Document QXrMNDQYaZ8VjrNLZK5kVympE

Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-24 PROPERTIES AND ESSENTIAL INFORMATION FOR SAFE HANDLING AND USE OF PEitCHLOgtOiTtmi^ ADOPTED 1948 Chemicals in any form can be safely stored, handled or used if the physical, chemical and hazardous properties are fully under stood and the necessary precautions, including the use of prop**1 safeguards and personal protective equipment, are observed. ^y Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N. W., Washington 9, D. C. SL 029444 TT TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. NAME ............. 3 2. PROPERTIES _______________ ________________________________ 2.1 Grade_____________________________________ 3 2.2 Important Thysical and ChemicalProperties__ ______________ 2.3 Hazardous Properties_____________________________________ 3 3 4 3. USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS 4 3.1 Type and Size 4 3.2 Label or Identification____________________________ ________ 3.3 Disposal and Return Precautions _*__________________ 4 4 4. UNLOADING AND EMPTYING______1_______________________ 5 4.1 Health Hazards ________________________ _____ 1---------------- 5 4.2 Fire Hazard __________________ 5 4.3 Tank Cars_________________________, 5 4.4 Drums _______ ,,_______________________________________ 5 5. STORAGE _____________ 6 5.1 Hazards____________ 5.2 Conditions of Storage 6 6 6. HANDLING _________________6 6.1 Health Hazards 6 6.2 Fire and Explosion Hazards 6 6.3 Spills and Leakage_____ _____________ 6.4 Employee Education and Training 7 6.5 Personal Protective Equipment 7 6.5 Personal Protective Equipment (continued) 8 6.6 Engineering Controls 9 6.7 Ventilation _______________ 10 6.8 Tank and Equipment Cleaning and Repairs 10 6.9 Repackaging and Blending___________________ 6 11 7. WASTE DISPOSAL _____ 11 8. HEALTH HAZARDS AND THEIRCONTROL_________________ 11 8.1 Hazards......................................................................................... 11 8.2 Prevention and Control................... 12 8.3 Personal Protective Equipment...........--___________ _____ ___13 8.4 First Aid and Medical Treatment................ 13 8.4 First Aid and Medical Treatment (continued).................... . 14 Copyright 1948 by Manufacturing Chemist*' Association. Inc. The information and recommendations contained in this publication have been compiled from sources believed to be reliable and to represent the best current opinion on the subject. No warranty, guaranty or representation is made by the Association as to the absolute correctness or sufficiency of any representation contained in this and other Safety Data Sheets and Manuals, and the Manufacturing Chemists' Association assumes no responsibility in connec tion therewith; nor can it be assumed that all acceptable safety measures are contained in this and other Safety "Data. Sheets and Manuals, or that other additional measures may not be required under particular or exceptional con ditions or circumstances. Si O29445 '\ ) y Chemical Safety Data Sheet Manual Sheet SD-24 PERCHLOROETHYLEME Adopted August, 1948 1. NAME Chemical Names: Perchloroethylene; Tetrachloroethylene Common Name: Perchlorethylene Formula: CC13:CC12 2. PROPERTIES 2.1 Grade: Technical 2.2 Important Physical and Chemical Properties Physical State: Liquid at normal temperatures. Color: Clear, water-white. Odor: Chloroform-like, ethereal. Vapor Density (Air = 1): 5.83 Boiling Point (760 mm.): 121.2C (250F). Melting Point: -23.35C (~8F). Flash Point: None. Corrosive: Suitably stabilized perchloroethylene may be used in the presence of air, water and light with any of the common construction metals at temperatures up to 140C (284F). Dangerously Reactive: No. Hygroscopic: No. Light Sensitive: No. See "Corrosive," above. Specific Gravity at 20/4C (68/39F) (Water = 1): 1.623 VAPOR PRESSURE OF PERCHLOROETHYLENE Temperature C F 14 22 35 50 65 75 95 105 121.2 57 72 95 122 149 167 203 221 250 Vapor Pressure mm Mercury 10.0 15.8 30.9 63.5 118.1 ' 173.3 350.0 481.0 760.0 3 SL 0294*6 Manual Slu-ot. SD-21 MAnu'Acturirxe ChemirtV Asnoc:ation, Inc I'erchloroct hy lcne 2.3 Hazardous Properties 2.3.1 HEALTH HAZARDS (See 8. HEALTH HAZARDS AND THEIR CON TROL). Perchloroethylene is toxic by inhalation, by prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, or when taken by mouth. The liquid can cause eye injuries. Although toxic, perchloroethylene may be handled safely if proper precautions are constantly observed. The generally recognized maximum allow able concentration is 200 parts per million by volume in air for an 8-hour working exposure. 2.3.2 FIRE HAZARD Perchloroethylene is nonflammable (See 6.2 Fire and Explosion Hazards). 3. USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS Percholoroethylene is not regulated by the In terstate Commerce Commission. 3.1 Type and Size Tank cars, ICC Spec. 103 or 103W. Metal drums, non-returnable, ICC Spec. 17E, 55 gallon maximum. 3.2 Label or Identification 8.2.1 Each container (including tank cars) should carry an identifying label or stencil. 3.2.2 The caution label to be placed on each container under the agreement between the United States Public Health Service and the producers is given below. 3.3 Disposal and Return Precautions 3.3.1 TANK CARS. Empty tank cars should be returned as promptly as possible in accordance with instructions received from the shipper. Shipper's routing instructions should always be followed strictly. 3.3.2 DRUMS. Before returning shipping containers to suppliers, usual precautions re garding the complete drainage of contents and the proper' closing of all openings should be observed. PERCHLORETHYLENE (Tetrachloroethylene) WARNING! VAPOR HARMFUL Use only with adequate ventilation Avoid prolonged or repeated breathing of vapor Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with the skin Do not take internally 4 SL 029447 Perchloroethylene Manufacturing Chemists* Association. Inc- Munual Sheet SD-24 4. UNLOADING AND EMPTYING (See also 3. USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS) 4.1 Health Hazards. (See 8. HEALTH HAZ ARDS AND THEIR CONTROL) Perchloroethylene is toxic by inhalation, by prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, or when taken by mouth. Although toxic, perchloroethylene may be han dled safely if proper precautions are con stantly observed. 4.2 Fire Hazard Perchloroethylene is nonflammable. (See 6.2. Fire and Explosion Hazards) 4.3 Tank Cars 4.3.1 Unloading operations should be con ducted by carefully instructed, reliable employ ees under adequate supervision (See 6.4 Em ployee Education and Training). 4.3.2 Care should be taken that the car is spotted accurately and that the track is level. 4.3.3 It is considered good practice that de rails be placed at one or both ends of the unload ing track approximately one car-length from the car being unloaded, unless the car is pro tected by a closed and locked switch or gate. 4.3.4 The hand-brake should be set and standard rail clamps should be installed to block the wheels at the time of unloading. Metal "caution" signs should be fastened to the track. Signs should be 12" x 15", painted light blue. The legend "STOP --TANK CAR CON NECTED," with the letters in "STOP" four inches high, should be used. Signs are avail able from safety equipment dealers. 4.3.5 Shipper's instructions for unloading should always be followed, and all caution markings on both sides of tank or dome should be read and observed. 4.3.6 In the event of a leak in the tank car or the fittings that cannot be stopped by fol lowing the previous instructions from the sup plier or by simple adjustment or tightening, the supplier should be immediately telephoned or wired for further instructions. 4.3.7 Normally, tank cars containing per chloroethylene are equipped with a bottom out let fitting, valve, and cap. After the operator is certain that the bottom outlet valve is closed, the cap should be removed with caution in theevent that solvent has collected below the bot tom outlet valve. The bottom outlet fitting should then be connected with standard pip ing to the suction side of the unloading pump which is to deliver the tank car contents to storage. 4.3.8 The dome cover should then be opened, taking due care to allow slow release of any pressure which may have accumulated in the car. 4.3.9 After the operator checks all valves and piping connections, the bottom outlet valve should be opened by operating the hand-wheel or lever just inside the car dome, and the pip ing inspected for leaks under the gravity head of solvent. If the connections are tight, the unloading can proceed by pumping from tank car to storage. (Further details as to bottom unloading of tank cars are set forth in MCA Manual TC-4). 4.4 Drums 4.4.1 Drums should be unloaded carefully to prevent damage. They should not be dropped or bumped. 4.4.2 Each shipment should be examined carefully for leaking ms. If any are found, they should be handle^ vith particular care by turning the leaking part up to prevent further leakage, and should be removed to a safe place where the leakage can be stopped by tightening the plug or by some other approved method. 4.4.3 Before emptying contents, the drums should be supported and blocked substantially to prevent movement. 4.4.4 A satisfactory method of removing perchloroethylene from drums is by means of a rotary pump. If emptied by gravity, the drum should be placed on a rack and a faucet inserted in the end bung. Faucets should have short shanks, threaded with Briggs standard straight iron pipethreads. A resilient gasket of suitable material should be used to insure a tight fit. Bung opening and faucet must have the same type and number of threads per inch (M.C.A. Manual Sheet D-32). Workmen should be protected from vapor and liquid. (See 6.5 Personal Protective Equipment). 4.4.5 To remove the body plug, the bung should be placed up and a bung or.plug wrench used. The operator should stand to one side 5 SL 029448 Manual Sheet SD-24 Manufacturing Chemists* Association, Inc, Perchloroethylene and face away during the operation. After plug starts, one full turn should be given. If accumulated internal pressure vents, it should be allowed to drop to atmospheric pressure; then only should the plug be loosened further or removed. 5. STORAGE 5.1 Hazards 5.1.1 HEALTH HAZARDS (See 8. HEALTH HAZARDS AND THEIR CON TROL). Perchloroethylene is toxic by inhalation, by prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, or when taken by mouth. Although toxic, perchloroethylene may be han dled safely if proper precautions are constantly observed. 5.1.2 FIRE HAZARD (See 6.2 Fire and Explosion Hazards). 5.1.3 CORROSION, Under normal condi tions, perchloroethylene may be stored satis factorily in galvanized iron, black iron or steel equipment (see 2.2 Important Physical and Chemical Properties). 5.1.4 VOLATILITY, Perchloroethylene is less volatile than water. (See 2.2 Important Physical and Chemical Properties). 5.2 Conditions of Storage 5.2.1 Each tank, either vertical or hori zontal, should have a top and bottom manhole, at least 22 inches in diameter, in addition to filling, vent, and measuring device openings, which should be 2-inch flanged connections in the top of the tank. A 2-inch or 21/4-mch bot tom outlet should be provided for unloading and for use as a drain during clean-out operations. Vertical tanks should be of the closed top de sign and the top should be caulked or welded vapor-tight. 5.2.2 Each storage tank should have a vent large enough (usually 2-inch) to permit the escape of vapor during filling. Vents from in door tanks should terminate outdoors, in such a location that escaping vapor will not con taminate any work space air. (The vent is usually protected against entry of moist air by being extended down over the side of the tank into a drying chamber filled with lump calcium chloride for removal of moisture in the air. It is recommended that a tee be provided in this line above the drying chamber so that a mer cury seal *4 inch deep can be installed as a safety vent in case tne chamber plugs from excess moisture. Mercury should not be spilled in any work space, and open mercury surfaces in work spaces should be avoided). 5.2.3 Although perchloroethylene is non flammable, because of various possible hazards such as danger from lightning or the proximity of other storage tanks containing flammable liquids, safe practice would indicate that per chloroethylene storage tanks should be ade quately grounded to .discharge static electricity. (See NFPA pamphlet "Static Electricity"). Local conditions should determine in each case whether or not storage tanks should be grounded. 5.2.4 Drums of perchloroethylene should be stored in a cool place, bung up. To prevent evaporation losses, bungs should be kept tight at all times. 5.2.5 Ventilation should be provided at the floor level, as well as in the usual higher loca tions. Note that vapor is 5.83 times heavier than air (see 2.2 Important Physical and Chem ical Properties). Perchloroethylene should not be stored in pits, depressions, basements, or un ventilated areas. 6. HANDLING 6.1 Health Hazards (See 8. HEALTH HAZ ARDS AND THEIR CONTROL). Perchloroethylene is toxic by inhalation, by prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, or when taken by mouth. Although toxic, perchloroethylene may be han dled safely if proper precautions are constantly observed. 6.2 Fire and Explosion Hazards 6.2.1 Perchloroethylene is nonflammable and nonexplosive. It will not support combus tion. 6.2.2 Perchloroethylene vapor exposed to high temperatures, such as occur in open flames and open electric heaters, may be decomposed to toxic, and corrosive substances. Such com bustion products should be vented to the out side of the building. 6.3 Spills and Leakage 6.3.1 Spills should be cleaned up- immedi ately. Employees performing this work should SL 029449 Perchloroethylene Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. Manual Sheet SD-24 wear adequate personal protective equipment (See 6.5 Personal Protective Equipment). 6.3.2 Rags or mops wet with perchloro ethylene should be placed in closed containers or in a safe place out of doors until they can be dried safely. -_6.3.3 Clothing wet with perchloroethylene should be removed immediately. The clothing should not be used again until dry and free from the odor of perchloroethylene. Clothing should be dried out of doors or in a properly ventilated area. 6.4 Employee Education and Training (See 8.2.3 Employee Education). 6.4.1 Safety in handling perchloroethylene (and other hazardous chemical products) de pends upon the effectiveness of employee edu cation, training, and-supervision. 6.4.2 The education and training of em ployees to work safely and to use the personal protective equipment or other safeguards pro vided for them is a responsibility of supervi sion. 6.4.3 Employee education and training should emphasize the need of handling per chloroethylene according to the methods out lined in this manual. 6.4.4 Before being placed on the job, new employees should be thoroughly instructed and quizzed in respect to the proper handling of perchloroethylene. Older employees should be reinstructed and quizzed periodically. Each employee should be instructed not to use per chloroethylene for personal cleaning purposes. 6.4.5 Each employee should know the lo cation, purpose, use, and maintenance of per sonal protective equipment and be thoroughly trained in when and how to use it. (See 8.3 Personal Protective Equipment) 6.4.6 Each employee should know the lo cation of safety showers, bubbler drinking fountains for flushing the eyes, and faucets for washing out hose lines. 6.4.7 Only reliable, dependable, and prop erly trained employees should be given the re sponsibility of operating valves which control the flow of perchloroethylene to and from stor age tanks, tank cars, and containers. 6.4.8 Employees should be trained to report to the proper authority all suspected leaks or equipment failures, and any signs of illness or skin afflictions. 6.4.9 Each employee should know what to do in an emergency (See 6.3 Spills and Leak age) and in rendering first-aid measures (see 8.4 First Aid and Medical Treatment), and should realize the necessity for prompt admin istration of first aid in case of contact with per chloroethylene or exposure to the vapor. 6.5 Personal Protective Equipment 6.5.1 AVAILABILITY AND USE The following personal protective equip ment should always be used for the purposes mentioned and as specified in 8. HEALTH HAZARDS AND THEIR CONTROL and in other sections of this Manual Sheet. Personal protective equipment is not an adequate substitute for good, safe working con ditions, adequate ventilation, and intelligent conduct on the part of employees working with perchloroethylene. Such equipment may pro tect the individual wearing it while others in the area may be exposed to danger. The cor rect usage of personal protective equipment requires the education of the worker in the proper employment of the equipment available to him (see 6.4 Employee Education and Train ing). Under conditions which are sufficiently hazardous to require protective equipment, its use should be carefully supervised. In all cases, the type of protecting equipment selected should depend upon the degree of hazard ex isting. 6.5.2 EYE PROTECTION 6.5.2.1 Chemical Safety Goggles. Cup type or rubber framed goggles equipped with approved impact resistant glass or plastic lens should be worn whenever there is danger of the material coming in contact with the eyes. Gog gles should be carefully fitted by adjusting the nose piece and head band to insure maximum protection and comfort. 6.5.2.2 Spectacle Type Safety Goggles. Metal or plastic rim safety spectacles with un perforated side shields which can be obtained with prescription safety lens or suitable all plastic goggles may be used where continuous eye protection is desirable. These types, how ever, -should riot be used where complete eye protection against chemicals is needed. 6.5.2.3 Face Shields. Plastic shields (full length, 8 inch minimum) with forehead pro tection may be worn in lieu of, or in addition to, chemical safety goggles, where complete face protection is desirable. Chemical safety Manual Sheet SD-21 Manufacturing Chemists* Association. Inc. Pcrehloroct hylene goggles should always be worn as added pro tection where there is danger of material strik ing the eyes from underneath or from around the sides of the face shield. 6.5.3 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Respiratory Protective Equipment must be carefully maintained, inspected, cleaned and sterilized at regular intervals, and always be fore use by another person. Personnel wear ing such equipment must be carefully in structed in its operation and limitations. 6.5.3.1 Air or oxygen supplied masks, equipped with full face pieces, must be worn for protection where an oxygen deficiency less than 16 per cent by volume or a concentra tion of a harmful gas above 2 per cent by vol ume may be encountered, such as: (a) In emergencies when the vapor concen tration is not definitely known. (b) When the harmful vapor concentration is over 2 per cent by volume or lacks a distinguishable odor. (c) When the oxygen content of the air may be less than 16 per cent by volume. (d) In tank and equipment cleaning and re pair work. (e) When the exposure period is to be over 30 minutes duration. Only masks approved by the United States Bu reau of Mines should be used and the manu facturer's instructions must be carefully fol lowed. Types generally available include: (a) Air line masks supplied by plant com pressed air are suitable for use only where conditions will permit safe es cape in case of failure of the compressed air supply. Such masks should be used only in conjunction with a suitable re ducing or demand type valve and filter. The compressed air should be checked frequently to make certain that harm ful gases from the decomposition of the lubricating oil used in the compressor or from impure air supply are not present. (b) Positive pressure hose masks supplied by externally lubricated blowers are usually preferred to the air line type. Since these masks also depend on a re mote air supply, they should be used only where conditions will permit safe escape in the event of an air supply failure. Care must be taken to locate the blower or air source in an area which is free from air contaminants. (c) Self-contained breathing apparatus which permits the wearer to carry a supply of oxygen or air compressed in a cylinder, or the self generating type which produces oxygen chemically, al low for grea;er mobility. The length of time a self-contained breathing appa ratus provides protection varies accord ing to the amount of air or oxygen sup ply carried. In tank work where small manholes ara encountered, a self-containe breathing apparatus is usually unsuitable because of its bulk. 6.S.3.2 Industrial canister type gas masks, approved by the United States Bureau of Mines, fitted with the proper canister for absorbing perchloroethylene vapor, (or ga.j, and equipped with full face pieces, will afford protection against concentrations not exceed ing 2 per cent by volume when used in accord ance with the manufacturer's instructions. The oxygen content of the air must be not less than 16 per cent by volume. The masks should be used for relatively short exposure periods only, i.e., for less than 30 minutes. They may not be suitable for use in an emergency since at that time the actual vapor concentration is unknown and it may be very high. The wearer must be warned to leave the contaminated area imme diately on detecting the odor of harmful vapor. This is an indication that the mask is not func tioning properly or that the vapor concentra tion is too high. NOTE: Where carbon monoxide may be encountered in addition to perchloroethylene, and in case the possibility of such dual ex posure exists, the workers should be provided with air or oxygen supplied masks in addition to masks equipped with all-purpose canisters and timing devices as approved by the United States Bureau of Mines. 6.5.4 HEAD PROTECTION 6.5.4.1 Safety, or "Hard" hats will pro vide protection against accidental liquid leaks, falling tools, or other objects. G.5.4.2 Brimmed felt hats may be sub stituted for safety hats where the danger of falling objects is remote. 6.5.5' FOOT PROTECTION Leather or rubber safety shoes with built in steel toe caps are recommended. Rubbers may be worn over leather safety shoes. 6.5.6 BODY, SKIN, AND HAND PRO TECTION 8 SL 029451 Perchloroethylene Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. Manual Sheet SD-24 6.5.6.1 Aprons made of solvent-proof plastics, oil-resisting synthetic rubber or other suitable protective material should be used for protection against accidental contact with perchloroethylene. G.5.6.2 Gloves made of oil-resisting syn thetic rubber or other suitable protective ma terial should be worn to protect the hands from perchloroethylene. the use of perchloroethylene in the dry clean ing industry. Such equipment, however, ex hausts the greater part of the solvent vapor to the outside atmosphere, thereby minimizing exposure of the worker. Proper design of the machine insures against leakage of solvent liq uid and vapor during the cleaning operation. Partially closed systems are likewise adapted to metal degreasing operations in some convey orized vapor units. 6.6 Engineering Controls 6.6.4 VAPOR MEASUREMENTS c 6.6.1 LOCATION OF PROCESS. Proc 6.6.4.1 When checking concentrations of esses should not be located near open flames, open electric heaters or high temperature oper perchloroethylene vapor in the atmosphere, care is required to make certain that the sam ations, since perchloroethylene vapor exposed ple is representative of the air breathed by to such high temperatures may be decomposed the workers, and of the daily fluctuations which to toxic and corrosive substances (see 6.2.2.). may occur. 6.6.2 DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT. Proc esses should be designed so that the operator is not exposed to direct contact with perchloro ethylene or its vapor. The technical problems of designing equipment, providing adequate 6.6.4.2 Continuous recording instru ments, arranged to give audible and visible sig nals when a predetermined concentration of perchloroethylene vapor in air is reached, are available. ventilation, and formulating operational pro cedures which promise maximum security and economy, can be handled best by engineers and 6.6.4.3 Testing methods are described in the following references: safety experts. The manufacturers of per chloroethylene, and of the equipment in which it is to be used, are always prepared to help Flame Test Method, Using the Halide Torch: V, A. Stenger et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 11:121 (1939) with these problems, and to assist in maintain F. H. Goldman, J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 25 .-181 ing safe working conditions. In most States, (1943) authoritative advice and assistance may also Thermal Decomposition Method: be obtained from the industrial hygiene divi sion of the State Health Department, or from J. C. Olsen et al,, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 8:260 (1936) H. F. Smyth, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal., 5:379 (1936) the Labor Department. H. Elkins et al., J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 20:474 (1937) j 6.6.3 SYSTEM TYPES. Depending upon the process, perchloroethylene is commonly used in the two systems described below. Either B. D. Tebbens, J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 10:204 (1937) W. F. von Oettingen, J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 10:413 (1937) one of the two system types may be adapted to Vapor Pressure Method; other various uses of. perchloroethylene, C. Couchman et al., J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 21 -250 (1939)- 6.6.3.1 For the vapor degreasing of met / V. als, equipment manufacturers have designed special open type machines in which the solvent K. Kay et al., J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 21:264 (1939) L. Silverman et al., J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 21:270 (1939) liquid and vapor are controlled by balanced heat Gas Interferometer Method: input and adequate cooling capacity. Where vapor degreasing units are installed in loca F. A. Patty, J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 21:469 (1939) G. Harrold et al., J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 21:491 (1939) tions free from draft conditions and used to Absorption Methods: clean free draining material, an exhaust is not W. Cook et al., J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., IS; 194 ordinarily required. However, where either the (1936) .. location or the nature of the work leads to more than normal diffusion losses or substantial va porization, an exhaust system should be in stalled. L. Cralley et al., J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 25:172 (1943) Photometric Method: V. F. Hanson, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., U;119 (1941) 6.6.3.2 Both completely closed and par tially closed equipment has been designed for Colorimetric Method: H. M. Barrett, J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 15:341 (1936) 9 SL 029^52 Manual Sheet SD-24 Manufacturing Chemists' Association. Inc. Perchloroethylene 6.7 Ventilation 6.7.1 General ventilation should be ade quate for processes conducted in closed or par tially closed equipment, but mechanical ex haust ventilation, preferably of the downdraft type, may be provided for clean-out and other special operations. Open top vapor degreasers, however, should be provided with suitable baf fles and otherwise protected from drafts to avoid entrainment of perchloroethylene vapors. Where equipment is located in pits or depres sions, separate mechanical exhaust ventilation should be in stalled at the lowest level. 6.7.2 Intakes to exhaust ventilating systems should be as close as possible to the point where the vapor escapes or to the source of contami nation and designed to draw the vapor away from the operator but not across his face. 6.8 Tank and Equipment Cleaning and Re pairs 6.8.1 The hazardous nature of tank and equipment inspection, cleaning, and repairs re quires that the foreman and crew be selected, trained, and drilled carefully. They should be fully familiar with the hazards, and the safe guards necessary for the safe performance of the work. Written approval should be secured from the Plant Management or Safety Depart ment before such work is started. All tank work should be under the direct supervision of a foreman. 6.8.2 Wherever possible, enclosures should be cleaned from the outside, using the clean out doors. 6.8.3 Pipe lines into or out of the tank or other apparatus should be shut off, discon nected, preferably by removing a complete small section, and a blank flange should be in stalled on the open end to protect against human error and unsuspected leaks. Valves, cocks, and blank flanges in the pipe line should not alone be relied upon. 6.8.4 Danger signs should be placed suit ably to indicate when workmen are in the tank or other apparatus. 6.8.5 It should be assured that the tank can be left by the original entrance. 6.8.6 Electrical switches should be locked in the off position, the drive belts should be re moved, and provision should be made against accidentally starting the agitating equipment or other moving parts located inside the tank or adjacent to the entrance. Some state regu lations require that the agitating equipment be disconnected. 6.8.7 Before entering a tank and during the course of the work, tests should be made by a qualified person to determine that no further drying is necessary, that no oxygen deficiency exists, and that no harmful gas or vapor is present. 6.8.8 Before directing men to enter a tank, an inspection of the interior should be made by the foreman who should be equipped with a hose mask, an air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus, together with rescue har ness and life line. Another responsible person should be on guard during the inspection. 6.8.9 Special ventilation and a continuous fresh air supply are recommended during the entire time men are cleaning, inspecting or re pairing the tank. 6.8.10 Proper personal protective equip ment should be worn by anyone entering a tank for inspection, cleaning, or repairs (see 6.5 Personal Protective Equipment, and 8.3 Personal Protective Equipment). 6.8.11 One man on the outside of the tank should keep the men in the tank under constant observation, and at least two other men should be available to aid in rescue if any of those in the tank are overcome. 6.8.12 A hose mask, an air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus, together with rescue harness and life line, should be located outside the tank entrance. This equip ment should be used for rescue, regardless of the type of respiratory protection or the air supply which is provided for employees inside the tank. 6.8.13 In addition to protecting the work men actually engaged in cleaning and repairing the tank, attention should be paid to the pro tection of workers in nearby areas. 6.8.14 Although perchloroethylene is non flammable, safe practice would indicate that the portable electric lights and power tools should be of the three-wire, grounded, explosion-proof type approved for use in hazardous locations. They should be maintained in excellent condi tion. 6.8.15 Cleaning or making repair inside a tank may be hazardous even though the tank contained a non-toxic, nonflammable material. In addition to the above and to the precautions 10 SL 029453 I'crchloroethylene Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. ];A it11.1 a 1 Shoot SU-21 generally recommended for tank work, further precautions are recommended as follows: (a) Before entering the tank, it should be emptied, dried and clear of perchloroethylene vapor. (b) Since perchloroethylene vapor is 5.83 times heavier than air, the tank may be venti lated through openings in the bottom, or by a mechanical exhaust with intake at the lowest part of the vessel. (c) Ventilation should be continued dur ing cleaning, repairing or inspection. 6.9 Repackaging and Blending 6-9.1 The repacker should carefully re view this entire manual and become familiar with the hazardous properties of perchloro ethylene and the safeguards which should be taken to handle it safely. Only ICC specifica tion containers should be used (see 3.1) and they should be labeled properly (see 3.2). 6.9.2 Repackaging should be done with adequate attention to the health hazards in volved (see 8. HEALTH HAZARDS AND THEIR CONTROL). 6.9.3 Special labeling on small contain ers may be required by State statutes, regula tions, or ordinances (see 3.2 Label or Identi fication) . 6.9.4 Percholorethylene may be added to flammable solvents to form less flammable or relative nonflammable mixtures. It should be noted, however, if the flammable solvent is less volatile than perchloroethylene, that the mix ture will tend to become more and more flam mable on evaporation. If the flammable portion is more volatile than perchloroethylene, the va por may be highly flammable although the liquid mixture is nonflammable. 6.9.5 When perchloroethylene is added to other solvents, the health hazards of the va rious components of the mixture must be given careful consideration. 6.9.6 The addition of other products to per chloroethylene may affect its corrosive proper ties. 7. WASTE DISPOSAL 7.1 Waste disposal of perchloroethylene and materials containing it depends to a great ex tent upon local conditions. It should be assured that all Federal, State and local regu lations regarding health and pollution are followed. The supplier will be able to furnish good advice. 7.2 The residue from distillations of perchlor oethylene may be poured on dry sand, earth, or ashes at a safe distance from occupied areas and allowed to evaporate. 8. HEALTH HAZARDS AND THEIR CONTROL This section includes not only recognized first aid procedures and information of interest to the layman, but also suggestions which may be of value to the attending physician. 8.1 Hazards 8.1.1 Perchloroethylene is toxic by inhala tion, by prolonged and repeated contact with skin or mucous membranes or by oral intake. Although toxic, perchloroethylene may be han dled safely if proper precautions are constantly observed. Prolonged, excessive, or repeated ex posures to the product in any form are haz ardous. 8.1.2 The signs and symptoms of per chloroethylene poisoning are the result of ef fects on the nervous system (narcosis), lungs, skin and mucous membranes. In contrast to chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, injuries to the liver and kidneys are rare. When such injuries occur they are usually of slight degree. The clinical picture varies with the type of exposure and the amount of the chemical prod uct which is absorbed either at one time or at repeated times. 8.1.3 Symptoms of excessive exposure in clude irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, sleepiness, cough, cramps in the abdomen, nau sea, and in some cases excitement. 8.1.4 TOXIC EFFECTS AFTER INHA LATION. The generally accepted maximum allowable concentration in air is 200 parts pc,, million by volume for an 8-hour dav. When exposed to higher concentrations of vapor, workers usually complain of tears and burning of the eyes and irritation of the nose and tlnoaL There may also be nausea, vomiting, drowsi ness, an attitude of irresponsibility and even an appearance resembling that of alcoholic -in toxication. Like other chlorinated hydrocar bons, perchloroethylene acts as an anesthetic. 11 SL 029*5* Manual Shoot SD-21 Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc, I'crchloroc thy lone 8.1.4.1 Acute Poisoning 8.1.4.1.1 When the worker inhales an excessive amount of vapor within a short pe riod of time, acute poisoning may occur. The first reaction is irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, and fullness in the head with mental confusion. There may be headache, dizziness, stupefaction, nausea, and vomiting. 8.1.4.1.2 Some conditions under which acute poisoning may occur are as follows: (a) By accident, such as equiment failure, (b) When workers enter enclosures or tanks without having taken adequate precau tions (see 6.8 Tank and Equipment Cleaning and Repairs). (c) When perchloroethylene is handled care lessly (see 6.4 Employee Education and Training). 8.1.4.2 SubacUte Poisoning 8.1.4.2.1 Subacute perchloroethylene poisoning may result from prolonged or re peated work in an atmosphere containing a concentration of perchloroethylene of over 200 parts per million, but under conditions in which the amount absorbed is not sufficient to cause acute symptoms during a few hours' exposure. 8.1.4.2.2 Workers with subacute poison ing may become acutely ill and suffer from such symptoms as headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, mental confusion and temporary blurring of the vision. 8.1.4.2.3 Some conditions under which subacute poisoning may occur are as follows: (a) Where the ventilation is inadequate, re sulting in concentrations of higher than 200 parts per million of perchloroethy lene, (b) Where the vapor concentrations are high intermittently, due to faulty han dling of the liquid, (c) Failure of the individual to take ade quate precautionary measures. 8.1.5 TOXIC EFFECTS FROM EXTER NAL CONTACT 8.1.5.1 Skin. Perchloroethylene may cause dermatitis after repeated or prolonged contact with the skin, as occurs1 in prolonged or re peated handling of rags wet with the chemical product, dipping hands into the liquid, and wearing clothing saturated with it. Reddening, burning and, rarely, blisters may follow such exposure. The skin becomes rough, red and dry due largely to the removal of skin oils. It cracks easily and is readily susceptible to in fection. The skin has a chapped appearance. Some individuals show more intense effects from skin contacts than do others, and those found to be hypersensitive to perchloroethy lene should be permanently kept away from further contact. 8.1.5.2. Eyes. Perchloroethylene may en ter the eyes either as a vapor or a liquid (spray or splash). The resultant irritation produces lacrimation, burning and other symptoms of inflammation. 8.1.6 TOXIC EFFECTS AFTER ORAL INTAKE. The initial symptoms after toxic amounts of perchloroethylene are taken by mouth are those of irritation of the gastro intestinal tract such as nausea, vomiting, diar rhea and bloody stools. Such effects are usu ally less severe than from swallowing similar amounts of the other chlorinated hydrocar bons. The patient may complain of dizziness, perspire freely and become drowsy and later stuporous. 8.2 Prevention and Control 8.2.1 VENTILATION 8.2.1.1 The most important factor in prevention of toxic effects is to have sufficient ven tilation to keep the concentration of vapor in the air below 200 parts per million. The odor of perchloroethylene is distinct and noticeable even in relatively safe concentrations, but it is weaker than that of trichloroethylene. 8.2.2 STORAGE AND LABELING. Con tainers should be labeled properly and closed tightly to minimize the danger of evaporation and spillage. 8.2.3 EMPLOYEE EDUCATION (see 6.4 Employee Education and Training). 8.2.3.1 Employees should be instructed to report any signs or symptoms of a substand ard physical condition and to request medical attention. 8,.2.3.2 Those working regularly with perchloroethylene may well be provided with a folder explaining the dangerous properties of this material and containing a statement of proper precautions to observe. 8.2.4 PREPLACEMENT PHYSICAL EX AMINATIONS. Careful preplacement physi- 12 SL 029455 Perchloroethylene Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. Manual Shod SD-21 cal examinations should be made of prospec tive users of perchloroethylene. Such exami nations should include a history of any unusual susceptibility, particularly to this material. Generally, individuals in the following groups should not be exposed to perchloroethylene: (a) Alcoholics (b) Those with marked over or underweight (c) Those with disease of the lungs, liver, kidneys or heart, with high blood pres sure, or with chronic skin conditions. 8.2.5 PERIODIC PHYSICAL EXAMINA TIONS. Employees who are exposed regularly to perchloroethylene should be examined, at least semiannually, by a physician acquainted with the occupational hazards involved. Physi cal examinations should be required also when any symptoms of poisoning such as those enu merated above are present. Discovery of symp toms of perchloroethylene poisoning may indi cate some defect in operation. This would serve to indicate also that other exposed employees should be examined for early signs of poisoning. 8.3 Personal Protective Equipment (See also 6.5 Personal Protective Equipment). 8.3.1 Personal protective equipment is not a permissable substitute for good, safe work ing conditions nor for adequate ventilation. Such equipment may protect the individual wearing it while others in the operation may be exposed to high concentrations of vapor. Equipment requires regular inspection, clean ing and replacement. This is especially true of industrial gas masks, since the canister con tents and oxygen tanks become exhausted. The correct use of personal protective equipment requires education of the worker and careful supervision whenever such equipment is util ized. (See 6.4 Employee Education and Train ing). 8-3.2 Employees who may be subjected to severe exposures to perchloroethylene vapor as in tank cleaning and repair work (see 6.8 Tank and Equipment Cleaning and Repairs), in intermittent operations where general ventila tion is not practical, in cases of failure of pip ing or equipment, and in cleaning up spills, should be provided when indicated with proper eye and respiratory protection as follows: (a) Suitable gas-tight chemical safety gog gles and/or face shields (see 6.5.2 Eye Protection), (b) Rescue harness and lifeline for those entering a tank or enclosed storage space. An outside attendant should maintain constant observation (see 6.8 Tank and Equipment Cleaning and Re pairs), (c) Air or oxygen supplied masks (see 6.5.3 Respiratory Protection), (d) Industrial gas masks, (see 6.5.3.2 and note), with canisters approved by the United States Bureau of Mines for use in perchloroethylene vapor, should be used only when it is certain that the con centration of vapor is less than 2 per cent (20,000 parts per million) and there is no atmospheric oxygen defi ciency, and then only for exposures not exceeding one-half hour. 8.3.3 To prevent dermatitis or other effects of direct contact of perchloroethylene with the skin, employees should be provided with: (a) Aprons (see 6.5.6.1) (b) Gloves (see 6.5.6.2) (c) Acid-type goggles where there is danger of splashing (see 6.5.2.I) CAUTION: Protective creams cannot be relied upon to afford adequate protection. 8.3.4 Facilities for personal cleanliness should be provided and time allowed for thor ough washing before lunch and at the end of the work day. 8.3.5 Careful cleansing with mild soap, fol lowed by the use of an oily cream containing lanolin to replace skin oils which may have been dissolved by perchloroethylene, is an impor tant aid in preventing dermatitis. 8.3.6 Reliable safety equipment manufac turers can supply appropriate protective equip ment if they are informed accurately of the particular product in use. 8.4 First Aid and Medical Treatment 8.4.1 , GENERAL PRINCIPLES 8.4.1.1 Most important in the case of any poisoning is quick removal from exposure. In the case of perchloroethylene poisoning, this means first removing the patient from the con taminated atmosphere and, insofar as possible, removing -the perchloroethylene from the pa- 13 029'-S`> SU Manual Sheet SD-2-1 Manufacturing Chemists' Association. Inc. Perchloroethylene tient's skin, or gastro-intestinal tract, if these areas are involved. 8.4.1.2 The patient should be given fresh air by moving him to a well ventilated room and by dispersing any crowd. If breathing has ceased, artificial respiration should be started at once. 8.4.1.3 The patient should be kept quiet and comfortably warm, but not hot. 8.4.1.4 A physician should be called im mediately. He should be told briefly and clearly what has happened and the exact location of the patient. Nothing should be given by mouth to an unconscious patient. 8.4.2 SPECIFIC ACTIONS 8.4.2.1 Inhalation. A person showing symptoms of perchloroethylene vapor poison ing should be removed promptly from the con taminated area. In case breathing has stopped, effective artificial respiration, such as that ob tained by the prone pressure method or the Eve rocking method should be started immedi ately. If oxygen inhalation apparatus is avail able, oxygen should be administered, but only if one familiar with the operation of the ap paratus is present to administer it. If the pa tient is conscious, hot tea or coffee may be givenas a stimulant. Adrenalin should never be given to a person suffering from perchloroethylene poisoning, A physician should be called at once. 8.4.2.2 Skin Contact. All contaminated clothing should be removed at once. Clothing, including shoes, soaked in perchloroethylene should be removed and not worn again until thoroughly free from perchloroethylene. All affected areas should be washed thoroughly with warm water and soap. After this an oint ment containing lanolin should be applied in order to help in replacing the natural skin oils. For serious or persistent cases of skin trouble and for signs and symptoms of generalized poisoning, a physician should be consulted. 8.4.2.3 Contact with Eyes. If liquid per chloroethylene has entered the eyes, they should be washed promptly with copious quantities of water' for at least 15 minutes. (It is advisable to irrigate the eyes gently with water at room temperature in order to minimize additional pain or discomfort.) Medical attention should be obtained in all cases involving contact with the eyes. 8.4.2.4 Taken Internally. If a person has swallowed perchloroethylene he should be made to vomit, if conscious, by having him drink a glassful or'more of lukewarm water in which a teaspoonful of salt to the glassful has been dissolved; or a similar amount of warm soapy water may be used. If necessary, the patient should be encouraged to stick his finger down his throat to induce vomiting. When possible, vomiting should be induced at least three times. Following this a tablespoonful of Epsom Salt dissolved in a glass of water should be given. A physician should be called at once. The medical information in this publication has been supplied by the Medical Advisory Committee of the Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. 14 Si, 02945