Document QXQZjOKyjB1xJ9dmDYGb0mqEE

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1961 DOC#: NSC208 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC National Safety Congress Transactions Vol. 1 Occupational Health Hazards-Medical Aspects & Some Observations on Occupational Dermatoses National Saiety Congress Transactions VOL. i RAL ^ EONS L INDEX O F ALL VOLUMES f COUNGL Avenue sensitization. They are inclined to ignore the warnings because in many eases the kin reactions do not appear until several months after a person lias started work ing with the resin. Once a reaction has developed, they must exercise even greater care then required initially in order to pre vent a recurrence. High Energy Fuels The race for missile supremacy and the conquering of space has confronted us with increased problems of exposure to high energy fuels and their decomposition prod ucts. Among these arc hydrazine and theboranes -- diborane,. pentaborane and decahorane. Hydrazine finds its use as a propellant fuel, either alone or with other compounds such as nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide or oxygen. It has a maximum allowable con centration of one (1) part per million, and in addition to the inhalation hazard, the material is absorbed through the skin. It is primarily a central nervous system stimulant causing excitement, convulsions and cyanosis. Diborane is a gas at room temperature and has a maximum allowable concentra tion of 0.1 part per million. Inhalation produces congestion, edema and hemorrhage in the lungs. Its toxicity is comparable to that of phosgene. Pentaborane is a volatile liquid with a tentative maximum allowable concentration of 0.005 pan per million; however; it is recommended that the exposure be kept as near to zqm is is possible since no medi cal preventive or therapeutic agent has yet been developed for this compound. Dccaborane is a solid having a tentative maximum allowable concentration of 0.05 part per million. Both dccaborane and pentaborane attack the central nervous sys tem. Protection is best afforded by the use of air-supplied respirators or cartridge-type respirators that are specifically designed and designated for protection against these com pounds. In concluding this brief discussion, may I point out to you that the services of your local, state, and federal health agen cies are always available to you. Should you desire information on the potential health hazard associated with any material or process to which you or your associates are exposed in your particular place of work, feel free to contact any one of them for assistance in evaluating the problem. REFERENCES 1. Easton. William II., "Smoko and Fire Gases," Industrial Medicine, Vol. II. No. 10. p. 467, Oct., 1942. 2. Eisenbud, M., et al. J. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, p. 2S2, 1049. 3. Haggard, Howard W. and Henderson, iandell, "Noxious Gases," Reinhold Publish ing Corp., 1943. 4. Stokinger, Herbert E.. Pli.E., Industrial Hygiene Quarterly, p. 311, Sept., 1956. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS -- MEDICAL ASPECTS / By H ER B ER T K. ABRAMS, M.D. Medical Director, Union Health Service, Inc., Chicago I would like to quote from a famous writer his description of a "modern" com munity : It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red it the smoke and asbes had allowed it: but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed them selves for ever and ever, and never got un coiled. It had a black canal in it. and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vast pile.* of buildings fuli of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling ah (lay lung, and where the piston of tne steam engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness. It contained several large streets all very like one another, amt many small streets still more like one another, in habited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pave ments, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and tomorrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the next. . . . Jo l National Safely Congress Vsto!' An<l, there is a lung disease and in workers in the tnanfacture of iminr, abrasives, called `Shaver's disease' ftcr Dr. Shaver who described it). The :st has high concentrations of alumina a! silica. Diaiomaceous earth, a form of ee silica, similar!}' causes serious lung -case. And there is byssinosis, - resultvfrom the inhalation of cotton dust. Una handful of years ago, some of the :erts insisted that many dusts when in: d into the lungs were inert; that is, produced no effect on the body. Howr. as we learn more, we find that these called "nuisance" dusts are also capable causing disease. For example, talc, codum, feldspar, graphite, porcelain, barita, '.ent, mica, slate, kaolin, and many others, '.ven fanners,' as well as grain handlers he holds of ships, suffer from a respira. disability when inhaling large amounts grain dust. They develop chronic bron:> w:\li shortness of breath, cough, etc. onic bronchitis can result from inhala- of irritating dusts, fumes and gases: example; phosphorus chloride and other tile chloride compounds, acid fumes, 'gene, nitrous gases, aldehydes, solvents other chemicals. ne of the leading toxicologists in the :`ry, Dr. Herbert Stokinger, of the lie'"Health Service, points out that: , our experience with occupational lung ises makes it difficult to escape the conon that all dusts, irrespective. of their re, if .breathed in sufficient quantity and sufficient time, may cause profound damto the lung, and emphasizes the desira' of the physician's obtaining an ace and thorough history on individuals icled of pulmonary disease.5 r Chronic Diseases 1 me discuss a few more of the chronic se hazards, since these arc the chief lational health problems of the present The chlorinated hydrocarbons, such trbon tetrachloride, represent a large i of chemicals used in industry. These amage the liver and the kidneys. The ;cals known as aromatic amines, reprel by beta naptbylamine, used in the Facturr of dye and other conunodilavc been proven to cause cancer of rinary bladder. The central nervous \--that is, the brain and spinal cord be affected by many chemicals. TetraIcad causes severe brain disease called inlopatliy. Manganese, one of the im portant industrial metals, causes a disease that is remarkably similar to multiple sclerosis. Carbon disulphide may cause se vere nervous system effects, affecting the nerves, muscles, and brain. Serious and sometimes fatal blood dis eases may be caused by exposure to benzol. Of course, we know that ionizing radiation in any form--whether through exposure to X-rays or radioactive chemicals--may cause fatal blood diseases as well as various types of cancer. The bones can be affected byexposure to radioactive chemicals, fluorides, phosphorous, and other chemicals. Cadmium affects the lungs and kidneys. The heart may be affected by the metal known as antimony, and possibly by nitro glycerin, and there have been a number of reports that the heart may also be affected by brucellosis infection, which occurs among slaughter house workers and farmers. Nitroglycerin and related chemicals used in the manufacture of dynamite and other explosives make an interesting story and illustrate some of the problems in occupa tional medicine. Workers have been ex posed to this group of chemicals for many years. They have known for many years the severe headaches this chemical causes. For years, also, we have heard reports of sudden deaths among workers exposed to nitroglycerin. We do know that this chemical has a powerful effect on the body. It causes profound reduction in blood pres sure, severe headaches, palpitation of the heart, nausea and vomiting, fainting, dizzi ness, and other symptoms. It can also cause skin inflammation. Whether it can cause heart disease is disputed. Even though we have known this chemical for many years, there has been insufficient investigation of the health hazards, and inadequate preventive measures. Cancer Occupational cancer is one of our most serious problems. It also provides us with a remarkable opportunity to study cancer in general. The first breakthrough in the mystery of cancer came with the discovery of an occupational cancer. In 1775, in Eng land, Dr. Pcrciva! Pott called attention l<> soot as a cause of cancer of the scrotum in chimney sweeps, These were little boys who climbed into the chimneys to clean them out. Years after working in this o occupation, they died of cancer of the scrotum, which was traced to the soot which penetrated their clothing. Similarly, for years we have known that an excessive number of uranium miners in Europe have died of lung cancer. (Recent studies in our own uranium mines reveal dangerously high exposures.') Since then numerous other chemicals, in addition to ionizing radiation, have been demonstrated to be capable of causing, or contributing to the development of, cancer in various parts of the body. Some examples are beta naphthalamme, which I mentioned earlier, causing cancer of the urinary blad der, coal tars which can cause cancer of the skin, chromates which cause cancer of the lung, and many others. Recent studies have focused suspicion of lung cancer hazards in the work of welders, sheet metal workers and other metal workers. Skin Diseases Skin diseases are, as you know, the most frequent type of occupational disease which we see. Most of them result from direct irritation by chemical or physical agents. A smaller number result from an allergic reaction to a chemical. Almost any chemi cal contact can result in dermatitis. Many of the new chemicals are causing skin troubles. For example, the epoxy resins : These materials are being widely used in electronics, automotives, pattern-making, diecasting, aircraft, and other trades--for sur face coatings and paints, molding compounds, various plastics, and electrical insulation. Another group of chemicals which causes skin disease are the chromates. Chrome ulcerations of the skin are well known. The chlorinated hydrocarbons also may cause skin diseases. One of them is called 'chloracne' because it resembles acne. Machinists and metal workers often get a dermatitis from cutting oils. Coal tars produce skin changes, some of which may turn into can cer. There arc a host of others too numer ous to mention. Protection These are only a few examples of the occupational disease hazards arising from contact with chemicals. The alert worker will become acquainted with the materials he is handling and the process he is using, so that he rail help to protect himself and his fellows. If he should suffer excessive Labor Safety v cxjKJSure to some hn>mful material, he will know what to tell the doctor who examines him. The alert doctor" will be able to correlate the occupational history with the physical findings and symptoms and decide whether the patient is suffering from an occupational disease. Very few occupational diseases produce such characteristic symptoms that they can be readily identified as an occupational dis ease. After all, the body can react to harm ful stimuli only in a limited number of ways. For example, a worker may have severe pains in his abdomen. These might be caused by appendicitis or by lead poison ing. Leukemia may result from unknown causes or from exposure to X-rays. A person suffering a certain type of paralysis may have multiple sclerosis, a disease of as yet unknown cause, or it could be man ganese poisoning. The person who has a cough, shortness of breath, and is losing weight, may have tuberculosis, silicosis, berylliosis or cancer of the lungs. A his tory including occupational history and a thorough examination is the only way of telling those conditions apart. Prevention All occupational diseases are preventable. If we were doing our job right, we would have nothing to talk about today. The fact is that unknown numbers of people are suffering from a great variety of oc cupational diseases because we arc not ade quately protecting against them. What arc the protective measures which we should follow ? (1) Education: Employees should be given adequate training for their jobs, so that they understand the process, know the ma terials they are handling, ami. therefore, can protect themselves and other workers from injury. Key employers should lie instructed in first aid. Management and labor both ha\< responsibilities here. -Shop health and safety committees can help in the health education of workers. There is no substitute for knowledge. (2) Protection of the environment: This means from the air of harmful dusts, fumes, gases, vapors. This is accomplished by means of engineering measures, such as exhaust ventilation, enclosure of hazardous processes, wetting down methods for suppression of 9 'il Xati<mal Safety Congress ;sts, and substitution of less harmful for ngerous materials. Goo<! lighting and rection of noise, etc. are other environntal problems that the engineer can help solve. Only when engineering measures are not 'ssib/e should respirators or other personal otectivc devices be depended on for protion against inhaling of harmful materials. (.1) Good Itousekeeping end sanitary place zvork: This means a clean place of work, e of dirt and dust, and accident hazIs. There should be adetjnnlc toilet, tvashu. shower, locker and eating facilities, aid washing alone can often prevent .matitis and other diseases. All containers chemicals should be properly labeled. 4) Personal protective devices: Wlicr" necessary, management should supply rkers with respirators for protection .inst noxious dusts, fumes and gases the air; suitable gloves and work cloth- for protection from harmful chenti:s; hard-topped shoes and hats for prolion from falling objects; safely goggles, 5) Medical protection: This includes first facilities and a medical department, i ry worker should have a periodic pliysiexannnation, not for the purpose of dislifying him for work, but for the pure of detecting disease early so that upt measures can he taken to protect health. The (diysiriau has an ethical cation to inform the worker or his itly of any finding iiuiiortaitt to his health. i addition to first aid and medical care work injuries, all workers and their dies should have access to modern medi care. Unions throughout the nal:on are ining such care through collective bar ing. Union health centers and other s, such as Health Insurance Plan of iter Hew York and the cooperative 'll plans, are attempting to bring good , including preventive medicine, to work people. ) Plant health and safety committees: y place of work should have a com:e of representatives of the workers erned with the health protection of the and women in the plant. This com ic should have authority to make pec inspection-- of the plant and make umendations to management. The com mittee should meet regularly with the plant physician, the nursing staff, the plant safety and industrial hygiene engineers, and with other representatives of management to dis cuss health and safety problems and to plan programs of education of the workers in these problems. (7) Government safety and industrial hy giene agencies: These agencies should be called upon for help, whenever the union believes that management is not adequately providing health and safety measures in any particular problem. /loco IPe Arc Doing Our Job How well are we doing in protecting out workers? Let me cite a few facts. The prevalence and incidence of occupational dis eases in the United States is unknown, be cause in many states there is no reporting ot occupational diseases. And, in those states where there is reporting, it is incomplete and not uniform. Moreover, we know that numerous occupational diseases are not rec ognized because of medical ignorance, de ficiency in medical education, deficiencies in workmen's compensation laws and health and safely laws. Health services in many private industrial plants arc inadequate, and most workers are employed in small plants where such services arc not provided. According to the I'ublic Health Service, 90 per cent of the labor force is not receiving proper industrial hygiene and health services. The governmental agencies, federal, state and local, which are charged with responsi bility for protecting the health of workers, are for the most part grossly inadequate in their resources and services. They suffer from lack of funds, personnel and even from lack of authority. At least seven of our states have no occupational health units in their health or labor departments, and in all of the state occupational health agen cies in the entire country, there arc less than 40 physicians employed. There is no uniformity of industrial health codes amistandards, and the states differ in the haz ards regulated and in their regulations for the same hazards. There is a serious and growing shortage of physicians and other health personnel both in and out of industry. Dr. Harold .1. -Magnuson, Chief of the Division of Oc cupational Health of the U. S. Public Health Labor Safety Service, estimates that by 19X0, industry will need 4800 physicians, but is expected to have only 2900; while 35,000 industrial nurses will be needed, but only 26,000 are expected; and 3-iOO industrial hygienists will be needed, but only 1600 are expected. Workmen's Compensation Good workmen's compensation laws are basic to the health of industrial workers. Without strong workmen's compensation laws, it is difficult to sec how we can ever have really effective implementation of our industrial health measures. The fact is that although the workmen's compensation laws are the earliest form of social legislation in the United States, they are in almost all cases hopelessly behind the times. They are inadequate in their provisions for com pensation, for medical care and rehabilita tion, and most of them have not been brought up to date to permit equitable recognition and compensation for the injuries inflicted by radiation and chemical hazards which cause chronic diseases, usually after long latent periods between exposure and the first symptoms of disease. Two states slib' have no occupational dis ease coverage. Nineteen state laws cover only -specified diseases. Most of llie laws exclude farm work, domestic work and casual employment. In over half the states, employees in small establishments which have less than a specified number' of em ployees are excluded, and in 12 stales the laws apply mainly to a list of "hazardous" employments. Many white collar workers are today excluded from the workmen's compensation laws. Research The level' of our research in occupational health is correspondingly low. Research is largely in the hands of private industry, and it is guided substantially by the eco nomic needs of the particular industry. Even where research is done in universities, much of this is subsidized for special needs by private industry. Governmental agencies sporadically have made excellent contribu tions, but their resources are chronically inadequate. There is an urgent need for a system of research and consultation facili ties in various parts ot the country where workers and employers alike can go for scientific solutions to their problems. Hope fo r the Future Last year, a subcommittee of thg House committee on appropriations tinder Congress man Fogarty conducted bearings on these problems. These are published in a "Report on Environmental Health Problems," avail able through the Government Printing O f fice.* It is interesting reading. These hear ings raised hope that belter appropriations would be made to the Public Health Serv ice and other agencies for an expansion of services in the environmental health field. In the meantime, there is a dangerous vacuum in the supervision of hazards from ionizing radiation as differences prevail among the interested agencies, AEC, U. S. Public Health Service and the states, over jurisdiction in this field. At the moment, controls in this field are a patchwork with good programs in a few states like New York and California, hut poor or almost non-existent programs in most others. The implications of all this should be obvious. Occupational health and workmen's compensation vitally and directly affect tiie health and life of working people. Yet the unions so far, for the most part, seem to he apathetic about this. Now that un ions arc deeply involved in health insur ance, for the care of non-occupationa! dis eases, perhaps there will he a resurgence of interest in the environmental factors which affect our health. A few unions have begun to help them selves. Some have negotiated clauses in their collective bargaining agreements embodying a' number of the preventive measures 1 -outlined earlier, and have also asserted the union's right to bring expert consultants into the plant. The United Auto Workers lias a depart ment of occupational health, staffed by two experts in safety and industrial hygiene. The International Association of Machinists has a medical consultant. The International Chemical Workers' Union also has a medi cal consultant and recently appointed a staff safety man. These people can be ot great help to workers in providing them witii expert knowledge and honest information. Obviously, however, every union cannot and should not hire its own corps or experts and set up its own research laboratories. We are dealing with big social problem-, and they must be met socially. ii 1961 N ation al S a fe ly C on gress' Professor of Sociology of Columbia Uni versity, C. Wright Mills, defines the issue in this way: No moral endeavor, no political orientation, no human study that does not pay close at tention to man at work, can possibly be adequate tor our time. For work is affected by and in turn affects all that man is and all that he might become. The question we must ask o any society or ot any social'pro gram is what kinds oi men and women does it select, encourage, create? And, in terms of this human evaluation, the most important question we can ask is whether work is a void in which men sacrifice themselves or whether work is a central feature of a style of life in which man may realize himself. . . . REFERENCES (1) Hunter. Donald. The Diseases of Occupa tions, Little, Brown & Co., 1955, PP 85-6 (2) Report of the Atomic Power Investigating Commission to the 71st General Assembly, State of Illinois, March, 1959, p. 25 (3) U. S. Department of Health, Education . and Welfare, Public-Health Service. Sum mary of Report on Bearings on Environ mental Health, 1959 fl) Rumford, John. Mortality Studies in Re lation to Air Pollution, presented at meet ing of American Public Health Associa tion, 1959 (5) Stoldnger, ns quoted by Mancuso, Thomas, in Ohio State Law Journal, "Medical As pects of Occupational Diseases," Vol. 19, No. 4, p. 631 (6) Mills, C. Wright, in Symposium, "Man and Work," Northern California Mental Health Association. San Francisco, 1951 (7) Governor's Conference on Health Hazards in Uranium Mines, U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Public Health Service, Washington, >. C., 1961 jRl Renort on Environmental Health Problems, Clearings before Subcommittee of Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, S6th Congress, Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C,, 1960 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSES By PAUL P. BOSW ELL, M.D. Senior Dermatologist, Provident Hospital, Chicago Incidence of Industrial Skin Diseases While there are at present no reliable statistics on the incidence of occupational dermatoses, their frequency is undisputed. Indeed, in World War II evidence indicates that there were more skin casualties than all other battle casualties in this very spe cialized occupation of soldiering. In England, a three year study done be tween 1930 and 1932 inclusively, more than 72 per cent of all occupational diseases were found to be industrial or occupational dermatoses. Reports from the compensation hoards in even states in this country indicated that 65 per cent of all compcnsible cases were occupational dermatoses. In a fashion more understandable to those of us accus tomed to cost and taxes, this means an estimated loss of more than ten weeks per year with an annual cost of approximately one million dollars. This, in itself, a stag gering figure. disposed to such great measure of damage. And again it is felt that a most superficial look at the anatomy and function of the skin, as it is related to this question, is indicated especially for those not related to the medical sciences. It is not always realized that the skin is one of the most important organs of the body. In its embryonic development, it represents the first of the three primary or basis tissues formed, the ectoderm. And from tills ectoderm tlie Inrg'cst scncory organ is developed, the brain. So the skin is not only a prologue to the brain, but remains the next largest sensory organ. The skin is an organ, a very complex organ, constituting about one sixteenth of the total body weight. It contains, within its comparatively thin structure, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, glands, specialized cells such as those that produce pigment and appendages such as nails and hair. With over-simplification, we can divide the skin in two major layers--an inner layer, called the coriutn and an outer layer called epithelium. The inner layer is tough, clastic and resilient, and its chief function is to protc injuries thi and this is produces lc The epiti protects by sensitive, ct sweat glan pigment cot: in all norm, or quantity. Of the n following a this discuss! (1) It pn the body by and elasticit (2) It pr< insensitive o' dermis by ; stances. (3) It pn: tinic and oth of its pigmt (4) It rcof many t> terns such as (5) It re; tremes of t: be neutralize (A) It setproducts. (7) Finalh. tion and gast All of tin ing modified iluenccs des. some const.i v.rormient. Historical L . From a hi sintered by favored in tv. Not until 17 his Treatise v and many c; today. In 1775, I scribed the scrotum, as Abrams. Not until t century were RAILROAD SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1961-62 ;cral Chairman--H. C. Daui.ton, The Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., Louisville, Ky. Chc'rmnn--IX P. Russell, Canadian Pacific Railway Co., Montreal, Quebec Chairman--W. V. H ayes, New York Central System, New York, N. Y. rciary and Newsletter Editor--G. R. H untoon, Chicago Rock Island it Pacific R. R. Co., Chicago, 111. wiate Newsletter Editors thcast--G. W. Meredith, Norfolk & Western Railway Co., Roanoke, Va. --M. A. Nugent, The Southern Pacific Co., San Francisco, Calif. tral--A. W. Shea, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, III. rn--If. A. H ill, Richmond, Fredericksburg |& Potomac Railroad Co., Richmond, Yn. `iiwest--G. R. K night, St. Louis Southwestern Railway Lines, Pine Bluff, Ark. I ida--J. R. Bannerman, Canadian National Railways, Montreal, Quebec rsf cud Statistical Committee--W. C. LarauJay (Chairman), The Delaware & Hudson ailroad Co., Albany, N. Y .; E. L. D uggan (Vice Chairman), Atchison, Topeka it anta Fe Railway System, Chicago, 111.; G. E. Getty, Bureau of Railway Economics, ssn. of American Railroads, Washington, D. C .; T, L. H ildebrand, Soo Line Rail ed Co., Minneapolis, Minn.; G. W. Meredith, Norfolk & Western Railway Co., oanoke, Va. and Sound Committee--M. A. N ugent (Chairman), Southern Pacific Co., San rancisco, Calif.; A. B. Auerhaan (Vice Chairman), New York, New Haven & artford Railroad Co., New Haven, Conn.; E. H. Blewer, New York Central System, evcland, Ohio; G. R. Knight, St. Louis Southwestern Railway Lines, Pine Bluff, k.; L. C. McDowell, Chicago & North Western Railway, Chicago, 111.; A. \V. tea, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific R. R. Co., Chicago, Ilk; *L. C. miney, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet, III.; E. L. Carroll, Southern cific Co., San Francisco, Calif. \ad Highway Traffic Safety Committee--G. M. Dempsey (Chairman), Chicago, Milukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, III.; C. M. Schaefer (Vice irman), Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co., Huntington, W. V a.; E. W. IIorbs, ssonri Pacific Lines, St. Louis, Mo.; H. E. S iiaughnessEy, Erie-Lackawanna `road Co., Cleveland, Ohio; G. R. H untoon, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. , Chicago, 111.; J. P. Koloc, Illinois Central Railroad, Chicago, III. and Off-Thr-Joh Safety Covuittcc--J. T. W illiams (Chairman), Pennsylvania lroad Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; J. L. Ron vvi:w;r (Vice Chairman), Duluth, Missabe ion Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn.; *R. P. H amilton, St. Lonis-San Francisco hvay Co., St. Louis, Mo.; P. W. Ackermann, Denver & Rio Grande Western lroad Co., Denver, Colo.; ViRGH. Sm ith, Terminal Railroad Assn, of St. Louis, Louis, Mo.; J. W. T hompson, Seaboard Air Line Railroad Co., Richmond, Va. .in ii'ersiitt-' Committee-- P. At. Britt \Chni> man), Chnthliud kaiircrtd, Erwin, Tenn.; O. W. Smith (Vice Chairman), Grand Trunk Western R. R. Co., Detroit, Mich.; R. W. Bowman, Bessemer & Lake Eric Railroad, Greenville, Pa.; W. O. Cottingham, Western Maryland Railway Co., Hascstown. Md.; P. H. Jennfr, Western Pacific Railroad Cc, San Francisco, Calif.; *1. II. W illiams, Texas & Pacific Railway Co., Dallas, Tex. Nominations and. Elections Committee--*G. C. Stkomsoe (Chairman), Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co., Jacksonville, Fla.; *F. C. Lewis (Vice Chairman). The Pullman Co., Chicago, 111.; *L. C. H ahnev, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet, 111. Program Committee--D. P. R ussell (Chairman), Canadian Pacific Railway Co., Montreal, Quebec; W. V. H aves (Vice Chairman), New York Central System, New York, N. Y .; J. E. Slaves', Chicago, Burlington ft Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, 111.; E. \V. H obbs, Missouri Pacific System, St. Louis, Mo.; *}. Lr.ovn. Jersey Central Lines, Jersey City, N. J . ; D. F. Gifford, Chicago Great Western Railroad Co., Oelwein, Iowa; Raymond Davis, New York City Transit Authority. Brooklyn, X. Y. Planning and Publications Committee--*J. I.loyi (Chairman), Jersey Central Lines, Jersey City, X. J. Posters--L. E. Wall (Vice Chairman). Illinois Central Railroad. Chicago, 111.; C. E. T horney, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee Railway Co., Highwood. 111.; G. M. Dyer, Kentucky & Indiana Terminal Railroad Co., Louisville, K y.; E. G. H usk, The Pullman Co., Chicago, 111.; T. G. W igley, Akron, Canton & Youngstown Railway Co., Akron, Ohio; Ross S. Van N f.ss, Chicago, Burlington, it Quincy R. R. Co., Ottumwa, Iowa Publications--J. A. Dillan (Vice Chairman), Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn.; J. T. Andrew, Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn.; F. B. Lewis, Union Pacific Railroad, Omaha, Nebr,; J. G. Belluiam, Toronto, Hamilton. & Buffalo Ry. Co., Hamilton, Ontario; C. A. Birge, Missouri-Kansas-Tcxas Lines, Denison, Texas; A. J. Be.vsaia, Boston it Maine Railroad Co., North Station, Boston, -Mass. Planning--J. R. Bannerman (Vice Chairman), Canadian National Railways, Montreal, Quebec; *C. T. DiAVitt, Northern Pacific Ry. Co., St. Paul, Minn.; R. A. N ewton, Chicago & Western Indiana RR-Belt Railway Co., Chicago. 111.; Casmer S mith, .McKeesport Connecting Railroad Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; R. F. D uY ai.i., New York, Susquehanna it Western Railroad Co., Paterson. N. J.; Howard O dom, New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Co., Cleveland, Ohio; T. L. H ildebrand, Soo Line Railroad Co., Minneapolis, Mina Resolutions Committee--G. M. Dempsey (Chairman), Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, 111.; J. P. Ivoloc (Vice Chairman), Illinois Central Railroad, Chicago, 111. Staff Representative--L. W. Dutton, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. *Past General Chairman Li rv Other Volumes in this (1961) Series Users of -this volume will find much value in its companion volumes, which offer the complete record of the 49th National Safety Congress! Here is the list: Voi. No. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Title 1 to 9 Copies General Sessions and Index to all Volumes........................... . . $ .65 Aero-space; A ir Transport.................................................................. . . .65 Automotive and Machine Shop; Power Press and Forging .65 Cement, Q uarry and Mineral Aggreg ates............................. . . .40 Chem ical and Fertilizer.............. . . . . ............................ . . .65 C ivic Leadership; Church, Home, Women, Youth, Farm . . .90 Coal M ining.................................................................................................. . . .65 Construction; Public Employee..................................................... . . .65 Electrical Equipment................................................................................ . . .40 Food and Beverage; M eat Peeling, Tanning and Leath er Products; Trades and Services.............................................. . . .65 Glass and C eram ics; Rubber.......................................................... . . .65 Industrial Subjects Sessions (A S S E )............................................. . . .90 Labor ............................................................................................................... . . .65 Marine .......................................................................................................... . . .65 Metals ............................................................................................................. . . .65 Mining ............................................................................................................ . . .65 Motor Transport; Transit..................................................................... . . .90 Occupational Health N ursing.......................................................... .40 Petroleum ..................................................................................................... .65 Public U tilities............................................................................................ .65 Pulp and Paper; Printing and Publishing................................ . . .65 Railroad ......................................................................................................... .40 School and C o lleg e................................................................................ .90 T r a f f ic ............................................................................................................... Wood Products; and Textile............................................................. .65 Early Morning Sessions-- "Time M anagem ent"..................... .65 10 o r m ore $ .55 .55 .55 .35 .55 .80 .55 .55 .35 Stock No. 022.31-- 1 022.31-- 2 022.31-- 3 022.31-- 4 022.31-- 5 022.31-- 6 022.31-- 7 022.31-- 8 022.31-- 9 .55 .55 .80 .55 .55 .55 .55 . .80 .35 .55 .55 .55 .35 .80 .55 .55 .55 022.31-- 10 022.31-- 11 022.31-- 12 022.31-- 13 022.31-- 14 022.31-- 15 022.31-- 16 022.31-- 17 022.31-- 18 022.31-- 19 022.31-- 20 022.31-- 21 022.31-- 22 022.31-- 23 022.31-- 24 022.31-- 25 022.31-- 26 C O M P LE TE SETS (26 Volum es)..................................................... . .$10.50 $10.50 022.11 All prices shown are subject to a 10 per cent discount to National Safety Council members. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE. CHICAGO 11. ILL. 210036202 PRiNTEo in u.s.A. 0 2 2.31-- 22 16