATERS: I'll -- I'll break it down. 2 3 MR. BROWN: Followed or focused on. 4 5 MR. WATERS: I'll break it down. 6 7 MR. BROWN: I don't mind the -8 9 MR. WATERS: I'll break it up. 10 11 MR. BROWN: -- focused on. 12 13 MR. WATERS: Withdraw the question. 14 15 BY MR. WATERS: 16 Q In the course of those conversations, Mr. Heit, did 17 you come to understand that with respect to the 18 1960s, Brown & Root had not routinely followed the 19 1958 regulation, that there had not been a policy 20 to do so? 21 A We're -- we're looking at two areas here. The -22 My side of the house at that point in time was 23 primarily engineering people. And the engineering 24 people would not have had any direct input to site 25 safety activities so that they would not have had Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 63 1 any direct interest in the monitoring functions at 2 the job site. 3 Q Okay. And the people you had your discussions with 4 in the mid 70s would have been engineering folks? 5 A That's correct, yes. 6 Q All right. 7 A Uh-huh. 8 Q And what you're telling us is that to the extent 9 there may have been asbestos exposures in the 60s, 10 or going back to 1958, that's something the 11 engineering people would not necessarily be 12 concerned or involved with? 13 A That's correct, yes. 14 Q Okay. 15 A Uh-huh. 16 Q And I think you've already told us that at least 17 prior to the early 70s that prior -- you would be 18 very surprised if there was any air monitoring with 19 respect to -20 A Yes. 21 Q -- asbestos levels done? 22 A Yes. Yes. 23 Q Okay. You talked about the -- I think you used the 24 term the cancer connection. 25 A Uh-huh. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 64 1 Q Do you remember using that term? 2 A Yes. Yes. 3 Q Okay. Have you been made aware over the course of 4 your experience with Brown & Root that there were 5 some studies completed in the early to mid 1960s 6 that confirmed that asbestos exposure could cause 7 cancer? 8 A I've heard bits and pieces on that. I have not 9 heard or seen anything -- 10 Q Okay. 11 A -- that I would use as definitive. In other words, 12 I -- I've never read any -- any reports like that 13 myself. 14 Q This morning in deposition -- Ithink the jury will 15 hear this in trial -- Dr. Cagle, who is testifying 16 on behalf of Brown & Root, testified that as early 17 as the 1930s and on up to the 1960s there were 18 hundreds or even thousands of articles that 19 discussed the fact that asbestos -- people exposed 20 to asbestos could get cancer as a result of that. 21 Have you ever been made aware by Brown & Root of 22 that cancer connection? 23 A I have not. I'm surprised to hear the numbers of 24 articles that he's quoting. 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 65 1 MR. BROWN: In fairness to you, Mr. Heit, 2 he didn't say that. Counsel had to remind him of 3 some earlier testimony. 4 5 BY MR. WATERS: 6 Q In any event, the cancer connection was brought to 7 your attention by Brown & Root the first time in 8 the -- approximately the mid 1970s? 9 A I'm not gonna say specifically Brown & Root. 10 Q Okay. 11 A Because I do read a lot of technical journals. In 12 the mid 70s it just all of a sudden came on the 13 scene. 14 Q What you're basically telling us is that from the 15 standpoint of the media and the public at large, 16 there was a lot more information in the latter part 17 of the 1970s about asbestos and cancer? 18 A Yes. Yes. 19 Q Let's talk about your -- Well, let me -- let me 20 back up. I had a couple morequestions. 21 A Sure. 22 Q When you interviewed with Brown & Root in January 23 1967, were you interviewing for the -- a job of 24 project engineer? 25 A No.Primarily, job asspecification engineer or Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 66 1 design engineer. 2 Q At that time was Brown & Root a large company? 3 A Large is relative. 4 Q That's right. 5 A Compared to the organization I had been with, yes, 6 Brown & Root was a large organization. 7 Q Okay. Do you know when Brown & Root first had 8 industrial hygienists on its staff? 9 A I have no idea. 10 Q Do you know if they have industrial hygienists on 11 their staff today? 12 A I know they do today. 13 Q Okay. 14 A Uh-huh. 15 Q Just to clarify, the -- the OSHA consulting that 16 you did up until 1974 when you went to work for 17 Brown & Root -18 A Uh-huh. 19 Q -- did not include work related to asbestos? 20 A That is correct. 21 Q Okay. 22 A I'd gone into an OSHA school in '72, and I do not 23 recall anything specifically being brought up about 24 asbestos at that program. 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 67 1 MR. WATERS: Okay. Let me object to the 2 nonresponsive portion of that answer. 3 4 BY MR. WATERS: 5 Q Another one of the companies you interviewed with 6 was Exxon? 7 A Uh-huh. 8 Q Did you come to understand after you began to work 9 for Brown & Root, if you didn't already, that 10 Brown & Root was the most significant contractor 11 working for Exxon in this area? 12 A I've never heard that. 13 Q Okay. 14 A I would not be surprised. 15 Q All right. Have you personally been involved with 16 projects undertaken on behalf of Exxon by 17 Brown & Root at the Baytown facility? 18 A Not directly. 19 Q Okay. Indirectly have -- do you have some 20 knowledge about that? 21 A At the present time, I've supplied a number of 22 engineering standards out to work that's in 23 progress at Baytown, and I -- I've put up material 24 for other Baytown-related projects. 25 Q Is it your understanding, based on your experience Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 68 1 with Brown & Root, that the relationship between -2 between Brown & Root and Exxon, and specifically 3 pertaining to the Baytown facility, goes back all 4 the way to the 1940s? 5 A I'm not familiar with that. 6 Q Okay. Do you know whether or not Brown & Root was 7 involved with construction and maintenance projects 8 at the Exxon facility in the 1950s, 1960s -- or 9 1960s? 10 A I do not have any knowledge of what Brown & Root 11 might have been doing with Exxon at that point. In 12 fact, Exxon did not exist in the 50s and 60s. 13 Q Was it -- What was itcalled.Standard? 14 A No. No. 15 Q ESSO? 16 17 MR. KALE: Humble. 18 19 A Yes, sir. The facilities that we know primarily 20 down here today as Exxon were Humble Oil. 21 22 BY MR. WATERS: 23 Q Okay. 24 A But they were owned by what was then known as 25 Standard of Jersey or Eastern State Standard Oil, Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 69 1 or more better known as ESSO. 2 Q Let me ask the question a different way because I'm 3 glad you brought that up. In -- in the course of 4 your work from '74 to the present, have you come to 5 understand that Brown & Root did work at the 6 Baytown facility, regardless of who -- who they -7 what they called the owner at the time? 8 A Yeah. I knew that there had been work out there. 9 Q Okay. And did you understand that that work went 10 all the way back to 19 -- to the 1940s? 11 A No, I did not know that. 12 Q Okay. How far back did you understand that that 13 work had gone, or do you understand? 14 A To the best of my recall, I have not heard of any 15 work with Exxon prior to the 60s. 16 Q Okay. All right. I'd like to ask you some 17 questions about your work with Exxon from 1974 to 18 the present. And I guess more particularly, let me 19 just ask the question this way, in a general sense. 20 Have you continued to have some involvement with 21 hearth and safety issues from 1974 to the present? 22 A Health and safety issues have always been a 23 companion part of basic engineering work. And with 24 my work in standards and specifications, I have had 25 to pay attention to health and safety issues Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 70 1 wherever they became evident. 2 Q All right, sir. Have you had any involvement with 3 Brown & Root related to health and safety and 4 specifically asbestos or the hazards of asbestos? 5 A Yes. I end up, more or less, being the final check 6 point on the publishing of the -- the company 7 engineering standards, so one of the things that I 8 have kept an eye out for is anything that -- that 9 would specify asbestos. And it's -- it's part of 10 my duty to eliminate that from the standards, or at 11 least control it. 12 Q Just to make sure I'm clear, are you speaking of 13 circumstances where you'd received specifications 14 from a potential customer? 15 A No. No. No. 16 Q Specifications from a supplier of machinery or 17 equipment? 18 A No. 19 Q No? 20 A No. 21 Q All'right. Youbetter explain it. 22 A Okay. It's part of my program to take in 23 specifications from our individual design 24 disciplines. For example, right now I have a brief 25 concrete specification that would be used for Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 71 1 concrete work on small projects. That comes to me 2 ready for final issue. I check it for overall 3 format, general order and general technical 4 accuracy so that if that specification would have 5 called for asbestos fiber as a mineral fiber 6 binder -- by comparison, there -- there are such 7 things as plastic fiber binders -- that had that 8 specification in reference to asbestos, I would 9 have had to call a meeting with the civil people 10 and essentially drawn the line and said no, you 11 can't do that. 12 Q Okay. So you kind of, in that capacity, act as a 13 watchdog to make sure that the specifications don't 14 require the use of something as hazardous as 15 asbestos? 16 A That -- that's one of the things. 17 Q Sure. 18 A That's one of the many. With all due respect to 19 the young lady right here, I've been told that part 20 of my mission is to catch any of the dumb ass 21 mistakes that come across my desk. 22 Q And clearly in this day and time, and I guess, 23 perhaps, any time after 1975, you would 24 characterize specifying the use of asbestos as just 25 one of those kind of mistakes, wouldn't you? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 72 1 A Yes, but there's exceptions. I had talked about 2 asbestos cement pipe. And in a perfect world, we 3 would say, hey, no more asbestos pipe. So in our 4 underground piping specs today, the national 5 specification for asbestos pipe is listed, but 6 there's a big note that says we do not use this 7 under ordinary circumstances. If the customer or 8 client is requesting this, there has to be 9 coordination through with the Brown & Root legal 10 department. 11 12 MR. WATERS: Okay. Let me just for the 13 record object to everything after yes as -14 15 A Oh, I'm sorry. I -16 17 BY MR. WATERS: 18 Q No. No. You go right ahead and answer the 19 questions as best you can. Don't worry about -- 20 That's just a technical legal thing. 21 A Well, there was a -- an exception to the basic rule 22 is what I was trying to indicate. 23 Q I appreciate that very much. One of the reasons 24 that you, in that watchdog role, watch out for 25 specifications that might require some kind of Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 73 1 asbestos is because you don't want for some 2 future -- for in the future some individual to be 3 exposed to asbestos and run the risk of developing 4 cancer and all that that might entail? 5 A That's correct. That's a good expression. 6 Q Okay. How large was Brown & Root when you arrived 7 as an employee in 1974? And -- and perhaps the 8 best way for me to ask you the question is in terms 9 of number of employees. And I'm just really 10 looking for -11 A That's an illusive number. This is a ballpark 12 guess. I'm gonna say maybe 20, 25,000 employees. 13 Q Wow. Okay. When you became aware after starting 14 with Brown & Root that Brown & Root had known 15 previously of the 1958 standard that we talked 16 about, when you became aware of that, did you 17 consider that given Brown & Root's size, given 18 their significant involvement in the construction 19 industry, that's precisely, the kind of information 20 they probably should have been aware of? 21 22 MR. BROWN: Excuse me. Let me object. 23 There's no evidence that Brown & Root knew. What 24 the man testified to was he may have had some 25 discussions with some employees, but that's not to Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 74 1 say that that ever was communicated to whomever -2 3 MR. WATERS: Let -- let me -4 5 MR. BROWN: -- speaks on behalf of the 6 company. 7 8 MR. WATERS: I'll withdraw the question. 9 Try this -- try this another way. 10 11 BY MR. WATERS: 12 Q Given the size of Brown & Root and the nature of 13 their operations, sir, would you anticipate that a 14 company like Brown & Root would have known about 15 the 1958 asbestos standard? 16 A I'm gonna have to say no. 17 Q Okay. But what you have -18 A Can I tell you why? 19 Q No. That's okay. 20 A Okay. 21 Q I might come back to that. What you do know is, 22 from talking to these various individuals, that, in 23 fact. Brown & Root did know about it. Can you tell 24 us how Brown & Root learned about the 1958 25 standard? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 75 1 A No, I can't. Icannot answer that. 2 Q Okay. 3 A I have no idea. 4 Q We'd have to talk tosomebody who was with the 5 company a long time ago in order to determine that, 6 I presume? 7 A I would 8 9 MR. BROWN: Excuse me. That calls for 10 speculation. Object. 11 12 BY MR. WATERS: 13 Q You can answer. 14 A I -- I agree. That would be a logical assumption. 15 Q Are you aware of anyone today that you work with or 16 know at Brown & Root who was employed by the 17 company in the 1950s? 18 A At this point in time, no, I do not. 19 Q Other than your involvement and yourconcerns about 20 specifications that may requirethe use ofasbestos 21 that you just described, -- 22 A Uh-huh. 23 Q -- have you had any other involvement with the 24 hazards of asbestos from 1974 to the present? 25 A Not that I can recall. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 76 1 Q Okay. I'm sorry. I -- I think I asked you this 2 question before, but I don't recall your answer. 3 Did you say that you had been involved with some 4 projects at Exxon Baytown since 1974? 5 A Yes. I have put up specifications and procedures 6 that are used by our people. 7 Q Okay. Are you aware that -- that there's a 8 long-standing policy that when Brown & Root 9 employees, or for that matter other contractors' 10 employees work at the Exxon Baytown facility, they 11 are required to follow Exxon safety regulations? 12 A Yes. Yes. 13 Q Okay. And that's not particularly surprising, I 14 suppose. Isn't that probably true with a lot of 15 the big industrial premises owners when they have 16 contractors come to their facilities, they -- they 17 require them to follow their safety policies? 18 A This day and age, to the best of my knowledge, that 19 is pretty typical. 20 Q Okay. In fact, the Brown & Root crews that worked 21 at Exxon were required to not only follow the Exxon 22 safety regulations, but to actually adopt them as 23 their own? 24 25 MR. BROWN: Excuse me here. There's been Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 77 1 no foundation for this. You're asking the witness 2 to speculate. I didn't understand that he did 3 anything in Exxon other than to send out some 4 engineering standards. And if those, in fact, 5 encompass this, then I withdraw the objection. 6 Other than that, I don't see how he's in a 7 position to know what may have happened if he was 8 not there. 9 10 BY MR. WATERS: 11 Q All right. Let me reask my question, in light of 12 the objection. 13 Have you also understood that there has been a 14 long-standing requirement that Brown & Root crews 15 that work at Exxon -- Exxon Baytown not only are 16 required to follow Exxon safety regulations, as 17 you've testified, but are also required to actually 18 adopt Exxon's safety requirements as their own? 19 A No. I'm not intimately familiar with any kind of 20 relationship like that because I have visited the 21 Baytown job site just maybe once or twice for a 22 short-term visit and was never put through any of 23 the site indoctrinations that typically occurs when 24 a Brown & Root employee goes on a client property. 25 Q Well, you called the process site indoctrination? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 78 1 A Yes. 2 Q And that's where the -- the premises owner fully 3 instructs the contractor, superintendent and the 4 contracting crews what rules and regulations 5 they're to follow? 6 A Okay. I'm using it in terms of an individual like 7 me going to that job site and I'm gonna go out to a 8 work area. Then, in most cases, my company is 9 required to indoctrinate me and familiarize me with 10 what the site requirements will be. 11 Q Okay. 12 A That's how I'm using indoctrinated. 13 Q All right. Okay. I think I understand. So 14 basically, the Brown & Root policy, in compliance 15 with Exxon's policy, would be to acquaint you, 16 before you go out there and before you get on site, 17 with what the safety rules and requirements are? 18 A I can't answer that for sure because I'm not even 19 remotely familiar with what relationship exists 20 there. 21 Q Okay. 22 A I've neverseen any of that. 23 Q Brown & Root has had a safety department for a -- a 24 long time, correct, before you -25 A To the best of myknowledge, yes. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 79 1 Q In your experience, has the Brown & Root safety 2 department made every effort to try to be aware of 3 any hazards that its employees might encounter? 4 5 MR. BROWN: Excuse me here. There's no 6 foundation for this, and unless he somehow knows 7 what they've done, you're asking him to speculate. 8 You can answer it if you know. 9 10 A I cannot give you a hard and fast answer on that. 11 I know from company publications that Brown & Root 12 does emphasize workers' safety to a high degree. I 13 do know that Brown & Root realized a long time ago 14 that it's very worthwhile from a monetary point of 15 view to take good care of your employees and 16 promote a strong safety program. The monetary 17 value, of course, is reflected in the lower 18 insurance rates. So there's both an altruistic and 19 a monetary driving force here. 20 21 BY MR. WATERS: 22 Q Did you become aware of that attitude or that 23 policy, if you will, sometime after you came to the 24 company in 1974? 25 A No. I knew a lot of Brown & Root people when I -- Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 80 1 when I first got down here in the late 60s and I -2 I picked up on that immediately. 3 Q Okay. Did you understand from that experience and 4 from your experience actually as a Brown & Root 5 employee that Brown & Root wanted to be aware of f 6 any hazards its employees might encounter so that 7 it could warn those employees and assist them in 8 avoiding injury? 9 10 MR. BROWN: Here again, there's no 11 foundation, and I think you're asking him to 12 speculate unless he has some involvement in that. 13 14 A That -- that's a very complex question. I can't 15 give you any specifics that -- that I could detail 16 out with respect to that question. 17 18 BY MR. WATERS: 19 Q Well, let me just ask in the context of 1974 to the 20 present. Has it been your experience that 21 Brown & Root has made efforts to understand and 22 determine what hazards there are so they can warn 23 their employees and their employees can avoid 24 injury? 25 A Yes. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 81 1 Q Okay. 2 A Yes. 3 Q And those efforts on the part of Brown & Root, for 4 example, would include determining and 5 understanding what types of exposures could be 6 toxic or hazardous to workers' health? 7 A Yes, sir. 8 Q Do you have any knowledge about the membership of 9 Brown & Root in the National Safety Council? 10 A I do not. 11 Q Okay. Did you know that they were a member of the 12 National Safety Council? 13 A I do not. 14 Q Okay. 15 A Even today I -- I could not answer that question. 16 Q I guess you are aware from your involvement with -17 with the company and your understanding of the 18 nature of their -- that the work that they do, that 19 at least up until the middle 1970s, Brown & Root 20 was involved with numerous projects, either 21 construction or maintenance, that utilized asbestos 22 as a thermal insulating material? 23 A I do not know that for a fact. 24 Q And my question to you is if you are aware of that 25 or do you have an understanding of that based on Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 82 1 what you've learned since 1974 in the context of 2 the historical work that the company's done. Have 3 you come to understand that up until that time 4 frame, approximately when you joined the company, 5 Brown & Root was involved with construction work 6 that utilized asbestos thermal insulation as part 7 of the construction process? 8 A I do know that asbestos was in some of our 9 standards back in that era. 10 Q Okay. 11 A Now, as to what extent asbestos was used, I cannot 12 give you an accurate picture at all. 13 Q Have you reviewed any of the documentation in this 14 case that pertains to the contract for building 15 Units 2 and 3 of the Valley Plant in Savoy, Texas? 16 A Yes. I've had an opportunity to review the cost 17 reports, and cost reports only. 18 Q Okay. Have you not reviewed the contracts? 19 A No, sir, I have not seen the contracts. 20 Q They were not provided to you? 21 A No, sir. 22 Q Did Brown & Root retain or hire insulators on a 23 routine basis to complete insulation work at the 24 various facilities where they performed 25 construction activities? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 83 1 2 MR. BROWN: At what point in time. 3 Counsel? 4 5 MR. WATERS: Any time that he's familiar 6 with. 7 8 BY MR. WATERS: 9 Q Let's say -- let's say when you started with the 10 company, 1974. 11 A Insulation is -- and I -- I can't guarantee this, 12 but insulation is one of those necessary evils on a 13 project that gets done, depending on the job 14 circumstances. Specifically, you have two parts in 15 the insulation. One is the procurement of the 16 material, and two is the actual insulation or 17 application. So depending on circumstances, as I 18 understand it, one job Brown & Root might buy the 19 insulation and hire the insulators and put it in as 20 a Brown & Root part of the job. Another time they 21 might subcontract out the purchase and the 22 insulation. Another time they might buy the 23 insulating material and then hire an insulation 24 subcontractor to install the material purchased by 25 Brown & Root. And to the best of my knowledge, Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 j 84 1 there's no direct policy as to how any one given 2 project is going to administer that segment of the 3 contract. 4 Q When Brown & Root did directly employ 5 insulators, -6 A Uh-huh. 7 Q -- would it employ them -- would they be union 8 workers? I'm sorry. Would they be members of a . 9 union? 10 A In all probability, I believe the answer to that 11 would be no. 12 Q In fact, did Brown & Root have a policy of trying 13 to avoid hiring union members in this time frame? 14 A I cannot answer that because I'm not familiar with 15 that end of the business. 16 Q Hiring? 17 A I -- I've never -18 Q When you said in all probability, no that 19 Brown & Root would hire union members to do 20 insulating work, what was the basis of your 21 statement, or why is it that you feel that way? 22 A Brown & Root has always promoted the merit shop 23 philosophy. From the earliest days. Brown & Root 24 has been a merit shop organization. 25 Q So theyhaveessentially, to the extent possible, Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 85 1 avoided hiring union labor for a variety of -- of 2 crafts? 3 A Okay. Maybe I'm not interpreting the question 4 correctly. I don't know that Brown & Root would 5 exclude an individual that put in an application 6 because he was a union member. I don't know -- and 7 again, I'm an innocent in this area. I don't know 8 how Brown & Root could identify a union man if he 9 showed up at the hiring office. Now, when you 10 first started talking unions, I was thinking of 11 union subcontractors. And I doubt that union 12 subcontractors would want to come on a site, and I 13 doubt that union men would want to come on site 14 either. 15 Q Okay. Insulation work, I think you described it as 16 a necessary evil? 17 A Yeah. Yeah. 18 Q Okay. 19 A Yeah. 20 Q It was a dirty job, but somebody had to do it? 21 Fair statement? 22 A Yes. 23 Q Okay. 24 A Like several otherson a typical construction job. 25 Q Okay. Since 1974, have you been involved with the Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 86 1 construction of any power plant or power generating 2 units? 3 A At the construction site, no. I have been involved 4 with some of the design side. 5 Q Have you reviewed the documentation in this case 6 that pertains to the change orders and the actual 7 insulation work done at the Valley Unit No. 3? 8 A I'm totally unfamiliar with what you're talking 9 about. 10 Q Okay. 11 A I didn't see any trace of that in the cost -- final 12 cost reports. 13 Q What is the final cost report, by the way, that -14 that you did review? What -- what is that document 15 so I can understand? 16 A It's a summary of where the money was spent. It's 17 a breakdown of labor and materials for the various 18 parts of the plant. 19 Q At the end of the day? 20 A No -- Well, some of it was prorated by number of 21 workers on a week-to-week basis. The other was -22 was essentially a final summary of how many dollars 23 were spent on insulation, how many dollars were 24 spent on electrical. There were some percentages 25 of over and under. Each one was only less than a Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 87 1 hundred pages each. 2 Q Okay. Have you ever observed construction 3 activities at a power plant at any time? 4 A Yes, I have. 5 Q Where would that have been? 6 A The Parish generating station up here -- I believe 7 it's Route 2 -- was Route 249. I believe it's 149 8 now. 9 Q Somewhere in the Houston vicinity? 10 A Yeah. Yeah. It's down south of the Willowbrook 11 Mall. 12 Q Did Brown & Root build that facility? 13 A At the time I went out there. Brown & Root was 14 doing some additional work. I don't know that we 15 were the original contractor there. 16 Q When was it that you made that trip? 17 A I'm gonna say in '74 or '75. 18 Q Are you familiar with plans for the construction of 19 other power generating units other than the one you 20 just described? 21 A I did some work for the Florida Power & Light. 22 This was early on when I joined Brown & Root in 23 early '74. I was part of a three-man team that 24 designed a huge cooling tower complex. Then I put 25 up other various standard documents, standard Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 88 1 specifications that were used by other power plant 2 projects. Then I was what you might say the point 3 man in getting Brown & Root's first radioactive 4 source license for doing on-site radiography. This 5 was primarily for power plants. I was the point 6 man in getting Brown & Root's initial quality 7 control manual approved by the American Society of 8 Mechanical Engineers. And this was a -- a new 9 requirement that had been promulgated by ASME in 10 '73, then I picked up on it in '74. And of 11 course -- Are you familiar with ASME? 12 Q I think so. It's the American Society of 13 Mechanical Engineers? 14 A Correct.Correct. Yes. 15 Q In reviewing the -- the documentation that you were 16 provided concerning the construction at Valley 3, 17 did you see anything that was of significance to 18 you concerning this case? 19 A There was one mention of what was apparently a 20 brand name for asbestos insulation, and I think it 21 may have been J-M, or Johns-Manville. As I recall, 22 their trade name was Thermobestos. 23 Q Okay. 24 A And that was in one of the little short 25 descriptions on some of the insulating work. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 89 1 Q And the document presumably priced out, for 2 example, just how much money was spent on -3 A Yes, sir. 4 Q -- Thermobestos, among other things? 5 A Yes. Yeah. Yeah. 6 Q Do you understand that the J-M Thermobestos that 7 was identified was an asbestos product? 8 A I assume that it probably was. 9 Q Okay. 10 A I have no hard and fast information that would tell 11 me yes, it was or no, it wasn't. 12 Q Do you have any opinions concerning the nature of 13 the work that was done at the Valley Plant Unit 14 No. 3 from 1969 to 1971? 15 A With regard to what? 16 Q With regard to the nature of the work, the way it 17 may have been done, the materials that may have 18 been used, anything of that nature. 19 A The best I can offer is that Brown & Root, by and 20 large, has left a remarkable track record in the 21 work that they have designed, the work that they 22 have constructed and the work that they have 23 designed and constructed. I believe there's very 24 few people who really comprehend the extent of what 25 this company has done over the years. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 90 1 Q All right, sir. And if I understand you correctly, 2 what you're saying is from the documentation that 3 you've reviewed, from an engineering standpoint, it 4 would appear that the construction was done the way 5 that it should be done? 6 A Yes, sir. 7 Q Okay. 8 A Yes, sir. There's -- there's a lot of key things 9 that I could spot in the -- just in the final cost 10 report. I could see the exotic materials that were 11 used in some of the piping and some of the valves. 12 I recognize some of the premium subcontractors that 13 were involved there, Babcock and Wilcox, and I 14 believe there were some General Electric 15 generators. When you see those kind of names in 16 the order to the overall package, it fits with what 17 I've worked with in other standard documents. In 18 other words, this is where a standard document 19 should end up. So just with a few minutes of 20 review, I could see it was a typical project. 21 Q So your opinion would be that the project was well 22 designed and apparently well constructed? 23 A Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Based on what I've had an 24 opportunity to look at. 25 Q Sure. And you've told us a little bit about that. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 91 1 Do you have any other opinions that you derived 2 from reviewing any of the -- of the documents that 3 were provided to you by Brown & Root or by 4 Brown & Root attorneys? 5 A With regard to anything special or -6 Q Anything else you may have seen in that 7 documentation or been asked to look for or look at? 8 A Other than that the job was done the way I believe 9 it should have been done. 10 Q Okay. 11 A I'm not sure what else I might need to be looking 12 for. 13 Q Let's take one break. He's got to switch the tape 14 and then I'll -- 15 A Okay. Okay. 16 17 (At which time, a short recess was 18 taken.) 19 20 THE VIDEOGRAPHER: We'll go back on the 21 record at 3:44. 22 23 BY MR. WATERS: 24 Q Mr. Heit, let me ask you a few more questions about 25 the job, the work at the Valley Plant. Am I Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 92 1 correct that your only knowledge about that plant, 2 that project, that work was what you gleaned from 3 reviewing the cost breakdown? 4 A Correct. Yes. 5 Q Okay. Have youhad any interviews --excuse me. 6 Have you had any conversations with anybody else at 7 Brown & Root concerning that job? 8 A Just thesuperficial conversations that I've had 9 with Mr. Brown and the Brown & Root paralegals. 10 Q Okay. Have you learned anything about the job 11 that's of significance to you other than what you 12 learned from that documentation? 13 A No, sir. 14 Q Okay. 15 A No. 16 Q Am I correct that when Brown & Root contracts to 17 build a facility such as a power plant, they 18 typically contract to do all of the work that's 19 involved or at least to be responsible for all of 20 the work that's done? 21 A That tends to vary all over the map. We talk about 22 EPC prices -- EPC, and that's engineering 23 procurement and construction. Now, in a lot of 24 cases we do all -- we do the whole shooting match. 25 But then in a -- again, I'm gonna say a significant Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 93 1 number of cases, the client may pick selected parts 2 of the project that they take care of themselves. 3 Q All right. EPC. "E" is engineering. That's the 4 design, correct? 5 A Correct. 6 Q "P" is procurement. That's the acquiring of 7 necessary materials to do the work? 8 A Procurement covers both purchasing and 9 subcontracts. 10 Q Okay. 11 A Then there's a lot of subservices with that. 12 Q All right.And I forgot what the "C" stood for. 13 A Construction. 14 Q Actual construction? 15 A Yes. Yes. 16 Q All right. From your review of the documentation 17 that was provided to you by the Brown & Root 18 attorneys, did you determine or did it appear to 19 you that the Valley Unit 3 job was an EPC job? 20 A It was not readily clear. 21 Q Okay. At this point in time are you unclear as to 22 whether or not that was an EPC job? 23 A I would have to say I'munclear. 24 Q Okay. There have been some contracts produced in 25 this case, contracts between Brown & Root and TPL, Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 94 1 Texas Power & Light -2 A Uh-huh. 3 Q -- for the construction of Unit 2 and then later 4 Unit 3. The contracts appear to require 5 Brown & Root to put together the engineering 6 designs and specifications for the construction 7 projects. Is that a typical arrangement that you 8 have seen Brown & Root have in the past? 9 A No. Most often you have a starting point of your 10 design criteria document and your flow diagrams. 11 Now, your design criteria -- in fact, I have an 12 obsolete design criteria form that was used in the 13 power division up until we pulled it here a couple 14 of years ago, because it needs upgrading. But this 15 walks through all the bits and pieces that go into 16 the design of a power plant. So then that is typed 17 up with a -- a flow diagram. This essentially is a 18 pictorial representation of what you're doing. For 19 example, back in the late 60s, early 70s, it was 20 real common to have a boiler where you heated water 21 to get steam. The steam went over to what's known 22 as a steam turbine. The steam turned the -- the 23 wheels on the turbine. The steam is then pulled 24 through a cooling system, which is why you need 25 these huge cooling towers. Today, you'll most Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439*7441 95 1 often hear about cogeneration plants. Are y'all 2 familiar with that? 3 Q I think so, but go ahead. Explain it, if you will. 4 A Okay. A cogeneration plant typically is the 5 equivalent of a jet engine like you'd have on an 6 airliner. In fact, there's one aircraft class of, 7 I guess, turbine that is used in this situation. 8 But anyway, this is a gas-fired turbine. Instead 9 of steam, you're firing natural gas in there. So 10 the -- the combustion turns the wheels. The 11 turbine itself is direct connected to a generator 12 which is generating electricity. Then you have 13 what's called a heat recovery unit on the jet 14 engine or the gas turbine. The heat is drawn off 15 the exhaust from that turbine. It's like the 16 exhaust coming off a jet airplane. That heat is 17 used to heat water, which in turn becomes steam and 18 drives a -- a steam turbine connected to a -19 another generator. That's where they come up with 20 the co -21 Q Co -22 A -- generation. So in either case, you start out 23 with this pictorial picture. Okay. This is gonna 24 be the heat source, here's the size of the 25 generator we want. Okay. Here in this part of the Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 96 1 country lignite coal is our best fuel. So then you 2 set up your pictorial layout. You'll have a coal 3 unloader, you'll have a coal storage, et cetera, 4 and all the other pieces. So there's enough 5 definition between the design criteria document and 6 the flow diagrams that the engineer constructor and 7 the client can arrive at a reasonable cost and then 8 they have categories of estimates. They get 9 refined as the work progresses. Does that -10 Q I think that's very helpful to me. Have you -11 have you had -- other than this case, obviously, 12 have you had an opportunity at any point in time 13 since 1974 to review cost analyses or other 14 documents that relate to the specification and 15 what's to be used in the construction process? 16 A From a cost point of view, I don't recall any 17 direct cost analyses that I've been involved with 18 in any real detail. 19 Q Okay. When you looked at the -- the cost document 20 with respect to the Valley No. 3 unit, -- 21 A Uh-huh. Uh-huh. 22 Q -- did it appear to you that the -- the -- the 23 component parts and materials that were used were 24 typical for a Brown & Root project of that time 25 frame? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 97 1 A I cannot give you a definitive answer to that 2 because I have not looked at cost details of any 3 other power plants from that era. Just in -- in 4 broad terms, I do not see any numbers that seem out 5 of the ordinary. 6 Q Okay. You mentioned, for example, that the 7 Johns-Manville Thermobestos -8 A Uh-huh. 9 Q -- product had been used. Was that a product that 10 had been used on other occasions by Brown & Root, 11 standard insulating material that they used for 12 high temperature applications? 13 A I can't answer that. I do have some of our 14 standard specifications that go back to that era 15 and they are based on national standards and there 16 were -- I don't recall the Thermobestos being noted 17 in any of those. 18 Q Okay. Now, do you recall a product called 19 Unibestos? 20 A No. 21 Q Okay. 22 A No. 23 Q Do you recall a product called Kaylo? 24 A No. 25 Q No. Okay. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 98 1 A No. 2 Q Since you've come to work at Brown & Root, have 3 you -- have you learned that asbestos exposure can 4 cause the -- a disease called asbestosis? 5 A Yes. Yes. 6 Q Have you learned that asbestos exposure can cause 7 lung cancer? 8 A Yes. 9 Q Have you learned that asbestos can cause the 10 disease that is -- that is at issue in this case, 11 mesothelioma? 12 A I have to say that I've never heard that term 13 before. 14 Q Okay. 15 A That's brand new to me. 16 Q All right. So at least in the context of your work 17 at Brown & Root from 1974 here to 1996, you do not 18 recall ever being told or learning in training 19 sessions or anything of that nature that 20 mesothelioma is a cancer that can be caused by 21 asbestos? 22 A I have not -- never heard that before. It's 23 totally new to me. 24 Q What you have learned, however, sir, is -- I think 25 you'll agree with me that asbestos is an extremely Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 99 1 hazardous substance? 2 A There's much evidence to that effect. 3 Q All right, sir. 4 A And -- Okay. Go ahead. 5 6 MR. BROWN: No. You finish your answer. 7 What else were you gonna say? 8 9 A I marvel at the exposure that automobile mechanics 10 have been subjected to in dealing with brakes. And 11 it's just been a couple years now that asbestos has 12 been taken out of brake linings. And I vividly 13 remember time and time again seeing a mechanic blow 14 out a brake lining, either when there was brake 15 work being done or when I had mentioned squeaking 16 in my brakes. And this is typically an 17 accumulation of dust. And I can vividly remember 18 many times seeing these people blow that stuff out 19 and a big puff of what had to be heavily 20 contaminated air. Yet, I'm sure they exist, but I 21 have not heard -- and now, I do not follow the 22 cancer patients, but I have not come across any 23 lung cancer cases occurring from that brake lining 24 exposure. So in my mind, that's a question mark. 25 Q As to whether brake lining exposure can cause Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 100 1 cancer? 2 A Yes. Specifically, the asbestos that would be -3 would probably be in that dust. 4 Q The -- the situation you described with -- with the 5 clouds of dust coming from brake work, is that 6 something you observed at Brown & Root? 7 A No. No. This is in -- in having my own personal 8 automobiles serviced. 9 Q Based on what you've learned since you joined 10 Brown & Root in 1974, do you consider asbestos to 11 be dangerous? 12 A I do. I do. I personally at this point in time 13 would not make use of any asbestos product unless a 14 client insisted on it and, of course, took the -15 the liability on it. This is at the same time that 16 the technical community continues to publish 17 national consensus standards for asbestos products. 18 Q And, in fact, if you had a customer come to you and 19 specifically ask and request that a certain project 20 be completed asbestos free -- that is to say 21 asbestos not be used in the construction -- you 22 would make every effort possible to avoid using 23 asbestos in that project? 24 A Yeah. That's correct. Yes. Yes. I believe it 25 would be foolhardy to -- to take any other tact but Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 101 1 that. 2 Q All right. And if that tacc -- if, in fact, 3 despite a customer's request asbestos was used in 4 the construction of a certain facility, that would 5 be very poor corporatepractice, would it not? 6 7 MR. BROWN: Excuse me here. You're -8 you're assuming that it's possible for a customer 9 to make that statement and -- and not be aware of 10 what actually is going on there and I think 11 that's -- that's an incorrect assumption. I want 12 to object to it. 13 14 BY MR. WATERS: 15 Q Let me ask the question again since I kind of broke 16 it up. 17 A Okay. 18 Q If, in fact, a customer specifically requested and 19 anticipated that their project would be completed 20 asbestos free, -- 21 A Yes .22 Q -- but despite that, astestos -- extensive amounts 23 of asbestos were used in the project and the 24 customer was not informed of that, under those 25 circumstances would you believe that the contractor Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 102 1 should be responsible for any problems that result 2 from that? 3 A That's a complex question. You got a lot of parts 4 there. Let me get this straight. The customer has 5 come to me and asked for an asbestos free plant or 6 project? 7 Q Sure. 8 A I, in turn, have turned around and loaded the 9 project with asbestos? Sir, I find that is a 10 non-real situation. 11 Q You've never encountered that situation yourself 12 that you're aware of? 13 A No, sir. In all my years, I don't ever recall 14 working with an engineer that would fly into a 15 client's face in that manner. Every so often there 16 is a charlatan will come along that will parade as 17 a registered P.E. who will pull a stunt like what 18 you're talking about. Sometimes the engineering 19 community gets painted with the paint brush that 20 comes out of that. But in my 42 years of 21 experience in construction and engineering work, I 22 have not ever seen an engineer that would pull 23 anything close to that. 24 Q If that -- if that were to happen, that would just 25 indicate that engineer or the contractor just Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 103 1 really didn't care about the safety and welfare of 2 the people that were gonna have to work in that 3 plant in the future? 4 A I can imagine there would be all kinds of 5 motivations for a move like that and they would all 6 be out of the norm of what I have seen over the 7 years. Again, I -- I cannot conceive of a scenario 8 like that. Engineers are pretty conservative 9 animals. Typically, they want to play their work 10 close to the vest. They know the -- the hazards of 11 going out on a limb. 12 13 MR. WATERS: Let me -- let me just 14 object -- 15 16 A Sure. 17 18 MR. WATERS: -- to the nonresponsive 19 portion. 20 21 A Sure. 22 23 BY MR. WATERS: 24 Q Let me ask you ifyou can envision this scenario 25 where a customermakes an informal request. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 104 1 informal, not in writing. 2 A Uh-huh. 3 Q Informalrequest that aproduct-- project be 4 asbestos free. 5 A Uh-huh. 6 Q For whateverreason, theproject is built using 7 asbestos. And it may be that the information 8 didn't get passed along or no one knows why or 9 perhaps it was one of those other motivations you 10 were describing earlier, I don't know. If that 11 were to happen, would you agree with me that the 12 contractor would be responsible for any resulting 13 injuries that might occur? 14 15 MR. BROWN: Well, I need to object to 16 that because you've -- you've assumed that the 17 information wasn't even passed along to the 18 contractor. 19 20 MR. WATERS: No. No. No. No. No I 21 did'not assume that. I said -22 23 MR. BROWN: I heard you say that. 24 25 MR. WATERS: I said it didn't get Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 105 1 followed. 2 3 MR. BROWN: Well -4 5 MR. WATERS: I said the request was made 6 and not -7 8 MR. BROWN: Well, you're assuming facts 9 not in evidence. 10 11 MR. WATERS: That's fine. 12 13 MR. BROWN: And this witness has an 14 opinion quite to the contrary about that. 15 16 MR. WATERS: Well, he can -- I've asked 17 him the question. 18 19 MR. BROWN: Well, before we get through, 20 so you don't get sandbagged, we will state for you 21 what that is, if I have to ask the question rather 22 than you. 23 24 BY MR. WATERS: 25 Q Can you answer my question, Mr. Heit? Q S> A REPORTING, INC. (713 ) 439-7441 106 1 A Okay. Let's get this straight. We've got a 2 client 3 Q Who's made an informal request. 4 A Who's made an informal request. 5 Q Orally, not in writing. 6 A Okay. Who -- who has he made it to? 7 Q To a representative of the contractor. 8 A Okay. Who's the representative of the contractor? 9 Q An engineer, perhaps. I don't know the answer to 10 that. Someone who has been told that they would 11 like the plant to be asbestos free. 12 A Okay. This -- this is a common problem, especially 13 on EPC jobs, because typically they are in the 14 realm of what's called cost plus. Client people -15 client reps are notorious for requesting something 16 on the site and, hey, we don't want it in writing. 17 It -- it's a real whipsaw. 18 Q Especially if it costs more, I imagine? 19 A Especially, yes. Yes. So the basic rule is that 20 you get it in writing. We have an elaborate 21 procedure for this. It starts out as a project 22 deviation notice, and it's spelled out what the 23 client has requested or one of our people has 24 identified as a problem. So a preliminary cost 25 comparison is made, the Brown & Root project Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 107 1 manager decides is this worthy of reviewing with 2 the client in the client hierarchy. If he says 3 yes, then it is upgraded to the status of a project 4 variance notice. So at this point we sit down and 5 review the details with the client. If the client 6 agrees to the change and the cost differences, then 7 that becomes a contract change order, and that's 8 the formal route that such a change should be 9 accomplished. 10 Q Okay. 11 A Now, we've had jobs where verbal requests have been 12 honored and they always come back to haunt you at 13 the end of the job when the accountants come in and 14 want to know why we've had all these overrides. 15 Q So it's not uncommon for a customer to come to 16 Brown & Root, or a contractor, like I said, orally, 17 and say, well, we'd like you to do it a little bit 18 different way this time? That is something that 19 happens from time to time, I take it? 20 A It does happen. It's adangerous situation. 21 Q And`the proper procedure, if that does happen, is 22 for the contractor to issue a project deviation 23 notice which may become a project variance -24 A Variance. 25 Q -- notice? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 108 1 A Yes. Yes. Which -2 Q And that then becomes a change order? 3 A Contract change order, yes. 4 Q All right. And that's the proper way to deal with 5 a -- an oral request of that nature? 6 A Yes. 7 Q Okay. 8 A Yes. 9 Q And that'5 -- that's been the policy at 10 Brown & Root since at least '74? 11 A That's correct. 12 Q Okay. 13 A No. No. Let me back up. That probably came into 14 effect maybe in the late 70s -- 15 Q Okay. 16 A -- as we started to refine our project management 17 approach. 18 Q And in the late 70s, you established that new 19 approach, if you will, I guess in large part 20 because you were having problems with not having a 21 formal structure to deal with these informal or 22 oral requests from customers? 23 A Yes. Not only customers, but in managing our own 24 people. 25 Q Okay. And I guess that was a problem that you Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 109 1 became aware of shortly after you joined in '74? 2 A No. 3 Q Not till later? 4 A Actually, it was maybe about the later 70s. 5 Q That you became aware of theproblem? 6 A Where I became involved in the problem. 7 Q Oh, I'm sorry. 8 A I was assigned to some design work and there were a 9 lot of changes being implemented that were not 10 being properly controlled so that -- I recall 11 procedures being implemented there to pick up on 12 changes. 13 Q It strikes me that there could be two results of 14 the old policy, both of them bad. One of them you 15 mentioned was that you follow the oral requests and 16 you wind up with cost overrides. Correct? 17 A Uh-huh. Uh-huh. 18 Q And the second possibility is that you don't follow 19 the customer's oral request and you maybe wind up 20 getting the customer upset with you for not 21 following the oral request. Is that the other 22 possibility that you've encountered? 23 A Not necessarily. The fact that you upset a client 24 rep, but keep his home office happy, may be a 25 credit. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 110 1 Q Okay. 2 A The idea of following an individual's -- a client 3 rep's oral request may end up disturbing relations 4 with his home office. If he's asked for something 5 that they really don't want, okay, that's gonna be 6 a source of conflict, too. 7 Q Okay. I appreciate that. When you -8 A Let -- let me mention this. 9 Q Sure. 10 A There's no carbon copy for all of this. It's 11 amazing the variations that will pop up on a 12 project. 13 Q Just to switch gears, when you arrived in 1974, 14 were they still using asbestos at Brown & Root for 15 insulation purposes? 16 A I don't think so. 17 Q Okay. 18 A From what I recall, I do not think so. 19 Q Okay. Your best recollection is sometime before 20 you got there in 1974, Brown & Root had decided to 21 stop using asbestos for insulation purposes? 22 A Yes. Yes. 23 Q Okay. 24 A And the discussions were in progress there in '74. 25 Q Okay. And, in fact, you may have become aware that Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 111 1 asbestos thermal insulation, such as pipe covering 2 and block and cement, became unavailable after 1972 3 and 1973- It was no longer on the market. Did you 4 know that? 5 A No, I did not know that. 6 Q Okay. Well, I -- There's a whole bunch of 7 questions I don't have to ask you because you 8 weren't at the job site, so we can skip through 9 those. 10 I think you told me earlier that you would -11 given the time frame of this work, that you would 12 not anticipate that safety precautions concerning 13 the asbestos dust would have been taken by 14 Brown & Root -- been taken by Brown & Root in the 15 1969 to 1971 time frame? 16 A In my opinion, there -- there probably would not 17 have been any attention directed towards that. 18 Q All right. So, for example, they wouldn't have 19 used a wetting method or masks or ventilation or 20 barriers or warning signs, protective clothing, nor 21 would they have probably taken measurements, dust 22 measurements in that time frame? 23 A Okay. My honest opinion is I would have been 24 surprised as hell to have seen any of that taken 25 place out there -- Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 112 1 Q Okay. 2 A -- at that particulartime frame. 3 Q Tell me this, because this is something that I -4 from a technical standpoint, I've been unable to 5 fully understand. When a job like that is -- is 6 worked on over the course of a couple of years, -7 A Uh-huh. 8 Q -- do they doinsulation work intermittently 9 throughout the time frame, or is insulation work 10 done all at once in a given time frame, or how does 11 that generally work? 12 A Okay. With respect to a power plant, you have 13 essentially two major work areas for insulation. 14 One is to insulate the steam turbine and its 15 appurtenances. And the other task is to insulate 16 the pipe, okay, and -- and insulate the boiler. 17 Q Okay. So the boiler, the steam pipe and the 18 turbine? 19 A That's correct. So typically, you would wait until 20 each of these items is in place. And one of the 21 last' things you would do would be to apply the 22 insulation. For example, on your piping, it has to 23 be flushed and then hydrostatically tested. And 24 it's a mandatory requirement that all the joints be 25 visible. So just by the nature of the beast, Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 113 1 insulation comes down towards the later stage of 2 the project. 3 Q All right. Given the nature of the project and 4 what you know about it from the documentation you 5 were provided by Brown & Root attorneys -6 A Uh-huh. 7 Q -- and given what you've told us about what safety 8 precautions might have been taken or were not 9 taken, do you believe, sir, that Brown & Root 10 workers would have been exposed to asbestos during 11 that project? 12 13 MR. BROWN: And here there's no 14 foundation for this. The gentleman was not there, 15 so you're asking him to speculate. 16 17 MR. WATERS: No. I'm asking him based on 18 the documentation reviewed and all of his 19 experience. 20 21 MR. BROWN: You're asking him about a 22 specific job site and a specific time frame, if not 23 mistaken. Counsel. 24 25 MR. WATERS: That's right. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 114 1 2 MR. BROWN: Did I miss something? 3 4 MR. WATERS: I don't -- Perhaps you did, 5 but I can't speak for your missing or not 6 missing -7 8 MR. BROWN: Well, if he wasn't there, I 9 think you're asking him to speculate. 10 11 MR. WATERS: Well, I don't think I am. 12 13 BY MR. WATERS: 14 Q But you can answer, sir, if you can. 15 16 MR. BROWN: If you can answer that 17 without speculating, please do so. 18 19 A Okay. One of the things that surprise me in those 20 cost reports and a little blurb on insulation, 21 apparently there was some fiberglass insulation, 22 and I believe it was mineral rock. 23 24 BY MR. WATERS: 25 Q Mineral wool? Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 115 1 A Mineral wool insulation. And there was one other 2 non -- I believe it may have been cellular glass, 3 but I was surprised -- okay, and calcium silicate 4 was used, and this -- this is out of the cost 5 reports, so I cannot give you any indication as to 6 what extent asbestos-containing insulation was used 7 because there are these other products and there's 8 no clue there as to how much of each one was used. 9 10 MR. WATERS: All right. Let me object to 11 the nonresponsive portion. 12 13 BY MR. WATERS: 14 Q You have told us that asbestos -- Thermobestos was 15 used on the job. Correct, sir? 16 A Yes, I have. That was in the report. 17 Q Right. And you know about the use, and I think you 18 used the word application or fabrication of that 19 type of product to know that it will produce dust 20 when it's sawed or cut? 21 A Okay. Now -- now, Thermobestos, I indicated was a 22 trade name and, I believe, of Johns-Manville. I 23 have no knowledge of what percent asbestos might 24 have been in that product, if there was any 25 asbestos in there. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 116 1 Q Okay. 2 A Now -- now, had that product been described by an 3 ASTM requirement, I could go back to the -- Are you 4 familiar with ASTM? 5 Q Uh-huh. 6 A I could go back tothe ASTMfromthat eraand tell 7 you the percent of asbestos that would have been in 8 those materials. 9 10 MR. WATERS: All right. Let me -- let me 11 object to the nonresponsiveness. 12 13 BY MR. WATERS: 14 Q Let's go back a second. 15 A No, sir. No, sir. I would like to state I am 16 trying my level best to answer directly the 17 question you've laid on me. 18 Q Oh, that's fine, but I didn't get to finish my 19 question because you interrupted me in the middle. 20 A I'm sorry. 21 Q Let'me -- let me go back and ask it again. My 22 question to you is, sir: You've told us that 23 asbestos was used on this job, correct? You do not 24 recall testifying to that effect? 25 A I testified that I saw the reference to Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 117 1 Thermobestos. 2 Q Let's do this. Are you telling us now at this 3 point in time, sir, that you do not believe 4 asbestos was used on that job? 5 A No, I didn't say that. 6 Q Okay. 7 A No. No, I'm not saying that. 8 Q All right. 9 A That -- that's yourstatement. 10 Q All right. Let's do this. Assume with me for a 11 moment that asbestos thermal insulation was used on 12 that job. Can you? 13 A No. No, I -- I refuse to make an assumption like 14 that. 15 Q Okay. Do you have any reason to think that 16 asbestos was not used on that job? 17 A No. 18 Q Okay. 19 A Again, I don't have anything to put my thinking on 20 it. 21 22 MR. BROWN: It's 4:15. I've got another 23 witness that's out in the hall. 24 25 MR. WATERS: I'm almost there. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 118 1 2 MR. BROWN: Can you give me some idea how 3 much longer we might be? 4 5 MR. WATERS: Oh, probably five or ten. 6 7 MR. BROWN: Otherwise, I'm gonna send him 8 home. 9 10 MR. WATERS: Well, we'll be almost done. 11 We won't have to -- we can start right on him. 12 13 MR. BROWN: All right. 14 15 BY MR. WATERS: 16 Q All right. Fair statement that you don't have an 17 opinion as to whether or not people would have been 18 exposed during the operation? 19 A Yes. Yes. That's correct. 20 Q All right. Okay. Likewise, you don't have an 21 opinion as to whether or not subcontractors' 22 employees may have been exposed during the project? 23 A No, sir, I do not. 24 Q All right. And similarly, you don't have an 25 opinion one way or another as to whether or not Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 119 1 employees of the Texas Power & Light Company may 2 have been exposed to asbestos during the course of 3 the project operations? 4 A No, sir. 5 Q Okay. You will agree with me, sir, that OSHA, 6 which we've talked about before, you consider them 7 to be a reliable authority with respect to asbestos 8 and the hazards of asbestos? 9 A At what point in time? 10 Q At the present point in time. 11 A Today, yes. 12 Q Okay. Did you consider OSHA to be a reliable 13 authority on asbestos when you first became 14 cognizant of the OSHA asbestos regulations in the 15 early 1970s? 16 A I -- I think the record's pretty clear they were 17 not -- they were not an authority. 18 Q Okay. What criticisms do you have of OSHA and 19 their work with asbestos or concerning asbestos in 20 the early 1970s? 21 A It's not my opinion. It's out of the -- I don't 22 have them here. If you go back to the Federal 23 Register from that era -- okay. Let me back up. 24 Are you familiar with Walsh-Healy? 25 Q Uh-huh. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 120 1 A Okay. First the Federal Register states that the 2 Walsh-Healy monitoring requirements were apparently 3 inadequate, and then there's similar wording for 4 OSHA requirements. It is clearly stated that OSHA 5 was in confusion about the subject at the time. 6 Q About which -- which standard should apply? 7 A That's correct. 8 Q Okay. 9 A And there was not any regulation against asbestos 10 itself. The regulation dealt with the employee 11 protection. 12 Q The actual exposure? 13 A The actual exposure, yes. 14 Q Okay. 15 A So it's on up into the 80s. In fact, I believe 16 that it's 1986 before OSHA came out with that 17 huge -- let me call it the Bible, and that remained 18 under attack. And I believe that was under attack 19 on up into the early 90s. So again, it's not my 20 opinion, but I'm simply looking at the Federal 21 Register -- 22 Q All right. 23 A -- and reading the government's statements. 24 25 MR. WATERS: Okay. And let me object, to Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 121 1 the extent you may have exceeded my question, as 2 nonresponsive. 3 4 BY MR. WATERS: 5 Q You mentioned the Walsh-Healy Act. Did 6 Brown & Root do work -- contracting work for the 7 United States Government in the 1960s, to your 8 knowledge? 9 A Yes, sir, I believe they did. 10 Q Okay. And as a result of that, they would have 11 been aware of the application of the Walsh-Healy 12 Act to health and safety practices on those federal 13 contract jobs in that time frame? 14 A I can't say definitively because I wasn't there. 15 I've never had conversations with any of the 16 Brown & Root people with regard to Walsh-Healy. I 17 do know that Walsh-Healy was not that well 18 published or disseminated in the community and it 19 was really the William Stigar Act that brought 20 Walsh-Healy to the forefront. 21 Q Were you aware that contracts with the United 22 States Government for construction projects 23 specifically stated that the Walsh-Healy Act would 24 apply to the work that was done? 25 A Yes. Yes, I know that. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 122 1 Q Okay. 2 A Yes. Yes. 3 Q And to the extent that Brown & Root had contracts 4 with the United States Government in the 1950s and 5 1960sr the Walsh-Healy Act would have been part of 6 those contracts, wouldn't it? 7 A I can't say for sure. I don't recall that 8 Walsh-Healy goes that far back. 9 Q All right. In any event, I guess you -10 A And I -11 Q Go ahead. 12 A If you -- if you know the date of initiation on 13 Walsh-Healy -14 Q I think it's '52, but I don't recall specifically. 15 A Okay. Okay. Now, I do know that, again, 16 Walsh-Healy did not prohibit the use of asbestos. 17 Q Right. 18 A It merely set the exposure limit. 19 Q The Walsh-Healy Act, as you've just stated, just to 20 repeat it, merely set a standard or a maximum level 21 of exposure -22 A Yes. 23 Q -- that workers working oncontracts with the U.S. 24 Government were supposed to belimited to? 25 A Yes. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 123 1 Q Okay. 2 A Yes. Yes. 3 Q Do you have any familiarity with Thorpe Products 4 Company? 5 A I do not. 6 Q Okay. 7 A I saw their name in the final cost report, I 8 believe, on Valley No. 3. 9 Q Okay. 10 A And I'm -- I'm attempting an educated guess there. 11 I believe it was 3. 12 Q All right. Did you look at some other plans other 13 than 3? 14 A I looked at thefinal cost report from 2. 15 Q Okay. What other documents have you looked at in 16 regards to this case or in preparation for your 17 deposition? 18 A Valley 2 or 3documents? 19 Q Yes, sir. 20 A That's it. 21 Q Have you looked at any other documents? I noticed 22 you picked up a document and were looking for a 23 reference here a few moments ago. Have you looked 24 at any other documents in preparation for your 25 deposition that may not have been related to Valley Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 124 1 2 and 3? 2 A Yes. 3 Q And what were those? 4 A Okay. The one I found was just sort of indicative 5 of the times, and this is from the 1965 edition of 6 the American Educator Encyclopedia and they have a 7 discussion here on asbestos. Do you want me to B read the whole thing? 9 Q No. Let me -- Actually, I -- I may shortcut this 10 and just attach it to your deposition. 11 A Okay. 12 Q Is this something that you had at home? 13 A No. I -- I was able to acquire it. But 14 essentially, it describes asbestos as a harmless, 15 very utilitarian material. It goes back to the 16 days of Marco Polo and it gives all the household 17 uses that asbestos has been subjected to or 18 utilized for. 19 Q Okay. 20 A And I'd have -- I'd have to say that this is a good 21 representation of my outlook on asbestos at that 22 point in time. 23 24 MR. WATERS: All right. Let me object to 25 it as nonresponsive. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 125 1 2 BY MR. WATERS: 3 Q The -- what is the American Educator 4 Encyclopedia? 5 A It's one of the encyclopedia sets that has been 6 published. 7 Q Are you familiar with the Encyclopedia Britannica? 8 A Yes, I am. 9 Q And will you agree with me that of the various 10 encyclopedias that are published. Encyclopedia 11 Britannica is more well-respected, certainly, than 12 the American Educator Encyclopedia? 13 A I can't say that. 14 Q Okay.Are you familiar with the fact that 15 Encyclopedia Britannica, in the 1940s, identified a 16 number of diseases, including cancer, as being 17 caused by asbestos, if you were to happen to look 18 up asbestos in that encyclopedia? 19 A I have not had the opportunity to look that one up. 20 Q Okay. 21 A I have no idea of what you're commenting on here. 22 Q What other documents hnve you -- have you looked at 23 in preparation for your deposition or for 24 testifying today? 25 A Okay. These are some odds and ends. This is a Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 126 1 reference book that goes back to the 60s put out 2 by -- okay. This one was issued in '71. It's a 3 key word index to the various national standards, 4 and you can see there's many, many asbestos 5 products that were described by National Voluntary 6 Consensus Standards. 7 Q And it doesn't anywhere in this document, for 8 example, indicate how those products may be used 9 safely or how to avoid injury with those products? 10 A No, sir. This is merely a listing of titles that 11 have been simplified to allow quick access. 12 Q All right, sir. Andwhat elsehave you got? 13 A This is a listing of the asbestos products that are 14 described by National Standards, products and other 15 related activities. I have to admit I was 16 surprised to see how much there is published in 17 asbestos products even today. A few of those have 18 been updated within just the last year or so. This 19 is -- These are shots out of one of the reference 20 catalogs I use. 21 Q All'right, sir. 22 A Then this is a -- These are a couple of indexes 23 from the 1970 ASTM books, parts 12 and 14, and 24 there's some asbestos products identified there. 25 In other words, these are standards that are Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 127 1 produced by these voluntary committees and 2 represent essentially state-of-the-art thinking. 3 Q All right. What these documents are not, however, 4 is a reflection of or discussion or presentation of 5 any of the hazards of asbestos or cancer or 6 anything of that nature? 7 A No, sir. They're -- there's no reference that I've 8 ever come across in any of the material in that era 9 that -- that denoted any hazards of the material. 10 11 MR. WATERS: All right. Let me object -12 13 A And -14 15 BY MR. WATERS: 16 Q Go ahead. 17 A Okay. Now, you'rethrowing mewith yourcomment 18 about not answering properly or -- 19 Q Nonresponsive. 20 A Nonresponsive. Well, wouldyouexplain to me what 21 you mean by nonresponsive? 22 23 MR. WATERS: As soon as I finish making 24 the same objection one more time that you've been 25 nonresponsive. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 128 1 2 THE WITNESS: Okay. 3 4 BY MR. WATERS: 5 Q My specific question to you, Mr. Heit, was only 6 that these documents did not appear to make any 7 reference with respect to the hazards of asbestos, 8 including asbestos. The answer to that was no, 9 they do not. 10 A Okay. 11 Q And then you went on to say some additional 12 information, which I appreciated, but I had to make 13 that objection. 14 A Okay. Okay. 15 Q All right. It looks to me like you've done -- as 16 part of your involvement with this case, you've 17 taken it upon yourself to do a little bit of 18 independent research. 19 A That's 20 Q Okay. 21 A -- correct. 22 Q All right. 23 A Do you want this last one? 24 Q I have one more question. 25 A Sure. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 129 1 Q I take it, however, that you did not go look in the 2 library and find any of the literally thousands of 3 articles and the medical and scientific literature 4 that discuss people dying by the hundreds of 5 asbestos-related diseases and cancers in this 6 country since the 1930s? 7 8 MR. BROWN: That assumes facts not in 9 evidence. 10 11 BY MR. WATERS: 12 Q That's not -13 14 MR. BROWN: I object. It calls for 15 speculation. 16 17 BY MR. WATERS: 18 Q That was not the type of information you were 19 looking for when you did your research, was it, 20 sir? 21 22 MR. BROWN: Counsel, the purpose for 23 these documents is in support of his opinion that 24 the use of asbestos in the power plants, such as 25 Valley, in 1967 to 1971 is proper, meets with good Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 130 1 construction engineering standards, which is one of 2 the opinions he's going to have. That's why he has 3 that. Also to show you some evidence of the 4 knowledge as it existed under the same or similar 5 circumstances under which this project was designed 6 and built, or one like it. That's why he brought 7 you these. 8 9 MR. WATERS: I appreciate that. Thank 10 you, Phil, for telling us why he brought it, 11 12 A Now -13 14 BY MR. WATERS: 15 Q But -- but I need an answer to my question, which 16 is that you did not do that type of research when 17 you went -- research, you weren't looking for 18 information in the literature, scientific and 19 medical literature about those hazards? 20 21 MR. BROWN: And -- and you're assuming 22 that such information existed -- 23 24 MR. WATERS: Dr. Cagel testified it 25 existed. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 131 1 2 MR. BROWN: -- at a particular time. I 3 don't remember any particular time frame being 4 mentioned this morning, Andy. 5 6 MR. WATERS: Well, whatever. 7 8 A Let me say that I believe Brown & Root has one of 9 the most complete engineering libraries of any of 10 the engineering companies in town, and I'm not 11 aware of any medical documents that we keep out 12 there. So that -- the medical area is not 13 something that I -- I would have been attempting to 14 research. 15 16 BY MR. WATERS: 17 Q Okay. I think you've answered it. 18 A In other words, I've -- I've approached it from an 19 engineer's point of view. 20 Q What's your last document there, sir? 21 A These are some shots out of a book published or 22 copyrighted in 1969 and the title of the book is 23 "Thermal Insulation." And this is part of the Von 24 Nostrand Reinhold Environmental Engineering Series 25 and they talk about their environmental engineering Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 132 1 series as dedicated to the presentation of current 2 and vital information relative to the engineering 3 aspects of controlling man's physical environment, 4 et cetera, et cetera. 5 But anyway, they cover all your various kinds 6 of insulations, and I've gone ahead and xeroxed 7 sheets that have reference to asbestos and a lot of 8 related material. This book was co-authored by a 9 number of insulation people. I thought that was in 10 here. 11 Q Let me take a look at it. Maybe we can just short 12 circuit this. 13 A Sure. Sure. Oh, okay. On Page 204, they talk 14 about safety requirements and it's all with respect 15 to the operating requirements for insulation, but 16 there's no mention of any -- any hazards whatsoever 17 in relation to asbestos, and this -- this 18 particular book was probably the primary insulation 19 textbook at the time. And like I say, it was 20 copyrighted in 1969. 21 22 MR. WATERS: All right. Let me object to 23 the portion that was nonresponsive. 24 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 133 1 BY MR. WATERS: 2 Q This is essentially a textbook for engineers. 3 Correct, sir? 4 A Yes, sir. Yeah.That's a good description. 5 Q It's forpeople that are involved with drawing 6 and -- the drawings and the practical applications 7 necessary to construct power plants or refineries? 8 A This is more basic. This would be used by the 9 people who were selecting the materials -- 10 Q Okay. 11 A -- to be used in the particular project. 12 Q All right. If it's all right with you and your 13 lawyer, what we'll do is attach these documents as 14 exhibits to the deposition. 15 16 MR. BROWN: That's fine. 17 18 MR. WATERS: Okay. 19 20 MR. BROWN: And it's 4:30. I'm just 21 gonna release this other witness unless we're 22 finished here pretty quick. 23 24 MR. WATERS: Let me think. I think I may 25 be finished. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 134 1 2 MR. BROWN: Have you got anything? 3 4 MR. FISHER: (Shaking head). 5 6 MR. BROWN: We'll reserve our questions. 7 8 MR. WATERS: I'm sorry. I -- I was just 9 looking over my notes. I have one more -- one or 10 two more questions. 11 12 BY MR. WATERS: 13 Q I went through a list with you sometime earlier of 14 some precautions and -- that might have been taken, 15 and you indicated they probably were not taken in 16 that time frame. 17 A Uh-huh. 18 Q Do you recall that? 19 A Yes, sir, I do. 20 Q Are you aware that all of those precautions -- 21 precautionary measures that I read off to you were 22 suggested in the medical and scientific literature 23 back in the 1930s to avoid asbestos disease? 24 25 MR. BROWN: Again, I -- Excuse me. That Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 135 1 assumes facts not in evidence. 2 3 MR. WATERS: Okay. 4 5 MR. BROWN: And you're asking him to 6 speculate. He's told you he hasn't made that kind 7 of analysis, so how could he be in a position to 8 respond to that? 9 10 MR. WATERS: Well, if he's not aware of 11 it, he can so answer. 12 13 A I'm not aware of that. 14 15 BY MR. WATERS: 16 Q Knowing what you know today, sir, will you agree 17 with me that asbestos products are defective -18 were defective and dangerous? 19 20 MR. BROWN: Wait a minute. Wait a 21 minute. Wait a minute. That's -- You don't define 22 defective. You certainly don't limit it to the 23 time frame at issue in this case. 24 25 MR. WATERS: I said knowing -- Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713} 439-7441 136 1 2 MR. BROWN: It's a highly improper 3 question. You're asking for a legal conclusion, 4 and this witness, I don't believe, is qualified to 5 answer that, even if he understood the question. 6 7 BY MR. WATERS: 8 Q All right. Let me take it in pieces. 9 10 MR. BROWN: He's not gonna respond to 11 that question, Andy. 12 13 MR. WATERS: Well, then you can instruct 14 him not to answer the question. 15 16 MR. BROWN: I'll instruct you not to 17 answer. 18 19 THE WITNESS: Okay. 20 21 MR. WATERS: I haven't asked it yet. 22 23 MR. BROWN: Are you gonna ask him that? 24 25 MR. WATERS: Did you hear me? I said let Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 137 1 me do it in pieces. And you said no, he's not 2 gonna answer it. I haven't even put the question 3 forth yet. 4 5 BY MR. WATERS: 6 Q Will you agree with me -7 8 MR. BROWN: Well, I'm gonna let the next 9 witness go unless you hurry up. 10 11 BY MR. WATERS: 12 Q Will you agree with me, sir, that knowing what you 13 know today, that asbestos thermal insulation 14 products that were used in the early 70s were 15 dangerous? 16 17 MR. BROWN: I'm gonna object. Asks for a 18 legal conclusion. You haven't framed it within the 19 area of his expertise and you haven't tied it down 20 to any specific time frame or made it relevant to 21 any of the issues at trial in this case. Nor have 22 you defined the term defective or dangerous. 23 24 MR. WATERS: I think dangerous was. I 25 was -- Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 138 1 2 MR. BROWN: You certainly haven't cited 3 any circumstances or description of what the 4 particular products are. So without any of these 5 basic elemental things, how can this witness do 6 anything but speculate? 7 8 BY MR. WATERS: 9 Q Mr. Heit, can you answer my question, sir? 10 11 MR. BROWN: And I object. 12 13 A Only if I qualify it. 14 15 BY MR. WATERS: 16 Q All right. 17 A Okay. I believe probably everyone of us in here 18 uses gasoline on a regular basis. 19 Q Probably. 20 A Okay. Would you consider gasoline to be dangerous? 21 22 MR. BROWN: It's not his deposition, 23 Mr. Heit. 24 25 THE WITNESS: Oh, I'm sorry. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 139 1 2 MR. BROWN: It's your deposition. 3 4 THE WITNESS: I'm sorry. I'm sorry. 5 6 MR. BROWN: If you can answer the 7 question without speculating, please do so. We 8 haven't -- One of your colleagues has been cooling 9 his heels out there for 35 minutes. 10 11 MR. WATERS: Well, let's just get one 12 answer to this final question and see if we can -13 14 MR. BROWN: If he can answer it. And I 15 think he cannot answer it. It calls for 16 speculation. 17 18 A It -- it's too broad-based a question. I can't 19 answer it. 20 21 BY MR. WATERS: 22 Q Okay. You have told us previously that you 23 considered asbestos to be dangerous, correct, sir? 24 25 MR. BROWN: Well, again, he -- you've Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 140 1 misstated his prior testimony. 2 3 MR. WATERS: No, I'm not. 4 5 MR. BROWN: He said earlier about what 6 you think today -- some opinion, blah, blah, blah. 7 Here your question's not tied to any particular 8 time frame or any circumstances under which the 9 product may be used. And therefore, it's not 10 relevant to any issue. n 12 BY MR. WATERS: 13 Q All right. Let me see if I can clear up 14 Mr. Brown's objections. 15 Knowing what you know today, sir, will you 16 agree with me that asbestos thermal insulation 17 products that were used in the early 1970s and when 18 their use created asbestos-containing dust, that 19 those products were dangerous? 20 A I would have to qualify that kind of an answer. If 21 the .worker were wearing a -- a face protector or if 22 the material was damp, then it probably wouldn't be 23 dangerous, same as the gasoline. 24 Q All right. Fair enough. And if those two things 25 were not taking place, if the worker was not using Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 141 1 a respirator/ if wetting had not taken place, under 2 those circumstances you would consider it to be 3 dangerous? 4 5 MR. BROWN: And again, I need to object. 6 It's -- You're just -- you're asking this question 7 without tying it down to any specific issue in this 8 case. You haven't described what the products are 9 or the circumstances. You haven't -- you haven't 10 put the worker in any proximity to the product. 11 You're asking this witness to speculate. 12 13 BY MR. WATERS: 14 Q Can you answer? 15 16 MR. BROWN: And he's not been put up as a 17 witness on the question of industrial hygiene and 18 matters such that -- such as that. He is here to 19 give you his opinions from an engineering 20 standpoint about the design, construction and use 21 of asbestos and that at the times relevant to this 22 issue. And it's outside his designation and you're 23 asking him to speculate and it's something he's 24 already told you he doesn't have expertise about. 25 Now, if you want to ask him for his personal Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 142 1 opinion -2 3 MR. WATERS: I want an answer to my 4 question, Phil. Are you finished with your 5 objection? 6 7 MR. BROWN: If you want to ask him a 8 personal opinion, that's different. 9 10 BY MR. WATERS: 11 Q Well, can you tell me the answer to my question, 12 sir, so we can get this over with? 13 A I don't feel it would be an accurate answer or a 14 reasonable answer. 15 Q All right. Let's -- let's go back over this. 16 You've told us that you would not consider asbestos 17 producing dust to be hazardous in the early 70s if 18 the person was using protection, respiratory 19 protection or if the material was wetted down. Do 20 you recall that testimony? 21 A Yes. 22 Q All right. 23 A Yes. Yes. 24 Q I want you to assume now that neither of those two 25 protections were being taken. Under those Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 143 1 circumstances, would you consider it to be 2 dangerous? 3 A I still can't give a reasonable answer because I 4 don't know how much of the asbestos has been 5 disturbed. I don't know how close the employee is. 6 Q Okay. But you do know one thing, and that is that 7 in the time frame 1969 to 1971, those precautions 8 were not being taken. Correct, sir? 9 10 MR. BRC'7N: Well, again -- again, if 11 you're trying to tie it to this case, there's no 12 foundation for that. You're asking him to 13 speculate. 14 15 BY MR. WATERS: 16 Q Can you answer, Mr. Heit? 17 18 MR. BROWN: He didn't even start with the 19 company until 1974. 20 21 A I do not have any hard and fast information or 22 knowledge of what occurred at that job site. 23 24 BY MR. WATERS: 25 Q All right. What you have -- Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 144 1 A I really don't. 2 Q What you have told us earlier, Mr. Heit, is that 3 under the circumstances, you don't believe probably 4 that those precautions would have been taken in 5 that time frame. Correct, sir? Do you recall 6 that? 7 8 MR. BROWN: He didn't say that. 9 10 BY MR. WATERS: 11 Q Do you recall that testimony? 12 13 MR. BROWN: That's an incorrect statement 14 of his earlier testimony. 15 16 MR. WATERS: Well, then he can tell me 17 that. 18 19 BY MR. WATERS: 20 Q But do you recall that testimony, sir? 21 A Okay. Now, I'm -- I'm afraid some words are 22 getting shifted around here. 23 Q Do you recall testifying earlier, sir, that based 24 on your experience and understanding of the work 25 that was done and the precautions that may have Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 145 1 been taken, that this laundry list of precautions 2 probably were not taken in the 1969 to 1971 time 3 frame? Do you recall testifying -4 A Yes. 5 Q All right. 6 A Okay. 7 8 MR. BROWN: And he explained to you why, 9 too. Counsel. 10 11 MR. WATERS: Thank you, Mr. Brown. And 12 no further questions, Mr. Heit. Thank you, very 13 much. 14 15 THE WITNESS: Thank you. 16 17 MR. BROWN: Do you have any questions? 18 19 MR. FISHER: (Shakes head). 20 21 MR. BROWN: We reserve our questions. 22 23 MR. KALE: Thank you, Mr. Heit. 24 25 THE WITNESS: Thank you. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 146 1 2 THE VIDEOGRAPHER: Okay. Off the record 3 at 4:45. 4 5 (At this time, the instruments 6 referred to were marked Heit Exhibit 7 Nos. 2 through 7 for identification and 8 are attached hereto.) 9 10 (Signature required.) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 147 1 2 THE STATE OF TEXAS : 3 I, Michelle Pfeiffer, a Certified 4 Shorthand Reporter and the undersigned notary public in 5 and of the State of Texas, certify that the caption to 6 this video deposition correctly states the facts set 7 forth therein; that the examination of the witness named 8 in said caption was correctly reported in shorthand by 9 me at the time and place and under the agreement set 10 forth in said caption. 11 I further certify that this transcription 12 has been transcribed from shorthand into typewriting 13 through stenographically computer-aided transcription 14 and under my supervision in the foregoing transcript; 15 and that said transcript' contains a correct record of 16 the proceedings had at said time and place. 17 Given under my hand and seal of office 18 of , 1996. 19 20 21 22 Notary Public in ana fo The State of Texas' 23 My Commission Expires: 7-18-98 24 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 148 1 CHANGE/CORRECTION AND WITNESS SIGNATURE PAGE 2 Please indicate changes on this sheet of paper, giving the page and line number, the change and the 3 reason for the change. Please sign each page of changes. 4 Reasons for changes are: (1) To clarify the record; (2) To conform to the facts; (3) To correct 5 transcription errors. 6 PAGE LINE CHANGE FROM/CHANGE TO REASON FOR CHANGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 I, RAYMOND A. HEIT, have read the foregoing 17 deposition and hereby affix my signature that same is true and correct, except as noted herein. 18 19 RAYMOND A. HEIT 20 THE STATE OF TEXAS : 21 SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me this the day of , 1996 . 22 23 Notary Public in and for 24 The State of Texas 25 My Commission Expires: Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 149 1 NO. 31506 2 SHIRLEY HODGE, Individually IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF 3 and as Personal Representative of the and 4 Estate of A. J. Hodge, Jr., Deceased; GREGG A HODGE and 5 ANGELA R. McClain, 6 Plaintiffs, 7 VS. FANNIN COUNTY, TEXAS 8 TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC COMPANY (d/b/a VALLEY POWER 9 PLANT), et al 10 Defendants. 6TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT 11 CERTIFICATE FOR THE VIDEOTAPE ORAL DEPOSITION OF RAYMOND A. HEIT 12 September 24th, 1996 13 Taxable Costs: 14 Charged to: Andrew Waters, Esq. Bar Number: 20911450 15 For: Plaintiffs 16 I, Michelle Pfeiffer, a Certified 17 Shorthand Reporter for the State of Texas, hereby certify, pursuant to the Rules and/or agreement of the 18 parties present, to the following: 19 That this deposition transcript is a true record of the testimony given by the witness named herein, after 20 said witness was duly sworn by me; 21 ______ That signature was waived by the witness. 22 ______ That signature is in process of being obtained, but filing was requested before time allowable for 23 signature. 24 ______ That the deposition transcript by way of was submitted on to 25 for examination, signature and return to Q & A Reporting, Inc. Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 150 1 _______ That attached is the signature page and 2 Change/Correction Sheet containing changes, if any, and the reasons therefor, made by the witness. 3 _______ That the deposition transcript and/or signature 4 page was not returned to the deposition officer by the witness. 5 That the witness failed to appear to read and 6 sign the deposition. 7 That the original deposition transcript, or a copy thereof, together with copies of all exhibits 8 provided to the reporter, was delivered on to the attorney or party who asked 9 the first question appearing in the transcript. 10 That a copy of this certificate is being sent to: the following includes all parties of record: 11 FOR THE PLAINTIFFS: 12 Andrew Waters, Esq. 13 Attorney at Law 400 South Zang 14 Suite 1420 Dallas, Texas 75208 15 (214) 941-0532 and 16 J. Todd Kale, Esq. Silber Pearlman, P.C. 17 3110 Webb Avenue Dallas, Texas 75205 18 (214) 528-2000 19 FOR THE THORPE DEFENDANTS: 20 David Fisher, Esq. Miller Thomas, Esq. 21 Fairchild, Price, Thomas & Haley 413 Shelbyville Street 22 Center, Texas 75935 (409) 598-3317 23 24 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 151 1 FOR THE BROWN & ROOT DEFENDANTS: 2 Phillip S. Brown, Esq. 3 Fanning, Harper & Martinson, P.C. Third Floor Preston Commons West 4 8117 Preston Road Dallas, Texas 75225 5 (214) 369-1300 6 THE STATE OF TEXAS: COUNTY OF HARRIS: 7 SUBSCRIBED and SWORN TO on this the 8 day of 1996 . 9 10 KICHEUI PFEIFFER Michelle Pfeiffer \ notary public Certification No. 32E.2J' 11 State of Texas Comm Exp. 07-16-98 Cert. Expires: 12-31-96 Commission Expires: 7-18-98 12 Q & A Reporting, Inc. 13 2700 Post Oak Boulevard Suite 1540 14 Houston, Texas 77056 (713) 439-7441 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 ' NO. 31506 SHIRLEY HODGE, Individually and as Personal Representative of the and Estate of A. J. Hodge, Jr., Deceased; GREGG A HODGE and ANGELA R. McClain, IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF Plaintiffs, VS. FANNIN COUNTY, TEXAS TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC COMPANY (d/b/a VALLEY POWER PLANT), et al Defendants. 6TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT EXHIBITS TO THE VIDEOTAPE ORAL DEPOSITION OF RAYMOND A. HEIT September 24th, 1996 Q & A REPORTING, INC. (713) 439-7441 NO. 31506 SHIRLEY HODGE. Individually and as Personal Representative of the and Estate of A J HODGE, JR., Deceased; GREGG A. HODGE and ANGELA R. McCLATN, Plaintiffs, vs. TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC COMPANY (d/b/a VALLEY POWER PLANT); CSR, LTD.; BROWN & ROOT USA, INC.; BROWN & ROOT, INC. (A DELAWARE CORPORATION)and as successor to BROW & ROOT, INC. (A TEXAS CORPORATION), individually and as successor to BROWN & ROOT, INC.; THORPE PRODUCTS COMPANY; THORPE CORPORATION; J. T. THORPE COMPANY (Individually and as successor-in-interest to THORPE INSULATION COMPANY) and THORPE INSULATION SERVICES COMPANY, Defendants. IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF FANNIN COUNTY, TEXAS 6TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT AMENDED NOTICE OF INTENTION TO TAKE VIDEOTAPED DEPOSITION DUCES TECUM Vysivy EXHIBIT NO.-l-- TO ALL DEFENDANTS AND THEIR COUNSEL OF RECORD: M PFEIFFER______ PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that, pursuant to the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, Plaintiff, Shirley Hodge, Individually and as Personal Representative of the Heirs and Estate of A. J. Hodge, Jr.. Deceased, will take the following rescheduled videotaped depositions at the offices of Brown &. Root, 4100 Clinton Dr., Houston, Texas before a certified court reporter and videotape technician: NAME DATE TIME Raymond Heit Dale Drvsdale September 24, 1996 September 24, 1996 l :00 p.m. Immediately following Mr Hell's deposition Delbert Gaines September 24, 1996 Immediately following Mr. Drysdaie's deposition The depositions will continue from day to day until completed. .All counsel of record are invited to attend.and cross-examine. The previously noticed depositions of Francis Weir for September 23, 1996 at 10:00 a m. and Jimmy Kubeck for September 27, 1996 at 10:00 a.m. are cancelled. Each Deponent will produce at the time of this deposition the items listed on Exhibit "A" attached hereto and incorporated herein. Respectfully submitted, SILBER PEARLMAN, P C. 3110 Webb Avenue Dallas, Texas 75205 (214) 528-2000 (214)522-7400 FAX NOTICE OF DEPOSITION - Page 2 F 'IIOME'ANDVM'flODCE'DEPO NOT CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE NOTICE OF DEPOSITION - Page 3 F HON IF.'AND VWIiODGE'DEPO NOT EXHIBIT "A" The Ini lowing uems from Broun & Root's Industrial Hygiene Library are to be produced at eneb witness' deposition Hen-w brine the following reference books or materials- | TITLE OF | !'i IBI.ICATION publisher author; EDITOR DATE Am Contaminants - Perm. OSHA Exposure Limits OSHA 1989 Asbestos Alternatives Asbestos Analyses Asbestos Controls Asbestos Federal Reg. & Guid. Doc. Asbestos Information UTHCal Tyler UTHC at Tyler 1986 Asbestos Information Benzene Carcinogens Dust/Dust Controls Tech. Resources DHHS 1991 Epidemiology Man and Macmillian Disease Company Fox, Hall, Elveback Health Effects of Exp. To NAP Diesel Exhaust NRC Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 1-2 Wiley & Sons Patty, F. A. MMMF - TOX & EPI 1970 1981 48-58 Occupational Diseases Recordkeeping Guide lines for Occ. [niur. Toxicological Profile for Asbestos NIOSH OSHA Clement Int. Corp. NIOSH OSHA 1977 1970 Henriques/ 1993 Kiman B/F/l-'O G PCS "3 OWNER CSH LOCATIONLSi 03-1 I7B DTD File ~l F DTD 03-120/ File # 1 F DTD 03-120/ File U] 0 483 CSH 03-120 F DTD 03-120/ File H1 F DTD 03-120/ File #1 F DTD 03-120/ File if 1 B 481 CSH 03-1188 F DTD 03-120/ File ~ 1 339 DTD 03-120 B 169 CSH 03-120 B 830 CSH 03-1 I7A F DTD 03-120/ File n B 606 CSH 03-120 B 82 DTD 03-120 B 200 CSH 03-i17B NOTICE OF DEPOSITION - Page 4 F't tO\ IF ANDYU'HODGE'.DEI'O NOT COPYRIGHT 1969 BY REINHOLD BOOK CORPORATION All nghu ratarvad. No pan ot thti work covarad by tha copyright haraon may ba raproducad or usad in any form or try any maans --graphic. alactroruc. or macnaracal. including photocopying. racording. taping, or in formation and ratnaval ryatama--without wnttan parmiaaion from tha pubfeanar. Manufacrurad m tha Urutad Statat of Amanca. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARO NUMBER: 70-00096 VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERIES THE VAN NOSTRANO REINHOLD ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERIES is dedicated to the presentation of current ana vital information relative to the engineering aspects of controlling man's physical environment. Sys tems and subsystems available to exercise control of both the indoor and outdoor environment continue to become more sophisticated and to involve a number of engineering disciplines. The aim of the series is to provide books which, though often concerned with the life cycle--design, instal lation. and operation and maintenance--of a specific sys tem or subsystem, are complementary when viewed in their relationship to the total environment. Books in the Van Nostrand Remhold Environmental Engineering Series include ones concerned with the engi neering of mechanical systems designed (11 to control the environment within structures, including those m which manufacturing processes are carried out. (2) to control the exterior environment through control of waste products expelled by inhabitants of structures and from manufac turing processes. The senes will include books on heating, air conditioning and ventilation, control of air and water pollution, control of the acoustic environment, sanitary engineering and waste disposal, illumination, and piping systems for transporting media of all kinds. MALVERN F. OBRECHT. PH.D.. P.E. Consulting Editor VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERIES Malvern F Obrecht. Ph D.. P. E.. Consulting Editor Runkle Malloy Thermal Insulation Ross Industrial Waste Disposal Microbial Contamination Control Facilities 4 Properties of Thermal Insulation Basic Types of Thermal Insulation The characteristics of a thermal insulation are mainly determined by its composition For that reason thermal insulations are divided into five major types, although m many in stances particular insulations are hybrids of these types The five maior types are 1 Flake 2. Fibrous 3. Granular 4. Cellular 5. Reflective Flake insulation is composed of small par ticles or flakes which finely Civide the air space. These flakes may or may not be bonded to gether Vermiculite. or expanded mica, is commonly used for flake insulation. Fibrous insulation is composed of small diameter fibers which finely divrde the air space. These fibers may be organic or inor ganic and may or may not be bonded together. Organic fibers may be of hair, wood or cane, or synthetic. The inorganic fibers may be of glass, rock wool, slag wool alumina silica, as bestos. or carbon. Granular insulation is composed of small nodules which contain voids or hollow spaces. It is not considered a true cellular material since gas can be transferred between the individual spaces. The material may be magnesia. calcium silicate. diatomaceous earth, and vegetable cork. Cellular insulation is composed of small in dividual cells sealed from each other. It is pro duced of glass, rubber, and plastics. Reflective insulation is composed of paral lel thin sheets, or foil, of high thermal reflec tance and spaced to reflect radiant heat back toward its source. The spaang also is designed to provide restncted air (or gas) spaces. The restricted air space reduces heat transfer which would be caused by convection and con duction. In most instances the thin reflective sheets are made of aluminum or stainless steel. H7 148 Thermal Insulation Reflective insulation obtains ns results from us design and construction, it is a system rather than a single homogeneous matenal For this reason us properties wifi be discussed separa tely from those of the mass insulations Forms of Mass Insulation nomic installation, service life, and ther-nai efficiency The large number of types of insulation anc forms in which it is produced almost ensures that their comparative properties will vary widely This is to be expected and desireo. as the uses of the material also vary widely Many mass insulations are produced using Properties of mass insulations two or more of the types listed above. For example, fibers are added to granular material to increase the tensile strength of the product. To obtain desired properties, frequently one type of insulation is used m combination with others, such as systems using lightweight fibers to separate reflective sheets. Another method used to reduce heat transfer is to in stall various types of insulation m a system by which the amount of air is reduced to small Quantities. These systems of insulation will be discussed further on m the Manual. The numerous mass insulations produced have varied characteristics and are intended for many uses. For this reason insulations are produced in many forms. Some of these are: Knowledge of the properties of insulations :s necessary for selection of the proper insula tion for specific uses. Many times, m a given installation, a certain property may be of little importance, whereas that same property may be of utmost importance m a different applica tion One of the problems in the insulation industry is that some of the manufacturers re sist providing information as to their material s properties. They feel that this information may limit the use of their material; this is an error Without this information their materials may be misused, resulting m failures and'a loss of money to the manufacturer, the contractor and the user Many of the following listed properties are 1 Rigid boards, blocks, sheets, and pre not -reeiy available from tne manuiact-rers cr formed shapes such as pipe covering, in their published literature; therefore they curved segments, etc. 2. Semi-ngid boards, sheets, and preformed have not been included in the Tables of Prop erties 30-38. which follow later m this chapter shapes 3. Flexible boards, sheets and preformed Upon occasion, however, soma of the omined properties may assume extreme importance shapes 4 Blankets In this case effort should be made to obtain them on an individual basis from the appropriate 5. Batts manufacturers 6. Felts 7. Tapes 8. Ropes 9. Cements Properties land Their Significance) of Rigid and Semi-Rigid Insulations 10. Loose 11. Fill 12. Mastics 1 The basic properties of mass insulations and the significance of these properties m choosng an insulation are as follows; Eventually each of these forms of insulation Abrasion resistance The property of a ma is installed and becomes a part of an insula terial measuring its ability to withstand abra tion system. Its properties then become im sion without wearing away. Abrasion is caused portant to ensure that it will function prooerly by the rubbing together of two abutting oo- in the system. Thus the insulation's proper jects or by an external force or object rubbmg ties become of utmost importance to ns eco against the surface of one of the objects. Alkalinity (pH) or acidity The tendency ~>i a material to have a basic (alkafineJ or acidic reaction It is measured on the pH scale, with all readings above 7 0 alkaline and be low 7 0 acidic A reading of 7 0 indicates neutral This mcicates to which metals the ma terial may be aophed without causing corrosion Breaking toad The property of a material which indicates its strengtn m flexure when loaded as a simply supported beam with a constantly increasing concentrated load at its center. This property is of significance m installations where the material must ''bridge " over a dis continuity m ns support Capillarity The property of a material which enables it to suck liquid up into or through it self. Should a water leak occur m installed in sulation. high capillarity will spread the damage Chemical reaction The property of a material which measures its tendency to chemically combine (or react) with other materials which may come into contact with or be absorbed by it. This information is very important as sucn reaction may cause a fire hazard. In addition to holding the combustible liquids, the inter mixing may change the combustibility of the chemicals by lowering their flash, fire, and self-igmtion points. Coefficient of expansion (Contraction) The property of a material which measures its dimensional change corresponding to tempera ture change. This is necessary information in solving problems related to spacing and design of ex pansion and contraction joints in the insulation system. Combustibility The property of a material which measures (on an arbitrary scale referred to some common material) its tendency to burn. This information is vital in determining any possible fire hazard. If a material is combustible Properties of Thermal Insulation 149 us potential contribution to a fire hazard is determined by the combmat'cn of the following. 1. Plash point 2. Fire pomt 3 Self-ignition point l/f any) 4 Burning rate 5 Rate of flame travel 6 Heat contribution 7 Explosion mcex 8. Self-mternal heating 9. Toxicity of products of combustion 10. Smoke index 1 1 Melting point Compressive strength The property of a material which measures ns aDuity to resist a load tending to squeeze or shorten it. It is one of the properties of insulation which determines its performance in service. The desirable compressive strength may be high or low. Where the insulation should support a load without crushing, high compression strength is needed. Conversely when insula tion is used to take up dimensional change, a low compressive strength may be needed. In the latter case the percentage of recovery to original size upon tne reuei of stress becomes important. Corrosion to substrates The property of a material which indicates its chemical effect on various metals upon which it may be installed. (See "Corrosion Effect." Chapter 15.) This is of upmost importance. If an insulation may cause corrosion to a substrate metal. either another insulation should be selected or the substrate metal should be protected by a proper coating. The fact that certain combina tions of insulations and metals may cause a corrosion of the metal makes it necessary to determine the corrosive effect of each insula tion on. for example, carbon steel, stainless steel, monel, copper, and aluminum. Of particu lar importance is the stress-corrosion effect on austenitic stainless steels. Density The weight of a unit volume of in sulation. such as lb cu ft. It is necessary to know the density to calcu 150 Thermal Insulation late loadings and the heating rate when mass is one of the functions. Dimensional stabi/ity The property of a material which indicates its ability to retain its size or shape after aging, cutting, or being subiected to temperature or moisture. As every insulation must be installed to given dimensions, this property affects the ease of installation and also its service life Flexural strength The property of a ma terial which measures its ability to resist bend ing (flexing) without breaking. It is one of the mechanical properties whicn determines the suitability of an insulation dur ing application and in service. Hardness The property of a material which measures its ability to resist penetration. In some applications a hard surface is needed, while in others a soft surface is de sired. It is. again, one of the mechanical prop erties to be considered m the selection of a material for a given application. Hygroscopicity The property of a material which measures ns ability to absorb and re tain water, in either the liquid or vapor state from tne ambient air. with said retained mois ture being in a state of equilibrium with the moisture in the surrounding air. This property points up the fact that water m insulation, however it got there, must be allowed to escape without damage to the outer insulation protection. In other words, the higher the hygroscopioty. the more water the insulation will initially absorb and eventu ally have to reiect when subjected to heat. This emphasizes the need for near-perfect moisture protection in the first place. If moisture does get in. however, then the outer barrier must be of the "breathing" type to let it back out when heated. Incidence of cracking The property of a ma terial which indicates its tendency to crack when applied to a hot surface at its recom mended maximum temperature. This cracking affects the strength of the in sulation and its thermal conductivity. Resistance to acids The property of a ma renal whicn indicates its abiiity to resist oe composition by various acids to wnicn it mav be subjected. As insulation is used m all kinds of atmos pheres and conditions of chemical contamina tion. ns resistance to the acids to whicn t may be subjected affects ns service life. Resistance to caustics The definition and significance of resistance to caustics is the same as that given for 'resistance to acics. but it is paraphrased to read "caustics" nstead of "acids." Resistance to solvents The definition and significance of resistance to solvents is the same as that given for "resistance to acids " but it is paraphrased to read "solvents'" in stead of ""acids." Shear strength The prooerty of a material wmch indicates its ability to resist cleavage It is another of the mechanical properties which indicates the suitability of an"insulation during application and in service. Shrinkage The property of a material wnicr indicates its proportionate loss in dimensions or volume when its temperature is changed It is a major cause of cracks m high-temper ature applications. It will occur both as linear (length and width) and volumetric loss. Insula tion's shrinkage m relation to temperature should be determined m order to properly de sign insulation expansion-contraction |omts for vessels and piping. Specific gravity--apparent The ratio of tne specific weight of a material, including all its voids, to the weight of an equal volume of water. This can be obtained by the sjmpie device of dividing the weight/cu ft of the ma terial (density) by the weight of a cubic foot of water. Specific gravity--real The ratio of the specific weight of the mass of solids making up a material to the weight of an equal volume of water. To illustrate the difference between these two specific gravities, glass fiber insulation wtll have an approximate apparent specific gravity of 0 05 and a real specific gravity of 25 Specific heat The ratio of the amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of material 1 F to that required to raise a unn mass of water 1 F at some specified temperature it is essennal to know this property for solution of problems related to hea: storage and tem perature-time lag. Temperature limits The maximum temper atures. as determined by its properties, up to and down to which a material will experience no essential change m its properties. Within its limits a material should not fail mechanically, chemically, or thermally. These limits are determined by the effect of the tem perature on the properties listed m this chap ter. Time exposure to temperature and the number of changes m temperature have an effect on some materials. For this reason, in most instances, it is necessary to determine the following: Max. temp.--continuous operation Max. temp.--intermittent operation Max. temp.--cycle operation Min. temp. --cycle operation Mm. temp --continuous cycle operation Temperature rise--self-internal heating A property of some materials indicating that when heated above a certain temperature an internal reaction will occur, causing an inter nal temperature rise far m excess of the tem peratures to which they are subjected. This internal temperature not only causes damage to the material itself, but can be very hazardous, as serious fires can result. Tensile strength The property of a material which measures its ability to resist a stress tending to pull it apart. It is another of the mechanical properties which evaluate the service performance of the insulation. Thermal conductivity The property of a ma terial which indicates the relative ease or dif ficulty by which heat is transmitted through Properties of Thermal Insulation 151 the material due to a temperature difference existing between its two surfaces (See Chap ter 1 51 As the property varies with mean tempera ture it is esseniial to know the conductivity curve of an insulation to calculate heat trans fer However, the prime value oI insulation is its resistance to heat transfer The "thermal resistivity"' of a material is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity and as it is more mean ingful should be the fundamental property listed for insulations For example An insula tion with a conductivity of 0 25 as compared to another of 0.45 appears to be not too much different. Whereas if the thermal resistivity was stated it would be 4 00 for the first ma terial and 2.22 for the second. Thermal diffusivity The property of a ma terial which measures the time rate of tem perature movement through it. It is not a mea sure of amount of heat or heat transfer. In many cases this is an important factor For example, in cycle operations wnere rapid dissipation of temperature is desired a high rate of thermal diffusivity is important. Con versely. when insulation is used as fire protec tion a slow rate of thermal diffusivity is most important. This little understood factor is of utmost importance in engineering these types of applications. Thermal shock resistance The property of a material which indicates ns ability to be subjected to rapid temperature changes with out physical failure. Th-- property is important when insulations are used on cycle operations, fast heat ups. and for fire protection. Vapor migration The property of a material which measures the rate at which water vapor will penetrate it due to vapor pressure differ ences between its surfaces. The water vapor which enters insulation has serious effects on ns thermal conductivity and on some of its physical and chemical prop erties. It is well known that water vapor en tering low temperature insulation will at some point condense into liquid or free2e into ice and 1 52 Thermal Insulation will avantually destroy the thermal efficiency of the insulation However, vapor migration into insulation on ambient and hot service may cause swelling of the insulation and contribute to rusting of steel or stress corrosion of stain less steel. Vibration resistance The property of a ma terial which indicates its ability to resist me chanical vibration, without wearing away, settling, or dusting off Almost any insulation used in an industrial application will be subjected to some vibration, such as compressor vibration, fan pulsations, or vibrations caused by the fluids or gases passing through the lines or vessels. Warpaga The change >n dimension of one surface of insulation as compared to that of another surface due to difference m tempera ture of the two surfaces. Warpage will cause cracks in the finished insulation and damage to the weather and vapor barriers. Water absorption The property of a ma terial which measures the amount of water it will soak up when submerged in water. It is a measure of the amount of water which may be taxen into an insulation due to water leaks in weather barrier or during construction. ft is also important as an indicator of the amount of combustible or toxic liquids which an insulation could absorb in case of spillage. However, a material may be water repellent and still be Quite absorptive when subjected to hydrocarbons, .solvents, or other penetrat ing liquids. In special cases like these, the ab sorptivity of insulations must be tested with the chemical to which n may be subjected. Properties of Insulating Cements. Foams, and Insulating Mastics After they are applied and dried, insulating cements, insulating mastics, foamed in place insulations, sprayed foam, and sprayed inor ganic insulations all become rigid or semi rigid and their properties are the same as those listed for the rigid or semi-rigid material. However, from the wet state to dried lor cured) state additional properties must be consicerec as follows: Adhesion -- wet The property of a material wnich indicates its ability to stick to the sur face to which it has been applied without slid ing or falling off. As the temperature at the time of applica tion and the temperature of the surface to winch the material is applied affect the adhe sion. either the limns of these rwo tempera tures must be established or the adhesion lor various temperatures determined. This prop erty has direct bearing on the capability and cost of an installation. Adhesion--dry The property of a material wnich indicates its ability to bond to the sur face to which it is applied and remain m place in service. Temperature may alsoaffect this surface ad hesion so limits must be set. or adhesion must be determined at various temperatures. Shrinkage--wef to dry The property of a material which measures the difference in vol umetric and linear change which occurs m the drying of insulating cements and mastics. This change affects not only the quantities of material required, but it can also affect the finished, dried material if cracks or breaks de velop because of excessive shrinkage. Expansion--wet state to cured state The property of a material which measures tne dif ference m volumetric change tn poured or sprayed, foamed -m -place organics. This information is necessary in the calcula tion of quantities of material necessary to ob tain a given amount of mass insulation. Coverage--*vf The property of a material which measures the amount of material neces sary to cover a given area to obtain a specific dried or cured thickness. Of course this information is necessary for calculation of quantities necessary for a partic ular application Properties of 8tanket and Ban Insulation Since blankets and batt insulations are essen tially non-rigid, such physical properties as flexural strength and shear, listed as properties of rigid materials, are not appfcaDie However, jther properties given for rigid materials are also properties of the non-ngid materials These include: Alkalinity (pHI Capillarity Combustibility lor non-combustibility) Chemical reaction Compressive strength (although generally of relatively low value as compared to rigid material) Corrosion to substrates Density Hygroscopicuy Resistance to acids Resistance to caustics Resistance to solvents Specific gravity--apparent Specific gravity--real Specific heat Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Temperture limits Temperature rise (self internal heating) Vapor migration Vibration resistance Water absorption In addition, properties other than those listed for rigid materials do become important m this form of insulation, namely: Compaction or settling The property of the blankets or batts which measures their change m density and thickness resulting from loading or vibration thus producing change of thermal efficiency. Some materials tend to fluff up when sub jected to vibration whereas others tend to compact. This factor has a definite relation to suitability of the insulation for certain installa tions. Recovery of thickness after compression of blankets or baits after having been com pressed is a vital factor in the use of material as cushion blankets, or in expansion joints. Resistance to air movement The property which indicates the ability of a blanket-type Properties of Thermal Insulation T S3 material io resist erosion by air currents over ns surface The importance of a blanket being able to resist air velocities across its surface is dem onstrated most freouently when blankets are used to line the inside of ducts. Properties of Fill Insulations Although the particular set of properties which is important to fill material ts slightly different from the forms of insulation previously dis cussed. each of the individual properties have already been mentioned. The important prop erties of fill insulations follows: Adsorptivity Alkalinity Capillarity Combustibility (or non-com bility) Chemical reaction Compaction or settling Corrosion to sub strates Hygroscopicity Resistance to acids Resistance to caustics Resistance to solvents Specific gravity -- apparent Specific gravity-- real Specific heat Thermal conduc tivity Thermal diffusivity Temperature limits Temperature rise-- self internal heating Vapor migration Measurement of Properties of Thermal Insulation Determining what insulation properties are important only indicates the information 154 Thermal Insulation neeced and provides the basis of investigation The next question then becomes, how can these properties be measured and under wnat conditions should they be measured' Another question which follows u wnether or not measurements made by laboratory test are truly indicative of the properties of the mate rial m service. Does aging affect the properties' If so. how much and at what rate? What effect does temperature have on test results? What effect does moisture content have on the prop erties? Unfortunately, testing methods and studies of properties of material are not yet able to answer all these questions. Nor is there a laboratory available which is accepted as the authority on testing of properties of insulation materials. This statement does not imply that there are no standard test methods and lab oratories to perform these standard test methods, but it does mean that the insulation industry lacks even the minimum requirements to provide reliable information. In many in stances the manufacturers of insulation have developed their own test methods and can furnish some information regarding thetr ma terials. However, the test method used by one manufacturer ts not always identical with that of another, so that the values of one cannot be compared with the results obtained by an other. This makes direct comparison of ma terial properties quite difficult. Another prob lem is that most of the mechanical properties are measured at atmospheric conditions and not at the temperatures to which the material is subjected m service. Inadequate informa tion leads to poor design, the use of improper materials, and the installation failures to which the insulation industry has become accus tomed. In recent years progress has been made in correcting this confusion and presently there exists a number of American Society of Testing and Materials Standard Test Methods. How ever. even with standard test methods, some times it is necessary, because of the wide range m characteristics, to perform more than one test for a single property, as one test may be incapable of measuring ail the characteris tics for the wide variety of insulation materials Thus, duplication ol test methods for a smgie property of insulations does exist and ihe proper selection must be made for the insula tion being tested. Following is a list of Ameri can Society of Testing and Materials Test Methods for various properties. Breaking Load--Calculated Flexural Strength Block insulation -- C-203 Pipe Insulation--C-446 Organic Foam -- D-790 Closed Cell Content Organic Foam Insulations--D-194Q Coefficient of Expansion Organic Foam Insulation---D-696 Combustibility Test for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester-- D-56 Test for Flash and Fire Point by Open Cup-- D-92 Test for Flash Point by Pensky (Martens Closed Tester) -- D-1310 Ignition Properties of Plastics--0-1929 Determining Noncombustibility of Elemen tary Materials--E -13 6 Burning Extent of Plastic Foams--D-1692 Flame Spread--C-209 part 32 Compressive Strength Compressive Strength of Insulation Ma terial--C-165. C-354 Compressive Strength of Foam (nsulapon -0-1692 Deflection Strength Deflection Strength--C-209 (parts 14 ihru 16) Density Block Insulation--C-303 Pipe Insulation--C-302 Blanket Insulation--C-167 Organic Foam Insulation--0-1622 Hardness--C-569 Hot Surface Performance--C-41 1 Maximum Use Temperature--C-447 Resistance to Abrasion--C-42 1 Resistance to Dropping--C-487 Shear Strength--C-273 Shrinkage after Heat Soaking -- C-356 Specific Heat--C-35 1 Tensile Strength C-446 Tensile Strength C-209 (parts 18 thru 24) Thermal Conductivity C-177 Thermal Conductivity C-335 Thermal Conductivity C-420 Thermal Conductivity C-518 Water Absorption--C-209 (parts 26 thru 28) Water Vapor Transmission C-355 As can be seen from the above, standard test methods do not exist for all the properties of insulation listed previously. One reason is tnat some of these properties are difficult to determine, in other cases test equipment is quite expensive, few manufacturers or lab oratories have the required equipment, and an industry standard has never been devised. It should be remembered that any labora tory test is a measure of a small sample. For certain characteristics, a small sample will provide an accurate appraisal, whereas for other materials the answer may only indicate the characteristics of that insulation. Other tests may attempt to predict the service life of insulation. Such service life tests are quite dif ficult to devise and evaluate. Yet this type of test is essential, and as the demand for it in creases. eventually such tests will Oe aevised by the industry. Service records also assist in evaluating ma terials. Unfortunately, an early failure is costly and a successful installation requires many years to prove ns success. There is no one method of engineering all insulation instal lations. and the really difficult applications still depend upon engineenng judgment. An engi neer with an extensive knowledge of the prop erties of many insulations is m a position to make the best decision, based on available knowledge at the time of the decision. Reflective Insulation Reflective insulation, which consists of metal lic sheets spaced to direct the heat back to its source, must be constructed to provide space between each of the reflective sheets. As ns efficiency depends upon the arrangement of Properties of Thermal Insulation 155 the sheets and their means of supoort. a sys tem of construction is necessary Its effec tiveness and properties are those of the sys tem and not the properties of any single ma terial used m its construction Reflective insulation systems have been employed m the side walls and ceilings of building, and when proper spacing of layers and methods of construction are used they have proven to be extreme/y efficient. Another use of reflective insulations has been in the construction of cold storage rooms, This type of construction is similar to that used for insulation of buildings, the only difference being that tight vapor seals must be con structed on the warm side for cold service Reflective insulation used to insulate pipes and vessels, is a factory made product, and more closely approaches a form which can be evaluated by a list of properties. This type of re flective insulation is formed into sectional pipe insulation, fitting covers, and shaped seg ments to fit equipment. These shapes consist of reflective sheets of aluminum, or stainless steel, so formed as to have little direct contact between the sheets, or with spacers of a low conductive metal or ether material ;c form isolated air chambers between the sheets and end closures. As a finished product these formed reflec tive insulation structures can be evaluated to have certain characteristics as follows: Aklalinity (pH) Capillarity Coefficient of expansion Combustibility (or non-combustibility) Corrosion to substrates Cracking (in service) Hygroscopic! ty Leachabie material content Resistance to acids Resistance to caustics Resistance to solvents Resistance to nuclear radiation effects 1. Damage to material 2. Loss in thermal efficienty 3. "HalMife" 1 58 Thermal Insulation Strength 1 Crushing a Perpendicular to longitudinal b. Parallel to longitudinal axis 2. Flexural--beam across supports 3- Impact resistance Specific gravity--apparent Specific gravity--real Temperature limns 1. Maximum--continuous 2. Maximum--cyclic 3. Maximum--mtermittemt 4. Minimum--continuous 5. Minimum--cyclic Thermal emntance 1. Inner surfaces 2. Outer surfaces Thermal conductance 1. Across total thickness 2. Per inch displacement Thermal shock resistance Vibration resistance Water vapor transmission axis The reflective insulation systems are fabri cated insulation structures and do not lend themselves as easily to testing as do homo geneous materials. Thus there does not exist a senes of standard test methods for their evaluation, as exists for other materials. Since these are designed systems, the physical properties and strength required for any given installation can be engineered into the finished product, whereas with homogeneous ma terials a product naturally having the proper ties must be selected to fulfill the installation requirements. Although each of the individual materials used in the construction may be tested by standard test methods, there presently exist few ASTM test methods which are suitable for the testing of reflective insulation systems. However as these and other cryogenic in sulation systems increase in importance tests will be devefoped. Cryogenic Insulation When the term cryogenic insulation is used it does not designate a specific type or system of msuiation. put relers to tne use of msuiation in controlling heat gams to cryogenic liquids There is no established temperature below which insulation ts termed cryogenic However, it is generally understood to be m the range of -- 1 50 * F down to absolute zero 1-459 6* r) Although homogeneous mass insulations are used for applications at the upper par; of the cryogenic temperature range, to obtam the efficiency necessary for proper control of very low temperatures, a system of msuiation using more than one material is generally em ployed Maximum efficiency to retard the flow of heat by the combined action of all heat transfer mechanisms (radiation, conduction and convection) is the aim of the cryogenic insulation systems. Combining the principles of the control of heat transfer by mass, by reflective suostances, and by vacuum, systems have been designed to obtain thermal resistances unob tainable with ordinary mass insulations De velopment of these efficient insulations es sentially started with the discovery of the Dewar Flask by James Dewar m 1898 Further contributions to the development of these systems were made by I. A. Black. A A. rowfe and P. E. Glaser of Arthur 0 Little Company; and by P. S. Riede. 0. Wang. 1. C. Matsch. C. R. Undquist and L. R. Ntendorf of the Linde Company. The systems of cryogenic insulations made possible by these developments are basically of two types--one type is composed of pow ders m a partial vacuum and the other mul tilayered. spaced reflective sheets in a partial vacuum. Powders such as perlite and "Santocd" used in vacuum have a conductivity of approxi mately 0 012 Biu/sq ft. hr. in.. *F at tempera tures from 70*F to --300*F. Powders used with reflective and absorptive opacifiers of the proper formula can improve the perfor mance. Such a formula, developed by Linde, using "Santocei" and cooper powder in a vacuum has a conductivity of 0 0026 Btu/sq ft. hr. m.. *F in a vacuum of 0 05 to 5 0, mi crons of mercury, absolute pressure. RIGID AND SEMI-RIGID INSULATIONS Material identification number Insulation maienal. generic type 1 Alumina-silica fibers, combined with binders. 2 Alumina-silica fibers, combined with binaers. 3 Refractory-fiber molded, pre dominantly alumina and silica. 4 Amosite fibers and silica bind ers. 5 Asbestos sponge felts lami nated together. 6 Asbestos paper, plain and cor rugated. cemented together. 7 Catcium-siiicate. hydrous, rein forced witn small amounts of asbestos fiber. 8 Calcium-silicate, hydrous, rein forced wun small amounts of asbestos fiber, extra high tem peratures. 9 Cork, vegetable, compressed. TO Diatomaceous silica, blended and bonded. Class I. 1 1 Diatomaceous silica, blended and bonded. Extra high tem perature. Class II. 12 Diatomaceous silica, asbestos fibers and inorganic binder. 13 Diatomaceous silica, asbestos fibers and inorganic binder. Properties of Thermal Insulation 157 Description and general characteristics Block insulation for exceptionally high temperature service, resists thermal shock. Block insulation -- stronger than (1) above For exceptionally high temperature services. Resists thermal shock. High temperature lightweight board. Formed rigid pipe covering. Resists frac ture. Good cutting characteristics. Water absorbent. Formed semi-rigid block and pipe cover ing. Soft. Water absorbent. Formed semi-rigid pipe covering. Soft. Water absorbent. Molded into rigid block and pipe covering. Strong, for its weight. Good cutting char acteristics. Water absorbent, but retains most of its strength when wet. Molded into rigid block and pipe covering. Strong, lor ns weignt. Gooo cutting char acteristics. Water absorbent. Molded into rigid blacks or sheets Strong, for its weight. Good cutting char acteristics. Will resist liquid water, but has relatively high rate of vapor transmission. Formed into rigid block and pipe covering. Good for high temperatures. Excellent thermal shock resistance. Formed into rigid block and pipe covering. Good for higher temperatures than m3tenal (10). Higher density. Excellent ther mal shock resistance. Light density rigid sheet. Good cutting characteristics. Moderate density rigid sheet, excellent strength for tts weight. Excellent cutting characteristics. Good for panels where needed in high temperatures Also serves as fire protective material. 1 58 Thermal Insulation Material identification nwmoer 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Insulation material generic type Diatomaceous silica, asbestos fibers and inorganic binder Glass, cellular Glass, cellular, between layers of felt. Glass, fiber, with organic binder. Glass, fiber, with organic binder. Glass, fiber, with organic binder -- higher temperature limit Glass, fiber, with organic binder. Glass, fiber, with high temper ature binder. Glass, fiber, with organic binders with asphalt attached facings on both sides. Glass, fiber, with organic binder with one surface coated or Treated. Glass, fiber, with inorganic binder, faced one side with vapor resistant facing. Description and general characteristics Heavy density rigid sheet Similar to M2) and (13! except harder and stronger Rigid block and pipe covering Gcoc strength characteristics. Poor abrasion resistance Can be formed and fabricated rapidly Water resistant. Has almost per fect resistance to the migration of mois ture vapor Same as material (15) except it is fabri cated into sheets between layers of felt for roof insulation. Semi-rigid formed pipe covering Light density pipe insulation. Available with various types of factory attached jacket ing. Formed into rigid pipe covering. Heavy density pipe insulation. Available witn various types of factory attached jacket ing. Semi-ngid formed pipe covering, moder ate density with slightly higher temper ature limit than (17! and MS! Availaoie with various types of factory attacned jacketing. Semi-rigid formed board or sheets of vari ous denstties. The higher the density the stronger the materia/. The higher densi ties also provide a lesser conductivity Available with various types of factory attached outer facings. Formed semi-rigid board and sheets. Suit able for higher temperatures than (201. (211. (22). Formed into rigid sheets, for roof deck insulation. Semi-rigid formed sheets for use m insu lating interiors of air conditioning or heat ing ducts. One side, facing the air stream, coated to resist air erosion. Formed into rigid sheets for constructing air conditioning and heating ducts No. 27 is a higher density material than (26). for use where additional strength is required Properties of Thermal Insulation 159 Material identification numfler 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Insulation material, generic tyoe Glass, fiber, with inorganic binder faced with aluminum sheet metal-factory attached. Magnesium carbonate, with asbestos fibers and binders 180% Magnesia) Mineral fiber, with inorganic binders. Mineral fiber, with inorganic binders. Perlite, expanded, blended and bonded with binders. Water repellent. Polystyrene, expanded beads, molded to shape. Polystyrene, cellular foam. molded. Polystyrene, cellular foam. Polystyrene, cellular foam, selfextinguishing. Polyurethane, cellular foam. Polyurethane, cellular foam, self-extinguishing Rubber resin, cellular foam -- self-extinguishing. Siliceous fibers and binders with factory attached sheet aluminum facing. Vinyl chloride cellular foam. Wood fiber and binder. Description ann -nerai characterises Formed into semi-rigid panels for appli cation to large diameter or flat surfaces. Aluminum facing provides basic weatherbarrier Formed into rigid block and pipe covering Relatively soft. Formed rigid block. Formed semi-rigid block. Made in various densities. Rigid board and pipe covering. Low shrinkage at high temperatures. Water repellent. Formed into rigid block, board and pipe covering. Light weight, excellent cutting characteristics. Molded rigid board and pipe covering. Light weight. Rigid board, sheets and pipe covering cut from slab stock. Light weight. Good cut ting cnaracteristics. Combustible. Rigid boards, sheets and pipe covering. Lightweight. Good cutting characteristics. Will not continue burning after removal of fire. Formed into rigid boards, sheets, and pipe covering. Light weight. Good cutting char acteristics. Formed into rigid boards, sheets and pipe covering, Light weight. Good cutting char acteristics. Will not continue burning after fire is removed. Rigid board and pipe covering. Good cut ting characteristics. Will not continue burning after fire is removed. 4'x8' (approx.) semi-rigid panels for insu lation of larg.- diameter and flat surfaces. Formed into rigid block and pipe covering. Easily cut. Light weight. Will not continue to burn when fire is removed. Formed into rigid panels for roof deck insulation. 160 Thermal Insulation FLEXIBLE INSULATION Material identification number Insulation material, generic type 43 Asbestos braid inner and outer tubing, filled with glass fiber. 44 Glass fiber and inorganic 45 binder, available with various 46 facings. 47 48 Polystyrene foam. 49 Rubber restn. cellular foam. self-extinguishing. Descnotion and general characteristics Seamless flexible tubular insulation. Flexible rolls or sheets. All are of similar material except for density. As the oensity affects both strength and flexibility and also conductivity, divisions in denstry were provided to estabiisn the relation ships. Roll foam, flexible. Light weight Molded into flexible sheets and pipe covering. Resilient. Will not continue to burn when fire is removed. BLANKET, FELT AND BATT INSULATION Matenal identification number Insulation material, generic type 50 Alumina-silica fiber. 51 Alumina-siiica fiber. 52 Alumina-silica fiber and asbestos fiber with binder. 53 Asbestos fiber. 54 Asbestos woven fibers. 55 Glass fiber, batts with various facings. 56 Glass fiber, banded with thermosetting organic binders. Available in various facings. 57 Glass fiber, faced on one or both sides with metal mesh. 58 Glass fiber, blanket, coated one side. 59 Glass fiber, woven felt. Description and general characteristics Formed into blanket for high temperature service. Formed into felt for high temperature service. Formed into blanket for high temperature service. Formed into blanket. Formed into felts. Formed into batts and encased in various facings. Mainly used for building ceiling and wall cavity insulation. Formed into blankets. Numerous densities available. General purpose blanket. Formed into blankets. Expanded metal lath or 1" hexagonal wire facings on one or both sides. General purpose high tem perature blankets. Blanket specially coated on one side to resist air erosion. For lining heating or air conditioning ducts Formed into woven felt for high temperature installations. Properties of Thermal Insulation 161 Material identification number 60 61 62 63 64 65 Insulation material, generic type Glass fiber (high temperature glass}, needled glass matt. Mineral fibers, faced on one or both sides with metal mesh. Mineral fibers, with various binders. Mineral fibers, secured by 1" hexagonal wire netting precut and edged for various pipe sizes. Refractory fibers predomi nantly alumina and silica. Silica fibers. Description and general characteristics Specially needled matt of high temper ature glass fibers--without binders. Soft and resilient. Formed into blankets. Expanded metal lath or 1" hexagonal wire facings on one or both sides. General purpose high tem perature blanket. Formed into blankets. Formed into blankets to be wrapped around pipe. Facing precut and edged and equipped with fasteners to secure around pipe. Felts available in various densities from 3 to 24 lbs/cu ft and thicknesses 1/8 m. to 2 in. Formed into felts or blankets. INSULATING AND FINISHING CEMENTS Material identification number Insulation material, generic type 66 Alumina-silica, semi-rigid, hydraulic setting cement. 67 Alumina-silica, asbestos fibers and binder. 68 Asbestos fibers, and bonding clays. 69 Asbestots fibers, and binders. 70 Asbestos fibers, bonding clays and binders. 71 Asbestos fibers, with special binders for adhesion to water repellent insulation. 72 Calcium silicate with binders. 73 Diatomaceous silica powder with binder. 74 Magnesium carbonate and asbestos fibers. Description and general characteristics Semi-refractory and insulating cement. Water mix -- hydraulic setting. High temperature--water mix--cement. Water mix. insulating and finishing cement. Water mix. finishing cement. Water mix. hard surface finishing cement. Water mix. finishing cement. Water mix. insulating and finishing cement. High temperature--water mix--msulating cement. Water mix insulating cement. High shrinkage. 102 Thermal Insulation M atenal identification number 75 76 77 78 Insulation material, generic type Mineral fiber with hydraulic setting binder Mineral fiber with hydraulic setting binder-high adhesion. Mineral fibers, asbestos fibers and hydraulic setting binder Verrruculite and binder Description and general cnaraciensncs Water mix, insulating cement. Hydraulic, setting. General purpose msuiatmg cement. Water mix, insulating cement Hydraulic setting. Similar to 175) with special bind ers to increase initial wet adhesion Water mix. insulating cement. Formulated for use as a fire protection insulation Water mix. msufating cement. FORMED OR FOAMED SPRAYED-IN-PLACE INSULATIONS Material identification number Insulation material, generic type Description and general cnaractensncs 79 Asbestos fibers, Amosite, and Sprayable insulation cement mix. Water inorganic binders. added by spray gun. Compressed after being applied to surface. 80 Asbestos fibers. Crocidolite. Sprayable insulation cement mix. Water and inorganic binders. added by spray gun. Compressed after being applied to surface. Similar to (79) except will withstand higher service tem peratures. 81 Bituminous material, cork or Premixed mastic. Available in consisten- mica filled mastic. cies suitaDle for application by spray or trowel. Used to control condensate. 82 Ceramic fiber and inorganic Sprayable mix. Semi-refractory insulation fibers. 83 Mineral wool granules, as- Sprayable insulation cement mix. Water bestos and inorganic binders. added by spray gun. Formulated to be used as a fire protection and high temper ature insulation. 84 Polyvinyl acetate cork filled Premtxed mastic. Can be applied by spray. mastic. trowel or palm. Used to control conden sation. 85 Urethane, two pan liquid mix. Liquids mixed by spray gun. Liquid on sur- rigid foam. Self-extinguishing, face foams to form rigid insulation. For mulas obtainable for insulation will not continue burning after fire is removed. Properties of Thermal Insulation 163 FILL AND LOOSE INSULATION Material identification number Insulation material, generic type 86 Alumina-silica fibers, bulk. 87 Alumina-silica, chopped and milled. 88 Alumina-silica, long fibers 89 Asbestos fibers. 90 Cork, granulated. 91 Diatomaceous silica, coarse powder. 92 Diatomaceous silica, fine pow der. 93 Diatomaceous silica, calcined. 94 Diatomaceous silica and as bestos fibers. 95 Giisomte granules. 96 Glass fibers, loose or shredded. 97 Glass fibers, wool. 98 Glass, cellular, pellets. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Gypsum pellets. Lampblack Mineral fibers, with small amount of o*l lubricant. Mineral fibers, oil free. Mineral fiber, granulated. Perlite, expanded, loose. Silica fibers. Silica-aerogel spheres. Vermiculite flakes. Description and genital cnaractenstics For fill applications such as packing fur nace joints. Same as (861 Same as (86). Available in various grades and densities. Available m various grades and panicle sites. Milled to a coarse powder, for filling cavi ties. Milled to a fine powder, for filling cavities. Calcined to withstand higher tempera tures. Used as fill, or with concrete to form insulating concrete. Mixture for fill installations. Available m various grades for various service temperatures. Used as fill around underground hot piping. Various grades available. For pouring or blowing into cavity spaces. Available in various sized pellets. Each pellet formed with hermetically sealed cells. For pouring into cavity spaces. Powder for pouring into cavity spaces. Fibers in loose form for filling cavity spaces. Loose fiber for filling cavity spaces. For pouring or blowing m cavity spaces. Loose for filling cavity spaces. Available in vanous size spheres. Soft fibers for high temperature service. Small spheres. Very low conductivity. Will flow through a very small opening. Expanded mica. Available in various sizes. For filling cavity spaces. 164 Thermal Insulation REFLECTIVE INSULATION/FOILS AND SHEETS Material identification number Insulation material, generic tyoe Descriotion and general characteristics 108 Aluminum Sheet. Polished sheet, thickness as required for strength. Installed to enclose and sepa rate air spaces. 109 Aluminum Foil. Thickness as required for strength, in stalled to enclose or separate air spaces. no Aluminum Foil on membrane Foil with various reinforcements. paper, or other reinforcements Installed to enclose or separate air such as glass fiber. spaces. 111 Preformed aluminum with kraft Preformed into strips or rolls, then when paper, accordian formed. Wall opened and installed, layers of foil will and ceiling insulation. form enclosed spaces in cavity installation. REFLECTIVE INSULATION/PREFORMED PIPE AND EQUIPMENT INSULATION Material identification number Insulation material, generic type Descriotion and general characteristics 112 113a 113b Preformed stainless steel case with stainless steel reflective sheets. Preformed stainless steel case with aluminum reflective sheets. Preformed aluminum case with aluminum reflective sheets. Custom formed to fit piping or equipment Non absorbent. Can be removed and re placed rapidly. Light weight. Same as above. Slightly more efficient, but limned to lesser service temperatures Same as 11 3a above. REFLECTIVE INSULATION/PREFORMED PIPE AND EQUIPMENT INSULATION Material identification number Insulation material, generic type Description and general characteristics 114 115 116 117 1 18 119 120 Aluminum foil, spaced with glass mat -- In vacuum. Aluminum foil, spaced with glass paper. In vacuum. Carbon*silica in vacuum. Perlite in vacuum. "Santocel" m vacuum. "Saniocel" and aluminum powder in vacuum. "Santocel" and copper pow der m vacuum. Multilayers of aluminum reflective foil m vacuum cavity. Very low thermal conduc tivity. Same as above. Powder in vacuum cavity. Same as above. Same as above. "Santocel" opacified with aluminum pow der m vacuum cavity "Santocel" opacified with copper pow der in vacuum cavity ^uitifeyered reflective sheets consist of yets of reflective sheets such as aluminum foil or metal-coated plastics film, separated by micro glass-fiber mats m a vacuum space, can attain even lower thermal conductivity than opacified powders. However, their af fectiveness is much more dependent upon the almost complete absence of pressure than the powders. Depending upon the layers per inch, conductivities of 0.001 OB to 0 00012 Blu/sq ft. hr. in.. *F can be attained when in spaces under a vacuum of 0.5. or less, mi crons of mercury, absolute pressure. Of course, the problem is to provide the vacuumtzed space for these insulations to function. This is done by utilizing double shell vessels, with the insulation installed be tween the two shells and the vacuum gen erated in the insulated space. "Permanent vacuum" vessels of such extremely low leak rate that they do not require any re-evacuation for many years have been developed. As with reflective insulations, the cryogenic vacuum insulated vessels are designed and constructed to withstand any mechanical and chemical abuses to which they may be sub acted. Thus the properties are those of a de sign rather than that of a material. A chart of thermal conductivities of the cryogenics will be given later in this chapter. Underground Insulation Systems Pipe or equipment located underground, which must be insulated, m most instances uses the more conventional mass insulations in some system which not only insulates, but also protects the insulation from water. As these systems use many combinations of conduit and thermal insulations, they are not a "class" of insulation m themselves. The properties of the insulation used in their con struction can be obtained from the properties of that insulation as listed. These systems will be discussed in a later chapter. Properties of Thermal Insulation 165 Property Tables --Not Including Conductivity The properties in Tables 30 through 38 are not all of the relevant properties of the materials listed previously in this Chapter The tables do list, however, the most important properties ana those most commonly neeoed to make an intelligent selection of an insulation for a specific purpose. Note that many of the materials have only a few properties listed and that none of them are complete. The properties were compiled from information obtained from many sources, but most were secured directly from the manu facturers of the insulations, or from their pub lished literature. As can easily be understood, further testing and checking by the author of each individual value obtained, involved a task much beyond the scope of this book. How ever. based upon the author's knowledge of insulation materials, the values presented were reviewed to establish that each one was ap parently reasonable for that particular insu lation and that particular property. All properties listed are not significant for all materials. For example, the water vapor trans mission rate of an insulation used for high tem perature service is unimportant because the high temperature pipe or vessel causes a high vapor pressure which drives moisture outward and the insulation remains dry and effective. For this reason, the vapor transmission rate on high temperature materials is seldom measured. For certain properties, such as alkalinity, there has been no test method agreed upon by the insulation industry. Some manufac turers provide the information in terms of pH and others in respect to percentage of NajO. Again because of these limitations, despite the fact that this may cause confusion, the only recourse was to list the values obtainable. Another factor which should be remembered m the use of these tables is that a particular generic material may be made by several (Tit cootimiKJ oo p 192) 166 Thrma(lnsutation TABLE 30 Rigid and wml-rigid iniulatlom Mutritl Oannli* n^mcw Gana*< ryp #nd Cta 0' OncnotMXi o< <n*uiaion mat*ri*i Prm Maairnwr* l*m0 (mill *? CpntiAgOui Shon 1 Aiumin>t*tica fiMn 8<oct comrwnad bnoa*n Aigmin.g<ca ft bar* 3 COm0*A*0 ncn &rt0*r| Bloc* 3 Atfraciory f4bar*no*dad LtflM w**grit Board 7700 7000 7300 2300 7000 2300 4 Amoaitt tumoi i**ri Mlh vituit bmloi Covarmg Ajbaarot ipooy faru Stock i lammaiad lO^nMi and *C Aitwnot paom, pcatn 6 and corrggtfad. *pa Coarng Camaniaa to^rmar. Calcium ulicaia. fivarow* Btock 7 AMltOreM > Am04 and l*mr. PC Calcium uiicaia. nvoroui- Block 8 ISama n 71 and *C Gor*. v9atftbi 9 cmpr**#d Bloc* 3tarpmacow !.<*. 3 too 10 tvanoad and bondad and o* 1 w: Otatomacaout ul<ca, Bloc* 11 blanoad and boraMd and Qa II PC OiatrwTiauaoui >ia, U adaartoa Tabari and Board Morgan* btnoan. Odtornacaom 13 adjaatoa libar* and Morgan* Mi Board Oiairmai aim alira. 14 tm*nem fibari and Board aorfMc tMttrl Glad, cdlviv, Block IS Mamwtae^ly aaatad catti and >C GIme. cMIuMr. IS IWnTwtujilY mm call* Board Banyan avr 0* Ivic Gi*0k. libar. tan* *17 organ* bmoar PC 1200 550 to 700 300 1200 1800 700 1600 1900 1700 1700 1700 800 700 370 1200 550 to 700 300 1200 1800 700 1600 1900 1700 1200 1200 800 300 370 GUaa, fibar. *wtn 18 organ* bmoar PC 450 450 19 Gia*. libar. bonaad, min organ* bandar. PC 500 500 Ovnt'fy eg tt Ab*ion raainjAc* X p*gnt iom by tgfflOling/ 1f1 10 min t\jn 2nd 10 mm fgn 13 10 u 71 M TO to 16 26 to 33 9 IQ 13 10 70 40 to to to 13 50 80 10 7.5 IB to to to 1* 20 40 6 to 9 2\ X to to n SS so to 90 24 X so to to to 76 55 80 73 36 65 7 to 9.5 7 ta 9.5 3 to 4 7.0 3.0 to 5 Aik*. Unify pH Cao<9/ity a TO 10 5 9 to 10 TO to (1 a to 12 S 8 to T2.S 6.5 to 75 ; to 9 7 to 9 9 to 11 9 to 11 9 to 11 7 to 8 7 to 8 75 to 9 75 to 9 7.S to 9 wm IN*! MMl wk Mill twick MtJI MlCk Mill MKk Mill MC N*g. Mill M*C Ml( 1 M*ck Mill ***ck Will w*ck MlJI N*X . Nag. N*. N*X Prooerties of Thermal Insulation 167 Ce/f'Ouf1t>** ` o ?!/* flm W*--4 MOIK SOM JlfHYl mu o#nrr nO* *0,V com- Itr tftflin/lbt/ 10 at % M<<KHh4tn Hrrotcoocity l iMtf t#ft linear *#* V it m* limo F $ooc< not/ btu p*r lb br f T nt**i itr^iK/ lb/0 . Thr m*i OiWutrany / H/hr icateutattdl Wur lO0<ptiOn/ \ .Of, 24 hr iubrrnr**o Wat* vioor trim* (himon perm <och NC *c *C NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC 25 50 O* or i*a lB n so or or la i*n 35 *0 <y or ira ion US at 5% 75 to 1S5 *i 5% 1 10 to 130 it 5% 6 to 10 it 5% 50 to 120 it 5* 65 to 120 it 5% 800 it 10% 1500 t 10% 2500 M tc% 100 100 7 to 5 It 70 F 90 H 10% by Wgr. 1.5 1.0 2 to 8 by Wgv 2 to 8 bv !Nt. 9 9 9 0 0 10 5 2.2 .22 .25 to .25 4 to .25 55 3 to 7 1 5 .20 to to 2 .21 \ 6 .25 to to 2.5 .28 *3 2.0 2.7 to 3.5 t to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 .0000046 6*0. Co. .22 to 28 .22 to .28 .25 to 34 .25 to .34 .25 to 34 .20 00000*6 *d. Co. .20 .2 N*. 20 67 10 to 30 10 to 20 15 to 20 18 460 750 so SO .2 .20 .3 .20 009 .005 16 016 006 .008 to 01 009 to .012 .006 to 01 006 to 01 .006 to ,01 .13 .18 .02 015 .018 91 90 B4 85 85 90 90 85 83 93 92 93 2 to 7 16 8 168 Thermal Inflation TABLE 30 Rigid rvd term-rigid insulation* (continued) MllWial idannl" CANOn numwr Ganarie c> and CMS 01 OatCnolOn of `mulatto malarial f orm G(a. r*th 70 OrginK >rt0*e Avitto< Board *tft v snout tso/v^s fbsc. wiih 21 organic bmoar AvaiUbl# Board Min var<M tcii>gL Clan, fibar. mDi 22 organic bmdar Availada Board 9i vanoul facmga. Gian, fibar. aonoad 23 *wtn hr^rt umeoritwrt Board bmdar. GUru. with 24 twxtr. Aaonait attacnad Board toil lacing (Root boo'd) Boo'd Cion. fibar. oootoa ona 25 woo 10 roam aw arotion (Duct lining) Cion. fibar. bonoad iin Boarq 28 organic town, -itii vaoor 4 raawtant lacing (Ducn) Round Clan, fibor. bondad with Boo'd 27 organic totMi. mtn vaoor 4 raamant facing I Ducnl Round Clan, fdaar. bonoad min 4*8,, 2S organic btnoar. rntft factory . Panaia aeotiad aluminum facing Bloc* Magnaaiwm carbonata. antR 29 and aabano* fibn amt bmoan PC Mwwrai fibar X wrtn morgana: buda. Bloc* Mnaral fibar. wtn *iargan< bmdar. Sdmangd Block Partita. aapanoad. Blob* X Blanoad and bonoad by and baidarg Wgtar raoaflant PC Pofvnyrana. aaoandad Block. X band*. Moidad to dtapa Board. PC Pdfvttyrana. caflular foam. Block. 34 Mo*dad to rvaoa. Board. PC Block. Pofyatyrana. catlwlar 35 foam Board. PC Potyttyrana. catlutar Black. X Board. gunning PC Maximum lamp Ima *f ConnnuOut Sfcon *50 *50 *50 450 *50 450 1000 1000 100 IX 250 250 250 250 250 2S0 <50 450 600 800 1800 850 to 11X0 (500 1800 850 to 1000 1500 IB 180 185 166 to to ITS 175 165 165 165 165 Oa"ity iba/ ew ft 4 to 5 5 (0 7 7 10 9 Ao/aiio >*aitunca X wa^it i<m or tumoimg/ --- !*t 2nd 10 ffim 10 min fun run 3A S 1.5 to 6 3 5 Inawl. only 3 to 5 11 10 13 15 to 18 4 to n 9.5 to 11.5 1 1.5 to 3.3 1.5 TO 2.3 1.0 to 2.2 25 to 50 35 to 40 so to 64 TO 70 Aika- iioiry pm 75 TO 9 75 to 9 7.5 to 9 8.5 to 9 8.5 IO 9-5 8.5 io 9.5 8-5 . to 9.5 8.5 io 9.5 Nag Nag N#* Nag. N *g Nag. 7 10 10.5 7 to 9 7 to 9 7 to 8 8.5 to 7.5 6.5 to 7.5 6.5 to 7.5 5.5 IO 7.5 *ag Nona Nona Nona Nona Properties of Thermal Iniulauon 169 ComovftJO'litv 4 larr%0 KIM/ llm* kkh4 Ml $iTW>* i vtvoII <*4urr >nO*> N"' c<>m' bwii'O'* Comer raw nrr***/lCnJ M |l % Or/ ormauo* Hyyro* *C00*0 ty/ \ vplym* VTtff twt Ljf*ar fr+ a % T rn*9 tffTO e* 25 OT lt 25 or Wm 25 or i 25 or IM> 25 or 25 or IMS 25 or ' 25 or ion so or so or KO 50 (K Ww so or tu 50 or lau so or in so or so or HBa 1.2 *1 2 Nf* to% 2.7 It .2 *4* 10% IS ft .2 10% .2 ** .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 SocH H*S1/ Mu pm lb pm Tamil* nrvr^ift/ <0*JQ *. Thrmf Oiffwtrviry/ IQ ft/hr IcMcwJftadl Wfitr *0Or01rW X 04. 24 rw ityriHio Wlttr vapor Iran** mfllrOii prm ,r< .20 018 93 .20 02 92 .20 .02 91 .20 03 93 .01 .20 .009 93 to 05 .20 .018 93 .01 .20 018 93 to .10 01 .20 .017 93 to .10 NC HC NC than 25 * 25 *ai thon 350 >-- tnan 350 Comb. Come. Come. taH 0IOA 25 400 SO t 10% 2 to 18 ft 10% 1 io 1.5 t 10% B0 ft 5% eras ft s% 14 ft 5% 10 30 m 5% 8 io Xn 5% 10 bv up. .2 .2 .5 2 .X 1.8 .22 4 .22 1.25 .216 6*0. Co. 21 .000035 6*0- Co. .27 .000035 E*o. Co. .27 .000035 E*o. Co. 2 .008 to .012 MS to .010 .01 to 02 X .014 .083 225 ,017 70 .017 70 .017 90 85 85 to 93 3.5 to 4 2.5 0.1 to 1.25 0.1 to 1.25 0.1 to 1.25 18 10 1.0 m 2.0 1.0 1.0 170 Thermal Insulation TABLE 30 Rigid and semi-rigid insulations (continued! Maim#* *(!<> cai*<J" Gtntfric FV04 4*4 ClAw Or pf nn^aio* m*ir4i Form J7 Poiywtth*** room 6l<Xk, Boars. PC Pojyorttnano loom 38 *tf <o 1 roqu ivt *r*q Block. Boars. PC Autob*r rtjrv N miuipr room. Block end PC StrCkOv* flbars and 4' > s' *0 frnom, rmxlt factory M> Paneii Dfrad uwmuium facing. Block Vi*vl ChioriO*. cotkltor 41 r>s room. SaN^itiitguitAmf. PC <2 Mood frbor ind btooor Boor0 Mptimum tamp imiti *F CO noavow* Short 25C 250 200 <0 300 250 220 220 450 450 22 212 to to 275 275 175 175 Oansitv cu h A^tlOO rHtJA(| \ low Pv Mi 10 mm ryn 10 mi* run 1.5 3 to to 55 15 t.o 6 to to 4.0 20 5 to 8 Al** lmty PH i^pTr 9.5 to **0*>4 75 65 io Mona 75 Non# 4X null rues 1.5 to No*# 3 IS to mill ta A<t TABLE 31 Flexible insulations Irvtor pro) outr 4] pjtx>f lilifO wrtfl pw fsbor. Soomiro livsibi* TUCM Glow, fibrous. Mrnll FUaifc** 44 or^Mvec bmoor. Roil ArotloMl **ift or moots vrut t*t*9*. Ohm. fibrous, witn 45 Organic binoar. Amlabta with vinoul facings. Glsa. fibrous, mtn organic bmoar. 48 Available will! various teeing* Glass. fibrous. nih 47 organic bmoer. Available Mntfl various facing* Polystyrene, 48 cellular foam. Fteaibte FltkiOl* Viootl F4*xiOi sftoou Floxtoto moots Roil form 49 Atao Rubber rnin, cellular foam. Fteiible mat* 0.#% *1 NajO Sheas and PC 500 400 400 400 400 165 720 10 500 10 14 .6 400 to 1.5 1.5 <00 to 2.0 400 400 2 to 3 3 10 4 0.9 165 to 1.2 s 220 to 11 7 will to a *< 3a.s to 9 N*p. :a.s to 9 :e.s to 9.0 =8-5 u> 90 6.5 to Non* 7.5 No** Properties of Thermal Insulation 171 Co<Ovii6iiirY f llm* wxno >nO*. STM>* V"0* aanfi* ino*> co,n` bvti'Oi* Comer atanrv nr fnftn/ib*/ %Q <n at % dalormat^n VfT0*. ICOOOTV / \ volwma rtt* tart Lif^f ''f'49/ I mai ttfflO . Soaotic ha#t/ btu oar ib oar p T anula rtra ib/q tn. Tharma* Qiff utrvtry/ IQ H/*r (c*JCwti*dJ *eooiior/ X *01. 24 *V tu& Wattr oor trimmiQton arm men CqitiO. Cofro. Co fro. *0 10 ss as .25 to 42 on to 027 1.5 l.S to 10 32 Aoof. 25 and uo Ifll tnan soo 16 to 100 2% E id. 20 .on 1 2 SO F .23 to to 125 027 2 1.2 to to 3 27 Wan so *oo#o. SCO 40 It 10% 2 10 10 *i 220 .19 to 27 82 1 0.1 nC 0 .2 tnan 20 son tnan 100 28 10 50 >1 5% .00005 E*o. Co. 14 5.4 60 600 pani. to gram son. Ail fan *ith orf*n,c pin#?i hit iiil>Aity aorawad 10 t#m at **30 of law man 0 6%. 11 4.5 to 1.0 2.8 to 5.4 5 HC 90 F 0 .24 21 90 flH 25 50 Of or >n IMS 75 50 or or UD to .02 it 10S uo to 03 it 10% 2 125 F 95 RH .2 125 F 95 RH 0 0 .20 .20 25 50 or or ion 25 so Or or :* Ud to .07 it 10% O0 to 5 i 10% 2 125 F 96 RM 2 125 F 95 RH 0 0 .20 20 7 It \ 5% \ 2 to 6 it 25 % 3.5 IO 36 10 .9 to 1.2 Non: Moiviot Num&tn 43 throw?* 49 *1 otl ojfToondv flifciWa (0 Mind 180 Oo^Nt around a H intft 0.0. manor*. 10 to 24 05 to 28 1 72 Thermal Insulation TABLE 32, Blanket, felt or bett Insutatiom Materiel identiftcation number Generic type end dai or otmiiia" ol Inaulelion materiel SO AJumma-vlio fiber SI Ahirrarunaiiice liber S3 AistmmaeilicA. Ion* liber and binder S3 AM Itel 54 Aabaana woven tan 56 GUat. fibraut'betta. with venou* facmgi Ol--. fibroin. bonded SA UK tMarmoaenmg ream. AvakabM widi uncut facing. Gl--. fibroua. 57 Faced one or both tidea mnM mMl Gl--. fiber. Caetad St oneodr (Curt linart Form Blank n Feeing Uaavnum leno. limit* *F ContiikiOut Short 2300 2300 f mt 2300 2300 Blanket 2300 2300 Blanaat 750 750 Pm Bart Blanket Blanket Blanket Foe* or om*r teeing* Fo4-KnH Akjnwxjm lo4 Mato lath or Hen. *ro nrniflf On* ltd* trattod to rwvt or 750 200 250 to 450 tooo ISO to 250 750 200 *50 tooo 180 10 250 Otnuty ibarcu ft Aik* Unity Gapklenty 0M 3 to 24 will MCk 4 to wiJI 6 will S n*ek 9 to will wa 12 will 10 pnCfc .65 7 to to Nag. 2.0 9 &7 to TO Nag 10 9 2.4 7 to to N** 69 15 8 to to Nag. 39 59 Gtaw, fiber, woven tdt F*n Nona 60 St ^ 62 <3 64 63 Glaaa fiber, needled. H>gn tamo. (No binder) Uan Nona Miner* rt*i BlankM bmictn rendue rvM of metal fabrc. Mineral ffeert Mtti bandarL Blanket 1 * hex. #>t netting or metat lath Blanket None Miner* fiber. Marred by t hate mwe netting, oracut and ed*ed forvanoue poe turn Befreciory libera, praoornmendy of AJumme and Silica Silica, fiben FC Fact Fart nd Blanket W None Non* 1100 1200 1200 450 to 800 1200 2300 1800 1100 9 1200 h, 1200 450 to 500 1200 2300 1800 6 to 11 5 to 8 3 TO 9-y 6 to \7 3 to 24 8 TO 9.5 ft to 8. 7 to 9 7 to 9 7 to 9 7 to 9 Nag. Properties of Thermal Insulation 1 73 Conoi/TiiOiiirr riM Wdl flam* m)i 5 mo** d***tv/ rnoM a****ry inOii No**ton> bun Mi ConpnuM nranftfi/lb*/ tq m. i % ortonrunoA Fla*itliry Mxiity 19 band *00 NY*rO KOO<ny/ % voiwma ilia la*t Law hnmaqa/ <"aa % (t mn came r Seaolc Nai Blu par to Da* f Mna Tiwii ax Thrpr\*J itr*nqtr</ lion &ttvafc*riTY ib*/q in. W*.24 Q tVh# >v IUO Fafann Fimod<cuiar (c^cut*i*dl mamon NC JO NC NC NC NC IT*** 25 > dun 25 50 t*n tt>*n 50 5 n 3% .20 3 Y * .2 .30 .28 a .28 0 .20 Y 123 F 95 BM No 2 0 0 .20 .20 .016 96 99 035 96 tfvan 23 man SO NC 20 at S3* Y 125 F 95 RH 0 Y 2 0 v .20 .20 14.7 10 0 .22 NC to NC t 50% 10 .2* t d 0 J2 5 $ 5J .018 99 .02 .012 .01 026 96 96 96 174 Thermal Insulation TABLE 33 Insulating and finishing cements 40*01+fiCJIKjn Ganaric tvpa no class datcr.ptiem of intgifliOfl matanal Alumina-til tea. 66 Mmt-rrfracTory. f>rOrL*nc atting camant Aiuminiics, and 67 aabarto* ffcan and bindar Aabanoa fiban 63 and bonding cfr* Asoastos long fiban 69 and bmdart. Finishing camant Ajbanot fiban 70 and bonding days. Finishing camani Aabanoa fiban min 71 paciai bindan for adhasion to watar moailam surtacas n Calcium uiicata camant 73 Oiatomacaous silica, powdarad. with bindan Magnauum carbonaca 74 and asoastos fibart Minaral fibar. with 75 inorganic bmdar Minaral fibar, with 76 hydraulic tatting bindar. High adhsion Mtnarsi fibar. aitoatios 77 fiban and hytraulic tatting bindar. 78 Varmiculrta and bindan Uiiimwm imp. V Continuous Short Oansity cjriad ibsicu fi Abrtton rasittanca \ waight loss by tumbling in 10 mm r\jn 10 min /urt 7000 3000 48 10 70 1900 1900 64 to 66 1000 1000 35 to 60 1000 1000 1000 1300 1000 1000 1000 120Q 40 to 70 40 to 55 SO to eo 19 to 22 to X to to X 40 1900 600 1900 600 18 to X 15 to 30 >500 1500 18 to 34 1300 1300 40 1400 1800 1400 X to 42 15 25 55 1800 CO to to 30 35 65 Adhasion Hiding Ibs/SQ ft flnad tbs/tq ft Aiks- I|P>T> pH 7 to 11 7 1.8 to 11 5.0 to 10.5 8 to 9 5 to 7 5 J -3 8.5 to 9.5 10 to 11 8.5 to 11 8-5 to 11 3 to 11.5 Properties of Thermal Insulation 175 ComQwltibililv Flam* UX*mc31 Mom* ipraod iMti Smo* OOYWHy/ tmoki <J*nmv m<J** NoncombultOK Comortow* min^th/ibi/ M> in ll % aiformoiion O'r cpyorinfl c>ooc>tv/lbi/ 100 id rt 1 men m<l( 400 to 650 Slwifikiji <* to arr % '-3<um* Ching* t Linoor inrmkkpo mo* % tim1 me i*cF 600 1 Sooeitic hoi* Btu pot 6 pot e Th*r m*i diftuintiiv/ o tvnt Iciieuuiod) YrilW IDlOtDIiO" \N 2* hr two- moruon NC NC 100 to NC ISO it 5% NC NC NC nC NC NC NC 100 It 5% 50 It 10% 150 It 10% ISO 11 10% :io to SCO 130 to 580 370 to 525 240 to 250 155 to 190 150 to 240 125 to 165 160 ra 200 330 240 to 350 150 to 165 1 to .25 5 2 1 1 to 2 5 22 22 2 10 2 .23 0055 .25 01 .28 .0055 .22 008 to TO .23 .012 ,23 ,007 10 2 27 011 015 176 Thermalinsula non TABLE 34 Sprayed, formed, or foamed-In-place insulations H ejtio* CAr< typo #rwj ctatt oe omcrtouor* Oi mauUmon rrviitf ftmg limtTl F CoAHnuOvt Sho*1 Dn*fy dr wo/ ibt/cu ft AdKtoA Driad ttn/til ft ibt/m n AJk- Unity 0* ComDutifeiirry f l*m# tpraad/ flama Smoa danaity/ V^OM NOA- com- irvclai nox amhoi fibart, mmH, 79 nd kAOrparnc txr^Owv Sorry mi*. Axbanot libart. goctdoBO 111*. and morjanic bMMn Sor*V mix. Siturmnout malarial*. SI cork or mica fillad. Mane. Garam< fibar 83 and inorganic btndon. Sony mi*. Minor* fibar ^ingM, B3 CRICK fibri and inorganic bmoan. Polyvinyl acatatt. B4 cone fillad. Mattie Uratftana, 2 part mu. as rp*d foom. Salf-axunguuftmb 750 1350 100 7200 iaoo 750 1350 200 2200 1800 S to 13 ID is *4 to so 12 tD 13 11 to IS no 170 1.8 750 250 to 3 9 10 10 9 TO 10 Comb. Comb NC NC -- NC 7 >aa to than ?.S 35 tas so NC TABLE 35 Loose and fill insulations *3*1 lift* CXtlOfl mjoom Ganaric typa and baa or daacnption of <mutation matarel Form ee AKiffufti n<<i (ibftl Bulk ftbart a? Afumma-ailica ftean Choooad and rmllad Mimmaalci 89 ton* ffean Bulk Ifeart 89 Aabaataa fiban Bulk fibart Max tnd mm % yofvma on dillrtm tut A*rtf>ti or fibar ui Short to H* ton. Subrrucron ta 10 mesb 50-1000 mown konb Submcron 10 10 microm. St* id 10* ten*. 1 to 25 rmcnonk Vanowt rypaa nd yidt Muimum T*mD*rwturo rrutl eF Comrttioua Short 7300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 1000 1000 Cor*. xiqlllbli, 90 Gmnukatad Oanuiatad. Surobta tD b* poured 'o pLxc*. Variout avanabfa 300 200 91 Diatomacaoua alica Coam powdar 1600 1600 Omrmrry iMOVCufl i mi Picked 3 CD 6 4 7.5 7.5 36 20 20 tD 50 tD 12 25 20 tD to 27 31 Properties of Thermal Insulation 177 Comprv*v rtrpnyth/ib*/ tQ (Ar 41 % deformation 0* caoacttv /ibt/ 100w n 1 inch lhe ShrinfclQt Wat 10 dry/ % *0um Chr>9 s It 5* 1.5 io 5 *i 5% 0.6 5% 47 to 120 67 to 120 15-20 9*1. 7100 f *' Iti*. 100 to no IS VI vaid IS-20 gM. /100 * %* ttlfc. 20 tt 30 30 teonet 0OTOK. 30 1T> Lmeer m*i % It mil ttmo 1.5 to 2 < 2000 .63 91 1200 0 Umc*i< n*at/ 8 tb oar ib oar * .23 to .27 .23 to .27 Th*#mal <Mtu*vity/ *q h/hr ItatcuHfadl 01 to 0t7 01 to .017 W*iar aeaO'DtKVW % WOt, 74 hf Kl> mmton Witar vaoor tr**ttmru*oA/ Omm men .25 Alkalinity pH Gomoumoiirv Flam* prmacJ/ Ram* pr--0 ind>i Smet* oanury/ mok oarmty inou Nor* cov butiibto NC Hygrtncoo<TTy/ % actum* ahtr ton So*cifte haat/ Btu Mr 4 0*r*F .20 Tharmai di Huvivify/ ai. fl/hr (eaicumtad) Wat ar Otorption % vol, 24 hr NC .20 NC JO 9 to NC 3 J7 11 5.5 to 7.5 S 10 NC .25 .0009 7 178 Thermallnsulation TABLE 35 Loom and fill injuiatiom (continued) UdWilt Gao#.* lycx And <lmt or omcnonon Ol irnuiAtiOn f grm Mi 4 mm \ OJwflM 0* iwt wrat Aggr+gtii 0* (bar |4/ 92 0lAlOm*COut ItllrCI. F ma owear PtnA pomotr. 0*4tomcoj| whCA. 93 PowOAT G*i<i*ad, imoa >tu< )ir>*u F Continuous Shon Dantnv 04* CW tx At trcr-ruo P Kt *0 1600 1600 10 to 13 12 to 17 2000 2000 25 72 OiAtemactout vlo 94 And Movttot fiOan. Loom Oilaonn* grtnuin. GrtnulM. lor PActnng Varoui 98 Vaooua 7KM around unoergraund bias. varioui 4motur. 0IOA. Sh/tOMO. Of 94 Gtei libaf, unixyvMd. loot* fiban. Gum libar. 97 Pouring yvOC< Pouring or Wowing moo* 96 Gian, edluiar. PtllAM Various mat avwtaOJa 99 Gycnum. m o*licti. Bulk 100 Lmobic* MiATIl tibari. 101 ri(T\ m*4l amount Ol OH hjtrcam 102 Miners fibvv Oil tr*. 103 M.nrl libori PartitA, AapanOMl. 104 Soham, Powd*r Loom Loom GranutAtAd. Loom pomoar. 105 Srlics. fibm. 106 S*lica erogM. GranwMn Loom *>bv Gionuivt .01 to 4 m*o*o*S Adiimm in ermi gram am. 8 m*an 1% 4Q mam 35% 107 VArmiculitt F IMN 1800 300 to 460 1000 1800 300 to 460 1000 250 2 SO 800 800 800 800 1200 1000 to 1200 1000 to 1200 1000 to 1200 1400 1200 1000 to 1200 1000 to 1200 1000 to 1200 1400 1800 1800 1300 1300 7000 2000 6 12 to 20 4.7 to 18 4 to 11 4 to n s 3 to 9 3.5 to 5.5 4 to 10 18 44 33 50 2 to 12 0.5 to 15 6 4 to 12 10 to 15 7 3 6 to 12 4 TO 5-5 5 ra 10 AUJnily pH 5 ro 7 6 to 7 a to 7 S to 10 a to 10 7 to 8 Con'tMilitxIilv $ l4m 1c*9mCf ttsm4 1*011 SmOM mokt 0***ir* KtMl Non* com* OuttlOlf nc NC NC NC NC NC NC Progenies of Thermal Insulation 1 79 MygroKOOKHv/ X vOtuivx #*( (Ml Spc>i< *1/ Blw pm <0 PM 'F T Itf^f ICJICuHtlO) Wl(t ofot*o \ }4 *r UiOm*'tOn .2 125 F 95 Rm 0 :s oi : 25 .17 .20 to .24 .20 .20 .IB Lorn NC 7 to .22 9 7 to .22 9 7 to .22 9 NC 5 10t to NC 70 F .2 .054 98 7 90 RH as 10-15 to NC M 71 F .21 .02 4 90 RH 6 2 H .20 to NC 70 F to .025 s 90 RH 2 180 Thermal Insulation TABLE 36 Reflective iniulatlon/folli and iheets Moiartoi eation Aummr GanarM tyoa ar*3 clU O' daaenot*on of U|l irfiyr^ lamo. Porm Uftiut Oamity CJO`iba/cu h Co^MAvOwt Shoal ice Akimir^m Shaat Shoat. Any thteknau. MOO 169 1100 {matatl * 109 Aiumirum foil Vanout mcknanai Aom. 600 600 Aluminum (oil. on Rnfl or afeaiiot 110 mrnrorana p* or oaoar min loJ 700 700 otfwr f*n%*o*CTm*nt RIKN4. AKimmun-knh. ftaftactiva matt. 111 Accord**n format). saeartiad (0 form 700 700 Roil inouiation air toacm *9 Naij TABLE 37 Reflective insulatiorvpnsformed to fit piping and equipmer Motor Ganar Ty04 and dan or IdantifV cation daacnetto* nutnMr of insulation matar iai Form Uarngm tamo Lmj f Danairy (AooartrM) >b/cu ft Continuous Short AltiUnity OH Cao<lariry Stamlan itM) 112 cmtrq and SS irflcn d*aao Stages nad 113 caame and A aluminum raftactiv# thaw cactory fieri- caiad to In omnm of oionuni or porno lyllBfT*. Aluminum 113 caune and B dummum nlliciiyt mo. 1500 1S00 1000 1000 a to 10 6 to a 1000 1000 5 to 7 7Q 70 70 TABLE 38 Cryogenic insulations Matwiatf Idantifmraon nufTM Oanarte Typo <nd Clan or P--rrcition of Inmilanon Maiand Comtruction Racommonoad Vacuum Numdar of Layan Abaofu ra Prtoura Danaity faJcu ft. m Mcrona of Hf 114 Aluminum loti, pan mat Flu fly F*1 mm taodrtmf fo4 dura 10 to 20 0.1 114 114 115 115 115 AJumwajm foil, 0 am mot AJumimjm fo4. 0m mot AkMtunum fo4. foi paev Aluminum toil. ^aa poor CorVomtificA San a abort 15 to 30 Sama m ikm 35 to 70 Cion a^araond Oumirum foil tfioaii 50 to 100 Soma m. aooro GtftKavadiea o&t *' mnwra 75 to 150 - 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 7.0 117 Parli?a Partita powrtor - 2.0 IIS Santocd 5an toed oommt 2.0 119 <5 Santoeai. ammmum Qpjciftaa Santoeai and dumimim pewor rpujdT - 7.0 2.5 2.0 4.7 5.5 75 B.O 8.0 6.0 10 0 Samocat cDeov 120 Santoetf and copoar oowoar Oaocifiad Porrdar - 70 11-0 CombwtlibilitY Flsma danairy/ flam# pTMd Inoa* Srr<CM danany/ Noncommot bwitibf* Oanairy mdax Hmi rmtwtfy Hast rtflscianca NC .05 95 NC .06 95 tfWA 25 tuan 25 NC .06 .95 .06 atf raflac. .95 MCfl raflac- Properties of Thermal Insulation 181 Coral rot ton Inatallad to form (if oca which an anctoaae and/or laoaratsd bv tfiaaa of avmHk/m, pmC*r. To ba inataffad into cavity toacas. CamtfcantxIiTY Flam# Sonad/ Fiama Spraad iroax Smeaa Oamiryf NoncomSmoaa bunibfa Oanwry indm Expansion 9. ifUmJ r f+y aro seoouty \ Voiu ma attar Taat Unsar Watar Spacific Ttiarmaf Shrinkaf* Absorption Hast DiHutiyiiy Mu % % vof., 8tu oar K) ft/hr at Mu 74 hr Tamo *F lb oar F (caiculrtad) bj om anion NC .000001 0 0 . t2 0 NC .ooooot 0 0 .16 0 NC .000001 0 0 .17 0 182 Thermal Insulation Tibi* 39 Thormal conductivities of Insulation (Btu/tq ft, hr, Inch, F) (continued) ldn||(icallon Aumbaf Gaoatlc lyp. cUMOf daacrlpllon ol Iniuliilort maiatlii form Max lamp 0 anally f Ibvtcu _20Q -100 0 100 200 Mean 1empe*eiure V 300 400 600 600 700 600 900 1000 1100 1200 1 Alumina atlice faber*. combined with Uintiiti Alumloa alltce lAiei i combined with binders Raliaciory liber molded 3 Light weight Block 2000 16 Block 2000 21 Board 2300 11 0 39 0 43 O 46 0 63 U * .1 0 63 069 0 74 0 80 060 0 65 0 70 0 75 0 80 0 85 093 1 11 0 36 0 40 0 46 0 60 056 062 0 68 0 74 0 81 0 88 096 Amoeile aebaeioa flbee 4 end ilbceu binder. PC 1200 14 to 16 Amoeile sponge felie, s laminated together Block end PC 660 to 700 26 to 33 e Aebeelo pipo, plein end PC coirugcled. Cemented together. 300 9 to Y3 Calcium ilkale, 1 reinforced **lih aebeetoe flbere. Block and PC 1200 10 to 13 Calcium atlicaie. reinforced a with al>aua fiberc lEild high temperature! Block and PC 1800 10 to 14 0 32 037 0 42 0.4 7 0 52 0 57 036 0.42 0.48 0 50 066 0.33 0 37 0 41 0 46 0 61 0 57 060 0-45 051 0 65 060 0 64 0 69 0 74 0 80 0 Cork, vegetable Block 200 6 to 9 0 74 0.28 Dtetomeceoui niter, 10 bleitdrd end bonded Clau 1 Block end PC 1600 74 0.61 0.62 0 64 0.66 068 0 69 0 71 0 74 DietomaceOui *H*ce, blended Block 11 and bonded Cleaa 11 end 1900 26 Itairehlgh Umpetalufel PC Oteiomeceou* all ice. 12 aebaaioa fiber* and Inorganic binder Boetd 1200 23 Diatomaceoua alike 13 asteato* libera and Inorgenk binder Boat d 1200 36 067 0 69 0 71 0 73 0.76 0 77 0 79 082 0 69 0 60 061 0 62 0 63 0 65 0 66 0 67 0 78 0 7tt 0 60 0 81 082 0 84 0 85 0 86 OlflomacMui silica. 14 aabiatos libMi tod Inorganic bln<J. Board 1200 66 16 GImi, ullular, Mumuktlly iMldc4li Bloch and PC 000 9 10 10 Glaaa, tabular ie Harmettcaliy saalad cadi BdwMft Uyin ol (alt Board 200 9 to 10 u Glass, fibrous, with organic bind***. PC 370 3 to 4 ie Glaaa. Ilbioui, with organic binder. PC 460 7 0 Olaee, iUwii, 19 **4lh organic binder. 3 PC 600 to 6 Glaaa. Ilbroui, wUh 20 organic blndar. Available with various facings Sami rigid Board 460 4 to 6 Glaaa. (Uhoui, with 21 organic blndar. Available with various lecinp Sam) rigkl Board 460 6 to 7 Glaaa. fibrous, with ,2/ organic binder Available kvith various facings. 23 Glaaa, fibrous, with high temperature blndar. Samirigid Board 460 Board 1000 7 to 9 3K Glaaa, fibrous, with organic 24 blndar. Aaphatl attached facings, (roof board) Board 100 6 Glass, fibrous 28 Coat ad one side 10 leslsl air aruaion Board Duct tlnar 260 16 to 6 Glass. lbou, organic 20 blndar. With vector fsslalant lacing (Ducii) Glaaa, fibrous, organic 37 binder With vapor raslsiani facing. (Ducts) Cylindrical and 250 Board Cylindrical and 260 Board 3 6 1.70 1 76 1 60 0 20 0 26 0 32 0 39 0 47 0 66 0 64 0 74 066 094 0.39 047 0 66 0 23 027 0.32 0 26 0.30 034 0 23 0 27 0 32 0 24 0 30 0 37 0 24 0 26 034 0 41 0 23 0.27 0 33 0 39 0 26 0 32 0 39 0.46 0 63 0 30 0 26 030 024 0 23 Properties of Therm al Insulation t 83 TABLE 30 Thermal conductivities of Insulations (Btu/sq ft, hr, inch, F| 584 Thermal Insulation Idenillocation number Generic type. cleet or description of Insulation material Mm . Form lamp Oensity Mean Itmpeiluti r *F toi/cu f| -200 -1001 o too 200 300 400 600 600 700 800 900 10OO 1100 1300 Gleat, llbfOui, bootM 39 lo iht ilumlmim. 4 m fl' Panels Insul 460 only 3 to 6 0 26 0 32 o aa MaQMikiffl urbofMl*. Mtlh 29 ofewtix fiber* and binder*. Block 11 and 600 lo PC 13 0.36 0 39 0 43 0.46 30 Min*at llb end Inorganic binder. Mineral Ifeer and 31 Inorfpnle binder. Perlite, a* pendad and 32 bonded. Treated to be eetir repellent. Block 1800 16 to 18 Block 1300 4 to a Block a6 and 1600 lo PC 11 6 0 36 039 0 42 0 47 0.61 a ib density Ib4 dentity 029 0 34 0.40 0.48 0.66 0 66 0 32 0.41 0.60 060 0 34 0 40 0 46 0 60 0.64 0 60 0 64 0 70 0 76 0 80 Block, 18013 Pofyityrane, p*nded bredt. Motdrd lo rftepe Board, PC I 0.22 0.37 34 Polyity'ene. cellular foam Molded lo thape. Block. Board. PC 175 0 lo 1.2 0 22 0.26 36 Polystyrene, cellular loam. 30 Polystyrene. cellular foam, tall axIIngjliMn^ 31 Polyurethane town 38 PoJyrulhana foam. S el 1 a* 1 In kahing. 39 Rubber reeln. foented Block, Board. PC 166 Block Boer d. PC 106 Block. Board. PC 360 Block. Board, PC 360 Block. 220 PC 16 lo 33 10 IO 72 16 10 26 19 lo 4 4 lo e 0 22 0.26 0.22 0.27 0 IS 0 16 0.19 0 17 0 16 0 19 0 29 46 Siliceous ltt>e*, with laciusy 4 m 8 460 lbo40 applied aluminum laulng Panel* 0 26 0 3? 712 16 41 Vinyl ttdorkJa. caJJuta* loam. 54lnllo0uliMn<| PC(Hock, lo 27ft to 7 01ft O.lftO.lft *(R**o*o*t*I)fear Irwulatlna Bo-d , ?6 i,g0 0 30 Aj*mUm, brakJad. Inna* and f 43 ouiw lublH FHId wUti pQ 0m llbart. 061 0 69 002 Olaaa, I Ibara. with (MBnic 44 bi/Vtar. Av*fl6la evlih vmIoui fecln^i. Fllbl# flail 400 & Hoard 06 to 16 0 ft lb. danaity 0 32 0 47 1.6 lb danaity 0.26 0 32 4ft $emi m 44 71**1614 400 Board 16 io ` 2 1.6 lb. domliy 0 16 0.32 2 lb. danaity 0 26 0.30 40 S<m 44 FUalbJa 400 0od 2 10 3 7 lb. damlty 0 2ft 0 30 3 lb. danaity 0.24 039 47 $arn aa 44 Flibl# 400 Board 3 to 4 3 lb. danaity 0.24 0.29 4 lb. danaity 0.23 0,20 Nyilynni, callula* foam. FUhlbU P>oil Oft 166 IO n 0 22 0 27 Rubb (Min. loaned. 40 FlaaibJ*. 60 Alumlnaulict flUr ShMt, 220 PC Btankel 2300 ft to ft 3 0.77 3 lb Oanalty 4 lb 6 lb B lb. 0 36 013 0 30 0 26 0 40 041 036 034 060 060 044 040 0 73 0 60 0 63 0 47 066 0 73 067 065 1 03 0 69 0 72 063 1 20 097 063 0 70 1 36 1 13 004 060 1 51 1 26 f Oft a o 01 Alumlnaillici (I0 Fall 2300 i Io t 0 66 0 66 0 76 0 65 096 1 16 Akimin* lilki. long 61 IN( and bind* Blank ti 1300 a 036 041 0 47 oh 0 62 0 70 0 78 067 007 W A4>#ioe fibar. W A4iww ytfOwan fall Blank ai 760 Fall 760 ft to 12 10 060 066 061 067 0 74 060 066 oei 0.67 0 72 Properties of Thermal Insulation i 85 186 Thermal Insulation Table 39 Thermal conductivities of Insulation (Btu/sq ft, hr, Inch, FI (continued) Idinll' (ici)on nuntlMf Ganarlc lypa, claai or daacilpiion ol IniuUllon tnaiailil Fonts Mu limp Dantlty ItWcu It -200 -100 0 100 200 MMni*i)oriui F 300 400 600 600 700 BOO 900 IOOO 1100 1200 ClM, llbfOUl fllli In roll form. filtii 260 00 Gum, liliiOul blrnkiu Blank*!* io60 Availably Mlih vwioui lacing 460 io 3 031 0 32 0 42 0 26 0 32 0 24 0 29 0 6 io 1 6 (family 1 6 iO 2 lb 7 to 3 Jl) " Glaaa, flbrOui, facad on 67 On# or both lda* with m*t#J m#*h. Mala! mttb 1000 Blank#! 24 to 6 0 24 0 32 0 40 0 60 0 61 G*#u Itbrpui blankai. 68 Traalad on on# uda (Duel IlnaO 60 Glaaa, wovan fall On# aid* Iraatad 180 to raalat Io MOMOA 260 Frfl 1200 16 Io 3 B 0 26 0 26 0 32 036 on 0 46 0 so 0 66 Glaaa, fib#!, naaUlad, no 60 bindk. Tarnpatatwftl Mai 1200 0 to 11 0 27 0 34 041 0 46 0 62 Mlnaraf fibar blankatt 61 baiwiin v*#l<xt lypta of mataf labrk. Blankal 1000 26 to 12 0 26 0 32 0 39 047 0 64 62 with bmd#i. Minaral fibar, *cui *0 by 03 aepandad maial maah Pracuf for p<p# cuvaruso Raftaciory fiban 64 pradominantly Alumina *r>J Silica 66 Silk* fibaia Roll fall 460 600 Sac Horn for PC 1200 Fall 2300 Fait and Blank*! 1600 3 3 lb density to 8 6 lb. dannty 6 6 lb (family io 17 3 3 lb density 10 12 lb. damiiy 24 24 lb density 46 to 6 0 28 0 36 060 0 24 0 29 a 34 0 26 0 31 0 37 0 43 0 49 0 40 0 33 0 31 0 46 0 37 0 36 0 67 0 42 0 39 0 66 047 0 44 0 60 0 S3 0 46 0 93 0 59 0 53 1 06 0 65 0 56 1 25 0 >2 062 0 40 0 4S 0 53 0 60 0 >0 Alumina illka, a*m 66 raftaciory, hydraulic tatting camam. Cam#nl 2000 48 IO 70 1 42 1 47 1 52 1 68 1 64 1 70 1 ?d 64 Alumina alike* and 67 69aabaiiM liOrn and blndar. Cam ant 1900 to I6 40 60 AiimiM Ii04)i wh1 tondmg Camani 1000 clayt FmiihiA9cmnl. lo 60 Aitwim. long lit>ai 60 md bindwi Camani 1000 40 lo 70 45 70 Aabaaloa tibai* and bonding Camani 1000 (lyi hnliMi^cimini IO 66 Aibalw IHii Mlih apacial 60 7> blndr( F(V Uh**ton lo Camani 1000 IO WlIM lapaUant mIk 60 72 Cicium nlKtli camani Camani 1200 19 IO 22 Oiaiomacaoua 73 pOwd, mth binOl Camani 11700 10 lo 30 CMbOnall 74 #TKf MbMIO* fib*! Caenanl 600 16 IO 70 22 76 MlAMtl I6r, with binlt'l Camani 1600 10 24 Min#*a! fit**, tHh 76 hydraulic Mllingbinda Hitfl Jhlon, Camani 1700 38 IO 43 MInara! llbar, Mbaatoa 77 fibart. **ltl hydraulic ailing binder. Camani >400 30 IO 42 78 Varnkuilii and btodai Camani 1BO0 16 to 70 Amim. Ibai. AmMln 70 ad Inorganic binder* Spray mJa 760 B IO 17 a 60 A4>mIm, libai, CfOcldoJiie arm Inorgenk binder*. Spiay mla 1360 IO 12 21 16 21 1 70 1 30 1 40 0 40 0 43 0 40 0 63 0 67 007 0 68 0 74 O 16 0 77 0 79 087 0 (M O IKJ 0 09 091 0 94 0 48 0 61 064 0 49 067 0 72 0 76 001 086 0 91 1 06 0 70 0 76 081 0S6 092 0.75 080 0 06 0 90 0 85 0 74 0 79 083 0 88 0 92 0 97 1 02 1 06 1H 0 34 0 39 0 43 0 48 0 62 0 68 O 71 0 34 0 39 0 43 048 0 67 0 66 0 71 Properties of Thermal Insulation 187 Tab)* 39 Idantlkitlott numbat Thermal conductivities ot iniuieuoti idiu/h i,,, mw., <----. Qnilc |yp. cUm or daacrIptlon o$ inuUilon Mas Form lamp Oamliy Maan tanpaaion F h -100 - >00 0 100 700 0 400 600 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1700 6p<vy or Bliwmlnoo* maiarlala, cork uowal 40 61 or mid (Iliad. Mastic. conak tancy 200 to 60 manic Camlc tibar and 82 lootpanic blndar. Mlnaral fiber, gianilM. 63 aibwiot flbar* and inorpanlc blndai. Polyvinyl acatsta. 84 cork flillad. Mattie. Urathan# 2 pvl mli. Spray mU 2300 5pr*V mix 1BO0 Spray or (iomnI cooalt Incy mantle 180 2 pin pun min 260 17 lo 13 11 lo 13 2 10 3 60 Alvmln*illlCd flUti 67 Alumlnatidca Bulk ftbar* Chopped and millad 2200 2300 0 76 66 A(umlnMilic long fKxn BO AjbeilM fH>r tong ultct tlbm Bulk ftt>ari 2300 6 1000 20 to 60 Gtanol 90 C*h. vaptiaUi. pianuliinl for 200 pouring 0.90 0.44 0 4# 0 47 0 68 060 064 0.37 038 0 40 0.44 0 61 0 60 0 68 O 74 0 69 0.17 0 10 A|i sy* 0t6o0 1 87 0 31 060 000 110 122 1.35 155 0 65 0 66 0 76 0 85 0 06 116 0 40 0 60 0.70 0 So i 06 I TO I 36 I 60 91 Diatomacaoui nisca Comm powdar 1000 70 lo 30 77 ll> daniily 26 <t> dan*ily 17 17 6 lb danniy Una 97 Olaiomacaoua arlka. Ilna powdar 1600 lo W 1 7 lb dans^y 0 48 0 63 0 36 047 0 58 0 77 0 44 0 48 063 0 97 0 53 0 55 0 70 U 0 64 0 63 0 77 f 77 0 69 0 97 f 47 0 B4 Thermal Insulation 0000 Dlatomacaoul 4lic. cafelnad. 3000 26 It 21 2ll ii>, (iiniily 31 lb (tonally o 6a o ib UH3 o.tn i oo in i 2J 1 Jb 092 091 1 03 106 114 118 1.26 1 31 DiMQlMCiOul #Hlc* 94 and Htwloi (Kmi GUaonlU, flinulaa. 96 Varlout piaatoa lo* viiloui tamparaiurti 90 Glaaa, fbaa, urbondaJ OlM. fibwt. Ppuilnf wool. 90 Giaaa, cfkilr. paMata Loom 1800 1u9 Grant*- litid 300 lo 460 Shiaifctod tn loOM 1000 IliMlt Pouring or tilling 2t>0 ivpa Vwl<kJI <*# pailiU 44 lo 60 2 lo 12 0.6 lo 16 99 Oypaum, cailular pallau 4 lb. danally 6 lb (tonally 069 0.61 002 063 0.66 0 06 066 0 60 0 06 lo 0 60 0 24 0 22 0 40 0 61 0 2 4 0 21 0.20 0 46 0 20 0.40 044 IQ 1.00 Properties of Therm al insulanon 189 Lampblack Mineral llbara, with 101 mall amount ot oU lutxlcani. Mlnaval Itban 102 Oil IrM 103 Minoral llbart far(il, Mpandad. 104 Spbaraa 106 6mc* fibara 106 Silica aaropai pranulaa 107 VarmlcoMta Varlout 1200 42 lo pada* 18 Loom 1200 4 10 11 Loom 1200 10 IO 16 litad 10O0 lo 1200 6 lo te Loom 1400 3 Loom fiban 1600 3 lo 9 Varioua ija panulaa 1300 4 IO 86 Fiafcaa 2000 8 IO 10 0 20 to 0.26 10 lb. (tonaily 0.28 0.34 0.42 0 61 061 0.72 063 094 10 lb. danal'v 0 63 068 0 64 0 70 O.lfi 0 83 091 101b. (tonally 028 034 0.42 061 0.81 0.72 063 094 3 lb. (tonally 9 lb (tonally 0.27 0 36 066 0 78 000 1 06 r to t 38 167 040 O 47 0 66 0 66 0 76 0 82 090 6 3 lb (tonally 0 120.10 0 10 0 71 6 lb. (tonally 10 lb (tonally 0.4 7 066 0.44 064 062 071 060 069 0.99 1 10 l 21 1 32 TABLE 40 Thermal conductance! of reflective Insulation* (Btu/iq. ft, hr., inch, F| Malarial (dtntill- cation numbtf Gangrk typo god data or daactlpilon ol Intulation malarial f wm Oliachon ol pu.ivn hM| Conilucianca al 75 F Mean tampaittun Au iptctf K f m Q 05 (Alumimm) Air apacaa ancloaad and wtuitd by lallacuvt thi#id Numbti of tptcti 1 33 4 66 7 89 to 108 Aluminum Shaat Varloua thicknataaa Varikai Acroti 0 35 0 18 0 12 0 09 0 07 0 06 0 05 0 045 0 04 0 035 109 Aluminum Foil Varioug thick nttaa* Aluminum loll (both iid| no on mamba ana ptpar or lamlnata thar ffinlofctmiAi. Aluminum (oil. m accocdlan formad roll Intulation * pandabU roll lor cwiiiaa Not*: Hail trenifw l given In CONDUCTANCE, not Cont^cflvliy Horizontal Upward 0.48 0 25 0 17 0 12 0.10 0 06 0 0 7 0 06 0 065 005 Horltonlal Downward 0 35 0.18 0 12 0 09 0 08 0 0 ? 0 0050 04b 0 04 0 035 TABLE 41 Thermal conductlvitlei of intuletlons (Btu/sq. ft, hr., inch, F) Idtntlflcation numbar Ganar k lypa, claaa or daacriptlonof intulation malarial Form Mu. lamp. f Dan ally Ibi/cu It -200 100 0 100 200 ------------------------------- tr-- ------------------------------------------------------------- Maan tamparaiura F 300 400 600 600 700 800 900 10OO 1100 1200 Sttmlaaa itaal tatlng Cuttom 112 and SS fallacik* iIihU built 1500 8 lo 10 Vtriad lo auit naad Stainlaaa >taai caalr^ 113 and aluminum fallacfWa ihaaia Cutiom 1000 built 6 lo a 0 206 0 378 0 400 0 466 0 637 0 600 Aluminum eating 113 and aluminum raflacitva thaaia Coatom built 1000 6 10 7 0 250 0307 0 378 0.444 0 507 0 670 ConckJCtMtW* ki flKrar. |n "ippartril" k valuta "Appaeam" fc vtlut It tha aQuIvtlaot tutragt fharrntl conductivity of ftl non homopantout lr>aul*llon, lor comparUun with th V eiu* Of ftomog-enOut mei*<iell a* Oitennined toy A3TM Tot' Mtlhod C 336 TABLE 42 Thermal conductivities of Insulations (Btu/sq. ft., hr.. Inch, F) ldnlllklloA numb* Gwlc lypa, cltti o< daicflplion ol tabulation malarial Form Man. D amity lamp. Hi/cu U F -200 ~ 100 0 Mean temparalure F 100 200 300 400 600 600 700 800 900 1GU0 1100 1200 >14 114 114 116 IIS ne 117 118 119 120 Aluminum foil, gleil nul Aluminum foil, gliu m#i Aluminum foil, mar Aluminum foil, gleai papar Aluminum foil, gleu paper Carbon-alllc* Pwllu Santocal Sentooel, aluminum Saniocal. copper laminate 10 lo 12 lay*'* tinklraif 16 to 30 layer* lamlnata 36 io 70 layer* limlfMii 60 lo 100 Uyer* kmiruii 75 lo 160 Uyari powdtr mUiura Povrder Powder OpacifUd pOVMlff Opacified pondw 36 0 00100 2.0 000078 4.7 0.00024 ss 0 00022 7.6 0 00012 8 0 0 00480 B0 0 00066 6 0 001160 10.0 0 00204 11.0 0 00270 Properties of Thermal Insulation to 192 Thermal Insulation manufacturers. As there are differences m ine properties of a generic material produced by different manufacturers, the properties are a mean of the values listed for the products of the various manufacturers. Thus, for those products made by several manufacturers, no single manufacturer 5 product will have exactly the values as listed. It follows then, that these tables are presented to serve as a guide for selection of the correct generic material for an installation. However, the final choice of the particular manufactured product must be made by the individual by comparing competitive products. The property "Maximum Temperature Limits" is given first as this is the first require ment that must be fulfilled. "Density" is sec ond. as it frequently identifies or classifies a particular material as being in a given generic ^ class, and within a generic class it affects the thermal conductivity. All other properties are listed in alphabetical order. Property Tables--Conductivity The thermal conductivities given in Tables 39 through 42 have been gathered from various sources and whiie deemed accurate, are not the result of tests by the author. In most cases, they are the results of tests performed upon laboratory-dried samples by the manufac turers. They are based upon representative values for generic material within their ranges of densities and are neither the highest nor the lowest of a particular listing of competitive matenais. They represent mean averages which we expect will provide relatively ac curate information for use in heat transfer calculations. As all values listed are taken as representa tive of the means of generic materials avail able and are provided for engineering calcula tion only, they are not deemed suitable for use as material specification limits Any one par ticular manufacturer's product is not likely to have the mean values of all the materials manufactured in that particular generic classi fication. For a particular installation, the materia/ specification must be written by deciding what property values are essential and. with knowl edge of materials available, the specification must be written to obtain those essential properties within the ranges of the materia/s available. Hopefully, this book will indicate the need for more complete information on properties of matenais and that any missing information will be made available by the manufacturers When insulation consumers understand the need for designing insulation systems on a scientific basis the manufacturers will quickly respond by providing the necessary technical information. The abbreviations in the Tables have the following meanings: amts. Exp. Co. Comb. hex. Insul. Neg. NC PC RH Temp. thk_ SS amounts Coefficient of expansion Combustible hexagon Insulation Negligible Noncombustible Pipe Covering Relative HumidiTy Temperature thickness stainless steel Installation Requirements $ "Installation Requirements'' per $e may be mis understood to mean only the reauirements during the application or service life of an "in stallation." What is intended, however, is a discussion of the requirements that an insula tion must fulfill from the time it is manufactured until it is m service. After insulation is produced, it passes through several phases, i.e.. it is shipped, stored, possibly fabricated, reshipped to the |Ob. installed, and finally used m the serv ice for which it was originally specified. For lack of a more descriptive term, these various operations that the insulation must pass through from the time of its production until its ultimate discard will be called "phases." They may differ, depending upon the method of manufacture, type of material, and use. but in general they may be listed as follows: Shipping Storage Fabrication Application Service Each of these phases imposes a set of re quirements upon the insulating material. It must meet these requirements in order to ful fill successfully its economic function. Evalua tion of these requirements and the selection of the insulating material which will best perform the specified function is an engineering design problem. This problem is complicated, not only by the large number of requirements, but also by the lack of reliable data on the requirements themselves. Because of this lack of data, it is impossible to provide both an exact fist of the requirements and of the properties whereby a precise selection of material can be determined. Therefore, this discussion must be kept general, for the final selection will be determined by engineering judgment. This chapter will be helpful in determining the factors affecting that judgment. It must be understood that an error m judgment here may make the difference be tween a successful or an unsuccessful instal lation--a profitable or unprofitable operation. Other than the purely technical aspects, there are reasons of business and procurement (such as availability) which influence the selec- 193 204 Thermal Insulation sation and drip. A general rule to remember: the lower the emittance. the closer the outer sur face temperature will be to the temperature of the surface under the insulation Conversely, the higher the emittance. the closer the outer surface temperature will be to the temperature of the ambient air. Moisture requirements Insulation, to be efficient, must be kept dry. Moisture m two forms, the liquid or the vapor state, can saturate the insulation. It can enter by vanous means, water pressure, vapor pres sure. in-gassing, and simple leeks. The protec tion required will be determined by the installa tion conditions. When insulated piping or equipment is sub merged in water, a completely water-tight outer shell is required around the insulation. Such systems must be encased in metal, fabri cated by welded sections, and/or flanged with jacketed flanges, so that the outer jacket is suf ficiently tight and strong to withstand the water pressure. Underground installations where insulation systems may not be directly subjected to defi nite water pressure must still be protected to prevent the entry of water. Such protection must not only prevent the said entry, but it must also resist corrosion to remain water-tight. The corrosion may be ordinary rust, chemical corrosion, or galvanic corrosion. If the function of the two previously men tioned examples is the insulation of hot sur faces. vapor migration will be of no concern. However, if the installation is for low tempera ture service, water vapor migration will be an additional problem. Many conduit systems may be water-tight and not be vapor-nght. Practi cally. it is relatively easy to construct water tight systems, but almost impossible to con struct vapor-light ones. For this reason, it is suggested that, wherever possible, the cold equipment and piping be installed above grade. The moisture protection necessary on equip ment and piping located above grade is de termined by whether the location is indoors or outdoors, and the operating temperature above or pelow ambient. Hign temperature insulated equipment and piping located indoors and not subjected to rain. snow, or sleet does not require water or moisture protection A word of caution--the insulation must be adequately protected from moisture due to possible spillage or the washing down of vessels. Low temperature insulated equipment and piping located indoors must be protected against moisture vapor The necessity for such protection was explained m Chapter 3. and il lustrated m Figure 33. High temperature insulated equipment and piping located outdoors must be protected from liquid moisture in the form of rain, s/eet. or snow. Low temperature insulated equipment and piping located outdoors must be protected both from liquid water, and also moisture m the vapor phase. These moisture reauirements are summa rized below: Sarwea Motmr* Porction Tmrtur) iDCJOOA Wir pfOtlorc VlOOf uma Unaavwataf Aodvirod Not douitoO Cro*c t*mo. Undavwataf RoOOtrxS RoOvtfod umo. Undt'vvai*' Aoowod H*9Jt timo. Bww grMt Oapavuj* AoOvnoO A*du*rd Not r+ouirvO Cvok img Ipwumo. Htqrt tamo. Balov* vom Oaoandi RopuirxJ Aoouirtd B alow graoa Daeandt A+Ouir*d Aoouwod Abova gvaoa Mol ragwaad Depooo) Not rtouirod indoor? lino. A60k 9fM Not fOOutfOd Oiooftd) ftoouirod indoor) low timp. AOovo 90*) Not rvouvoO Oaoands Rtoutrto Own Hj^fi ime Wova graOa Nol rvouvad Atowvd Not routr*d outdoor) CrOK ttmp Abov* QT+Q+ Hot r*qutf*0 A)Qu*)4 outdoor* Ufmr tn>o. AOou Not raquvad A*Our<2 Aoouwod Outdoor) Safety requirements The major safety requirements may be sepa rated into the following divisions: Safe surface temperature for personnel pro tection or ignition. Safety from radioactivity or chemicaf reacn. oafety from toxic conditions. fire protection. When hot equipment or piping is located where ns insulation may be touched by per sonnel. the insulation should be so designed that its thermal resistance, surface emntance, and jacket conductivity together create a con dition which will not produce skin burns whan *ts outer surface is accidentally touched. In gen eral. metallic surfaces at a temperature over 145*F can cause skin burns. A specific figure is not possible as this depends upon the indi vidual. the roughness of the surface, the clean ness of the surface, and the conductivity and mass of the metal. The higher the conductivity of the metal, the smoother the surface, the cleaner the surface, and the greater the mass of metal, the more likely a person is to be burned at a particular temperature. Where combustible materials are present and chances of leakage or spillage prevail, a suitable low surface temperature of insulated vessels and piping may be very important in preventing gmtion of these materials. When this con ic i prevails, it becomes necessary that all not surfaces, such as valves, flanges, and metal projections, be insulated so as to maintain all exposed surfaces below the maximum allow able surface temperature. Some areas which cannot be insulated, such as valve bonnets and stuffing boxes, may require shielding to prevent contact with the chemical. As previously mentioned, non-combustible but absorptive insulation may be a fire hazard tn two ways. First, in the case of combustible material leaks, the insulation's tremendous in ternal surface area can assist tn causing rapid oxidation which will result in spontaneous com bustion Second, also in the case of leaks, any absorbent can hold large quantities of com bustibles and. if an accidental fire occurs, the saturated insulation will feed and spread it. To illustrate the potential hazard--a cubic foot of saturated insulation can hold approximately six gallons of combustible matsnal. In case of ignition, the insulation then acts like the wick of Installation Requirements 205 a lantern. Even though it does not itself burn, it conveys the vaporizing combustible to the sur face where U can burn For these reasons, it is evident that the process, the materials being processed, the potential of leaks, ana the degree of hazard of the location, all must be considered m the selection and design of an insulation sys tem. The potential fire hazard of an insulation, as related to an installation, has been shown. However, properly used insulation can be used as fire protection. An installation on equipment and piping must be considered from rwo basi cally different viewpdtnts. First, the combusti bility of the insulation must be considered, in cluding the speed at which the insulation will spread fire, or the amount of heat and smoke it will contribute. Second, the time rate at which temperature will pass through the insulation from the fire side to the vessel or pipe must be thought of. Where fire spread is hazardous, the system should be of non-combustible insulations which do not contribute fuel to the fire. In many in stances light weight insulations and thin me tallic jackets will meet these requirements. If vessels and piping are to be protected for a period of time from accidental fire, then the time required for the high temperature of the fire to pass through the insulation to the pipe or vessel is of utmost importance. Where this is a requirement, light weight materials of high diffusivity are of little advantage even though they are incombustible. To illustrate: a piece of wood will provide much greater time-temperature protection to a vessel than any insulation of 2 to 3 lbs. density, even while burning on its outer surface. Of course, the use of wood is not rec ommended for fire protection as it can add con siderable fuel to a fire. It was mentioned only to show that, for temperature retardation, the rate of diffusivity and mass are the deciding factors, not conductivity (by itselfi or combusti bility. Economic requirements The economic value of the insulation depends upon the installation requirements, and. as this 1970 ANNUAL BOOK OF ASTM STANDARDS PART 14 Thermal and Cryogenic Insulating Materials; / 'I Materials; Building Joint Sealants; f . Tests; Building Constructions >T 0/ --i * U Includes Standards of: Committee C-16on Thermal and Cryogenic Insulating Materials C-20on Acoustical Materials C-24 on Building Joint Sealants -5 on Fire Tests of Matenals and Construction E-6on Performance of Building Constructions Price Si9.00 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race St.. Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 EXHIBIT MO LIST BY SUBJECTS, PART 14 Thermal and Cryogenic Insulating Materials, Acoustical Materials, Building Joint Sealants, Fere Tests, Building Constructions Since the standards in this book are arranged in alphanumerical sequence, no page num bers are given in this list. THERMAL AND CRYOGENIC INSULATING MATERIALS Specificoiions for: *C 391 - 64 Amosite Asbestos Thermal Insulation for Pipes c 194 - 64 Asbestos Thermal Insulating and Finishing Cement c 533 - 67 Calcium Silicate Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation c 298-56 (1965) Cellular Asbestos Paper Thermal Insulation for Pipes c 552 - 66 Cellular Glass Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation c 640 - 69 Corkboard and Cork Pipe Insulation for Low Temperature Thermal c 517-64 Insulation Diatomaceous Earth Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation c 197 - 61 (1967) Diatomaceous Silica Thermal Insulating Cement c 489 - 64 85 Per Cent Magnesia Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation c 196 - 61 (1967) Expanded or Exfoliated Vcrmiculite Thermal Insulating Cement c 610 - 67 Expanded Perlite Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation c 299 - 56 (1965) Laminated Asbestos Thermal Insulation for Pipes c 193 - 64 Magnesia Thermal Insulating Cement c 262 - 64 Mineral Fiber Batt Insulation (Industrial Type) c 553- 70 Mineral Fiber Blanket and Felt Insulation (Industrial Type) c 592 - 70 Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulation and Blanket-Type Pipe Insulation c 665 - 70 (Metal-Mesh Covered) (Industrial Type) Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Wood Frame and c 612 - 70 c 449-64 Light Construction Buildings Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-Setting Thermal Insulating and Finishing c 547 - 67 c 195 - 64 c 549 - 67 c 578 - 69 c 534- 70 Cement Mineral Fiber Preformed Pipe Insulation Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating Cement Perlite Loose Fill Insulation Preformed, Block-Type Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form c 591 - 69 c 656 - 70 Rigid Preformed Cellular Urethane Thermal Insulation Structural Insulating Board, Calcium Silicate c 208-60 (1966) Structural Insulating Board Made from Vegetable Fibers c 532 - 66 Structural Insulating Formboard Made from Vegetable Fibers c 516 - 67 Vermiculite Loose Fill Insulation *E 11-70 Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes* * Approved as American National Standard by American National Standards Insti tute. xv Method] oj Test for; C 590-69 Action on Subatrate* by Coatings, Adhesives, and Joint Sealants Used on or with Thermal Insulations C 353 - 56 (1965) Adhesion of Dried Thermal Insulating Cement C 383 - 58 (1967) Adhesion, Wet, of Thermal Insulating Cements to Metal C 589 - 68 Apparent Impact Strength of Preformed Block-Type Insulating Materials C 203 - 58 (1965) Breaking Load and Calculated Flexural Strength of Preformed Block-Type Thermal Insulation C 446 - 64 Breaking Load and Calculated Modulus of Rupture of Preformed Insulation for Pipes C 240 - 61 Cellular Glass Insulating Black (see Bart IS) C 165 - 54 (1970) Compressive Strength of Preformed Block-Type Thermal Insulation *C 354- 56 (1965) Compressive Strength of Thermal Insulating Cement C 405 - 60 (1967) Consistency of Wet-Mixed Thermal Insulating Cement 'C 464-64 Corrosion Effect of Thermal Insulating Cements on Base Metal *C 166-61 (1967) Covering Capacity and Volume Change Upon Drying of Thermal Insulating Cement C 519 - 65 Density of fibrous Loose Fill Building Insulation C 520 - 65 Density of Granular Loose Fill Insulations C 303 - 56 (1965) Density of Preformed Block-Type Thermal Insulation C 302 - 56 (1965) Density of Preformed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation C 548 - 69 Dimensional Stability of Low-Temperature Thermal Block and Pipe Insulation C 487 - 64 Dropping of Preformed Block-Type Thermal Insulation, Resistance to *C 445-61 (1967) Emmittance, Normal Total, of Surfaces of Materials 0.01 in. or Less in Thickness at Approximately Room Temperature *C 488 - 64 (1970) Exposure Tests of Finishes for Thermal Insulation, Conducting Exterior C 411 - 61 (1967) Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulations C 569 - 68 Indentation Hardness of Preformed Thermal Insulations *C 461 - 64 Mastic Coatings Used in Conjunction with Thermal Insulation *C 447 - 64 . Maximum Use Temperature of Preformed High-Temperature In sulation, Determining C 421 - 61 (1967) Mechanical Stability of Preformed Thermal Insulation by Tumbling C 163 - 64 Muring Thermal Insulating Cement Samples C 390 - 60 (1967) Sampling Preformed Thermal Insulation C 356 - 60 (1967) Shrinkage, Linear, of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal In sulation Subj'ected to Soaking Heat C 351 - 61 (1967) Specific Heat, Mean, of Thermal Insulation C 209 - 60 (1966) Structural Insulating Board Made from Vegetable Fibers C 419 - 65 Test Specimens of Mastic Thermal Insulation Coatings, Making and Curing *C 236-66 Thermal Conductance and Transmittance of Built-Up Sections by Means of the Guarded Hot Box *C 177 - 63 (1968) Thermal Conductivity of Materials by Means of the Guarded Hot C 518-70 Plate Thermal Conductivity of Materials by Means of the Heat Flow Meter C 335 - 69 Thermal Conductivity of Pipe Insulation *C 167 - 64 (1970) Thickness and Density of Blanket- or Batt-Type Thermal Insulating Materials C 550 - 68 Trueness and Squareness of Block Thermal Insulation E 96-66 Water Vapor Transmission of Materials in Sheet Form C 355 - 64 Water Vapor Transmission of Thick Materials Recommended Practices jor: C 585 - 68 Inner and Outer Diameters of Rigid Thermal Insulation for Nominal C 450 - 68 Sizes of Pipes and Tubing (NPS System) Prefabrication and Field Fabrication of Thermal Insulating Fitting Covers tor NPS Piping, Vessel Lagging, and Dished Head Seg C 653 - 70 ments Thermal Resistance of Low-Density Mineral-Fiber Blanket-Type Building Insulation, Determination of 41-17 List by Subjects xvii Definitions of Terms Relating to: C 168-67 Thermal Insulating Materials Guide for: C 647 - 69 Properties and Tests of Mastic Coatings for Thermal Insulation ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS Specifications for: C 635- 69 Metal Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-In Panel Ceilings M ethods of Test for: C 522-69 C 384-58 C 523 - 68 C 643 - 69 C 423-66 C 367-57 Airflow Resistance of Acoustical Materials Impedance and Absorption of Acoustical Materials by the Tube Method Light Reflectance of Acoustical Materials by the Integrating Sphere Reflectometer Painting Ceiling Materials for Acoustical Absorption Tests Sound Absorption of Acoustical Materials in Reverberation Rooms Strength Properties of Prefabricated Architectural Acoustical Ma terials Recommended Practices for: E 90-70 C 636-69 E 336 - 67 T Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions, Labora tory Measurement of Installation of Metal Ceiling Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-In. Panels Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation in Buildings Definition of Terms Relating to: C 634 - 69 Acoustical Tests of Building Constructions and Materials BUILDING JOINT SEALANTS Specifications for: C 509-70 C 542 - 69 C 564-70 C 510-66 Cellular Elastomeric Preformed Gasket and Sealing Material Elastomeric Structural Glaring and Panel Gaskets Rubber Gaskets for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings Staining and Color Change of One- or Two-Part Joint Sealants Methods of Test for: D 2450 - 69 D 2451 - 69 D 2452 - 69 C 603 - 69 C 661-70 D 2249 - 67 C 639-69 D 2453-69 D 2376 - 67 D 2202-66 D 2203-66 D 2377 - 67 Bond of Oil and Resin-Base Caulking Compounds Degree of Set for Glazing Compounds on Sash Extrudability of Oil and Resin-Base Caulking Compounds Extrusion Rate of One- and Two-Part Joint Sealants and Applica tion Life of Two-Part Joints Sealants Indentation Hardness of Elastomeric Type Sealants by Means of a Durometer Predicting the Effect of Vreathering on Face Glaring and Bedding Compounds on Metal Sash Rheological (Flow) Properties of One- and Two-Part Joint Sealants to Be Used in Building Construction Shrinkage and Tenacity of Oil and Resin-Base Caulking.Compounds Slump of Face Glaring and Bedding Compounds on Metal Sash Slump of Oil and Resin-Base Caulking Compounds Staining of Oil and Resin-Base Caulking Compounds Tack-Free Time of Oil and Resin-Base Caulking Compounds FIRE TESTS Methods of Test for: "E 119-69 *D 1230 - 61 Building Construction and Materials, Fixe Tests of Clothing Textiles, Flammability of (see Part 2d) n--t: A ' A A-* Methods of Test for: *E 152-66 Door Assemblies, Fire Testa of D 1433 - 58 (1966) Flexible Thin Plastic Sheeting, Flammability of (see Pari 27) E 136-65 Noncombustibility of Elementary Materials D 1360 - 58 (1965) Paints, Fire Retardancy of (Cabinet Method) (see Part 21) D 1361 - 58 (1965) Paints, Fire Retardancy of (Stick and Wick Method) (see Part 21) D 777 - 46 (1965) Paper and Paperboard, Treated, Flammability of (see Part 15) D1692 - 68 Plastic Sheeting and Cellular Plastics, Flammability of (see Part 27) D 568 - 68 Plastics, Flexible, Flammability of (see Part Z7) D 757 - 65 Plastics, Self-Extinguishing Type, Flammability of (see Pari 27) D 635 - 68 Plastics, Self-Supporting, Flammability of (see Part 27) E 108 - 58 (1970) Roof Coverings, Fire Testa of E 84-68 Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials E 286-69 Surface Flammability of Building Material! Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace E 162 - 67 Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source E 160 - 50 (1969) Treated Wood, Combustible Properties of, by the Crib Test E 69-50 (1969) Treated Wood, Combustible Properties of, by the Fire-Tube Ap paratus E 163 - 65 Window Assemblies, Fire Tests of Definitions of Terms Relating to: E 176 - 66 Fire Testa of Building Construction and Materials PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS Methods of Test for: E 149-66 E 73-70 E 196-66 E 72-68 E 283 - 68 E 330 - 70 E 154-68 E 331-70 *C 355-64 E 405 - 70 Bond Strength of Mortar to Masonry Units Truss Assemblies Load Tests of Floors and Flat Roofs Panels for Building Construction, Conducting Strength Tests of Rate of Air Leakage Through Windows Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the Influence of Wind Loads Vapor Barriers, Materials for Use as, Under Concrete Slabs and as Ground Cover in Crawl Spaces Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform Static Air Pressure Differential Water Vapor Transmission of Thick Materials Wear Testing Rotary Operators for Windows Recommended Practices for: E 241-68 E 90-70 E 336 - 67 T Increasing Durability of Building Constructions Against Water Damage Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation in Buildings Classification for: E 413 - 70 T Sound Transmission Class, Determination of 380 - 70 METRIC PRACTICE GUIDE Metric Practice Guide (Excerpts) (see Related Materials section) NEW AND REVISED STANDARDS RECEIVED TOO LATE FOR PUBLICATION (Available as Separate Reprints) New Standards: C 667 - 70, Recommended Practice for Prefabricated Reflective Insulation Systems for Equipment and Pipe Operating at Temperatures Above Ambient Air C 669- 70, Specifications for Glazing Compounds for Back Bedding and Face Glazing of Metal Sash 37-43 RcAsion of Standards: C 517-70 E 84 - 68 Reapproval of Standards: C 165-64 (1970) C 193 - 64 (1970) C 194 - 64 (1970) C 195 - 64 (1970) C 449 - 64 (1970) C 464 - 64 (1970) List by Subjects xix C53-W X 1970 ANNUAL BOOK OF ASTM STANDARDS PART 12 Chemical-Resistant Nonmetallic Materials; Clay and Concrete Pipe and Tile; Masonry Mortars and Units; Asbestos-Cement Products; Natural Building Stones Includes standards of: Committee C-3 on Chemical-Resistant Nonmetallic Materials C-4 on Clay Pipe C-12 on Mortars for Unit Masonry C-13 on Concrete Pipe C-15 on Manufactured Masonry Units C-17 on Asbestos-Cement Products C-18 on Natural Building Stones property of brown 8: ROOT, INC. TEOH i\il C'.u. J i `Rradv TA-tC1/.Ac5/1970/p t. 12 American Society for Teeti Annual book of ASTM tandards. YM c. 1 Ah Historical Price S16.00 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 CD in CONTENTS 1970 ANNUAL BOOK OF ASTM STANDARDS, PART 12 ASTM Standards and Tentatives Relating to Chemical-Resistant Nonmetallic Materials; Clay and Concrete Pipe and Tile; Masonry Mortars and Uniis; Asbestos - Cement Products; Natural Building Stones A complete Subject Index appears on p. 479. This contents includes only those standards and tentafives in thl book and those standards in the area covered by Part 12 that have been superseded or dis continued during the past five years. Since the standards in this book are arranged in numeric sequencer no page numbers are given in this contents. In the serial designations prefixed to the following titles, the initial letter, indicative of the general classification, and the first number are permanent. The number following the dash indicates the year of original issue as tentative or of adoption as standard or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. Thus, standards adopted or revised during the year 1969 have as their final number, 69. A letter following this number indicates more than one revision during that year, that is 69a indicates the second revision in 1969, 69b the third revirion, etc. Tentatives are identified by the letter T. Standards that have been reap proved without change are indicated by the year of last approval in parentheses as part of the designation number, for example, (1969). C 4-62 Spec, for Clay Drain Tfle C 7-42 (1965) Spec, for Paving Brick *C 12-64 Rec. Practice for Installing Vitrified Clay Sewer Pipe C 13 -- 69 Spec, for Standard Strength day Sewer Pipe C 14-68 Spec, for Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, ana Culvert Pipe *C 32 - 69 Spec, for Sewer and Manhole Brick (Made from Clay or Shale) *C 34 - 62 Spec, for Structural day Load-Bearing Wall Tile C 43 - 65 T Def. of Terms Relating to Structural day Products C 52-34 (1965) Spec, for Gypsum Partition Tile or Block C 55 - 66 T Spec, for Concrete Building Brick C 56 - 62 Spec, for Structural day Non-Load-Bearing Tfle C 57 - 57 (1965) Spec, for Structural day Floor Tfle *C 62 - 69 Spec, for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from day or Shale) C 67 - 66 Sampling and Testing Brick C 73 - 67 Spec, for CaJdum Silicate Face Brick (Sand-Lime Brick) C 76 - 69 Spec, for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe *C 90 - 66 T Spec, for Hollow Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Units C 97-47 (1970) Tests for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Natural Building Stone C 99-32 (1970) Test for Modulus of Rupture of Natural Building Stone *C 112 - 60 Sampling and Testing Structural Clay Tfle C 118-69 Spec, for Concrete Pipe for Irrigation or Drainage C 119 - 50 (1958) Def. of Terms Relating to Natural Building Stones* * Approved &a American National Standard by the American National Standards Institute. c 120 - 52 (1970) ; iexure Testing of Slate (Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity) c 121 - (1970) ` c 126-69 Spec for Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units c 129 - 64 T Spec for Hollow Non-Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Unit* c 139-65 Spec for Concrete Masonry Units for Construction of Catch Basins and Manholes c 140 - 65 T Sampling and Toting Concrete Masonry Units c 144-69 Spec for Aggregate for Masonry Mortar c 145 - 66 T Spec for Solid Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Units c 159-63 Spec for Vitrified Clay Filter Block for Trickling Filters c 170 - 50(1970)'Test for Compressive Strength of Natural Building Stone c 200 - 69 Spec for Extra Strength Clay Pipe c 211-68 :Spec for Standard and Extra Strength Perforated Clay Pipe c 212-60 Spec for Structural Clay Facing Tile c 216-69 Spec for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale) c 217 - 58 (1970) Test for Weather Resistance of Natural Slate c 218 (Test for Effect of Combined Temperature Cycles and Weak Salt Solu tions on Natural Buildini Slone) Discontinued 1965 *c 220-67 Spec for Flat Asbestos-Cement Sheets *c 221-61 (1968) Spec and Methods of Test for Corrugated Asbestos-Cement Sheets *c 222 - 66 Spec for Asbestos-Cement Roofing Shingles c 223 - 66 Spec for Asbestos-Cement Siding c 241 - 51 (1970) 'Test for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic c 267-65 Test for Chemical Resistance of Mortars c 270-68 Spec for Mortar for Unit Masonry c 279-54 (1965) Spec for Chemical-Resistant Masonry Units c 287-67 Spec for Chemical-Resistant Sulfur Mortar c 296-69a Spec for Asbestos-Cement Pressure Pipe *c 301-68 Testing Clay Pipe c 306 - 60 c 307-61 Test for Compressive Strength of Chemical-Resistant Resin Mortars Test for Tensile Strength of Chemical-Resistant Resin Mortars c 308 - 64 Testa for Working and Setting Times of Chemical-Resistant Resin Mortars c 315 - 56(1965) Spec for day Flue Linings c 321-64 Test for Bona Strength of Chemical-Resistant Mortars c 331-69 Spec for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units c 361-70 Spec for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe c 386-60 Rec Practice for Use of Chemical-Resistant Sulfur Mortars c 395-64 Spec for Chemical-Resistant Resin Mortars C 396 (Test for Compressne Strenrfh of Chemically Setting, Silicate and Silica Chennai-Resistant Mortars) Discontinued 1968--Replaced c 397 - 67 by Method C 579 Rec Practice for Use of Chemically Setting Chemical-Resistant Sili cate and Silica Mortars c 398 - 65 Rec Practic* for Use of Hydraulic Cement Mortars in Chemical- Resistant Masonry c 399 - 67 Rec Practice for Use of Chemical-Resistant Resin Mortars c 404 - 61 (1969) Spec for Aggregates for Masonry Grout c 406 - 58 Spec for Roofing Slat* c 410-60 Spec for Industrial Floor Brick c 412-65 Spec for Concrete Drain Tile c 413-66 Teat for Absorption of Chemical-Resistant Mort 5 c 414-65 ` Testa for Working and Setting Times of Chennai Resistant Silicate and Silica Mortars c 425 - 66 T c 426 - 66 T c 427 - 64 Spec for Compression Joints for Vitrified Clay Bell and Spigot Pipe Test for Drying Shrinkage of Concrete Block Test for Moisture Condition of Hardened Concrete by the Relative c 428 - 69a c 443 -70 Humidity Method Spec for Asbestos-Cement Nonpressure Sewer Pipe Spec for Joints for Circular Concrete Sewer and Culvert Pipe, Using c 444 - 68 Rubber Gaskets Spec for Perforated Concrete Pipe JW Contents XI C 453 {Test for FUzwoi Strength of Chemically Setting Silicate-Type Chemi- cal-Rcsistani Mortars) Discontinued 1967--Replaced try Method C 5S0 C 458 - 62 (1968) Test lor Organic Fiber Content of Asbestos-Cement Products C 459-63 Sampling and Testing Asbestos-Cement Flat Sheets, Roofing and Siding Shingles, ana Clapboards C 460 - 69 DeL of Terms Relating to Asbestos-Cement and Related Products C 466 - 64 Spec, for Chemically Setting Silicate and Silica Chemical-Resistant Mortars C 476-63(1969) Spec, for Mortar and Grout for Reinforced Masonry C 477 (Spec, for Cast-in-Place Nonreinjcreed Concrete Agricultural Pipe line) Discontinued 1970 C 478-69 Spec, for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections C 479-68 Spec, for'Vitrified Clay Liner Plates C 497 - 70 Tests for Determining Physical Properties of Concrete Pipe or Tile C 498-65 Spec, for Perforated Clay Drain Tile C 500 - 69a Testing Asbestos - Cement Pipe C 503-67 Spec, for Exterior Marble C 505 - 70 Spec for Nonreinforced Concrete Irrigation Pipe with Rubber Gasket Joints C 506-69 Spec for Reinforced Concrete Arch Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe C 507 - 69 Spec for Reinforced Concrete Elliptical Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe C 508-67 Spec for Asbestos - Cement Perforated Underdrain Pipe C 515-63 T Spec for Chemical-Resistant Ceramic Tower Packings C 530 - 63 T Spec for Structural Clay Non-Load-Beaxing Screen Tile *C 531-68 Test for Shrinkage and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Chemi cal-Resistant Mortars C 541-67 Spec for linings for Asbestos-Cement Pipe C 543 - 67 Spec for Slate Blackboards C 551-67 Spec for Asbestos-Cement FIberboard Insulating Panels C 568-67 Spec for Dimension limestone *C 579-68 Test for Compressive Strength of Chemical-Resistant Mortars *C 580-68 Test for Flexural Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Chemical- Resistant Mortars C 581-68 Test for Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass Fiber Reinforced Structures *C 582-68 Spec for Reinforced Plastic Laminates for Self-Supporting Struc tures for Use in a Chemical Environment C 594 - 66 T Spec for Compression Couplings for Vitrified Clay Plain-End Pipe C 608-67 T Test for Brittle Ring TensOe Strength of Chemically Setting Silicate and Silica Chemical-Resistant Mortars C 615-68 Spec for Structural Granite C 616-68 C 619-68 T Spec for Building Sandstone Test for Chemical Resistance of Asbestos Fiber-Reinforced Thermo setting Resins Used in Self-Supporting Structures C 629 - 68 Spec for Structural Slate C 644 - 69 Spec for Asbestos-Cement Nonpressure Small-Diameter Sewer Pipe D1869 - 66 Spec for Rubber Rings for Asbestos - Cement Pipe RELATED MATERIAL PACE Metric Practice Guide (Excerpts) (E 380)...................................................................... Related ASTM Publications................................................................................................. Index.......................................................................................................................................... ASTM Membership Application Blanks 469 477 479 TENTATIVE REVISIONS Under the standardization procedure of the Society, Tentative Revisions of ASTM Standards are published for one or more years with a view of eliciting criticisms of which the committee concerned will take due cognizance before recommending final action. The Tentative Revisions pending of standards in this part are listed below. in c 126-69 *C 56-62 C 14-68 Manufactured Masonry Units Specifications for Ceramic Glared Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units Specifications for Structural Clay Non-Load-Bearing Tile Pipe and Drain Tile Specifications for Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe 0*4 aridIng Su6/e peeringIndeJ^er, oatg A Industry Standards and Engineering Data Subject Index To: INDUSTRY STANDARDS AA-Tha Aksrwujsi Association AASHTO-Amancan Association ol Suite Hx;rrwiy eno Transoortaoon Ottotil AATCC-Amancan Aisooabon ol Ttrtila ClWTBB an) Cotonitl ABMA-Amancan Baarrg Manuiaeturars Assooaoon ABS-Amancan Bursau ol Smcom ACl-Amanean Comrtt* irisotuta A.Q_A.-Amancan Gas Assoaaoon AGMA-Amancan Gear Manatacturars Assoaaoon AIA/NAS*Aaroaoaca nouitnes Association ol America AhAaonatt nsotuta AlASWThe American instrtuta ol Arervtects AlChE-Amencan nstmna ol Chemcal Engnaars AIIM-Assoaanon tor Wormaoon am image Managamant AISC*Amancan Institute ol Steel Construction AISKAmencan iron am Steel institute ANS-American Nuaaar Sooery AN 54-American Naoonal Sunoaros instmne APt-Amancan Petroieun nsotuie AREA-Amencan Raitwey Engmeemg Assoaaoon Afll-A*-Conditionng am Aelngenoon ins mute ARINC-Aeronauocal Raao ASA-Acousacal Sooery ol America ASAE-The American Sooery ol Agricultural Engneers ASCE-Amencan Sooery ol Civil Engnaars A$HRA*A/nf<an Sooery of Mrmg, Refngenfirg *r*d *jrCo^On<nr>g Engagers ASME*A/T*rc*n Sooery of Mecnemcai Er>gineers ASNTArwic*n Sooery for Noooestructrve Testing ASQC'Amencan Sooery for Qualify Conirof ASSE-Amencan Sooery ol Sanrtary Engrteermg ASTW-Amencan Sooery for Testing and Uaienaa AWS^A/nercan Wsicmg Society AWWA-Amenean Water works Association A2LA*A^ercan Auooabon for Laboratory Accredfts&on BHMA-6uk>eri narOware Manufacturers Assooaaon CQA<cmorss] Gas Assooaoon CTJ-Cooing Tower institute ElA-Wcron< inousinas Assooation QPA-Gas Processors Assooa&on lEEE-tnsxrtute ol ElectncaJ and Electronics Engr>eers lESHA-femmeting Engnoemg Sooety of Ncrtn America IFWoustnai Fasteners institute I PC-The institute tor tmercorviecting and Packagng Electron* Orcuts ISA-tnstrvnent Sooety of America ISHM-memabonal Sooery lor Kyonc M*foe*ectfomcs MSS-Uanutacturer Stanoardoabon Sooety of tne VaNe and Fittings industry NACE^rauonal Assooaipon of Corrosion Engneen NE8&-Mabonal Environmeniai Balancing Bureau NEMA-frauonai Electncai Manufacturers Assocauon NFPA-Neuonaf Fire Protection Ajsooauon NFPfAJ-Naoonai fiukj Power Association NISO-Naiioruj information Sunoaros Qrgancaiton NSF-Nauonai Saniiaiion Foundation PFl*Px>e Fabncanon institute PPMMsocs Pg* institute RTCA-Raoo Tecnmcal Commission for Aeronautics RWMA-Resistance We*oer Manufacturers Association SAE*Sooery of Automotive Engineers SEM(-Sem<onductor Eoi^omeni and Matena* international SJhSteef Joat institute SMACNA-Sheel Meut and Air Ccndroormg Contraoori' National Aasooa&on SSPC-S'eef Structures Pamung Counof TAPP! UL-Underwriting Laboratories Inc ENGINEERING DATA CED-CrW Engneerag Gaia MCtC-Meoi and Cerames information Center NTIAC-Nonoestmctive Testing information Analysis Center PLASTEC-Ptasacs Tecm-icai Evaluation Center RAC-RefiaoUily Analysis Center All the Standards You Need Information Handling Services continues to expand the number and variety of standards services available Review One list below and maxe sure you nave all tne standards you need. Your IHS reoresematrve will be nappy to work witn you. Historical Industry Standards A.GJk.-Amencsn Gu Assoaaoon ANS-Amancan Nuaear Sooaiy ANSt-Amencan National Standards nsotuta APV-Amencan Petroleum institute ASME-Amencan Sooaty of Meenaracai Engineers ASTM-Amenean Sooaty lor Ttsong am Maienns AWS-Amencan WaWrg Sooaty lEEEHnsmute o< Electrical am Elacironcs Engnaars NEMA-NaoonaJ ElactncaJ Manulaeiureri Assoaaoon NFPA-NaOoral Rra Proiacoon Aaaooatxxi International and Non-U.S. National Standards AECMA-Asaoaaaon c Eurooaan Avcrafl am Comoonants Mamtacturars AFNOR-Pranen Sunoaros BSt-Qnwn Standarot institution CAA-Ontati ON Aviation Autnonty CCIR-traamaaonal Ratio Consunaova Commmaa CCrTT-tntamational Consunaova Commmaa on Talagraon am Tatatsnona CECC-Canatac Elaarorvc Comtionano Commmaa CEN-EtAooaan Commmaa tor Stamarauanon CENELEC-Eurooaan Commmaa tor Elacvotacnracal Stama/daaoon CEPT-Contaranca ol Eurooaan Postal am Talacomrrvrvcaflora AOmnsnson CGSB-Cana<San Ganarai Samards Board CNS-Owiasa |ROC) Naoonal Sianoaras CPPA-Carjtlao Paoar am Pu)o Assoaaoon CSA<anadan Stamaros Association DIN-Gatman Stamaros ECMA-Eurooaan Comoutar Uarvjfaouran Assoaaoon EC-tmoati Coiatal/Commasan Lagislaova DocLxnara ETSI-Eurooaan Taiacnrmxrvcaoora Stanaarai nsotuw EUROCAE-Eurooaan Orgaraaoon for CaN Awaoon Elactraraes ICAO-aitamaoonaJ ON Avia non Organzaoon ISC-nwmaocnal Elaciroleavacal Commanon ISO-tntamaoonai O'ganaaoon tor Siamarooaoon JIS'Gaoanasa noustnai Stamaros OSI-Opan Sysiams iniarcomacoon SAA-Stamaros Assoaaoon o< Australia SASO-Sauti Araoan Sunoaros Orgarvaaoon SBAC'Sooaty oI Brmsn Aarosoaca ComoanvS VDE-Assoaaoon ol Carman ElactncaJ Engnaars Cv* 2101*4U) U* 2141414ft 2724 A*Ot ii-4ia 2754 A41 erti jiei-eia 27>* A-01 PPOI-1U* HOOT A-OI nti-tm 1IH C4I aii-17a i-*J O-o. jhs-im J74l c-oa nis-xm 2747 D-K> jm-mi 2747 C-C2 Jill-2171 r)* S' 49C1-2V44 HOOT A-U J1PI-PU3 I7M E-07 t-im j CM* ms-ixa 2747 MO 2111-2341 2747 B-03 era jin-oioo nil 0-07 Jlll-014* 2711 0-01 1214 D-d 1147.1 Ml *007 rw Cm-fn-. C*rC Rew^el Arrifidel Intelligence (Cont.) --Soft* IT* EJA CUB 141 Miiupm OacfapratM ct AnJkuJ Inulhjcwet MOO-an> 1204 A04 Artificial Light Testing Car U|H( Tea|--AmTiciaJ Artificial Turf l/a Far. Artificial Oiw Syihie Turf Sr* Abar Athkuc firidc Swi Facilities; Surfacing --Abruion Taring ASTM F10I344. Slteda/d Tai Method fa KUu Abrumn of SymteiK Tarf Plajrmi Surfaen fF 1191V 1341-0*46 4117 0*12 __ Sports Fdliria--Cooprthearive Taring ASTM Fl231*44. Suited Te* Mctbadi far Caatpreterur** CWwmunw of H514T71 4247 *09 Symibetic Tarf PMymi Su/luro and Matenak. Artificial Weathering Tests {Jac Ean/oftmental Tottfift Arts Stvpt Pfafar Um ft tnort ipeefic tens Sots Architectural Scrm A/i Supplier Handicraft*; FrwnAi Asbestos 5cp* Atoe For addiuooaj hmp- tee ipccirtc proOoeu made from abate Sm Abac Ajbota Canesa; Ateclir* Coeteal Ateyw Aabotoi Fabr^ Aftbenoa Tftpcc AftM&oa Yana; Fiber* Wacnk Ora ASTM CJin-W. SUBlire Tea Method lor Wet Votes'* etf ,01*111* PLASTEC F3ft 44 Ffecr Faafaroad uo: Apyftkauau. Mokbng . tad fafarman Data. 2017*023 mi c-04 4001-40* --Air MoHmii| Asm 04240-11. Soabip Tto Maked far Atfterw AiftoM CcnceatrsDoa m Workplace AmxspOtf* (a 1959V --Chloride loo Coteat--Leachate Ejrtrkctio. Vefaaetrle Anatnti ASTM C122ML Suanrf Tm Malm tar Solukta CUenta* a fwtmm --Oarificadoa ATTM C721I7-1A Jnatart Tm Mctbok tar MeMcn fWn^. of Man F4ar (It 1*11 ASTM D1AJT-U. Smdud Tea Mated far CModoi M Ateteoa by Qote* Suted Tol --CokciifaUiy ASTM 0943-41 Standard Tc* Melted far Ccter at AOaei --Coaprodrt Propcda ASTM OU3-VX Stteard Tai Method d t.tmury of 2140.1743 3130 9-14 2044-4791 1413 F-03 2243-001 1430 0-07 >447 D-12 2004-un 2245-140 1430 on M4 0*03 2004.1191 Z243-U42 I4J0 A-OJ 3444 B-10 2017*1223 1341 007 CVaiprataAr Fiber RcIcbm Prrrartlaa ASTM tlrte-ei. Saadard Tneaa far > to 5*rar- ar-Tiaata- KM-MU 1112 C-OS --Coadtracrtna - Qaaaatattn Aaaljiia Mlrmauipj ASTM P1M.1A Prepend Tor Mated tar Adi tel. raM| Marel r Potetanl Li(M Mkraeopy. SO-1W 2M2 F-Ot --Density ASTM Cl 132*401 Saacfcrt Tat Mated > <d AjteooA --Gf PcraaMUtp 2017*149 1360 F*l> ASTM D2733-U. teafard Tot Metbafa far Ar hnaftdi arf Ajbeaa Ffean (F mn --Gk*rS Z245-ltU 1440 A*01 3447 -04 ASTM DW44.fl. Ilbaft H AjC 2004*1154 2245*1127 149 0*11 1430 A43I 3444 A-10 ASTM C1124*ta Sutead Taft Mated 017*129 1341 C*04 Asbestos (Coat.) --Labortiaeici A2LA. All LMa. Hnaloe. TX AlUA- PvbtK S*ru> CoapAny of Cokmo A**>rekJ hnwi Ccnirr. LAffaweed. CO. A2LA tenn Prate, lae.. Wu Qtaitr. PA (Duvtary at Aecrvdiitd M714574 9000 A-OI W714T34 9046 C-Ot 34714324 9067 ft-0* --Mechanic^ Fropardei ASTM DJUO-ia luadsid To* Mated Suvnfifc Uam. --Motstvi Coatoat ASTM 0241743. Sunterd Ten Mcited far Mavi Coricm at (R miv Fiber --PcoctnriM Index ASTM Cl 11344. Sunterd Tai Mctted far Pw>auw iwu at * dyrra --Roonl AiKSm CarmU Una a >Aaa *Ruwni Vlml Iwpcctioe ASTM 1333-40. Saadvd Pnoka far lapacnea at Ajttatec 3004.120 2244-1U7 14W CGI M44 F-03 2004-2924 2344.1175 1440 3-06 >447 F*09 2T7.U31 1303 D*05 1504492 IU+ LOft 3014.1347 1331 &02 1 AtaasapOav (F IWl ASTM 044-0 Sueterd Pm far Way ate Hot* Nnanni.ftii Pfaffa a Ocaptaad Egpown to 1504JO IM4 04 2140*1743 3130 9-14 3160410 2474 A*il --SdKpttng ASTM 01590*91. Sutead Tat Mated far Stapfcaft QhryHBkb lharr* ASTM D3*74-91. Staadud Tai Mabod --Skn Aailyfit ASTM 0220*4!. If fan! Tte Mated far Wa9 Tot at idiaia ASTM 0121-40. StMterd Tat Mated far Tear ate Nad (T ate N) Va4aiO QaiAeMM of *** ASTM D2947-U. Stated Tat Mafeod far Vtwi Atepia at Ateta Rban CF im\ 1*110 1424 .12 344) 0-0 904-L303 2244*1422 1430 CMC >444 -11 J517-U13 1H5 41 917-U19 1341 9-14 20 ft 931 2235-1342 1440 001 3447 F-04 Asbestos Cement Qsddings Lfae Afttocnoi Cbpoi Sadia* Asbestos Cement Panel Siding EJter Asfatmo6 Crtbtai Sadfa* Asbestos Cement Pipes Sm Ahm ASTM < ASTM 073-52.' SteteJV 307*023 1374 CVOt far AbteB^tete Ctecfad. AWWA M>4*7F Wat Fnctiem far UL W7-X Ot"ntt. far Sate? V24*00ft F)f*tll 4324 US 34524 M9 300ft F*0 ASTM CS9-a Steted ! far . i P'te ASTM C34341. Steted : - Sftarm Dm Ppi 3511*033 i) d-m 9X74579 1374 -11 ASTM D11*4-94. Suited far Iter Ffa* far / 917-550 1H4 F436 CsfT te*r<<* Aibestoe Cement Pipes (Coat) -Prrare-Wsier (CoU AVWA C*0D-*i AM .i m-Cn.nl ^ Tbra*|b 16 IX. (10 i Tbrete* 00 iMk far Vm<t Stmmk AWWA C*0ML Stenw at Ateros* Ccaatt Pi atari 4 a Tteo^j 16 ib (100 aa Tbfteftb 400 aai, la Wia Dambwao* ifuam*. AWWA C40244. AteftW^Ctete Tn--sr Pfa* l a. TWte*P a. (430 mm TWon0 1-DOO ml far Pottea Via Md Otter Uawdt 3444- 1341 4421 945 3444*191 4421 C*U 3444-L) 11 4431 0-06 4422 4*01 AWWA C403-54. Sttem Ateata Ctetei TruMwaaon aid Feeder 64a Ate. Sfaa il a TWowt* 43 a. (30 aa TVoute 'WQ aa e --^9rtr 1*444791 4)17 C-06 4311 A*0l 9(7*020 IJ97 nC72 Asbestos Cement Roofing Sm Ahm Foofaf --5U*fk ASTM 022*41. SUeted faatete far AdaaCeBH faena Jtegxx ASTM C43W91. Stated Tat Materd far AJCtem Crmrrn FW Pnnteutv 9H-4U4 U57 9-01 9i7*on 13)1 8-G2 Asbestos Cement Siding Um Fan Aitexud Capot Prod Stdiaf Sat Abot Sdiag ASTM C223-4I. Steda/d SpocdSeuaaa far AteateCanoK Site*; --5iin*k* 9174199 IJ37 9-0- ASTM C434*41. 1mted Tai Matexfa Fte 9H4242 1331 942 Asbestos Cements Sat Ater Ajbestoc CctarntK CjutU'ui.rijsj .Maurtaii ASTM C111MQ. Sfaated Ta far Ve 9I7-LU3 IMI 9*(0 CteH --Cootix* Town ASTM 005044. Suated fantem tar ArbteteCtete Piute.u Otter T1b0eJeV FB far rmhTig Tam (F 2004- ITU 1431 A*C4 ASTM C191-4X StedAid Ipadbm far -dtane ........... Camsfuad Hi far Um a Conteft Tam. --Pftcr Cottat ASTM C439-4a Stated Ta Utet 30114345 1340 C*14 ASTM C460-9X Stated ASTM a I >4-93. Stated T far < teala ed FWn ' --Mffhdiicil Profcrrics ASTM DJ7T2 9Q Sfated Ta far SOtefib lapaad by . ASTM CUMOl Stefard 1 far . Car* l --Sbcca Cootif To9rtn ASTM C10C2*4(2 far Atena-Cta-- Fte Skmrn km Onlift Ta HI. 5ton CorTiptri ASTM C221-91. ViaUrd Seaafkaaed far Cnri ipite Ateaaa- Caa ASTM C744-90. Stated fawfriwe -Wood Cootsat AJTM C!0**-tl. Stndnrf Ta far Dwiawina oT Weed Ffaa a 314 1414 C-12 200-079 1413 D-09 3004-199 220*1539 1430 D-04 3454 43 35174659 1340 D-05 9000 A-01 2017-071 I30 0*12 911*5179 1357 a*C5 35114292 1331 9-03 91* 1231 1341 A*C3 91741X3 13J7 A-il 917479 1340 F04 i7*tn 1364 *0* s s u B wI E C T N D X am. ftrvoro om witnouw* i* f>r aaur 109 Asbestos Goths Uc Aibaw Ftbna CCpoe F Asbestos Content Analysis Jar AJme Ateoaoa --AiberUM Fabric* t AJTM 01116-13. Standard Tra MaM far kMbmca Cmtmt of Atftteen Tobki Asbestos Fabrics Sat Abac Atbenot. Ftbria 1 AJTM Dim-. JunMid JpKiftaooa for Wotv >jhic Oats. --Aglnf Tcsdas 1 AJTM D1J7HS. Suadvtl Ten Method far Hra A|| at Ateotai Temkn. --AjfccstM Coolest t AJTM DlllS-tl Standard Tm Method i at, 3001-4K3 1313 D-13 xot-aa 1)22 c-io 3001-X71 1321 &-QI 3041- 1311 D>(1 --Daetricsl IsnUdos T AJTM DJIC&-95. Itraifard JffdbfiBi far iterant Texate Un4 far 2001-OtW 1321 E-4t --Impregnated---Aero*p*ct SAE AJbfl JiSfD-45. Aabraot Pdra(, *U9m* SPtriaT* relmUoatefateL<cn ieprcpnaind NONCU1ULEXT Apad 1991; --La* * AJTM DIOtl-41. SuwMrd SpadAnbad far Aakraoa Lra -Mifactk Mmormat T AJTM Dltll-01 tetete Ten Mated t / * 1214 901 30010447 1521 903 3001-003 1321 MO Ajbertoo Filled Asphalt Coating Upt Aapteh Cnarmp (Mod* Fran Aapkait) Asbestos Tapes Sm Abac Atetnt; Taa f AJTM 031949. fauM \yrrfnm far Vo T^a. 2001-fTM 1571 -11 Asbestos Yarns Ascn 34014791 1571 04 Unr Farr Aewrini Standard Coda far lafannaaan latcrchanpa Sm Abas Coded Output Sate Coda; Dna Trunmmaacc Onpte Qtmcicrt; Infanoom ImcreteftfK ASS XX1974. Bfa feprai u ti te 9004-1577 Aoana Nnoaral Stmterd Coda far PJ10 -13 lafanararn Iwrhrifi a StntlBy- Bh Oka Ti i--nma (X 11901. ASS XX14-74 Ommv fasaw rad Ckanacr Fut Jcm far SonalByB* Ms-urr FI 10 F-OI Naoarai Stmdmd Coda far at teAMI XX1S-H. Piundni-n far te Standard iCods Sfaproofed 1 a Uafcs (X imv AMS XXJ7-T7. fa far faonaf FJ21 04 rm aoi FT29 FOS mu rm rm pub iw-tj. bm : f te Codt far iafaraahrn Ingrtiif a Sate- By-Bit Dma Tm n a-a (AMS XX13-I17V xmxv fot rm r n-i-n < lowwi aa far Steal-Br-te Dmi < a 4i Gnda far tsloono laiinkaapi (AMS X1I4-IJ74/XI11JV -- 7-Btt--Crtpfak Cbnetffi X3 XX13U-11CX 7-fia rad 11* ASCU liuliaronl Mnktenfmi r 07/14/11 -- S-Btt X3 XX13A.M9CX 4-la ABCS faiaoor and lata Cniao t 07/14/13. HO) COT TO3 C-13 1019 AOI 1011 AOI C4/1 f p Ctr* Rm ASCII (Coot) -- ^Blt-CrfaUc Qinctin X) XllMX-lltX. ?* ad 6-fet ASCII * mroionnf MakttefraJ Onptao ^vactar So Coaimen r C7/14/I). 10(1 AOI --Control Character! AMI XU3-V. Onpkx * imttio at (fa Good CWicun of Ajwkk Narraal ItinWd Coda far Ufermaaon Iramkaapa AMS Xite-71. AddHirnnJ Comrofa for Uw wl lanru Noiontl Sundord Codr far lofaraaboo Uuntefc nCnorrnaanaoofJusty 1141-1101. (AKd1d1n1o01uj Conte far Um k4 AoMncao Minnoil 1<a1rrq Code far son Irirnjaoor Ckupt 1-2 (ANSI XJ.44-lfTn aiterm F122 D-U FUl 907 P232 AOI PW40l^9 R3 MJ Aah Cootent Anaiyiit Soo AJpk Btedat Coatcot Anolyvit; Rondorrav- Ifavooo Dnr raiiirnrm. Sotfaiod Aih Coousi AArlym --Act!rated Ctrboa AJTM OUM-M. Juadvd Taa MtM>d far Totai Ad Cwirw at AcBvmtod 30193d 1477 C02 --Adbesim ASTM 090*040. Jteted Toi Metedr far AM Caiod at *h1Tiiaia. --Aahfrecxc* AJTM DMIVU. Juatent T Umbo* far Afa Ctete of Eopoo Cooteo aad Aaoroa (X 1190); --BitaacM AAJHTO 711141 hodrt Metkab Tor far tefiMuc Monrr or AM a te Moste (X 1193V BUck ASTU 01904 IUTV 9^4. SioteTd Tea Mete* far Caten Bite--AM 2004-1131 1431 D-U 3140 4414 1417 AOI 0023-lTLi 19(7 003 Z319344] 3402 D-tl Prftshte A5TM 0331 Ml. Vrartarrl Tm Malboda far Aafani Cffekm --Cad AJTM 01797-91. Stated Tao Matedi far Mfe s AM frao Cota iad Cate ASTM 0771944. fated Ti Mote* far Am*rm of Cmi md Cote Ate (X mix AITM 03174-91 Wtafd T Mated far Ate fa da Aterte Imapb at Cmi ad (fate (naa Cte; A5TM 03177-19. Stated Taa Matedi far Tote Ufa a tea Ateyte Saapa at Cmi te Cote AJTM 034C0L Stented Ta Malted far Mafar ate Mtear **--------- a Cmi mi Cafar Ate fa Urar 4ter|Wino AJTM D34I99A Steted Ti Mated far Tm Ekano a Con! and Cola Ate fa Ararat Afaarpoa*. AJTM 0001409. 1ha fate Tad Haifa far fatfv fa Ate bam Cml mi Cate Ura Tfar Tate 71193423 2X3 A07 2UI-OM 1471 009 3041-1429 2479 F-IO 3M7-2Z77 2912 P-ll 25SH-2237 1301 004 3QS1-I4M 2440 BOl 3047-3434 2301 F02 30(70471 2313 D-07 AKA. CfarraFtaMM Coal Latemary, Fifaa. UT (Draaary ^ Aeatetard Htl-tOT 9040 .12 M7M074 9042 A-12 MTI-OB) 1044 0-13 XY (Dteocry at LteonaorraX Cial tteTiiteaLiJ AaalTfate AJTM 09141-90 farafate Ti far PiMjniii 4 aah-- at tea Aarfa-- Sno--r at Cmi mi Cote fa 1--mrarad Praoadora (X 19441 --Coal Tv AJTM 0341944 Moated Tra Mated far Ate fa Cod Tar rad Fate (X mix --o*a AJTM Dim-91. Ihrfate Tra Matedi far fadfar a Ate Baa Cool and Ctea. AJTM 0771944 If ted Tra Halite far Aafaa at Cmi mi Cote Ate (X mix 34710414 9067 A-11 30(70747 1313 V07 3717-mi 1111 FOl 3011-1234 2471 OOt 3091-1429 2471 F-10 C *' R>m Aih Gintent AnelyiU (Cant.) --Coke (CbeU A STM 0)114-1] Stt/aafd Tai Method far Ate m th Ana>n<* Sa^te at Cte ate Coa# from Cant: AJTM 0)17749. Standard Tra Matate hr Taul UVr a (hr AnthTM Mafar of Cmi and Coke AJTM 03442-11. SiarwUrd Tra Melted hr Major te Minor Lkmcna m Coal and Coil Ate fa Atomic Ateorpian. AJTM 0344944. Standard Tra Mated far Tnci Daoenu ut Coni and Coke Ate fa Aiorac Alaorpuen. AJTM 0*412-44. Standard Tra Mated far Ate a Aanfara of twtmeam Com. AJTM 0901911 Standard Tra Mated far Sntfu a Ate tram Coni and Coke Umnf Hite- Trapcmnrt Tuba farmer Caenbtaoaa Meted vte Isfrvte A--orpuaoL A2LA. Arani Wihorb Mm, Xnmibari. 1L rdrraary at Accradaad LteonaorraX AlLA Cypna faatoia ConJ Labontofa. Free. UT (Dvooory at Aoendiand A1LA. SoMtten Utah Fwd Compnay. Sakna. UT CDtroaory at Acorauad AllA. Standard Laboraiorra. Inc. Wkwnrari. KY (Dwratory of Am iifearaj Laboruonal. --Coke--Imi mntatti AaaJjrxii AJTM DJUMQ. Juadwtf Tal Mtlhodi far Froarania Aan)ym at ike Aaalyra Stefa <d Coni and Caka fa laairmaiul Fraeadarci (X I994X --Corrocioa Lthibitors AJTM 0111443. Standard Tra Meted far Ate Control e/ Lnpnt Cootaaa and Anamra (X ]H0X --Dryiss OQi f AJTM 0)13104. Standard Tra Mebod far Ate fa Dryma Otis and Fray Ae* <X 1W) (BM919X --Csglac Caolaati AJTM DIMM). SiukIuiI Tot Method far Ate Content at Pf--- Cooraia and Anorora (X 1190* --Fabrics AATCC 7101. Ate Content at Blmrted Ofelrar TcLOte. --Fata t AJTM D9S47-99. Standard Tra Meted far ffairiaiiiji.a at tb Ate Canted at Fia and O(fa. --Fatty Adda t AJTM Dmt-14. Standard Tra Meted far Ate a Dryma Otta and Fany Aenfa (X J113j (XM995V --Craphlta AJTM 04101. Standard Tra Meted far Ate a a Orapkita Saspic. --Laboratories AHA A ! AllA A Hafata In -Akron. Akira. OH. AllA A ------in Item. OH. AllA AJbta Crapornoon Qnaliiy Conerfa Laternaon. f mrnhw^ TX fara Sara Inc. Qrakry I Labernaary. Ontario, Ash Comer,- i3n0i4s1-2r22i 30*1-227 2 SO t D-o 305Mfai 24io ta. 3047-141 2302 20*7-Or 230) A* 20*7 .fal 2313 Oc "* Lhoretonr: A1 La Cr'-erv- Nra. LT .1 La6eriorn AlLA Oer^' lw>ei oT .1 Door Jmer f AlLA ONV TnarrC V/ AUA EMS-- taawf. SC AllA Gem KanoaaJ Lt` ^ CA AllA Mrac.- taUTM C AllA 1C r jA-M-oer 1060 t lj 2471^71 1062 A-II M7i-aaa 1064 0-lj M7)ai* 1067 A- U 2047-rJC 2313 94) 2U0ten 2617 A-Ot 2101-423 2760 a-n. 2S40-MN 2417 A-0! 00394111 2411 A-d AjlA LK5TLteuiiror. AllA f Lator* tcr> AllA. Okc mi Maters ham. OH AllA Hier Caero* L* * AHA. Fan; be. 1> AHA terror Oar. Ml AllA Forve Loespan ATLA tantodi - AllA Sotm fen. tx AllA. S Sanaa L lteoruor< AllA &or>c Enern > All A Sta--^ faiiiei". Aflcrodnac AllA In fat- fef --Laxter ajtm c:t far Tata. (Anencxj Stendars f AJTM ZU 1far Lanot w ratwr t AJTM 0-=* far TouUmnar JS31-or 4264 F-U 2101-00 2740 4-4 --OQ* AJTM DA`* Innrent Total Lr? 1 9 rVtai ' aJTML'J : far Dor* at fra ,, !7^rs 1)4* 911 2*71-0041 me c-oi >m-oo*2 1060 C-C2 2471-00*2 9060 C-Oi um*r* Xfa) D-!0 2471-0*72 1060 D-D --ftprbo. *)Tu Dr Uo.: T*jfi r. to. --h|m AJTM D4. ^ TI^ll TAW1 T. thm tArr cMd E-- AllA ABad Stfnal Corponoon CMaurfefa Ffam. Qunkty Conerfa Lteoraaory (Xafirainnj FWian IteonnoryX HeprmSL VA AllA ABnd Sfanal Corporation Sparta. Traacaaaa ^nu Qrakry Comrd 1 terrran], Spnra. TM. AllA I fa) pqfr'niin lac. fjckmonA, VA AllA Anna Vahnih Mina. Xaratenry. IL fTkrim f at Aoondnad All A late TX A2UA OH. Buaaaj-MorHr. lac. Dayton. OH (Dwcaory at Acrmiital fatrai, LA Dr CV. Omoal All, A Cfantara CBcmaenfa Compnny Lakaraaory Serrvsv Swnru. LA. A! LA CenacranJ Tooa| A ; Co. Hraunfton. UT. 3471-OT* 1060 VCO 3*71-0*71 1060 * 3471-0*42 9CCJ A-3 2471-00*1 1060 -1- 347i-*m 1060 F<04 2471-4113 1060 F-07 2471 tel* 1061 CMH 2471-41X2 1061 F-0* 1204*171o-0-*a1 2*71-0*1 1061 0-07 --Petroie'. AJTM CIte Ak VII if -Pitch ? AJTM C fcn Alj^ mi. --Vakrm AJTM L far am --Paly AJTM : taiAj. Taft: * fee. Ta/y: a fxr. --Qdaur AJTM : a a^. no UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Maurice H. Stans. Secret ary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Lewis M. Bhanscomb. Director An Index of U.S. Voluntary Engineering Standards Covering those Standards. Specifications, Test Methods, and Recommended Practices Issued by National Standardization Organizations in the United States William J. Slattery, Editor Institute for Applied Technology National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 329 Nit. Bur. Stand. <U_S.). Spec. PubL 329. 1.000 page* [Mar. 1971) CODEN: XNBSA lulled March 1971 Exuisrr no.-- M. PFBFFgl for **ie by the Stapwwmdwt U Docibwii. U-5. Cwvemmrai Pnotuif Oftct, W&ahiaxto*. D.C 20402 IOrder by SD r Na. C 12.10-329\. Pric 19.00 National Bureau of Standards KW1C Index of Engineering Standards Standard Dimenaiooi lor Graphic Arts Sheet Film (inch and Centimeter Sines) 0961) ANS PHI.I6 ticni lot Film la Rolli lor Recording Initnimenu, Graphic Arts. Photo Typesetting. Portrait, X-Ray and Related Use (1 ANS PHI.30 OH Mentha Atyetuis (dementholixed (1962) eoa 199 'fctlina. Aluminum Allov and Ccrttmoiy grilling Steel. A$A Pipe Flanges 119681 / CotTOlWO-Resisyt StwL-Gnk nsa .3310 , Combinauoo Built-Up Kool Loomting ol Aiphalt Saturated Asbestos and Rag Felts and Asphalt Over haiuok Decxs-Smoo aRe XYZmT ->Ung Towen (1966) Asbestos Cement Materials (or Applicauon On Industrial Wat CTl 127 Standard Specification* lor Rubber Ringi lor Asbestos Cement Pipe (1966) AST D1869 liuuliauon ol Asbestos Cement Water Pipe (1964) AWW C603 Asbestos Cement Wster Pipe (1965) AWW C400 Standard Specification and Tolerancej lor Woven Asbestos Goth (1967) ANS LOI4.I33 AST D1571 . .Standard Method ol Test lor Asbestos Content of Asbestos Textile Materials (1967) ANS L J|J I ' Determining Asbestos Dust Concentration (1964) AST D1918 ATI XY21 ure Molding (I960 Asbestos FeJting- B Slapc Phenolic Resm Impregnated. Low P SAE 3858AMS ;c crete. Poured Gypsum/ Specificalion* for Asphalt-Saturated Asbestos Feils and Aspnait, Smooth Surface, Over Poured Con ARE XYZ14I Precast Gypsum or 01 Specification* (or Asphalt-Saturaud Asbestos Fella and Asphalt, Smooth Surface. Over Wood Deck, ARE XYZI40 ons for Dead-Level Roofing Consisting of AsphaJt-Situriied Asbestos Feils and Special Asphalt Over Nailable Dechs-Smoo ARE XYZI43 ooi lor Dead-Level Roofing Consisting ol Asphalt-Saturated Asbestos Felts and Special Asphalt Over Noo-Nailable Decks- ARE XYZ144 I Standard Specifications lor Asphalt-Saturated and Coaled Asbestos Fells for Use In Constructing Built-Up Roofs (1963 AST D635 Built-Up R/ Standard Specifications lor Asphalt-Saturated Asbestos Felts for Use In Waterproofing and In Constructing AST DI50 Tentative Method ol Sampling Asbestos Fiber for Testing (I967t) AST D2590 f-Supporting St/ Method ol Test (or Chemical Resistance ol Asbestos Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting Resins Used In Sel AST C6I9 , Fluorocarbon Resm (1961) Asbestos Fiber Reinforced-Polytetrafluoroethyleise Sheet, Tf SAE 3842A.MS ' Fluorocarbon Resin-High Compressibility (1962) Asbestos Fiber Reinforeed-Poiytetrafhioroethyleoe Sheet. Tf SAE 3843AMS live Method ot Test lor Bauer-Mcnett Wet Classification of Asbestos Fiber (1967i) Tema AST D2389 Testing Procedures for Chrysotik Asbestos Fibre (1966) ATI XYZJ Current-Carrying Capacities lor Asbestos itnniaieH Cooper Nickel and Monel Conductors (1948 NEM AIS Standard Specification for Asbestos Lap (1968) ANS L14.232 Asbestos Paper and Asbestos Millboard (1937) Asbestos Paper and Asbestos Millboard (1937) AuuSsseTe DI06I R19 R19 Standard Specifications for Cellular Asbestos Paper Thermal Insulation for Pipes (1965) AST C298 Specifications for Saturated Asbestos Pipeline Felt (1969) NPC BUL5 Standard Specifications for Asbestos Roving (1968) ANS LI4.230 Standard Methods of Testing Compressed Asbestos Sheet Packing (1939) AST D375 AST F39 Standard Specification and Tolerances for Woven Asbestos Tape 11967) ANS LI4.2IS AST D315 Standard Method ol Test lor Asbestos Content ol Asbestos Textile Materials (1967) aNS LOU.141 AST DI9IS ;968l ANS CI9.61 Specification lor Asbestos Textiles Used for Electrical Insulating Purposes ( AST Dll 00 Standard Method ol Test for Heat Aging ol Asbestos Textiles (1961) AST D1573 Standard Specifications (or Asbestos Thermal Insulating and Finishing Cement (1964) AST 0194 Standard Specification (or Amosite Asbestos Thermal Insulation for Pipes (1964) ANS 0011.2 AST 091 Standard Specifications lor Laminated Asbestos Thermal Insulation for Pipes (1965) AST 099 Maintenance of Vinyl Asbestos Tile and Asphalt Tile Floors (1960) AVA XYZ10 Color Charts for Vinyl Asbestos Tile and Asphalt THe (1966) AVA XYZ13 Areas In Which One Sixteenth Inch Vinyl Asbestos THe Can Be Used (1965) AVA XYZI4 Installation of Vinyl Asbestos THe Flooring and Asphalt THe Flooring (1964) AVA XYZ3 Cleaners for Use On Asphalt and Vinyl Asbestos THe Floors (1960) AVA XYZ5 Water Emulsion Floor Polish for Use On Asphalt or Vinyl Asbestos THe Floors (1964) Installation of Asphalt Tile and Vinyt Asbestos THe With Hardboard Underlayment (1961) AVA XYZ6 AVa XYZ9 Waier Emu'non Type Adhesive lor Asphalt and Vinyl Asbestos THe (I960 AVA XYZ4 Standard Methods of Testing Asbestos Tubular Sleeving (1952) ANS L0W.4I AST D628 Standard Method ol Test (or Magnetic Rating ol Asbestos Used for Electrical Purposes (1957) ANS C039J8 AST Dill* Standard Specifications lor Asbestos Yams (1968) ANS L14.18 AST D299 Method ol Test lor Air PermeabHiry of Asbestos (1968t) AST D2752 ic Insulated Wires and Cables (1961) NEM WcOl, ANS 0X58.3/ Asbestos, Asbestos-Varnished Goth and Asbestos-Thermopiasl IPC S-28-357 ic Insulated Wires and Cables (196}) ANS CSJ6 IPC S-28-3/ Asbestos, Asbestos-Varnished Cloth and Asbestos-Thermoplast NEM WC) Asbestos-And Asbestos-Varsrshcd-Clotb-Insulated Wires (1963 UL 115 Standard Definitions of Terms Relating To Asbestos-Cement and Related Products (1967) ANS AI30.1 AST C460 Standard Specification for Asbestos-Cement FIberboard Insulating Panels (1967) AST C351 d Clapboards (19/ Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Asbestos-Cement Flat Sheets. Roofing and Siding Shingles An AST C459 Standard Specifications lor Asbestos-Cement Noepressure Sewer Pipe (1967) AST C42S Standard Specifications (or Asbestos-Cement Perforated Underdrak Pipe (1967) ASH M189 AST C508 Plastic Lined Asbestos-Cement Pipe and Couplings for Sewers (1964) NSF C7 Asbestos-Cemetu Pipe and Couplings (1967) UL 107 Standard Methods of Testing Asbestos-Cement Pipe (1967) AST C500 Standard Specification for 1 kings for Asbestos-Cement Pipe (1967) AST C541 Standard Specifications for Asbestos-Cement Pressure Pipe (1967) AST 096 Standard Method of Test for Organic Fiber Content of Asbestos-Cement Products (196) ANS A) 28.1 AST C458 Standard Specifications for Asbestos-Cement Roofing Shingles (1966) ANS A126.I AST 022 Standard Soedficationa for Flat Asbestos-Cement Sheets (1967) ANS A124.1 AST 020 standard Specifications and Methods of Test for Corrupted Asbestos-Cement Sheets (1968) ANS AI25.1 AST 021 berkg Tests of Latex and Emui/ Standard Specification for Asbestos-Cement Shingle Blanks To Be Used As Panels In Weal AST D1911 Asbestos-Cement Shingles (1970) ICB UBC32-9 tio/ Specification for Fourpoint Two loch Pitch Corrupted Asbestos-Cement Siding and Roofing Sheets and Their Appiica Standard Specifications (or Asbestos-Cement Siding (1966) ANS A127.1 ARE XYZ151 AST 023 Specifications lor Application of Asbestos-Cement Siding. Shingles, and Clapboards (1954) ARE XYZ150 Selection of Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe (1964) AWW' H2 Asbestos-Polytetiafluorocthyleoe Impregnated, Sintered (195 SAE 3840AMS C1.36 IPC S-28-3/ Asbestos. Asbestos-Varnished Goth and Asbcsios-Thermopfcisiic Insulated Wires and Cables 119631 ANS NEM WC1 WeOI, ANS C00t.il Asbestos. Asbestos-Varnished Goth and AibesiovThermoplastic Insulated Wires and Cables (1963) NEM IPC S-28-357 ed Wires sod Cables (196J) NEM WcOl. ANS COOS.}/ Asbestos, Asbestos-Varanbed Qoth and Asbestos-Tbermoplasuc Insulat IPC S-2S-3J7 ed Wires and Cables (1963) ANS CS.J6 IPC S-2S-3/ Asbestos. Asbestos-Varnished Goth and Asbestos-Thermoplastic Insulat NEM WC1 U! 114________________ ______________________________ Asbestos-And Asbestos-Varnished-Cloth-Insulalal Wires (1963)_________________ Ascoroyl Paimitale (1963) tga 95 Specifications for Ash and Hjcionr Handles for Track Tools (1962) ARE XYZ107 Tentative Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With 1 ins* (19660 AST C593 Office of Engineering Standards Services 49 3tt-U O-LT - 11 - 5 d&" AMERICAN EDUCATOR /?ficjpcIo/jerfa 965 VZCL CZ/rCC&f && G/ GZZ>&<Zt<y CGuy rn it 'NiTiti EVERErrr edgar sentman Editor in Chief B.S.^ Uoivciotcp of llltooio; !)ni( l)., Loyola U., Antikao CooKiTttoiy; WliWr, Lccioicr; Aulbo*, 1\* 'mxyeUOmdim--J KfJ U //kAN TemeAinr Loonumg EDWIN C. REICHERT Advisory Editor fk.D., Uoivcroiiy of Uiiiocioaj Quirnin, DcpulMal of Llucxio*, Lit fotctfl Colic|c LARRY D. SAMPSON Art Director B.FA-, Ohio 5*mu UMmWy CROSBY J. LISKE Production Director Cia^MU, Act ImUiuU of Qiidfo ELIZABETH R. JOHNSON Chief Associate Editor B.3., Si. A-Uooc College; Foe--lj Co cr.l U, AmJ^iI, AkUu UbofiMw. rai--< UiciHiiMMl MiotfiW oJ QmmI Gupk Associate Editors LUCY R, WALZ M.A., UiMrfi<jr of Ui(ki|iii MARTHA E. CAREY B.A., Lake Foroal College JOSEPHINE II. IIALPERIN BA., NMlkvului Uoimiilf Assistant Editors BARBARA DAVIS B.A., UoimMir of Mitkipat MA. T-*re College, Cilai^n U. ANN M KOLETSKY B.A., Miotuiuft0< Cotttfi of ika Sopol Hwi NORTH A V. EDWARDS Picture Editor B.A., Lake Fmji College uirrn w. crecory Chief Biblioi t'afhj Editor R.A., Uimui7 of Nck<uJU{ GrtduiU, U. of Wiecooaio lilxoif School; Ckiff LiWixuB, Wewkcgao (1U.) FukUo LiUwfi Ueabu, Luculin Bock). Aaoiaa titxwy Aioociilioo (IMd-IMO) VICTORIA S. JOHNSON Director of Educational Research and Senates Special Stodiu, Noeihocilcio Unlvmil;, A--<rtce CoaKTiilorfi AmIiukI Duccio*. 11m Oata|o TtibuM MIimI* of Book*; Coluoaiii, Elnmsutory Em^UaJi DONALD KIRCHNEJt Assistant Art Director loatiluU of Dcaiga, Hliooi* loeiUutc of Tick--|y| Ujtoo ScIm) of Ait BESS PORTER ADAMS Chief Grading Editor M A., Univcrotir of RtdlixU; A--nr--Qo frok--x. Depot meal of EoglieK, UairaiMr of BlJ^a <i. Aulboe, J4j oof Chitdnm MARILYN ROBB TRIER. World Topics Tear Book Editor B.A., IJiivaiitf of Ckkifo; Ail JoetMaOe of Qmi lulilulr of {>M|a; Awlboe, 7krf tf+riU h 7--/ DEBORAH ULANKSITN Director of Library Services MA, No4(hr ium Upimiiif; Fotn^il) RckmcK Litxiiilo, U.3. Lilxorf of (xtn|itM llll'f AlOIIS. INI*.. /*f f/F r V if t tr v I * if tf acturoM anioirtrah gwn. jft rO fpeed, oWtvde, and >d thoaU h down. ry try blasting the enemy'* J ''-'ring attacks, diarupt- and transport*bon iu troops, destroying hia and Laying down imokt is, which are highly mo* ed on trucks, drawn by or he self-propelled, The .he United States Field mm. howitzer, which can ads daring its first hoar ran poor oat shells at a r brief periods {overtcst; too rapidly for too long rstroys artillery). Other >ona melude the 7&-nun. ity 76-mm. gun, 155-nun. 3-in, hovitxers and gun*, and the 280-mm. atom The task of the eoett ect seaports- It does not :t like the field artillery, earier gun*. Its largest njsu i UO piece, th* lfi-ln. rifla, is permanently mplaoed. Other hserr pleoea, rueb as 10-, 13-, and 14-ln. gone and the 16-in, howiUer, may be either cm placed or mounted aa railway run*. Smaller artillery alio Is used in coastal defenses, hut large-caliber, higb-veloeity pieces that throw hags tbslls for great dis tances art mors typical of coast artillery. Antiaircraft Artillery, of rital importance ia the air age, has reached a high state of development. See AKTLtmaurr Detthsk. Naval Artillery. Naval vessels ose guns of many kinds, ranging from 40-mm. antiair craft gun* to mighty lfi-in. rifiea. A battle- ihip may carry as many aa ten 14- or 18-in. ?ona, besides a large number of smaller pieces. he iarger guns are mounted in heavily ar mored turrets, which are mechanically tamed in the desired direction. Naval vessels may also carry equipment for launching torpe does or depth enargea. See Darra Chame; N*vr; Totrroo. History. The ose of artillery began early in the fourteenth century. By the fifteenth century the typical gun was a huge, onwield ly weapon suited only to sieges. Aa extreme vs* reached in the guns Mohammed H used in the siege of Constantinople in 1453. Made of brass, seventeen feet long, and weighing almost nineteen tons, they fired a stone ball 25 inches in diameter and weighing 600 pound*. Smaller, lighter guns appeared in the sixteenth century, and the gun carriage, on which the gun could be fired as well as drawn, was invented. The cannon ball of solid iron also tame into common use. With the iron cannon ball came the system of clas sifying guns as 8-pounders, 12-pounders, and ao on, according to the weight of the shot. In the seventeenth century, Sweden's mili tary genius, Onatavus Adolphus, established a true field artillery -- one capable of main taining pace with the infantry and acting in its rapport. To attain the neeessarT mo bility, he used light guns mounted on norsedrasru carriages. He also speeded up the rate of fire by using doth cartridges of powder instead of the old method of measuring out each charge of powder with a ladle. The outstanding artillerist of the eight eenth century was the French general Jean Baptiste GribeauvaL Ha established sepa rate field, siege, and eoast artillery organizatiocs and provided different types of weapons for each. Hs standardized guns and carriages, making the parts of etch type in terchangeable. Stronger guns, lighter for their caliber, came with the development of steel alloys and Improved methods of manufacture in the nineteenth century. Soon after the middle of the eentury the rifled gun, spirally grooved within its barrel, and the cylindrical projec tile came into ose. The cylindrical projectile. presenting less turfaea to the air, eoulA at tain a greater range than the cannon Th* rifliog In the banal caused the projectile to apln, preventing U from tumbling and over end in flight. A problem that had vexed artillerists ainca tha fourteenth eentury, that of pre venting tha propellant gases from escaping through an openabie breech (roar of the oar- rtl), was finally solved, ana breech-loading guns became practicable. Near the end of the century, guamakar* began to equip gun car riages with mechanisms consisting of by- draolia braking devices and springe to ab sorb the shock of recoil and return the gun to its firing poaition. Previously recoil had driven tha gun carriage backward, and it was neceaaary for tha gunners to replace the gun in pemtion after every shot. Smoke less powder alio was invented. The improved guna and ammunition made possible rangea formerly believed to be unattainable. Longer ranges created a demand for more efficient aiming device*. To meet the need, telescopic range finders were invented. Urged on by two world wars, artillery has made further great advances during the pres ent century. Radar and other electronic aim ing devices have greatly increased the apeed and accuracy of artillery and have made it effectively usable in fog and darkneaa. The motorization of artillery has enabled it to maintain pace with the rwiltest-moving forces (in aircraft and tanks, indeed, it has become part of the swiftest forces). It has made it possible alio to regard tueh gigan tic weapons as the S5-ton atom gun aa field artillery. The development of easily portable light mortars, rocket launchers, ana reccfl- ieu rifiea has placed artillery in the hands of the infantry. Bee also AmruNmov; Bit umen; Dmxcrtov Find**; Guncotton; OoNrowDEE; Ran**; 8kkatwxi,; Tank, Moitast; TNT._____ ARTIODACTYLA, air tA oi dak'tA lui, the order of eloven-hoofed to which many of our common wild and domesticated animals belong. Included in this large group are swine, cattle, sheep, goats, deer, antelope, eamela, giraffes, hippopotamuses, and re lated forma. ARYAN, itir'A aw. See Racks or Man. ASBESTOS, the common name of a number of kind* of remarkable rocks com posed of fibers that will not bum, invaluable for their uses in fireproofing and aa insula- tioo. The kind of asbestos most widely used, eirytotUt, is found in eraeks in a rock called ttrprmtim, whets it has been formed by the action of underground water or steam on the reek. ChrysotOe occurs aa silky fibers extending across the cracks; they range from a fraction of an ineh to several inches in length. The 1auger fibers may be separated, A-370 ASCETIC LONG, Sn-KY ASBESTOS F3SEXS may b* tpvn and wxrrm Into materials that will resist fir*, water, chemical action, and decoy. pan, and made into doth, (traps, cord*, ropem, and tobet. Several other kind* of as bestos may bo similarlt processed, hot tb fiber* of *ons* ut too brittle, wesi, or stiff to bo spun. Uses. When Marco Polo, beck from hi* travel* ia Asia, spoke of seeing handkerchief* that could be cleaned in * fire without burning, people listened in disbelief. Bat asbestos fabnes bad been known in Europe loaf before the thirteenth century. They were known to the ancient Homans, who used asbestos lamp wicks, napkins, and a doth in which bodies were wrapped before eremsUoo so as to keep their ashes separate from those of the fire. Charlemagne ia said to hare had on asbestos tablecloth that was cleaned in fire. Asbestoa is now put to many uses. It is made into suits for fire fighters and into flares, aprons, and other clothing to pro tect workers in mills sad foundries. It is naed in the safety esertoin* of theaters, and, often mixed with other fibers, in fire-resistant draperies, upholstery fabrics, and run. As bestos is used also to make store ana lamp wieks, faakets, and packing for steam en gine*, and it ia employed to insulate and fireproof electric wires. Combined with strands of metal, it is naed in the brake linings and elnteh facing* of automobile*. Asbestos fibers onredted to spinning are owed in a variety of ways. They art felted, suoilariT to paper, for use ta heatproof nuts and pads roeh as those need in kitchens and dining rooms. They are mixed with other eubstsaee* to make fireproof plasterboard, flberfooord, roofing felt, thingles, and floor tiles. Finely ground, they are need ia fire proof points. Hogs quantities of asbestos are used as insulation to prevent the loas of beat from boiler*, water heater^ and steam and hot-water pipe*. Proof against all adds, asbestos is used in tad filters and in the walls and floors of laboratories. Soarea*. About 75 per cent of the world'* annual (apply of asbeatos is quarried is Canada, cruefly in Quebec- Other leading producers of asbestoa are Airies (Southern Rhodesia, the Republic of Sooth Africa. Swaziland), the Soviet Union, and the Unitea States (Vermont and Arizona). See also SxnrxwTm. i.l*l x. wxixxs AS'BUBT, Fuji exs (1745-1815), known as the first bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America, was bom near Birming ham, England. In 1771 John Wesley sent Aobury to America as a Ttiisconiry; the oert yeat be made him general superintendent of the American organisation, a post which * few months later Wesley assigned to Thomas Rankin. When the Revolutionary War began, Asbory'i colleague*, some of whom were suspected of Loyalist sympathies, returned to England, but he remained is the colonies. Within a few years Asbunr became the rir- tual head af American Methodism, and in 1784, at a conference in Baltimore, he tu consecrated as superintendent. Thereafter be called himself bisnop. Although not s great preacher, Asbury was a forceful leader and a master of organisation. Be advocated s strong central church government and in stituted the dreuit-rider system, which en abled him to reaeh the frontier radons. Trav eling on horseback, he covered some fire thousand miles s year for fire years and went as far as the Mississippi River. See also MjCTHOOfSTl; Wtaurr, John Wesley. ABOI2?'8IOH DAT, one of the great fes tival* in moat Christian churches, commem orates the ascension of Christ into heaven, forty days after His resurrection. It faU* a* th% Thursday after tha fifth Sunday after Easter. In the Anglican churches it is called Holy Thursday, ABGET10, a aet'ik, one who turns *wsy from worldly pleasures in favor of thorn of the spirit, for the purpose of attaining **! or religious perfection. Various religiom orders require their members to lead live* of rigid self-denial, and many individual med ics hare spent years in fasting and sobtirr contemplation. Asceticism was widespread in medieval Europe and has ahrsyt been prominent among the Hindu of India. 1 the New World the Puritan* followed o**0* principles in h*atng el] (vrnamenUtKm of their riothea, their homes, and their ehBid** and in forbidding all idle pleasures. Today not only those who practice extreme *** terjty for religious reasons but also tkeer wwheo ccahloleodsealsicreaticso.f TehxtsraoorSdienaVrysyemptf5*?" may be choosn for intellectual a* w*0 * spiritual rewords, far sheer lore of dZ"P*f bring, and for the power of self-mss*?' Bee also Pain* or Aiama, Boarc; BUnt**1* Mom am one. ASOH, 8houex as gnaun, Yiddish author wheet work* hi read in English translations, village near Warsaw, Pound, ik education in the Bebre* began to write after muring 28v9> and within a fewjo*n i familiar to reader* of Yiddish of the Atlantic. After the octb: War I he went to the United k_______ ______ shortly before his death. Asci short stories, most of which t with European Jew*, art drams : tad impressive in their tntheatk sfm (1939) ia a story of Jem other works available ia Eaglis. Oe Thief, TU God of Tnyec %oe Thr04 Cities, CkOdrr* of AbeakatU, and A Possoy* * ths ffifht. A800BBIQ, * tkswr'bik, VmaczvB. ABOARD, aXt'gokrd, in Hon the abode of the godt, <omOtympon, home of the gods of ir. Hera Odin, god of war, was eh: tbo was Valhalla, hall af he; battle. Bee also Onur; Vjujeuul^ ASH, the common name of tira of the cJiTe family. The Pinnate (featherlike} eoopounc (mall, pointed leaflet*, and they tot of tiny flowen before their Par. Their fruits are dry, cme-v W About twenty of the dzty rpeaee af tahes are aati* America. Largest and finest is th* whieh grows best in the Ohio V *. trow 120 feet tall and six feet L- sped mens of this sire are rar "*owa, cloee-gnined wood is cz Wagh and springy. It is u*ed ( bt, akio, oars, tennis rackets *udl*, and alao for interior tr **binetm*king, The wood of the - red ashes is timDarly used