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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
HEALTH SERVICES AND MENTAL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING A SUMMARY REPORT OF A SURVEY FOR UNDUE LEAD ABSORPTION AND LEAD-EASED PAINT HAZARD IN 27 CITIES
DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 73-10002
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
HEALTH SERVICES AND MENTAL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION BUREAU OF COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DIVISION OF COMMUNITY INJURY CONTROL CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING CONTROL BRANCH CINCINNATI, OHIO 45202 SEPTEMBER, 1972
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This report was formerly entitled "Childhood Lead Poisoning A Summary Report of a Survey in 27 Cities."
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THE BCEM CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING SURVEY A Summary Report
The Bureau of Community Environmental Management conducted smallscale neighborhood surveys in 27 cities during the summer, fall and winter of 1971-1972 to screen young children aged 1 to 6 years who were living in pre-19^9, sub-standard housing. The purpose of these surveys was to obtain some assessment of the occurrence of elevated blood lead levels in children in the specific neighborhoods of the cities surveyed and to determine the presence and availability to children of lead-based paint in their dwellings.
Only cities that were not conducting a program at the time and which represented a national geographic distribution were selected. These included cities in the Midwest, South, West, North, and East which did not have the resources, or the level of suspicion, or the technical expertise to look for childhood lead poisoning.
Each child was initially tested by a micro analytical technique capable of analyzing a small sample of blood (one-tenth of a milliliter) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV).
The ASV technique is an electrochemical procedure in which, after acid digestion of the blood sample, the lead ion is plated by negative voltage to the electrode. By rapidly reversing the polarity, the lead is stripped off, giving a current peak proportional to the concentration.
Five to ten percent of the children randomly selected had a lOcc heparinized venipuncture drawn and analyzed by a macro atomic absorption spectroscopic or dithizone technique.
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Most children vho received a blood lead test also had their
homes tested for the presence of leaded paint. Exterior and interior
surfaces of houses were tested with a portable wall lead analyzer
utilizing the X-ray fluorescence principle, so that multiple readings
could be taken within a short time and without damage to the surface
coatings.
Follow-up procedures were assumed by each local community. All
children found with blood lead levels above Uo ug/100 ml on the
initial screening test were to be retested by drawing a venous blood
sample for analysis by the AAS or dithizone methods. Diagnosis and
treatment, if required, were to be provided by each community.
In the 27 cities, 2309 children were tested. Fifty-one percent
were black and 3^% of the total were under three years of age.
Elevated blood lead levels confirmed by analysis of a venous blood
sample were found in at least 211, or 9-1? of the children tested,
with 85# of the cities surveyed having at least one child above
1+0 ug/100 ml. (Tables 1 and 11)
;
Of the 999 dwelling units, at least one accessible interior
surface was found to contain very high lead in amounts of 2 mg/cm^
p or above in 730, or 13.1% of the houses tested. A 2 mg/cur reading
is approximately equivalent to one that would be obtained from an
interior surface with a single layer of paint with a 30# lead content.
When added to the lk% of houses that had significant and potentially
hazardous levels of 1 to 2 mg/cm^, the percentage increased to 86#.
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If exterior surfaces were included, over 95$ of the houses tested had at least one accessible surface with hazardous amounts of lead. (Table III)
To date, as a direct result of the survey, at least 30 children have been treated by chelation. An additional 13 children are known to have been diagnosed as having lead poisoning and treated by chelation as an indirect result of the survey. These cases have been attributed to an increased level of suspicion by parents and physicians as a result of publicity associated with the survey activity in the community. Also, 30 families have had the sources of lead-based paint made unavailable to children by renovation or relocation as a direct result of the survey. The communities have been advised to continue surveillance of the other l8l children having blood lead levels above ^0 ug/100 ml.
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Table I BCEM CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING SURVEY - SUMMARY
CITIES TABULATED TO DATE STATES REPRESENTED
27 23
CHILDREN SCREENED RACE - BLACK; OTHER
AGE - BELOW 3 YEARS: 3 AND OVER
2309
1183; 1126
51.2% bQ.1%
793;
1353
31+.3S& 58.0*
ELEVATED BLOOD LEAD LEVELS (fcUO ug) CONFIRMED BY AAS OR DITHIZONE NUMBER CITIES REPORTING CHILDREN U0 u
211 9.1* 23
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CITY
Table III
HOMES WITH POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS LEAD CONCENTRATIONS (AT LEAST ONE ACCESSIBLE INTERIOR SURFACE ^ 2 MG/CM2 by X-R-F ANALYSIS)
HOMES TESTED
WITH SURFACE
PERCENT
_________ ______________ 2 MG/CM2______________________
Indianapolis Wichita Portland Lexington Nashua Denver Des Moines Charleston Dayton Nashville San Antonio Chester Binghampton Albuquerque Trenton Toledo Pensacola Pasadena Sacramento Wilmington Salt Lake City Hoboken Spokane Stamford Flint Harrisburg Tulsa
TOTALS
43 29 37 19 60 52 22 39 30 58 31 39 24 15 37 1 60 33 49 37 25 36 20 42 32 30 51 49
999
38 88.4 14 48.3 34 91.9 15 78.9 33 55.0 48 92.3 18 81.8 26 66.7 22 73.3 43 74.1 l6 51.6 29 74.4 19 79.2 11 73.3 30 81.1 54 90.0 l6 48.5 37 75.5 21 56.8 16 84.0 27 75.0 20 100.0 35 83.3 25 78.1 18 60.0 40 78.4 25 51.0
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DHEW Publication No. 73-10002
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