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THE SECOND GULF COAST REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL HEALTH OCTOBER 6.7, 1949 HOUSTON, TEXAS "An iHec'Zh Program Profits A!h MosiszcsTiovSf *,zbo? And T&e Community" PLABNTIFF'S^ EXHIBITPl i Gulf Coast Regional Conference n Industrial Health, The second Gulf Coast Regional Conference on Industrial Health, October 6-7, 19^9, Houston, Texas FINES ARE $1 .OO/DAY/ITEM RENEW BOOKS: 795-4200 x146 MON-THU, 7AM-12AM; SAT. 9AM-5PM FRI. 7AM-9PM; SUN. 1PM-10PM CALL FOR HOLIDAY HOURS DEC 11 1995 Uw 1 v 0 -- OBI 418 MWAH DECT ,91995 nwpTi cPoft i1n3n35r OCT 3 01995 NOVO 9H95 N0V1( 11995 .11995 MOV] .2 7995 NOV 131995 NnOv>V 281995 OAVIORO1W ` i -------------- 4j SECTION S Sport* Local 1 Brings Problems, Industrial Health Parley Told A whole field of new health sponsible. I think it may in all tion; American Society of Safe problem* ha* been opened by the honesty be said that as fax' as ty Engineers, Gulf Coast Chap taming of atomic energy, Dr James H. Sterner, consultant to undergraduate teaching of indus trial or occupational subjects is ter; American Association of In the Atomic Energy Commission, concerned, it is in most cases dustrial Nurses, Houston Branch. told members of the Gulf Coast lamentably inadequate," Mr Industrial Hygiene Foundation of Regional Conference on Indus Bowditch said. America, Inc; and the Texas trial Health at a banquet Thurs day night in the Rice Hotel. HE CRITICIZED management for falling in many cases to pay Manufacturers Association. "It is very likely that atomic enough to obtain the best doc Friday's program will open at reactors will be adopted as prac tors and labor for lack of in 9 AM with Dr Carl A. Nau of tical sources of power in the not terest in health programs in the tiie University of Texas presid too distant future. One of the major problems is in the medical past But he added: "That labor is now ready to ing. The symposium on indus trial wastes and streqm pollution field, controlling radiation expo join in advancing the cause of will start at the same time with sure," he said. health and safety in industry is David F. Smallhorst of the Bu DOCTOR STEENER'S speech was the last of four on the open ing day of the conference. Friday the conference will speed its work, operating two programs at once. A symposium on industrial wastes and stream pollution will cover a subject of high interest to the Houston area. evidenced by the Washington meetings now being held in an effort to establish a permanent conference for that purpose, with representatives of the American Federation of Labor, Congress of Industrial Organizations, Na tional Association of Manufac turers, United States Chamber df Commerce and American Medical reau of Sanitary Engineering, State Health Department pre siding. The Texas branch of the Amer ican Association of Industrial Nurses will also be on hand and will have an organizational luncheon at noon. Resolutions will be at a business session. voted on Association participating." Dr Allan J. Flerning, assistant medical director of E. L du Pont Doctor Sterner told some of de Nemours and Company, Wil the present applications of mington, Del, described two in itpmic energy and their danger. stances of detective work which Radio-cobalt is being substi- was necessary to trace two chem uted for radium in industrial ical hazards in Du Pont plants. adiography. One advantage is In the first case, something he cost. Another is that the was causing the workers' eyes obalt can be fabricated into the to become cloudy, so that they lesired shape before being im could not see well enough to itated. drive home. A new process for Metal bar* can be coated with synthesis of ethylene glycol was adlum or polonium as anti-static being used With the help of the levices In paper-folding mi- plant force, chemists from the hines and other devices. research staff and guinea pigs, X-RAYS AND OTHER sources the troublesome substance was if. beta radiation can be used to shortly isolated Dimethyl diglyneasure the thickness of fllma collate was the culprit Fortun if paper or steel and to keep a ately its effects did not linger. nachine regulated. IN AN ARTIFICIAL leather "Already a number of serious plant some of the employes de veloped a severe skin irritation. 7-ray burns have resulted from mproper and careless use ef tuch equipment," Dr Sterner laid. After several months, the cause was found to be the reaction of a certain impurity with the liquid soap the workers used to wash Manfred Bowditch, director of up. lealth and safety for the Lead Dr Allen D. Brandt industrial ndustries Association, New hygiene engineer lor the Beth 2 463 746 fork, NY, gave the keynote talk. lehem Steel Company, Bethle Vlr Bowditch said he believes he hem, Pa, described methods of s the first industrial hygienist controlling hazardous fumes, mployed by any company in the gases, smoke and dust in plant Jnlted States. He started in 1925 vith the General Electric Com- -----*nyr-__________________________ operations. More than 200 were on hand, for- the conference, opening. /rsn 3Ril "Industry as a whole has hard John C. Flanagan, Chamber of er more than begun to appreciate Commerce public health com EIBRARp he profit potentialities of com- mittee chairman, welcomed the irehenaive nealth programs," hs group and listed the sponsors. Houston A< aid. These include Mr Flanagan's "All too few industrial medical committee, the State Health of Medicine- '"* ----- health-minded. Department Baylor College of tjjfc Sfoo G<Vl October 7,1949 The Houston Chronicle health officer, said he and mem Stream Pollution bers of his staff will attend the symposium. To Be Discussed "We might gain some very valuable information In the symposium on how to keep our bayous from being breed ing grounds of disease," Doctoy Laurents said. At Health Meet The other program will deal with various subjects on industry and the health of employes. Dr. James H. Sterner, consult Atomic Energy Expert ant to the Atomic Energy Com mission, Thursday night at a ban Describes Possible quet, spoke on the whole field of new health problems that has Power Sources. been opened by the taming of atomic energy. Two day-long programs will "It is very likely," Doctor close the second annual Gull Coast Sterner said, "that atomic reactors regional conlerence on industrial will be adopted as practical health today in the Rice' Hotel, sources of power in the not too where the city- health department distant future, and one of the may pick up some valuable in major problems is in the medical formation on controlling pollution field controlling radiation expo and wastes in the city's bayous. sure. One of the programs is an in "Already a number of seri dustrial wastes and stream pollu ous X-ray burns have result tion symposium, which began at ed from improper and careless 9 a.m. use of industrial equipment Dr. Fred K. Laurentz, city connected with atomic en ergy." Other speakers Thursday in cluded Allen D. Brandt, industrial hygiene engineer for the Bethle hem Steel Company of Bethlehem, Pa,, who spoke on "Control of Environmental Industrial Health Hazards'," Dr. Allan J. Fleming, assistant medical director of the E. I. du Pont de Nemours St Co. of Wilmington, Del., who spoke on "Teamwork in the Solution of Industrial Medical Problems" and Manfred Bowditch, director of health and safety for the Lead Industries Association of New York City, who spoke on "Indus trial Health Programs Pay Divi dends." At the Industrial Wastes and Stream Pollution Symposium the speakers will include Burnell Waldrep, assistant attorney general; V. M. Ehlers. national president of 'he Federation of Sewage Associa tion; W. A. Moggio, research engi neer for the National Council for Stream Improvement; M. B. Ettinger, scientist officer for the United States Public Health Serv ice, and G. R. Herzik, Jr., chief engineer for the Texas State De partment of Health. The symposium will close with a round table forum by the panel of speakers and a summation of he highlights. 0CT03ER 6-7. 1949 CONTENTS DEDICATION 1 CONFERENCE COMMITTEE 2 "WELCOME" - JOHN C. FLANAGAN 6 "INDUSTRIAL HEALTH PROGRAMS PAY DIVIDENTS", KEYNOTE ADDRESS MANFHED BOWDITCH 8 "TEAMWORK IN THE SOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PROBLEMS", ALLAN J, FLEMING, M.D, "CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HEALTH HAZARDS". 13 ALLEN D. BRANDT, Sc. D. 20 CONFERENCE BANQUET - "INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE IN AN ATOMIC ERA", JAMES H. STERNER, M. D. 28 , "THE EMPLOYERS LIABILITY FOR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES", J. DEWEY DORSETT 35 "SOME HEALTH ASPECTS OF ARSENIC IN INDUSTRY", SHERMAN S. PINTO, M.D. 40 "THE ROLE OF THE NURSE IN THE INDUSTRIAL HEALTH PROGRAM", ?. RUTH KAHL 44 INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE PANEL LUNCHEON, "INDUSTRY'S ROLE IN EMPLOYEE HEALTH", BRIGADIER GENERAL JAMES STEVENS SLMMONS, USA, (RET.), DEAN, HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 48 ' "THE PROBLEM OF THE AGING EMPLOYEE", HARDY A. KEMP, M.D. 52 "RELATIONSHIP OF OCCUPATION TO HEALTH"- T. M. FRANK, M.D. 55 "THE SAFE HASSLinO 07 CHEMICALS ih industry and IH THE BOMS* Di Di IRISH, MiS "MANAGEMENT'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR PREPAID MEDICAL AHD HOSPITAL PLANS*, 59 ROSS GARRETT 64 PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS 07 ATMOSPHERIC POlLtJTION", GEORGE D. CLAYTON l "TEXAS LAWS AHD REGULATIONS CONCERNING INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND STREAM V POLLUTION* 67 BURNELL WALDREP I "INDUSTRY AND POLLUTION - ABATEMENT IN THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY*, 73 ' I EDWARD J. CLEARY 78 "SERVICES AVAILABLE TO INDUSTRY THROUGH THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH II SERVICE AND PUBLIC LAW 845", RICHARD 7. POSTON 84 "IN-PLANT INDUSTRIAL WASTES" STUDIES W A. MOGGIO 88 "ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES ADAPTABLE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTES' STUDIES" M. B. ETTINGEB 104 "POLICIES AND STANDARDS 07 THE TEXAS STATE DEPARTMENT 07 HEALTH REGARDING INDUSTRIAL WASTES", G, R. HERZIX, JR wastes symposium luncheon -"the federations industrial wastes' ACTIVITIES AND RESEARCH", 110 V M EHLERS 114 RESOLUTIONS 122 1949 REGISTRATION LIST 123 TO TmS STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH THE BAYLOR UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE TEE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SECTION TEXAS MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS, GULF COAST CHAPTER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL NURSES, HOUSTON BRANCH FOR THEIR SPLENDID COOPERATION, LEADERSHIP AND DETERMINATION TO> MAKE THE SECOND GULF COAST REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL HEALTH A CONTINUING SUCCESS SECOND GULF COAST REGIONAL CONFEEEIC1 OH INDUSTRIAL HEALTH OCT. 6-7, 1949 ORGANIZATION JOHN C. FLANAGAN, CHAIRMAN, UNITED GAS CORPORATION DR. DENTON KERR, HARRIS COUNT! MEDICAL SOCIETY DR. HARDY A. KEMP, BAYIOR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OP MEDICINE WILLIAM B. BLACK, JR., SECRETARY INDUSTRIAL HEALTH COMMITTEE JAMES W. HAMMOND, COMMITTEE AND PROGRAM CHAIRMAN, HUMBLE OIL & REPINING CO. DAVID M. WOOD, PROMOTION CHAIRMAN, LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY REX L. TIDWELL, REGISTRATION CHAIRMAN, GROUP HOSPITAL SERVICE, INC. OTTO PAGANINI, EXHIBITS CHAIRMAN, TEXAS STATS DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH DR. W. H. HAMRICK, HARRIS COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY JEANNETTE BARTHOLOMEW, THE TEXAS COMPANY LOUIS BONNER, SR., HUMBLE OIL AND REPINING COMPANY R. P. .DOWLING, HUEY AND PHILP RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE PRANK GUTHRIE, CHAIRMAN, CITY NATIONAL BANK DR. DENTON KERR, HARRIS COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY DR. W. H. HAMRICK, HARRIS COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY DR. FRED K. LAURENTS, CITY HEALTH OFFICER PRANK J. METYKO, METYKO ENGINEERING COMPANY 2 SPOHSOBIHG qB&AHIEATIQNS ANTOINETTE G. ERWIN, AMERICAS ASSOCIATION 07 INDUSTRIAL HUBSIS, HOUSTON CHAPTER, MOSERS- STEIL~aCHPAHI EDGAR C. STOKELY, AMERICAS SOCIETY 07 SA7STT XHGISERRS, GUL7 COAST CHAPTER, DOW CHEMICAL COMFASY DR. HARDY A. KEMP, BAYLOR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE 07 MEDICINI DR. CARL M. PETERSON, COUNCIL ON INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 07 THE AMERICAS MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DR. DENTON KERR, HARRIS COUNTY MEDICAL ASSOCIATIOH JOHN 7. McMAHON, INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 07 AMERICA, INC. CLYDE L. JONES, TEXAS MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIOH JOHN C. FLANAGAN, PUBLIC HEALTH COMMITTEE DR. GEORGE W. COX, TEXAS STATS HEALTH DEPARTMENT V. M. EHLERS, TEXAS STATE HEALTH DEPARTMENT ORGANIZATIONS AT INTEREST WITH THE PURPOSE OF THE ORGANIZATION DR. W. 0. MIILIGAN, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SOUTHWESTERN SECTION JOSEPH H. GAST, BAYIOR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE 0? MEDICINE R. B. KAHLE, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE POLLUTION COMMITTEE W. H. SHEARON, CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING NEWS G. E. NEVIL, ENGINEERS COUNCIL OF HOUSTON C. H. WINSTON, INDUSTRIAL PERSONNEL ASSOCIATION ANDREW J. WRAY, INSURANCE EXCHANGE OF HOUSTON GUY FAUSSET, SOCIETY OF ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIAL EDITORS WALTER WALDHAUSER, TENNESSEE GAS AND TRANSMISSION COMPANY MRS. T. H. TEHNENT, WOMEN'S HEALTH COMMITTEE CARL A. McPEAK, CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS GEORGS A. WILSON, HOUSTON LABOR. St TRADES COUNCIL, A7 07 L. 3 HOUSTON ABU BAYTOWN K. K. KITCHEL, SEVERAL TIES & BITHHEN COMPACT L. J. 'GILES, HUMBLE OIL AND REFINING COMPACT BEAUMONT C. X. DeBUSZr BEAUMONT CHAMBER 07 COMMERCE W. H. B. EEHL, MAGNOLIA PETROLEUM COMPACT' CORPUS CHRISTI J. E. BELL, CORPUS CHRISTI CHAMBER 07 COMMERCE FREEPORT EDGAR C. STOKELY, PROMOTION VICE CHAIRMAN, DOW CHEMICAL COMPACT R, L. ALLINSON, DOW CHEMICAL COMPACT TRAVIS COWAN, FREEPORT CHAMBER OF COMMERCE GALENA PAHK FLETCHER STAPP, P.O.BOX 47 GALVESTON DR. CARL A. NAU, UNIVERSITY 07 TEXAS - MEDICAL BRANCH LUFKIN J. P. HUNTER, TEXAS FOUNDRIES, INC. ORANGE J. 7. ZUCCA, CONSOLIDATED WESTERN STEEL CORPORATION DR. M. E. HECKER, E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPACT PAS ADENA OTTO WAGERS, CHAMPION PAPER & FIBRE COMPACT pn-Rf author LYLE VICKERS, PORT ARTHUR CHAMBER 0? COMKSBCB SUGARLAND R. B. SHEPPARD, IMPERIAL SUGAR CO. TEXAS CITY W. B. STALLINGS, MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, TEXAS DIVISION DR. T. M. PRANK, PAN AMERICAN REVISING CORPORATION VELASCO DR. M. E. THOMPSON, DOW MAGNESIUM HOSPITAL REGIONAL BATON ROUGE. LA. PRESTON 7. HORS, RATON ROUGE CHAMBER QP COMMERCE LAit.'`j CHARLES. LA. RUPERT P. CISCO, LAKE CHARLES ASSOCIATION OP COMMERCE NEW ORLEANS. LA. GEORGE E. SCHNEIDER, NEW ORLEANS ASSOCIATION 07 COMMERCE SHREVEPORT. LA. HAROLD J. BRYANT, SHREVEPORT CHAMBER OP COMMERCE LONGVIEW. TEXAS' HUBERT M. HARRISON, EAST TEXAS CHAMBER OP COMMERCE 5 COXfBEBBCl mCOMI to all raiaflATM BT JOBS 0. TU&k&a. CHH30U2T 07 flU PUBLIC HUM* eOMinn j&d ns fsasimn an gshxbal kajachb.uhitid gas coipatAnai Ladles and Oentlemenj It is my pleasure to open officially the Second Gulf Coast Regional Conference on Industrial Health. On behalf of the eight sponsoring agencies I extend to all of you a cordial welcome. In opening the first Conference last year the Chairman expressed the hope that it would not he the last Industrial Health Conference held in this city. The success of that Conference and your presence here today justifies the predic tion that these Conferences will he held annually in the future, with greater and greater attendance and with continually expanding influence in the field of Industrial Health, not only in the Gulf Coast territory hut nationally, and perhaps internationally. It will he my privilege to introduce the Chairman for the afternoon, but doing so I would like to take a few minutes to pay a well earned tribute to some of those who have worked long and hard to make this Conference a success. 2 am sorry that time will not permit me to mention all who deserve personal recog nition. The Texas State Department of Health, under the leadership of Dr. George V. Cox, has made a material contribution. Dr. Cox could not be here but we ars fortunate in having Mr. 7. K. Ehlers who deserves special mention for orgazsizing the Industrial Wastes and Stream Pollution Symposium. We want to express our thanks also to Mr. Ehlers* associates, Mr. Tred Venable and Mr. Martin WUkaach. To Saylor University, College of Medicine, we are especially indebted, not only for the help given in connection with this Conference but becansa without its cooperation and the use of its facilities, the Tirst Industrial Health Confer ence would probably not have been held. yh are sure that Dr. Kemp and his associates at Saylor are gratified that the Conference has grown to the extent that Baylor's facilities ars not able te accommodate the gathering this year. The American Medical Association, Industrial Bsalth Section, and especially the Harris County Medical Association, deserves special recognition for the fine work they are doing in promoting all typea of health programs. Dr. Deaton Kerr, president of the Harrle County Medloal Society, and Dr. W, E. Hamrick, a member of that Society, have done eepeoially fine work in promoting this Industrial Health Conference. The American S ocisty of Safety Engineers, Gulf Coast Chapter, has a membership of 125 active workers. These men know the value of goed health in industry and they are continuously active in promoting all health programs in this area. Mr. David Wood, peat president, and Mr. Edgar C. Stokely, president of the Ghap- 6 ter, hare dose yoeman service. In. organising the Conference. The American Asoeeiaiic* of Industrial Homes) Houston Breach, has nttlvelyv assisted In the preparation foe the. Conference and to them we are indebted f haring withunz-Mise Bath Kahl, one of our speaker*, WW are especially pi>* fu.1 to Mrs. Antoinette Ervin, Ohairnan of the Houston Branch, and to Mite Jeannette Bartholomew, an active aeuber* - The Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., contributed to the pceaa motion of the Conference by publicizing it in the Industrial Hygiene newsletter and acting aa a co-sponsor. > The Texas Manufacturers Association has rendered great service in prameting the Conference among its large membership* Mr. Clyde 1. Jones, Directer of Chapter and Field Activities for the Association, has been a valued and enthu siastic worker for the Conference. The Public Health Committee of the Houston Chamber of Commerce was'instrument tal in organizing the first Conference, and has been quite active in working up the program and in handling many of the pre-conference details for our present meeting. Many of those already named are members and aotive workers of the Public Health Committee. I would like to pay special tribute to Mr. James W. Hammond, Chairman of t&m Industrial Health Conference Committee. Mr. Hammond is a member of the Bumble Oil and Refining Company's Medical Department, althougi I suspect that for the past sixty days they have seen very little of him. Die entire Conference pro gram has been worked out under Mr. Hammond's directions, ably assisted by Hr. Rex L. Tidwell, in charge of Arrangements and Registration, and Mr. Otto Paganini in charge of Exhibits. Without an efficient secretary no Conference of this type could be organized and we were especially fortunate in having the services of Mr. W. B. Black, JT. of the Houston Chamber of Comnerce. Mr. Black has worked night and day for the past two months and it would be difficult to measure the value of his services. Finally we acknowledge our indebtedness to the distinguished men and women who will appear on the Conference program. The fact that they are willing to leave their homes and their business to appear on this program ia the bent In dication of ita importance and the fineBt hope for its contribution to Indus-- trial Health. How it is my pleasure to introduce the Chairman for the afternoon. Dr. Kemp is so well known to most of you that it would be ^gilding the lily* for me to enumerate even part of his degrees, his awards for scientlfio research and the important assignments he has filled since he graduated from St. Louie Universi ty in 1926. He has. been associated with Baylor Medical College since 1948 where he has served as Professor of Preventive Medicine and Chairman Department Public Health and Preventive Medicine, and Director of Graduate Studies, Baylor University Graduate School Affiliated Hospitals. He is an aotive member of the Public Health Committee of the Houston Chamber of Commerce. I am proud to present my fellow citizen. Dr. Hardy A Kemp. 7 Dr* Hardy A. Kemp, Presiding "INDUSTRIAL HEALTH PROGRAMS PAY DIVIDENDS" Manfred Bowditoh Director of Health and Safety Lead Industries Association New York City Ootober 6 I trust that you will not be disappointed when I tell you that I have not come here for the purpose of citing statistics on the costs of industrial health pro grams, the extent of ill-health in industry or the dollar savings that may be affected through the impingement of such programs on this aggregate of illhealth. Sufficient reasons for not doing this are to me three basic facts* The first of these is that, although a goodly number of such cost estimates have been published, among them the quite recent and useful one of the New Jersey De partment of Health, it is still true that, because of the variables inherent in the problem, each program is in great degree a law unto itself in the matter of cost. The second is that we have no worthwhile statistics on the extent or cost of ill-health in industry, let alone the costs of those physical and mental con ditions which, while perhaps not so recognized, are anything but conducive to sound morale. And, in my opinion, we will never have such statistics, even as to those diseases properly designated as occupational, until they are made re portable by law as are tuberculosis and other communicable maladies. To point up this second fact, let me tell you of a little incident. The president of one of the member cc-mpanies of our association had remarked to me that I should se cure from our members reports of all their lead cases. Alien I broached this to the medical director of another of our companies, a far-flung and admirably op erated organisation, he came back with,"How can you get them when I can't get them myself?" My third and final fact is the quite obvious one that, with so frail a foundation as to costs, any thesis that I might seek to build in terms of dollar savings would have little validity. So there will be no statistics. This does not mean, however, that I cannot ex press to you the most sincere conviction that any industrial health program, soundly conceived and administered in the light of the real needs of the company and its workers, will pay dividends quite as real as, if less tangible than, those which go out to the stockholders. I have that conviction and I hope to make clear to you why I have it. But before I undertake this exposition, I ask your indulgence in one or two di gressions. Firstly, as is the wont of us old gaffers, I would like to reminisce a bit. Alien I entered the employ of the Medical Department of the General Eleotric Company at Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1925, I becano, so far as I have ever been able to determine, the first industrial hygienist ever to be employed on a full-time basis by an industry in this country. Honesty compels me to add that, being no tread-fearing angel, I undertook this work knowing next to nothing about industry and even less about hygiene. I was actually hard put to it to know how to describe myself, for industrial hygienists, now so numerous that they have their national and local associations and can hold regional meetings such as this one, were then very rare birds indeed. Yet despite these handicaps, it was al most no time before I was aware of two heart-warming satisfactions.- I knew that- I was doing something definitely worth the effort, and there was apparent evi dence that what X was doing was improving morale. If there are amongst us here any younger hygienists who sometimes feel that thqy are a bit behind the eight ball or are not wholly convlnoed that their efforts are appreciated, a oouple of illustrations of what I have just said may have the germs of helpful suggestion. On thus finding myself a neophytio atom in the (j, E. colossus, I got myself a little notebook and started wandering through the works, looking for situations that seemed to oall for correction from some view point of health. Having satisfied myself as to the proper corrective, I would approach the man in charge and ask him to have the change made. The answer was almost invariably "Why sure." and the date was noted in my little book. When a month had gone by without visible change in the situation, Mr. Doe would be re minded that on such and such a date he had promised to do this or that. Some times a second month would elapse, with a second reminder, this time citing two dates, and after enough of this had gone on, I was gratified to learn that it was being said around the plant that, if you told that so-and-so Bowditoh that you would do something, you might as well do it, as he would plague the day lights out of you until you did. And then one day a woman worker turned up in the dispensary complaining of back pain. I went to her work station and found that she was one of a group who were winding tape insulation onto quite sizeable coils. And I also noted that, though she was inches taller them any of her mates, the jig at which she worked was at the same height above the bench as all the rest. Ho appreciable gray matter nor cost were involved in raising the jig to a proper height, or in suggesting a less emduous method of winding, but it was good to learn that the pain had disappeared, and better yet to have this worker say to me one day "You don't know what it means to know that somebody in the plant cares about such things." Is there any one of us here who does not share my conviction that such simply accomplished improvements pay dividends out of all proportion to their cost? Yet with this conviction of mine goes another, that industry as a whole has hard ly more than begun to appreciate the profit potentialities of comprehensive health programs. Indeed, if this were not so, there would be little occasion for a paper such as this. So let us try to determine why health work in indus try has lagged so far behind the industrial revolution itself, for only by so doing may we hope to stimulate it to more rapid growth. This cannot but involve some criticism of the several parties to the problem, in which I assure you that I mean to be entirely fair. First of all, it is axiomatic that a health program in industry must be under medical guidance, for neither the hygienist nor the nurse is adequate to the sit uation alone. Such guidance, one might think, should be easy to secure, for there are now many full-time doctors in industry, many more who serve industry on a part-time basis, and still others available as consultants in industrial areas. 'Why, then, is it not more common? One reason, I believe, is that the concept of industrial medicine as little more them traumatic surgery is still regretably persistent. I subscribed when she said it many years ago to Dr. Alioe Hamilton's dictum that the company employing a thousand workers should have a full-time doctor, and I still subscribe to it, with perhaps the more modern pro viso that it be a heilf-time doctor emd a peurt- or full-time hygienist or nurse. And I will go a step further emd say that if this doctor or teeua of medical workers charged with responsibility for the health of a thousand industrially em ployed men emd women do not find their time more than fully oooupied, same change. 9 in personnel is indicated. Xn short, it is my considered opinion that all too few industrial medical men are really health-minded. For this we must hold the medical schools at least in part responsible. I do not pretend to know too much about medical education, but I have taught in two of our leading schools of medicine, have informed my self of the instruction given at a number of others, and think it may in all honesty be said that, as far as undergraduate teaching of industrial or occupa tional subjects is concerned, it is in most cases quits lamentably inadequate. Vihen we turn to postgraduate courses in industrial hygiene and medicine, the picture is somewhat brighter, yet even here, to judge by reports of enrolment at three well-known sohools that came to me only the other day, it is none too rosy. The old reliable law of supply and demand seems to be working here. What incen tive is there to the young and aspiring H.D. to spend years of his youth and large amounts of his none-too-ready cash in perfecting himself for work which may well be rewarded, despite his competence, with earnings far less than he could gain in private practice? This question brings us to the steps of indus try itself, and it is up these steps that we must pass in seeking to bring about the enlightenment that will have to come before anything approaching universally adequate health programs are attained in our manufacturing establishments. What are the major difficulties here? One, I believe, is continuance in some manage ment quarters of the old idea that medical service is a necessary evil, to be secured at the lowest possible cost. If Dr. Jones will do the job for five hun dred dollars less than Dr. Brown, Dr. Jones is obviously the man for the job. Another is the inability of the front office, which is used to laying down the law to its production departments, to conceive of dealing with its medical de partment in any other way. Yet most doctors who sire really worth their salt are pretty independent critters and have no intention of being told by a mere layman how they should conduct their work. It is my firm belief that, if the managers of all our larger industries, in seeking medical and health service, would raise their sights in terms of professional ability, salary and that intangible called personality, to the level achieved by some that I could mention, and having done so, would give their doctors full front office backing but otherwise leave them alone, the professions, the schools, the workers and the corporations themselves would all be infinitely the gainers. Labor, in the past, has had relatively little to say about health programs in industry, but this situation is changing. With the increased participation of the workers themselves in the solution of their own hygienic problems, it is to be hoped that there will come an ever clearer realization that, when health is mixed with politics, the former is invariably the loser. Having been a state-employed industrial health worker for fifteen years, and therefore perhaps knowing whereof I speak, I venture to suggest that, despite their obvious importance and accomplishments in the development of industrial hy^ giene services, somewhat the same hope might be expressed with regard to the governmental agencies. All of us are, I am sure, painfully aware of the prolong ed jurisdictional wrangling that has marred the record on both federal and state levels, and all of us who have the cause of industrial health at heart must be glad of the apparent lessening of this quite indefensible bickering. I seem to have managed to throw quit a few bricks.. Now, with your permission, I would like to pin on sane well-merited posies in each of the above categories-. 10 for in at least partial compensation for the over-all leg which I an perhaps too prone to deplore, there have been many truly remarkable advances, for mhioh due credit should be given* Among the industrial physioians there are of course a goodly number who consti tute the true leaven of the loaf. It was Dr. John J. Wittmer of New York's Consolidated Edison Company who said recently* "It is certainly the responsibility of industry to see to it that 'manpower' receives such care and consideration as is appropriate to its position in the scheme of our industrial economy. I can't conceive of a plant manager in this day and age, ordering, installing and opera ting mechanical equipment without (1) determining exactly what was re quired of the equipment, (2) securing the best equipment for his needs, (3) having it installed by competent mechanics, and (4) establishing an operations maintenance program to insure optimum efficiency and useful life. "Is there any moral or practiced reason why we should do less for the individual, without whom the equipment eould not have existed, let alone be operated?" And another doctor, whom I am not at liberty to name, wrote me not long ago about two lead cases, saying of one that he "was annealing steel wires in lead baths, but in addition drinking leaded water out of his own faucets in a country home." To say that such etiological detective work is a credit to the profes sion seems to me but the faintest sort of praise. I need not be told of the extreme difficulties faced bythe medical schools in seeking to fit industrial medical instruction into an ever more crowded eurriculum, and I am aware of the success that has met these efforts in some quarters. Confining mention to examples of medical school activity within the State of Texas, the industrial hygiene research laboratory being established by Dr, Nau at Galveston bids fair to be a most valuable addition to a group of institutions of which we have all too few, and the privilege of learning at first hand from Dr. Kemp of his plans for the future of industrial medical teaohing at Baylor has added not a little to the interest of my first visit to Houston. As to the industries, I have already indicated that there are those whose sights in terms of medical and health service are at a commendably high level. Since so revolutionary a change could not have come about without the sanction of an enlightened management, it seems appropriate to mention here the transfer last winter of the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company's human relations activities from its industrial relations department to its medical department, the purpose being to permit the traditionally confidential doctor-patient relationship to aid in solving personal problems adversely affecting the work of the company's employ ees. And as an example of excellent yet economical co-operative health activity for the benefit of industry at large, I would like to cite the fact that the smaller companies may secure the benefits of membership in the Industrial Hy giene Foundation of America for as little as fifty dollars a year. That labor is now ready to join with management and medicine in advanoing the cause of health and safety in industry on a truly sound basis is evidenced by the Washington meetings being held in an effort to establish a permanent confer ence for that purpose, with representatives of the Aimrioan Federation of Labor, 11 Tha Congress of Industrial Organisations, the National Association of Manufac turers, the U. S, Chamber of Commerce and the Amerloan Medical Association par ticipating. Judging from what one of the medical members of this group has told me, the labor approach to the problem is on a higji plane. It seems most unlikely that the recently created National Advisory Committee on Industrial Health, with ten distinguished members, can fail to notably benefit the Federal Government's industrial hygiene activities. Among the state and lbcal units, of which there are fifty-eight in all, it can hardly be expected that all will operate at the same high level of efficiency. Many are, however, doing excellent work, and I consider it a duty of my present position to bring about cordial and mutually profitable relations between these agencies and our member companies wherever possible. I have been particularly impressed by the Kentucky industrial health services survey now being conducted by Mr. W. W. Stalker, director of the division in that state. I hope that, despite the rather rambling nature of my remarks, I have succeeded in making evident my conviction that industrial health programs do pay dividends. I realize, however, that, having now been engaged in the promotion of industrial health for nearly twenty-five years, I may be suspected of some little prejudice in its favor. It therefore seems appropriate that I should quote, in conclu sion, from two of the men who pay for these programs, for if they are for them, as the executive heads of outstanding industrial organizations, it must be for reasons far more practical than mere prejudice. I quote first from an address by Mr. William B. Given, president of the American Brake Shoe Company, who said at a meeting of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation, "How effectively or how badly a Medical Department functions should be one of the many useful yardsticks for directorswhen they are won dering whether the company needs a new head. After all, the most impor tant part directors have to play in management is promptly removing tne senior officer when over-all he is found not up to his job - yes, and without wasting time^ about it. "By the same token, with today's competition for the most intelli gent and efficient workers, stockholders cannot long afford directors who do not realize the importance of top health and safety conditions in their company's plants, nor managements which do not spendwhatever money is necessary to give plant people the maximum of healthand safety assurance." And finally from Mr. Andrew Fletcher, president of the St. Joseph Lead Company, who on a similar occasion spoke as follows: "Good health is the most important asset in life. I know of no company that has improved working and living conditions of its employsea that has not obtained satisfactory returns in dollars as well as in human happiness." 12 "TBiMKQHE 15 rSSM- SOWTIOM QFI&IIUSTRIAL MEDICAL FB05UM5* Allan J. Tl**ihg, M.D* Aa*i*tant Medical Director' 3. I. du Font de Hemour* and Company Wilmington, Del, The Industrial Physician often finds himself in a position analogous to that of the young doctor starting practice in an isolated community where he has the dubious distinction of being the only physician in the locality. The young medic soon finds himself confronted with a variety of problems, a few of which he is ill-equipped to handle. Unlike the young practitioner, the indus trial physician is usually unable to find the answer to his problems in medi cal literature and unless he be one of those rare individuals with a knowledge of Chemistry, Physics and Engineering, he must rely on help from the toxicolo gist, chemist and industrial engineer, if he is to find an answer to some of the medical problems occurring at his plant. This is particularly true in the chemical industry, for many of the compounds are new and little or no inform*-, tion exists concerning their toxicity or physiological action. Until such in formation is forthcoming, it is essential that rigid medical control be ex*r-- oised if we are to practice preventive medicine in industry. If asked to define the difference between an industrial physician and sny oth er physician, 1 think we could safely say that close co-operation with other professions is a characteristic of the physician in industry. Unless teamwork exists between the Medical, Safety, Laboratory and Industrial Engineering groupb in any plant, the solution of an industrial medical problem will usual ly be unsatisfactory, expensive, and long drawn-out. This afternoon I would like to mention two incidents which occurred in our plants, both of which were serious from a production as well as a medical view point, and both of which were solved by the combined efforts of several groups, Die first of these incidents occurred at one of our plants shortly after the introduction of a new process for the Synthesis of ethylene glycol. During the first month of operation, it became necessary to filter material from an aoid heel tank (See Slide l) in an open filter. The operator attending this operation noticed that after a couple of hours, hie vision became cloudy and he saw objects as through a fog. Shortly afterward, repairmen working on pump S (Slide l) developed the same condition, as also did several operator* idle were exposed to mist sprayed into the room from a leaky gasket in the ester train heel. Operator* exposed to the mist for a few minutes only suffered ne r ill effects. The leaky gasket was' repaired and the room washed down by opera tors wearing masks. It was observed that in spite of washing, a white film re mained on the equipment. When washing down was completed the operators removed their masks and about two hours later developed foggy vision. Similar fogging of the vision developed in operators who first entered the building after the washing down prooess waa completed, The fogging of the vision was due to the development of cloudiness of the cor nea. The- cloudiness was unaccompanied by any eymtoms or sign* of eye irrita tion, but interfered with vision to such an extent that those afftoted could 13 not drive their oars hoae f*o the plant. As sight be expected a slid wave of hysteria avapt the plant* Fortunately tha neya fog* aa it was soon called, subsided in 24 to- 48 hours, leafing tha coxw nea undamaged* Although the possibility of shutting down the plant was discussed, no such no tion wps taken, but as investigation was immediately started to determine the compound responsible for the "eye fog", where the compound was formed, and tha mechanisms of its action on the eye. This investigation was shared by members of the plant, chemists from the research laboratory of the department concern^ ed, and members of the Haskell Laboratory staff. Due to intensive efforts on the part of all concerned, isolation and identification of the offending con*pound was completed in a few days. Step one was to find where the offending compound was being formed in ths pro cess, for it was known that the initial raw materials and the final product had no such effect on the eye. Samples were obtained from various stages in the process and these were tested by instilling suitably neutralized drops into one eye of a guinea pig using the other as control. Samples obtained from various parts of the operation represented by the shaded portion in Slide 1 produced fogging of the cornea in guinea pigs within 3 to 4- hours. When water was added to material from the acid heel (M), an oily substance settled out which was soluble in ethyl alcohol. Tests with the water soluble fraction pro* duced "eye fog" in 2 to 3 hours, while tests with the oily (alcohol soluble) portion were negative. Various fractions of the acid heel (M) were then test ed and it was found that distillation cuts between 97 to 105 c. at 0*5 Hg pressure and 105 to 1340 c. at 1 mm Hg pressure, gave positive teste for "eye fog". Finally a crystalline material was separated from the fraction coming off at 90 c. at 0.5 mm Hg pressure, the separation being made at low tempera tures in ether. A l aqueous solution of this crystalline material when in stalled into the conjunctival sac of a guinea pig produced a definite "eye fog" in one hour, and a half percent solution produced "eye fog" in 3 to 3 l/2 hours. This crystalline material was identified as dimethyl dlglycollate and a labo ratory prepared sample of dimethyl dlglycollate in a 1$ aquous solution pro-' duced "eye fog" in one hour and a O.l^t solution produced "eye fog" in 4 1/2 hours. To reproduce conditions as they existed at the plant, air was forced through a flask containing acid heel material and thence into a bell jar in which two guinea pigs were placed. The guinea pigs developed typical "eye fog" within 4 hours. When crystals of dimethyl dlglycollate were substituted for the acid heel material, ths guinea pigs developed marked "eye fog" in one hour. There are several interesting features associated with the production of "eye fog" which bear mentioning. The condition is produced without any gross signs of irritation to the conjunctiva or the eye lids. It is unaccompanied by lac-- rlmation or photophobia and it clears up within 24 to 48 hourr without leaving any residual damage. This reaction differs entirely from that produced by di methyl sulphate, which in dilutions of 1 in 300 produces marked-irritation-of the- conjunctiva, accompanied by lacrioatlon and photophobia. The corneal 14 oJcudiaese produce* by-dimethyl `rolpfiatef affeete the sorfaoe oelle f the eorsm immediately end the condition doee not clear up for threa to four woods o*" ran longer. In contrast to* this* the corneal' dhudlnesa prpducad by dimethyl dlglyoollat# appears without the. lost of light reflection from the-corneal surface indicat ing that the surface cell* hare been affected slightly or not at all* Slide 2 shows a section through the normal' cornea of one eye (Tig. 3) from a guinea pig and also a section through the fogged cornea of the other eye (Tig* 4) from the same guinea pig. The anterior epithelium in each of these sections is placed in juxtaposition and it may he noted how-the epithelium in the co>nea treated with the dimethyl diglycollate has become thickened. The cells are markedly swollen and their outline indistinct* The epithelial layer Is de cidedly oedematoue, the oedema being most marked in the cells nearest Bowman's membrane. The reason for this being that the cells In this area are actively growing and more easily affected thah the cells nearer the surface. The sur face cells tend to lose their functional activity and act more aa an inert pro tective layer juat aa the dry cells on the surface of the akin act as a protec tive layer. The mechanism of action of the dimethyl diglycollate then is to produce an oe dema of the cells in the anterior epithelium of the cornea bo as to render this layer translucent to light instead of transparent. This action appears to be specific for dimethyl (and diethyl) diglycollate and seems to be linked up in the remarkable solubility of these compounds in both water and animal fats. Compounds with solubility characteristics such as these probably affect ther surface tension of the epithelial cells of the cornea altering it in such a way as to permit absorption of excess fluid by the cells. The rapid solution of the "eye fog" problem was made possible by having a quick means of testing suspected compounds by means of their action on the cornea of guinea pigs. The development of "eye fog" could be- followed by observing the eye with an ophthalmoscope, and'as a result .the medical laboratory was able to inform the chemical laboratory within one to three hours whether a given sample contained the eye fogging agent or not. As a matter .of fact the chemists were so intensely intereatad they were usually on hand to observe the effects first hand before returning to the chemical laboratory to follow fresh leads. The. second incident I wish to mention occurred in a plant manufacturing arti ficial leather and. concerns an outbreak of dermatitis. According to the Bureau of Useless Statistics, sixty-seven out of every hundred physicians are habitual readers of detective fiction* If this startling bit of information is correct* many physicians in industry should have plenty of soope for their amateur de tective talents since-a searoh for the cause of a dermatitis outbreak is some times difficult, it is always interesting and often leads the physician into fields far removed from mediolne* The history of the outbreak briefly Is aa follows* The first- case of dermatitis developed in May. 1943. in a man operating a vinylite coating machine. This, man had been, operating the machine for about a month* The process consists of applying a jelly-like mixture of the vlnylite resins dissolved in a solvent te doth. The doth then passes through a series ef dry ing ovens where the solvent, chiefly methyl ethyl ketone is removed and later- 15 recovered* The dry coated fatel* is the* wound up oa ro Us. Tbs dermatitis In this individual was slew in responding to treetasat, and it became necessary to rsnore the man fro* hie regular job* Zt vas soon di> covered that he could not vork in areas where there were solvent vapors witlw* out breaking out* Nothing noteworthy developed between May and August except for a complaint by the men during the last week of July that the cleaning solvent (a mixture of ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol and a small amount of methyl ethyl kBtone) was stinging their hands. Early in August four new cases of dermatitis developed in coating department employees. The eruption appeared first as tiny blisters on the hands, arms, face and neck. The blisters developed into breaks in the skin and became red, raw, raised patches that itched unbearably, especially in a warm atmosphere. During August the man who had first developed dermatitis was deemed well enough to return to his regular job, but was assigned to pyroxylin coated fabrics rather than vinylite coated fabrics. Within two days his rash returned with such violence he had to be removed. (The vinylite coating operation and the pyroxylin coating operations are in the same area so that solvent vapors from the former could readily be inhaled by the man.) No new cases occurred during September but during October six new ones developed (Slide 3) and there was a sudden increase in November and December, the reason for which will be discussed later. The number of new cases fell off rapidly in January and February 19h4, and no new cases developed subsequently. As you will note in Slide (3), 31 of the 39 cases occurred in the coating or finish ing area and 26 occurred in the coating room. It was necessary to remove or transfer 12 men from their regular jobs. Fifteen of the men required treatment for 10 days or over and at least 9 of these men required treatment for 60 days or over. An investigation into the cause of the dermatitis was begun in August 1943 and was shared by the plant physician, the plant control laboratory, and by repre sentatives of the New York State Division of Industrial Nygiene* Later Dr. Louis Schwartz then Chief of the Dermatitis Section of the U. S, Public Health Service was consulted on the problem. For the sake of brevity I am going to outline the steps to be taken in investigating an outbreak of dermatitis and indicate the action that was taken in this particular one. (See Slide 4) 1. Fix clearly the locals and date of onset of the outbreak, whether it was gradual or rapid in development. Try to correlate the outbreak with changes in the manufacturing process, the substitutions or addition of new chemicals, or the possible inclusion of impurities formerly not present* 2. Obtain a list of the raw materials and chemicals used in the area and have the plant superintendent or someone qualified accompany you through the plant and explain'each step of the process from the beginning to the end. Note the presence of gases or vapors in the atmosphere remembering that systemic absorb tion may play a part in the outbreak. Also note the method of handling materi als and the cleanliness or lack of cleanliness of the operation and operators. 3. Examine all the men in the area as well as those affected and look for slight abnormalities that may be present around the hair folicles or sweat glands that might indicate the presenoe of irritation from a chemical. A complete ex amination will reveal the presence of any skin abnormalities some of which will undoubtedly not be of industrial origin* 16 4. After studying all the data, available try and narrow down the list of pos sible chemical suspects to a few probable ones* It aay be necessary to carry out patch tests to Identify the offender* In which ease it will be necessary to be sura the concentrations used will not irritate a normal skin if epplied for 24 hours* 5* If the cause can be found* adequate steps are then taken to eliminate it from the picture if possible, or steps may be taken to prevent skin contact with the active compound. 1 - In this case the outbreak was gradual in onset* starting in May 1943 and reaching a peak in November and December of the same year. The causative agent was apparently centered in the vinylite process since thirty-one of the thirty nine cases occurred in the vinylite coating or finishing area. The coating process had been in operation about a year and a half although production had increased considerably in the few months preceding the outbreak. 2 - Although a report was prepared by the plant control laboratory in August listing the important cenpositions handled by the nine men who had developed dermatitis, no immediate use was made of this information since it was felt safe to continue using these ingredients on the basis of information obtained from the suppliers of the ingredients. However* six new cases developed in October and in November a protective hand cream was tried as a means of pre venting the dermatitis. This proved ineffectual and the number of new cases jumped from the previous month1 a level of six to a new level of 14. This pro tective cream was much more alkaline than usual (Fh 10) due to a substitution of ingredients made necessary by war shortages. Subsequent investigation in dicated the high alkalinity was probably responsible for the graat increase in the number of cases during November and December. Hhe rapid increase in the number of oases waa a matter of concern to all and help waa sought from various consultants. Two isolated observations by the staff of the plant control laboratory turned out to be of prime importance and serve to emphasize our thesis that Team work is a very essential element in the solution of industrial medical problems, for these observations were the key to this particular one. Before the out break of dermatitis started, it had been observed that when operators in the vinylite process washed their hands with soap, a bright red color developed on the ekin. A second pertinent observation was made in the laboratory during an investigation of the solvent recovery process. In the diBti Hation of recovered methyl ethyl ketone (the solvent used in the process), a fraction remained which proved to be biacetyl. The latter appeared to b building up slowly in the recovered methyl ethyl ketone as it was re-cyw cled in tha coating process. It was shown that biaoetyl plus protein plus alkali gives rise to a brilliant red color presumably due to the formation of xylo quinone (Slide 3)* Qhinonee are known to be highly irritant to the skin, causing erythema, papulae and vesicles, H. Prosser White in hie text on Industrial Dermatitis describes a brilliant red rash on his own arm as a result of contact with quinone. Hs did not remark on the peeaibility of part of the color being due to a dys fonaed in the skin. After reviewing the data, it was apparent that the agent producing the derma- 17 title could act in either the liquid or Taper phase as dermatitis casee that bad been removed from the process broke down again if exposed to vapors from the vinylits process* The agent appeared to be a seasitlser or else it sea being absorbed ia sufficient amount as to exceed the Halts of tolerance of the body* The possibility of biacetyl being the offender was tested la November shea patch tests on a group of 15 persons froa the supervisory and laboratory pex* sonnel were carried out by the plant physician* The results of the tests sere as followsi liquid soap midly irritated all persons tested* Granular soap midly irritate 7 out of 15* Methyl ethyl ketone plus biacetyl followed by plant liquid soap caused a typi cal rash within 24 hours in one out of 15* Several others of the group showed a delayed reaction in 48 hours or more where the methyl ethyl ketone contain ing biacetyl had been applied* Although a recommendation to remove biacetyl froa the solvent was made in No vember 1943 this was not accomplished until the end of the first week in March of 1944 because of the quantity of solvent in storage and in circulation at the plant. In the meantime new cases continued to develop* A dermatologist was called in consultation in January 1944 and five of the men seen were aj> proved to resume work in the coating department; in two days four of them, hada recurrence and all five had to be taken out of the operation and kept out* Both the workers and plant management became dissatisfied with the progress of the investigation and Dr. Louis Schwarts was consulted early in February of 1944. As a result of his survey and examination of the men* Dr. Schwarts agreed that methyl ethyl ketone or possibly the biacetyl in the recovered sol vent was responsible for the outbreak. He reoommended additional patch tests be performed with the following; 1 - Virgin methyl ethyl ketone. 2 - Methyl ethyl ketone as it comes through the recovery system* 3 - Methyl ethyl ketone to which 4$ biacetyl had been added. 4 - Chemically pure biacetyl, and 5 - Methyl ethyl ketone from the solvent recovery that had been treated to re move biacetyl. The results of these tests showed that biacetyl was the agent responsible for the dermatitis* The following corrective measures were takBn. 1 - Biacetyl was removed from the solvent. 2 -- A neutral eulfonated oil (Fh 6) was substituted for the alkaline soap. 18 3 - fcrotebtlVW dothibg vu provided in certain caeee and a bland lanolin tna deed ott the face and neck. k - Ventilation around the machinee wa improved and stepa taken to etepwmace** ear}r contamination of the atmosphefe with solvent* These corrective meaeufes put an end to this outbreak of dermatitis* In conclusion may I again emphasize the advantage of cooperation between vari ous groups in a plant when a medical problem arises. In this instance the so*> lution of the problem was not reached .as rapidly as it should have been due in part to a failure to realize the serious nature of the dermatitis and in part to a failure to instigate corrective measures at the proper time. In both instances cited the trouble was due to an impurity or by-product in the process. Even though the formation of these by-products could have been anticipated by the chemical group, Medical could not have foreseen the con sequence due to a lack of information on the toxicity and physiological action of the by-products in question* The health of the worker whether he be a laborer in a plant or a vice president in an office is the concern of the industrial physician. A good industrial health program is one based on preventive medicine. It is almost impossible to practice preventive medicine in a complex, chemical industry today unless the industrial physician, technical men, safety engineer end the toxicological laboratory work as a unit from the time a new process is conceived in the teat tube until it becomes a full grown operation in a big plant. *< cant effeeta on their well-beiog, These concentrations vary froa material to material, - bob* being relatively vary harmful and othara hain* alaaat i* nocuous* Knowledge of the safe limita of thematerials in qoeatiom mA how the amounta in the air can ha measured is important to the engineer in addl* tion to ways aad naans of reducing the concentrations* Engineering measures for preventing the Inhalation of excessively contaainated air have been discussed by many authors, and there are about aa many differeat classifications of these methods as there are papers on tho subject* Die prin ciples expounded, however, are always essentially the same. They may be divided conveniently into three main groups as follows, depending upon the avanue of approach! 1. Eliminating the sources of contamination or reducing the amount* a. 3uilding and equipment design, alteration, and maintenance. b. Substitution of less -toxic materials. c. Process or operation changes* d. Housekeeping. 2. Prevention of contaminant dispersion. a. Segregation of hazardous processes. b. Enclosing the hazardous processes. c. Wet methods. d. Local exhaust ventilation* e. Equipment maintenance. f. Worker education. g. Housekeeping* 3. Protecting the worker. a. Equipment alteration. b. General ventilation. c. Respirators. d. Worker education* The control of an atmospheric health hazard Is rarely accomplished by a single measure; it usually involves the use of a combination pf methods. ELIMINATING THE SOURCE OP CONTAMINATION. Obviously, the most successful apm proach to the problem of industrial atmospheric sanitation lies in the design or alteration of plant and equipment so that the control features are engineer ed into the structure and machinery, Factories constructed without due conai<^* eration to keeping the air clean, and existing plants, preclude the most effW cient use of engineering-control knowledge. Much control equipment, installed on "unprepared11 machinery even if carefully planned, is makeshift at best and has all the features of the proverbial "sore thumb". Probably the most import tant single avenue to better atmospheric sanitation lies in the education of the industrial equipment and machinery manufacturers so that at least the basio elements of control equipment are included as an integral part of each machine which is known to produce or disperse dusts,fumes, emokes,mists,gases,or vapors* Some action in this connection is in progress, but the surface is only being scratched. Some new plantb are being laid out with the atmospheric-sanitation problem in mind. Also a few industries which are undertaking industrial hy. giene on a long-term-basis are slowly mechanizing and modernizing their exist-* ting plants to increase production, eliminate arduous labor, and reduce atmoe-- 21 "CONTROL Of EBTHOSHZHfAL INDUSTRIAL HEALTH HAZARDS* Allen D. Brsadt Bethlehem Steel Company Bethlehem, Pa. The health hazards in industry which, if uncontrolled, may cause occupational illnesses and discomfort, are many and varied. The more common ones may be divided conveniently into seven groups as follows* 1. Atmospheric contaminants (Dusts, fumes, mists, gases, vapors and smokes). 2. Heat, cold, high humidity and rapid temperature changes. 3. Radiant energy other than heat. 4. Faulty illumination. 5. Noise. 6. Unsanitary conditions. 7. Fatigue. All of these factors are capable of control by sound engineering to such degree as to render them innocuous to the industrial worker. It follows then that engineering is the first line of defense in the control of ill health and discomfort in industry. Fortunately for the engineering profession, the human being is a miraculous organism and can stand considerable mistreatment without showing illness or even discomfort. For this reason, noise, radiant energy, atmospheric contami nants, fatigue, etc., need not be completely eliminated, they need merely be controlled within certain limits. These limits have been fairly well defined for moat of the factors included in the foregoing list, end serve as bench marks for the engineers. Of the groups listed in the first paragraph, atmospheric contaminants consti tute the most important one. Because of its imnortance and the keen interest taken by labor and management alike in it, the engineering control of indus trial atmospheric sanitation will be discussed in detail. No further refer ence will be made to the other health hazards, not because they are unimpor tant, but becanaa of time limitations. MGINHERING CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS The objective in controlling dusts, fumes, mists, smokes, gases and vapoys is to prevent the amount in the air breathed by the workers, from exceeding safe limits commonly called maximum allowable concentrations*. They are not truly maximum allowable concentrations, but are the amounts which all but the unusual ly susceptible workers can endure day in and day out without producing eignifi-- pherio pe llution, Tally as important as the original design of say pleoe od equipment is its maintenance. Deterioration, wear, corrosion, abrasion, aai shock result in inefficient operation unless aainteasaee is good, la the | smaller industry, maintenance is too frequently left to the user of this eqal ment. This is not a satisfactory procedure. All maintenance work should be made the responsibility of one man or one department, { i A very effective method of control is the substitution of nontoxic for toxld materials. The application of this method is very limited in scope because) of the basic requirements on which materials are usually selected* It shou| however, always receive due consideration since it is both effective and usti ally inexpensive. Yet, for this very reason, the engineer or chemist must i guard against overdoing substitution. It is-generally agreed that any mate** rial, be it ever so harmful, can be handled safely if properly engineered. This feeling has been verified in practice by the experience of the atomic- bomb plants and the military explosives manufacturing and loading plants. 4 substitution of les^-toxic materials frequently runs counter to quality con-i trol in production it must be recommended with caution, particularly sinca other methods are. avallable for the adequate control of hazards. Examples a successful substitution of less-toxic materials are the substitution of steel grit for sand in abrasive blasting; artificial abrasive grinding and polish!) wheels for sandstone wheels; nonsilica parting compounds for siliceous com pounds in foundries; petroleum naphtha or toluol for benzol in the lacquer, ink, and rubber cement industries; Stoddard solvent for carbon tetrachloride) in dry cleaning (speoial equipment is usually required to comply with fire regulations); quartz-free or lo**-quartz minerals for sand under mine locomo tives; and relatively insoluble lead compounds for lead oxide in paints ceramic glazes. & change in the process can sometimes be used to eliminate or control a heal) hazard. Such change frequently involves major changes in other parts of thei production line, and this control measure is therefore very limited in scops) Examples are controlling the temperature and speed of chemical reactions so : that the rate of mist, gas, or vapor production is deoreased; welding, crimps isg, riveting, or otherwise joining to eliminate soldering operations; and changing from manual batch charging to machine and hopper charging. More can be done by good housekeeping to eliminate sources of contamination, ; particularly dusts and fumes, than is commonly realized. In dusty industries or workrooms where dust is continuously settling on all surfaces which eg>* ] proach the horizontal, and collecting on vertical surfaces, good housekeeping in the form of vacuum cleaning, wet washing, and sometimes brushing prevents the material from being redispersed into the air. The amount of dustiness ' which is contributed to the air of dusty industries by the continual redissss lnation of the settled material is sometimes more than 50$ of the total dust concentration. Yet this dust can be prevented from getting into the air verj readily by constant cleaning. Fainting the walls a light color, improving tl iUiXnination, and oiling or wetting the floors are effective in promoting goc housekeeping. While good housekeeping alone is seldom sufficient to control existing hazards, experience has shown that the housekeeping in most plants a good index of the industrial hygiene program. PREVENTION 0? CONTAMINANT DISEEESON. Many industries have operations which, produce considerable atmospheric contamination but which require the immediat 22 attention of only a relatively mail number-of workers. If located indiscrim inately throughout the plant or if conducted at certain tinea, such operation* nay expose many other workers to a needless amount'of atmospheric contwin. tlon. By segregating or Isolating these operations, only those few workers, engaged th*r* will be exposed to the hazard, they aay be protected- by - means of respirators. Also the segregation or bunching of hasardoua operm- tions aids aaterially in the effective application of local exhaust ventll tion or other control measures. Hhe usefulness of this measure is so obvious that examples are scarcely needed. Blasting in mines at the end of thr shift so that the gases and dusts will have settled or dissipated by the time the worfc era return, sweeping and cleaning at night when other workers are not on the job, shaking out foundry castings at night when most workers are off the job, and locating the plating or degreasing tanks in separate rooms are common examples. Enclosing an operation might be considered an extreme form of isolation. The contaminant or contaminated air is prevented from reaching the breathing zone of any workers except in rare instance when one or two men may be exposed within the enclosure. It is superior to segregation or isolation since it acts nearer the source of contamination. In one instance the simple expedient of attaching a loose cover for the containers being filled to the end of a canvas discharge chute from a gyratory screen reduced the dust concentration in the screen room by well over 50/S* 1 another instance a toxic and highly explosive material was transferred from 50- to 5-lb. containers in a complete enclosure. The large cans were mounted on a frame in the top of a home-made enclosing device, and after closing the door the contents were dropped-into a hopper by rotating the handle. Measured quantities were then dropped into 8mall cans through a dust-tight corrugated hose. Two slide gates served to close and open the top and bottom of the measuring device. Hence by closing the lower gate and opening the upper one the material from, the hopper filled the section between the slides which served as the measuring device. By closing the upper slide and opening the lower one the measured quantity of material was charged into the small container. This arrangement reduced the atmospheric concentration of the toxic material from a harmful level to almost nothing. Process enolosure has been found particularly successful at abra~ sive-blasting operations, such as barrel and cabinet types of equipment which operate on the batch basis. The equipment ie closed tight during the clean ing operation and is open only for charging and discharging after the abrasive blasting has been discontinued. %ia method of control does not find wide application except in conjunction with local exhaust ventillation which will be discussed later. Wetting dust with watsr or other liquids is probably the oldest method of control. It was practiced in the pottery industry in Great Britain as early as 1713. Wet drilling and water sprays have been widely employed in mining oper ations in recent years. The use of water sprays in quarrying operations also has been reported recently. Substantial reductions in the dust concentration have been reported as wet-grinding operations, Rnd as-wet-drilling operations in mining, but even then the atmospheric concentrations were still greatly in excess of the maximum allowable concentration. The effeotiveness of wet meth ods for dust control depends upon two factors--wetting the dust, and proper disposal of the wetted dust. Some dusts are hard to wet and unless wetted will not be captured. Even if the dust is wetted satisfactorily, it ie necseaary ta collecrt and dispose of the wetted material before the liquid evapo 23 rates-sadTtbe dp#*: 14.n>U:|idi^Mm4 bysircasraate,*sulking, ,m blamtlsg. In certain, mines, for cample, thedeatfroatke.wex-dutlllag operatises aettlea,out as tbs. water flams amy, sad.collsetteleo-as>voter droplets m the walls from^wheceitis rsadily redisperssd* Evan: thongh wottine s<' ths dost must be tsqc--ended.with discretion, it has boon:found an effective dmst>co> trol aid ln-rofk drilling, blasting,. eruahing, screening, materials transfer, foundry shakeout, core knsokeut, and abrasive blasting, and the addition of mo i a tint to molding sand decreases greatly any aaount of dust prodnesd while making mold#* Local exhaust ventilation is probably the most important single method of pre venting industrial atmospheric pollution. Yet the principles involved and the bases for adequate design are so poorly understood that a large percent age of the installations mads in recent years are unsatisfactory or ineffic ient. The design of good local exhaust systems is a specialty requiring knowledge not normally possessed by any engineering group including ventilat ing engineers, unless they hove received speoial training in this field* This Is neither the time nor the place, however, to discuss the details of this most important subject; they have been covered adequately elsewhere* 1,2,3, Suffice it to mention briefly the method of operation and to cite a few ex amples of operations at which looal exhaust systems are used* Local exhaust systems function by removing the contaminant or grosaly con taminated air aa close as practicable to the point where it is released or generated. This is done by producing, air currents in the area of contaminant escape of such direction and magnitude aa to carry the highly contaminated' air into the exhaust hood whioh is located as close as possible to, or around, the source of contamination. The more nearly ths hood encloses the source of contamination, or the closer it can be located to the source of eontaalaation, the smaller will be the required exhaust rata to eapture the contaminant ef fectively. Hood shape and location are of the utmost importance and deserve considerable study and haadr-scratching on the part of the designer. In ad* dition to the hood, a local exhanat system includes piping or ductwork, an exhauster (usually a centrifugal fan), and usually a collector. Ths contain inated air is moved through the piping to the collector and the filtered air is then discharged to the outside of the exhauster. The design of the hood and piping, and the aeleotion of collectors and exhausters are complete stud* lea in themselves and will not be covered here* Examples of the satisfactory use of local exhaust systems are numerous. Sons are welding; granite surfacing; pickling and plating tanks; wood working equipment; grinders; buffers and polishers; and spray painting booths* Lika all othsr types of equipment, that employed to control health hesards requires cona+-M checking anA maintenance. It should be included with other equipment in the cleaning and maintenance schedule. Dust collectors, fans and, in many instances ductwork require periodic cleaning to obtain satisfacto ry operation* Bent hoods and leaky or damaged ductwork and enolosurea should be repaired promptly. Blast gates and daspers, if used, should be looked in position, but even then they need constant watching to see that the setting is not altered by ths workers and ths balance of the system thereby disturbed* Only too frequently management invests substantial capital in good oontrol equipment and then either through complacency or lack of understanding proceeds to forget all about it until faced with areata or-epidemic- of occupational 24 illnesses* Hie answer, aal the only way to protect their investment, is perW odie checking and maintenance- just as is lone with protection equipment*. Tory few if any measure* or installations for the control of ataospfaerle pol*> lution are foolproof. Mach depends on the attitude of the worker. A cooper, ative, interested, and well-trained worker can accomplish marsh with asp ooe> trol equipment, whereas the indifferent, lackadaisical, untrained worker pro duces the maximum amount of atmospheric contamination with any control device. The solution lies in the education of ths worker. This is an unending task and becomes very di soouraging if labor turnover is high. Nevertheless it is the key to the really successful operation of atmospheric sanitation equipment. As a rule the labor turnover will be much leas if the working conditions are good. Therefore, proper education of the worker is the first step in a chain of eventa which lead to a satisfactory educational program. To be successful the education of the worker must begin the day he is employed. If he is pex*mitted to begin his work without proper instruction in the performance of hie tasks he will form faulty habits of operation which require much effort to undo. On the other hand the educational program must not cease as soon as the worker has been trained in the correct procedure of doing hla job. It must be continued throughout his period of employment to keep him on hie toes and to prevent him from falling into a faulty routine. Examples of what can be accomplished in atmospheric sanitation by worker education are unnecessary-- they are quite obvious. Any operation (whether it be provided with control equipment or not) which produces or releasee an atmospheric contaminant can be done, and should be done, in a manner which results in the escape of as little material ae possible into the workroom air. Good housekeeping will serve to prevent the dispersion of atmoepherio contami nants. However, it is considerably more important in eliminating sources of contamination and vaa discussed previously in that connection* FEOTECTING THE WORKER. Most industrial machinery or equipment which produces or releasee harmful contaminants can be engineered either in the original de sign or by alteration of existing installations to decrease the worker's ex posure, In many instances, however, the reduction of exposure is not suffiolent to eliminate the hazard, and other control measures are needed. Yet there are some operations where the principle may be applied to render the worker's exposure harmless. Examples are the use of mirrors and/or extensions on operating handles to permit the worker to stand clear of the escaping con taminant; arranging all hot prooessea so that the operator stands beside rath er than above the process % and locating a fan diagonally to the rear and to the side of the worker to blow the relatively clean workroom air through hie breathing zone and to carry the highly concentrated contaminant from the oper ation he is doing away from him, or locating the terminal of a supply duct between the operator and the source of contamination to blow the contaminated air away. General ventilation is second in importance only to local exhaust ventilation. It is particularly well adapted to certain contaminants and to certain sources of contamination and is unsatisfactory for others. Unlike local exhaust veatilation, it does not prevent the contaminant from escaping into the general workroom air, it merely dilutee the contaminated air of a given room or build ing with sufficient olean air to keep the concentration of contaminant in the room air from building up to a harmful: level. Like local exhaust ventilation. 25 general ventilation it misused 4 grdiit deal by people who da net vatentwl tha fnnrtamsntal principles of contaainiat control. -Major sources of nnnlaml nation, ospoolally if naar to workers, ean&ot ba'contrelled effeetively ty general ventilation; the dilation rata required to Offset a sofa eoaoeataatiea in the workers.* breathing.soaee is so groat aa to- he prohibitive* Minor and scattered sources of relatively harmless contaminants, on the other hand* say ha controlled effectively and economically by general ventilation* The subject of atmospherio sanitation through" general ventilation it a vary largo and complex one. for further information on it, the reader is referred to treatises on the subject of which there are1 many* 1,4,5 Respiratory protective devices have a distinct place in the field of occup*. tional disease control. That they are a last line of defense can hardly be denied. Nevertheless, where they should be used, how they should be select ed, and how they should be used and maintained is not understood adequately by some of the people whose responsibility it is to select them and stqpervlse their use and care* Each and everyone assigned this responsibility should study some of the literature on this subject. 1,6,7,8 Examples of places where respirators may be used satisfactorily are spray painting; abrasive blasting; cutting metal ooated with lead paints by means of oxyacetylene torches; welding; handling dusty materials, olea*out operations} shaking out operations in foundries; and housekeeping or other cleaning and sweeping. The education of the worker for his protection is fully aa important as to prevent the creation of unnecessary dust, fumes, mist, gases, or vapors* Me must be told which contaminants are harmful and sold on the idea of avoiding the higher concentrations* Careful and continuous education is necessary te get workers in the habit of standing upwind of all operations which produce or release considerable material, such as spray painting, welding, cleanout and other maintenance operations, and handling bulk materials; also to keep his face as far from the point of operation as possible, or out of the line of throw or movement of the contaminant. EXAMPLES 07 RESULTS OBTAINED In conclusion, I should like to cite one or two examples of the results mm - ehleved in decreasing occupational diseases through engineering. After all, "the proof of the pudding is in the eating." In the gold mines, of South Africa, dust concentrations averaged about 150 mg/nP before- a program of control waa begun and the reported incidence of mi> era phthiais was about 30$* About 7 years after the dust control program was started the atmospherio dust level had been reduced to about 5 mg/m?, The incidence of miners phthisis began falling about 9 years after the dust con trol program waa started and reached a level of about 2jC approximately 7 years after the dust level had been reduced to 5 ag/m3. In this instance, tha in cidence of illness had been reduced from about 30Jl to 2$ by reducing tha at mospheric dust content from 150 mg/m? to 5 mg/a?. 9 An effective industrial hygiene program was launched in the Government-'Owned explosives manufacturing and loading plants late in 1942,--about one year after Pearl Harbor. The atmospherio concentrations of TNT were on tha aseee* at that time and continued to increase until about April 1943 when they begam 26 to decline, the dselins continuing until the eloss of .the w, Periodic aedLcal reporta from thee* plante ehov that th* Incidence of lost-time caeea because of THT poisoning, of nild' TNT poisoning caeca, and of medical trams* fere from THT exposure parallel the atooepherie duet and fume levels very closely. The figures in this Instance are somewhat as follows. The peak concentratlon of THT was about 2.7 mg/m3 in .April 1943 and the peak incidences of lost-time, mild, and medical transfer cases were about 21, 640, and 450, respectively, in terms of cases per thousand man years of exposed employees. The peaks of the cases occurred about July 1943* Ry the end of 1944 the aver age atmospheric TNT concentration had been reduced to about 1.0 mg/m3 and the corresponding incidences of TNT cases were 1, 80, and 85* 10 Engineering measures alone, of course, were not responsible for this entire reduction. The personal hygiene program, and the periodic medical examinations contrib uted substantially. j ! 2ISH2 2SAESI 1. Brandt, Allen 0., "Industrial Health Engineering", John Viley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1947. 2. Aldan, John L., "Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems", Industrial Press, New York, 1939* 3. Drinker, P., and Hatch, T.F., "Industrial Dust", McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1936. 4. Hemeon, W.C.L., "Air Dilution in Industrial Ventilation", Heating and Ventilating, 37139 (November) 1940* 37*42 (December) 1940 t 38*40 (February) 1941; and 38*71 (March) 1941. 5. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Guide, 26th Edition American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, New York, 1948. 6. "The Use and care of Respirators", Preventive Engineering Series, Bulletin 2,Part 2,Industrial Ifygiene Foundation of America, Inc.,Pittsburgh,1938* 7. Schrenk, H.H,,and Pearce, S.J., "Selection, Use, and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective Devices", Information Circular, 7236 (April) 1943, U.S, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C,, 1941. 6. "Protecting Plant Manager, Practical Points on Industrial Sanitation and Hygiene", Dspartment of Labor, Division of Labor Standards Special Bulletin, 3* Government Printing Office, Waaairgton, D,C., 1941. 9. Mavregordato, A., "Contributions to the Study of Miners' Phthisis, Publ. S, African Inst. Med. Res., Johannesburg, 1926. 10. McConnell, W.J., et al., "Occupational Diseases in Government-Owned Ordnance Bfcplosive Plants", Occupational Medicine, 1*551 (June) 1946. I I I / 27 Mr* J* Barry York, Master of Ceremonies, introduced the guest speaker of the Industrial Health Banquet, Ootober 6, 7 P. M., at the Rice Hotel. "INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE IN AN ATOMIC ERA* James H. Sterner, M.D. Consultant Division of Biology and Medicine United States Atomic Energy Commission and Associate Medical Director Eastman Kodak Company Rochester, N. Y. The linking of the concepts "Industrial Medicine" and "Atomic Energy", as in the subject of this talk, is most appropriate. Prom the very beginning, in vis ualizing the development of an atomic energy program, it was recognized that the protection of the health of the personnel must be a primary consideration, and an extremely difficult undertaking. There can be no doubt but that the success ful accomplishment of the object of the Manhattan project - the atomic bomb would not have been possible without the imaginative and resourceful efforts of the radiologists and physicists in controlling the radiation hazards. The fur ther progress of atomic energy under the Atomic Energy Commission in expanding and improving the military applications, and we hope, of greater import for - humanity, the development of non-military uses such as power, medical, and in dustrial purposes is predicated upon the continued, inseparable aid of indus trial medicine. The effects are not in such a single direction, however, as the description thus far would imply. The broader aspects of industrial medicine in presently and apparently unrelated fields - cannot help but feel the impact of atomic energy, and of the essential and closely-knit pattern of cooperation established for the research, production and health activities in this new en deavor. The growth of industrial medicine to its well established place in our indus trial structure does not, I am sure, need retelling. Even the more recent phase, of adapting it to the Atomio Energy Industry has been repeatedly and well des cribed in papers by individuals who were associated with the earlier periods of its development, in the Smyth Report, and in the Semiannual Reports of the Atom ic Energy Commission. The latest of these AEC Reports, the Sixth Semiannual Re port, is the most comprehensive exposition of the relation of Atomio Energy to Biology and Hedioine thus far recorded. Y/e may profit, however, in the examinac tion of those aspects of the relationship which may have a counterpart in our present or future industrial experience. In addition, we may consider what, ad vances in atomio energy are likely, and what applications may be made to indus trial processes in order to anticipate and control the hazards which are an in evitable consequence. The military applications of atomic energy, though of the greatest importance to us, will properly be a subject for presentation when civil defense information is ready for release. Of the various phases of the industrial medical experience in the atomio energy industry, that dealing with the control of environmental hazards, commonly knom as industrial hygiene, stands out strikingly. In fact, so prominent and so- 28 important was this program for preventing radiation injury that its identity with the tern "industrial hygiene1* was almost lost, and the new and highly tech nical personnel employed in evaluating and regulating radiation effeots coined a new name for their discipline - "health physics'** That such a distinotion is arbitrary is readily seen in considering the physiological effects of uranium compounds* Here, with the insoluble uranium salts, the radiation effeot upon the lung from retained uranium is the limiting factor in setting up a permis sible exposure level, while with soluble uranium, the potential chemical injury to the kidney determines the maximum allowable concentration* This emphasis upon the control of the environmental factors has obscured the other aspects of good industrial medical practice which have been an essential part of many of the operating units on the project. Notable among these was the early and continuing experimentation with psychiatry in solving problems of employees. Although most of the examples which will be used in this talk have been taken from the industrial hygiene - or health physics experiences, it should not be implied that this phase is the sole - or even the most importantactivity in industrial medicine. In studying the experiences, the results may be qualified as successes or fail ures - or much more commonly will defy such present classification. In this latter, and numerically greater category, must be placed the many cases where only time and continued careful investigation will permit a final classifying. In the majority of instances it will not be difficult to extrapolate from these atomic energy project experiences to those of other types of industry. The con ditions will vary - the urgency of the early days of the Manhattan project willnot characterize the peacetime industrial development. But this is somewhat balanced by the relatively generous funds available then for research and health controls. Among the notable successes,that of the control of radiation is exemplary. With an exposure to quantities of radiation far greater than previously imagined pos sible, a control program was developed and applied so effectively that thousands of employees worked safely and comfortably in their daily routine. Lest those of us whose identity with industrial medicine antedates this atomic era be given credit by default, it should be emphasized that this accomplishment was largely due to individuals with little or no previous experience with industry. They were the radiologists and physicists, called in because of their special tech nical knowledge. On many occasions, when they were overwhelmed by the magni tude of the control program which was visualized as necessary, they sought the support and oomfort of physicians who had experience with such industrial condi tions. The fact stands out, however, that with the opportunity, many of our associates in other fields are capable of transformation into industrial physi cians and industrial hygienists and may give a most creditable performance. We should not only welcome their contributions, but should encourage them to fur ther our common interest. So well was the job performed in estimating the hazard and in controlling the exposures to radiation that no single instance of radiation injury has occured in the routine performance of the job. The remarkably few cases where injuri ous effects were sustained happened as "accidents" through failure of protec tive equipment or errors in judgment. The experience at Hanford, the plutonium manufacturing plant with its great reactors, emphasizes the good record. In the past 50 years, the span of'our knowledge of radioactivity, only a few pounds of 29 radium have been isolated* Yet one of these piles - or reactors - generates radiation equivalent to hundreds of tons of radium* In 1945 the average exposure of all workers at Hanford was 0*9 of a roentgen; in 1948 it was only a third of this value. The average of the ten workmen with the greatest expo*, sures in any one year was only 2 roentgens. This is only one seventh of the conservative annual permissible dose* that is* the amount of radiation which is considered safe yearly throughout the lifetime of an individual. Such a record was not easily or cheaply arrived at* Ingenious* elaborate and expensive remote control equipment had to be devised and installed. A rigid program of monitoring every operation involving radiation and of every exposed individual had to be enforced. The results, however, are much greater than the mere saving of compensation awards. They are reflected in the confidence of the employee, in his security that he can do his job well and safely. It is diffi cult to define thi3 in dollars and cents, but it is an unequivocal and real as set, repeatedly proved in industrial experience. Hot infrequently, we do not have as much information in approaching the evalua tion and control of an environmental hazard as was the case with radiation. Then it is necessary to weigh the scanty information, arrive at as good an es timate as possible, - and apply a clinical program for detecting the earliest possible signs of injury, if any. The risk is greater, and particularly if kng term effects cannot be predicted from the results of relatively high short term exposures, a considerable burden of exposed individuals may cumulate by the time the first injury is recognized. This procedure is not an acceptable substitute for a careful and exhaustive animal research program where such is possible. Sometimes, good fortune attends this method - as in the case of the uranium ex perience - but there are sufficient unfortuante examples in the annals of in dustrial experience to emphasize the dangers* In the latter part of 1942, when it became apparent that many tons of uranium must be mined, refined, chemically processed, and machined, and the program be gun immediately, the only information available concerning its toxicity were a few limited studies in animals. These indicated that uranium, particularly uranyl nitrate, was capable of producing severe injury to the tubules of the kidney. It was recognized that plant operations, involving hundreds or even thousands of individuals would have to be planned for, and that even though an animal research program was begun immediately, large numbers of employees would have been at work with the material for many months before the results of the experiments could be made available. Scanty and unconvincing information of the testimonial type revealed no injurious effects among the relatively few workmen employed in the handling of uranium for the preatomic age uses such as chemical reagents and pottery pigments. A hurried study of several hundred individuals in the pilot plant of the electromagnetic separation process at the University of California Radiation Laboratory did not indicate any harmful effects from appreciable uranium exposures of from a few weeks to over a year's duration. With this limited background, plant operations were planned, and serial studies of the exposed personnel begun. At first, with operating procedures changing almost daily, and with the lag between such changes and the time required to modify or install new control equipment, the exposures were to concentrations higher than the initial "best guess" value* Later it was possible to reduce the exposures considerably below this original proposed limit. With so little information to help in establishing a criterion, the element of good fortune 30 must have aided materially, for there has not been a single ease of uranium in toxication* The few instances of severe pulmonary irritation following acci dental inhalation of uranium hexaflouride, a highly volatile, markedly irritat ing compound, cannot properly be classed as "uranium poisoning". It is interesting - and not unusual in industrial medical experience - that in one plant where the original emphasis was on the hasard from one material (in this case uranium), an unwanted by-product created the greater injury and the more difficult control problem. In the reaction producing uranium tetrachlo ride, phosgene was given off to the amount of several tons a day. Initially, the reaction was one of high temperatures and pressures, and the escape of this very toxic gas almost a daily occurrence. On one occasion a minor epidemic of pulmonary irritation occurred in a building some hundreds of feet away from the chemical area, when escaping phosgene,channelled in peculiarly favorable mete orological conditions, entered a fresh air intake to be distributed through the ventilation system. The solution to the phosgene problem came not from the Med ical Department (unless the persistent and resented prodding by it could be in terpreted as the major stimulus) but from the process improvement engineers who substituted a vapor phase - atmospheric pressure reaction for the earlier pro cedure. As sometimes happens, the substituted process turned out to be much more efficient, but no part of the saving was credited to the Medical Depart ment budgetl The final example which is cited as worthy of study is not as pleasant as the radiation of uranium stories. In the past few years it has become a familiar one to many of you, but merits retelling, at least in part. It has to do with beryllium, a substance of value in nuclear energy studies since it emits neu trons when bombarded with alpha particles. Beryllium was processed prior to the war as an alloy material, as a coating for flurescent lamps, and as a spe cial refractory substance, but the demands of the atomio energy program greatly increased production. Attention was focused on the problem when in 1943 work men in plants processing beryllium developed pulmonary injury, a few cases fa tal. Dermatitis among the workers was a disturbing but rarely serious finding. As the story evolved, and the number of fatal cases increased, there were per plexing factors, and many competent investigators were reluctant to accept be ryllium as the important causative agent. In the first place, there was diffi culty in relating the acute form of the pulmonary disease to the chronic form. The chronic disease developed frequently only after some years of exposure, and in certain cases, several years after the termination of exposure. The fact that only a small percent of the workmen in a given plant developed the disease did not seem to correlate with the degree of exposure nor with any identifiable physical characteristic. Finally, "neighborhood" cases of the disease were dis covered, - people living in the community who did not work at the plant, and who resided some blocks distant from it. The concentrations of beryllium to which these "neighbor" cases responded were considerably below the average plant lervel3, and yet the majority of the workmen so exposed did not develop the disease. Experimental studies on animals were begun, and although pulmonary injury was produced, it lacked certain aspects of the process in man. Thus far, therapy has been symptomatic only, and not too successful. It is just this sort of occurrence, where the consideration of the material would not reasonably suggest the kind or severity of the injury, and where lim ited animals studies would not anticipate the degree of physiological damage, that causes the industrial toxicologist to be most conservative in his evaluation 31 0f a new substance. With the introduction of new compounds in constantly inoreasing numbers and even with greatly expanded facilities for detecting theharmful properties, it is unlikely that all of the hazardous materials will b Identified so as to prevent injury to the workmen exposed in their manufacture and use. With the most efficient program, there will be same failures. Without suoh prior experimental investigation, there will be many unfortunate oocurrenoes, inexcusable in our present stage of industrial medical development. A most essential adjunct to the experimental studies is examination of exposed workers. This will permit the identification of untoward effects at the earliest, and so limit injury to other workmen. In such a program the ratio of negative examin ations to positive ones will be very high, but the overall result will more than justify the method. Thus far the discussion has dealt largely with the application of industrial medicine to the atomic energy industry. Let us examine some of the effects of the development of atomic energy on industrial medicine in general. It is very likely that atomic reactors will be adapted as practical sources of power and in the not too distant future. There are, however, many obstacles to be overcome. One of the major problems is in the medical field, - that of con trolling the radiation exposure, - not only to workmen employed on such a unit, but to the surrounding community from the inevitable radioactive waste products of the reactor operation. The investigation is proceding in several direotion^ with stationary and movable reactors, and "breeder" piles which may make the es sential fuel more rapidly than they consume it. This research program will re quire more trained health protection personnel than are immediately available, but when reactors are more widely in use, far greater numbers of physicians and hygienists, with this specialized knowledge and training will be needed. A training program must be developed to meet this demand. Industrial physicians and industrial hygienists presently responsible for the care of the employees in the power industry must eventually extend their horizons to include this new sphere of activity. Many phases of the reactor program - the study of new metals, of radiation ef fects on supporting materials, of heat transfer media which must meet presently untried temperatures, of shielding devices, of handling and disposing of un wanted fission products, - will require the cooperative efforts of research and production units outside of the oentral atomic energy plants, - and many of the industries which you represent will be called on to contribute. These problems will be your problems, and in many instances, the burden of finding a solution will fall directly upon your shoulders. Another produot of the atomio era has already become a part of your industrial or research experience. This is the use of radioisotopes. The varied uses thus far made in process control are only a beginning. They include such di verse application as the oontrol of the proportion of an alloying element in the manufacture of special steels; the measurement of the wearing qualities of moving parts, such as piston rings, by tagging the wearing surface and deter mining the radioactivity in the lubricating oil; the rates and efficiencies of a fractionation column, as in the separation of petroleum fraotions; the control of the deposition of a chemical coating on the surfaoe of fabrics where the ac curacy of a thin layer is essential. 32 The employment of these tagged elements in chemical and physical research is rapidly increasing, - and in the shipments of radioisotopes to industrial, uni versity, and independent research institutions are now numbered in the hundreds* prom the viewpoint of health protection, these laboratory applications are most important. The technical personnel involved, with their major interest fooused on the results of the experiment, will need to be guided constantly and firmly in the safe handling of these highly dangerous radioactive substances. For ex ample, serious or even fatal results have occurred from the absorption and re tention in the body of long-lived alpha emitters such as radium in amounts as small as 1.5 to 2 micrograms - one twenty millionth of an ounce. A whole new discipline has been built up for the safe control of hazards in this new branch . radiochemistry, and this must be mastered and applied. The use of radioisotopes in the attack on industrial toxicological problems has already yielded valuable results. For example,antedating the atomic energy pro* gram, radiophosphorus obtained from a cyclotron source was instrumental in proving an appreciable absorption through the intact palmar skin of triorthocresyl phosphate synthesized from the radioisotope. This had a very practical value in justifying an expenditure of some thousands of dollars to protect a group of employees who might have been subjected to a considerable and daily skin exposure. In this instance, without the use of the radioisotope, such clearly defined results would not have been possible. Again, radioisotopes have been used to follow the transport, deposition and ex cretion of such elements as lead, beryllium, uranium, plutonium, and a variety of elemental forms for which our ordinary chemical analyses either lack specif-icity or acuity. The behavior of certain toxins is qualitatively different at varying levels of absorption, but because our analytical techniques frequently have been limited at the lower end of the range, our knowledge has been confin ed to effects at the higher concentrations. A novel property of radioactive elements, of being able to produce a record on photographic film,permits their anatomical localization. These autoradiograph ic techniques have been successfully applied to the whole animal, the organ, or by microscopic methods to the cell, or even a specific part of a cell. Films which are sensitive to and distinguish various types and energies of radiation have added immeasurably to the value of this discriminating tool. Many other applications of radiation have been and will be made. For example, radiocobalt can be made available at a fraction of the cost of radium, and may well substitute as a source in industrial radiography. Since the metal can be fabricated prior to irradiation without difficulty, special shapes and dimen sions *may be easily achieved. Unfortunately, the lower monetary value may lead to less responsible accounting for the equally hazardous radioactive sources. Metal bars, upon which have been coated layers of radium or polonium have been introduced as anti-static devices. The radiation, produces intense ionization of the air, and the prevention of troublesome static effects by discharging the charged surfaces of such objects as papers and transparent sheetings, and so permitting them to stack properly. Recent investigations have indicated that there may be a considerably greater hazard from these devices than was first judged. Xrays and sources of beta radiation are being used to measure and record the 33 17936 thicknesses of films of suoh divers8 materials as paper and steel* The appara tus is adjusted so that slight variations in the density of the measured film will vary the amount of penetrating radiation which impinges upon a photocell* The response of the latter is indicated by a change in the current passing thru the cell and this suitably amplified may be recorded* or can be connected with automatic controls for regulating the film producing equipment* B&diography of industrial products to determine possible flaws is a standard procedure. The possibilities for injury to employees in this teohinque are very real. Already a number of serious xray burns have resulted from improper and careless use of such equipment* These few observations may help you to become oriented with respect to those phases of atomic energy which you may reasonably expect to meet in the near fu ture. The patterns employed in solving industrial health problems in the atonic energy industry are no different than those in daily use in other industrial fields. The fact that the program for preventing radiation injury was develop ed largely in secret and then presented full-blown, that the subject matter of nuclear physics is involved and foreign to most of us, and that there was no immediate need for handling fadiation problems outside of the atomic energy field - all of these factors have effectively deterred industrial physicians, industrial hygienists, and safety engineers from taking an active and serious interest in this type of industrial health problem* We are approaching a time, in fact we are already there for many of you, when further avoidance of these specialized health problems associated with atomic energy is no longer advisable or possible. The majority of the plants not involved in a full time capacity for the Atomio Bnergy Commission cannot afford a "health physicist" forihe handling of their minor radiation problems. Neither, we should hasten to add, can they afford to assign the responsibility for these problems to individuals who have not acquired the necessary knowledge and training. The obvious and proper compromise is to give industrial physicians, hygienists, safety engineers, and nurses sufficient understanding and training to permit them to solve the type of problem which they will encounter, whether it be radiation, beryllium, or presently unknown materials. We have cited some examples of the application of industrial medicine to atomio energy problems. The essential and inextricable character of this realtionship generally will be admitted. We have noted the extension of the products of atomic energy into more common industrial activities. We find, among industrial health and safety personnel, an increasing awareness of the problems but a con siderable uncertainty as to the manner of solving them. The number of individ uals properly trained to handle these specialized problems is inadequate, and for some time, at least the demand for such persons will greatly exceed the sup ply. The immediate and obvious solution is in further training of the indus trial medical and safety forces now working in industry. It will be difficult to supply such training because of the widely varied needs. Nor will the job be easy for those of you who elect to enter this field. The situation must be met, however, if we are to safeguard the comfort, health, and lives of our in dustrial population. 34 Dr. Carl A. Nau, Presiding "THE aiPLOYERS* LIABILITY FOR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES* J. Dewey Dorsett. General Manager Association of Casualty and Surety Companies New York City, N. Y. October 7 The keynote speaker yesterday emphasized the value to industry of sound indus trial hygiene programs. Some employers have approaohed this question by in quiring how much will it cost to institute such a program. At the same time, they may not have realized what the cost of not having such a program is, and whether they can afford to be without it. A substantial part of such cost is the amount an employer must pay to provide compensation to employees, or pos sibly to satisfy judgments in acrions at law, in case of impairment of health due to the employment. It is to the legal phases of this question that I am going to address my remarks. ' In 1947 the Workmen's Compensation Law of the State of Texas was amended to pro vide compensation for occupational diseases listed in a schedule, the haxards of which are present in the state. Prior to that time, no compensation was payable for occupational diseases contracted in the employment unless the em ployee could show that the contraction of the disease constituted an aooident. As far as liability for damages at law is concerned, the Texas courts have held that acceptance of the Workmen's Compensation Law by the employee oonstituted a waiver of the right to bring suoh an action at law against the employer.^ In one decision the court went further and stated that there was no right of action at common law for occupational diseases The latter is the view held by some of the other state oourts as well, but in many states today suoh right of action is recognized based either on common law principles or upon violation of some statutory duty. Recovery of damages Ihrough an action at law being barred, numerous attempts, often suocessful, have been made to obtain compensation for disability due to a disease, which should properly be classed as occupational, on the ground that the same came within the provisions of the Texas Workmen's Compensation Law. This law does not specifioally refer to injuries by accident or accidental in juries but the courts have so construed the aot-i However, they have been quite liberal in determining what constitutes an accident. For example, in the ease of Travelers Insurance Company vs. Noble,,, we find compensation being awarded for lead poisoning. Emphasis in this decision was placed on the fact that on a speoific day, when an air hose beoame disconnected, the claimant inhaled unusual amounts of powdered lead. It is very likely nonetheless that previous exposures at least contributed to his condition. Compensation has also been awarded for anthrax^ and dermatitis,. but in all these cases the claimant attempted to at-, tribute his oondition to a specifio event. To a large extent, the courts have followed the findings of juries in this respeot, even though the question whe ther specific facts constitute an aooident or a disease would se<m to be a mat ter of law rather than one of fact. On the other hand, we find compensation being denied for eozema and injury to 35 the lungs allegedly due to exposure to cement dust over a period of two years! Likewise, the court on appeal reversed the judgment below in favor of the,la& ant for TNT poisoning, on the ground that the lower court did not dearly ex plain to the jury the difference between an accidental injury and an occupation al disease,. Attempt has also been made to show that the injury was accidental because it was due to the negligence of the employer and was, therefore, unexpected. How ever, the courts finally rejected this theory and held that the right to com pensation in such cases does not depend on the issue of negligence J- since it is a fundamental principle of workmen's compensation that benefits are payable regardless of fault, it would have been most unfortunate if this issue had to be considered in every claim involving disease. Incidentally, I have heard representatives of industry state that they were not particularly interested in occupational diseases since the hazards of such dis eases were not present in their business. In one of the cases in which the is sue of negligence was raised, claim was made for tuberculosis allegedly due to the inhalation of dust while unpacking boxes in the receiving room of a Woolworth store* Likewise, in an Arkansas case, compensation was awarded to an elderly lady for dermatitis due to handling coins and carbon paper as a teller in a bank._ It is to be hoped now that occupational diseases are specifically oovered by the Workmen1s Compensation Law, that a more realistic approach will prevail as to what constitutes an accidental injury as compared to an occupational disease. I am glad to note that in providing compensation for occupational diseases,your Legislature has listed the compensable diseases in a schedule. This schedule is quite comprehensive covering poisoning by thirty-one different substances and also fourteen specific disease classifications. While I believe it is just as proper to provide compensation for occupational diseases as it is to provide compensation for accidental injuries, it is important that ccmpensation be pay able only for truly occupational diseases for which industry may reasonably be held responsible. One must be careful to avoid providing in fact broad health insurance under the guise of compensation for these diseases. If you will permit me to digress a moment - this subject of health insurance about which we hear so much these days - mostly from Y/ashington - brings to mind an editorial I recently 3aw in a magazine called "American Druggist". I think this subject is important enough to all of us to warrant its quotation. The editor states* "After five weeks in Great Britain, we came home with new reverence for the faith of mankind that created America. "It is our conclusion that there is no hope, peace of mind, or real se curity for anyone in the belief that 'The State is my Shepherd,I shall not want' This is the real concept of the Welfare State and it has done something to the British spirit. Nothing, not even a free health service, is more important to a nation than the spirit of its people, "So- far as the British Health Schema is concerned, it is a major 36 expression of the Welfare State idea, and aa a health scheme, it is very similar to the plan President Truman has proposed for this na tion* It is too early to tell what it has accomplished for the health of the British people, but there are definite signs that it has done something to their faith in themselves* If this nation of ours should ever adopt the same kind of a scheme, we must be prepared to accept the same increases in taxes and government controls. But of much greater significance is the depressing effect upon the spirit of the people, "The Britons want security, but we do not think they have found it in --the socialist idea that 'The State is my Shepherd.' To the extent that any man accepts the doctrine that the State alone can bring him secu rity and happiness, he will lose faith in himself. Nevertheless, we must recognize that that false concept has a mesmeric appeal. "It is reassuring to know that America is founded upon radical faith in people, but we dare not be complacent. It is our immediate respon sibility to see that no citizen is tempted to lose faith in himself. /.e must help and inspire each citizen to make himself a useful member of sooiety, and thus achieve true security for himself and his family? I have great faith in the American people. If it should be determined that seme sort of legislation in this field is desirable, I am certain that the peo ple of Texas will have the good sense to adopt a sound program fitted to their needs and will not look with favor upon a scheme run and imposed by the Federal Government. It is essential that voluntary plans which industry has put into effect to provide disability and health benefits be not thrown into a scrap heap for some untried scheme that cannot and will not do the job as well. In some states compensation for occupational diseases has been provided by broad definitions or merely by including such diseases within the term accident or in jury without definition. This has raised a number of problems, since it is dif ficult, if not impossible,to define that tern in such a manner as to provide ccm^ pensation for real occupational diseases and, at the .same time, exclude ordin ary diseases of life. Numerous attempts at such definition have been made and their very number is indicative of the failure to arrive at completely satis factory language. In absence of a specifio listing in a schedule, such as that in effect in Texas, neither the employee nor the employer knows defintely, ex cept after extended litigation, whether or not a specifio condition is compen sable. In Massachusetts, for example, where the term "personal injury" only is used without reference to occupational disease or accident, it has been held that an infectious disease contracted by a hospital employee was not compensa- Under your law such diseases sure specifically covered. It required an amendment to the law in Massachusetts to cover such diseases, but this only dis posed of one type of disease and did not provide a solution for other questions which may arise. * Occupational diseases differ from accidental injuries to such a degree that it is necessary that specific provisions be inserted to cover the particular prob lems which arise with respect to suoh diseases. In the case of an accident, there is usually an event which gives rise to the disability - a man falls off & ladder - he slips and breaks a leg. Often, there are witnesses and it is us ually not difficult to determine just how the injury occurred. In the case of 37 1 an occupational disease, however, no such ooourenoe takes place. A relatively long period of exposure oftens precedes disability. The onset is gradual. There may be considerable doubt as to the cause of the claimant's disability, whether it is due to exposure in the employment or completely unconnected there to. An employee develops a blood condition. Is it due to possible exposure to a solvent in the employment, or is the cause completely unrelated to the work? Since there is no speoific event causing the disability, from what time must periods of limitation be run and when is the employer entitled to notioe?Prompt notice is important. Adequate treatment promptly administered and possible re moval from exposure may well prevent development of a serious condition. Spe cial provisions on these points are necessary, and I am glad to see that the Texas law requires notice within thirty days of the distinct manifestation of the disease. With respect to diagnosis, some states provide for the creation of Medical Boards to pass on controverted medical issues and to assist the administrators of the law when confronted with problems of this type. Specialized knowledge is necessary which is often lacking among general practitioners. While in two states provisions creating such Boards have been declared unconstitutional, these Boards have been very helpful where the provisions of the law are adeqmte and the Boards are composed of high caliber personnel. I have made mention of the fact that occupational diseases are often of gradual contraction. This is particularly true of the so-called dust diseases, silico sis and asbestosis, both of which are listed in the Texas law. It usually takes, many years for these diseases to develop to a degree sufficient to cause disa bility. Thus, when a law is first enacted making them compensable,an undue burden is apt to be placed on industries in which a dust hazard is present. Many employees are in a position to make claims based on exposure long prior to the effective date of the law during which no liability existed and no reserves v/ere set aside. To avoid dangerous dislocation among such industries, a number of states have provided for graduated benefits for such diseases under which, the amount of compensation depends upon the lapse of time after hie effective date of the Act that the disability or death takes place. You have a similar pro vision in the Texas law, where compensation is limited to 20% of the maximum period where disability or death occurs during the first twelve months. This amount is increased by 2(# each year until the maximum specified in the Work men's Compensation Law proper is reached. Another important question in connection with the dust diseases is what consti tutes disability. I have heard medical men, specialists in this field, say that a person having silicosis is either able or unable to do his work and if the latter i3 true, then he is totally disabled. Thus, some states provide that no compensation shall be payable for partial disability from silicosis or asbestosis. Long before incapacity to work occurs, some fibrosis may be pre sent in the lungs. During periods of high wages and good employment these men will continue at work and no serious problem is presented. Should an economic recession occur, however, the presenoe of this limited fibrosis, demonstrable by X-ray, may well result in the making of a claim. It would seem that in the case of silicosis or asbestosis compensation should be paid only if there is actual physical incapacity to work. I have tried to outline at lease some of the major portions of the Texas law, relating to occupational diseases, and refer to some of the problems that arise 38 in connection with this subject in general. More important, however, than com pensation for these diseases is prevention. It is far better for an employee not to contract an occupational disease than it is to receive compensation af ter it is contracted. This is true not only with respect to the employee but from the viewpoint of industry as well. In addition to providing suoh compen sation, industry must bear the expense of lost production, lost time in train ing a new man and other expenses which are entailed when the services of an able and trained employee are lost. The insurance industry has been among the most active in discovering occupational health hazards and helping industry overcome them. For many years the stock insurance companies individually and through the Association of Casualty and Surety Companies and its committees have studied in detail the various phases of the problem and their solution and have contributed substantially to the development of knowledge in this field. Recently, we have set up a unit in our Accident Prevention Department to collect the very latest information on occupational health hazards so that insurance companies and through them industry generally may be advised of the most recent developments in the field. Thus, in accordance with its established practice, insurance,in cooperation with industry, has exerted its efforts to protect the lives and property of the people of this country. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Montgomery vs. United Salt Corporation (1937, rehearing 1938) 112 S.W, 2d 494) Robertson vs. C. A. Bryant Company (1939) 127 S.W, 2d 549. 2. Gordon vs. Travelers InBuranoe Company (1926) 287 S.W. 911, 3. Williams vs. Safety Casualty Company (1936) 97 S.W. 2d 729. 4. (1939) 129 S.W. 2d 776. 5. Houston Packing Company vs. Mason (1926) 286 S.W. 862. 6. Federal Underwriters Exchange vs. Price (1940) 145 S.W. 2d 951. 7. Bonner vs. American General Insurance Company (1940) 130 S.W. 2d 204, 206. 8. American Surety Company vs. Ritchie (1944) 182 S.W. 2d 501. 9. Travelers Insurance Company vs. Lancaster (1934) 71 S.W. 2d 318. 10. Arkansas National Bank vs. Colbert (1946) 193 S.W. 2d 806. 11. Smith's Case (1940) 30 N.E. 2d 536. 39 "SOMS HlALTH A3PSCT9 Of iBSIVIC IX DTOUSIBY* Sfcssmaa 8 Pint*, H. D. Americas Smelting 4 Beflniag Co. Dearer, Colo. I* Moat of the arsenic used ia industry is first produced as arsenic trloxida, and annual production in the Uhited States ia now approximately 35,000 tons a year. Of this amount 75 precent is used in insecticides to combat insects with which this part of the country ia quite familiar - the boll weevel, the coddling moth end the gypsy moth. Smaller amounts are used both in weed kill ers and in the glass industry, and only 0.3 percent is used in pharmaceutical preparations. In the United States arsenic as such is seldom mined separately, but is pro duced as a by-product in the smelting of copper and lead. When ores or by-pro ducts containing these metals are smelted the arsenic goes off in the flue gases where, with other dusts, it is caught by electrostatic precipitators or filters as a particulate dust. Arsenic trioxide does not melt at atmospheric pressure but sublimes at a temperature of 218C. Flue dusts containing arsenic are then roasted in Oodfrey roasters and the az^> aenic trioxide driven off. It is collected in what are known as arsenic kitchens. These kitchens are long brick rooms in which the hot gases contain ing arsenic fumes are circulated as they cool. The arsenic trioxide precipi tates as a dust and settles on the floors of the rooms where it is then col lected. At this point, the dusty product contains 96 to 10Q percent arsenic trioxide. Handling arsenic trioxide dust calls for highly specialized engineering skill. A very high percentage of the dust particles are large, and they have a tend ency to pack together. This may quickly reduce the efficiency of a ventilation system unless constant effort is made to keep the system open. MEDICAL EFFECTS Of ARSENIC Arsenic trioxide dust becomes a medical problem when it is breathed into the lungs,or when it comes in direct contaot with the skin. First let us discuss the systemic effects of arsenic which has entered the body thru inhalation. We have never seen a case of systemic poisoning from inhal ing arsenic dust nor have we talked to anyone who has seen an undoubted caset although theoretically such cases could occur. One of the effects of breathing arsenic dust may be the production of a hole in the septum of the nose about one-half inch bp.ck from the nasal opening. This perforation is probably produced by the following mechanism: When air contaiiving arsenic trioxide d.UBt is inhaled, the particles of arsenic trioxide imping* on each side of the nasal septum. There the particles dissolve on the moist mucous membrane surface and produce a high local concentration of arsenious acid-. Biis material is oorrosive and produces a local area of mucous membrane necrosis. The blood supply for the cartilage of the nose comes directly fro* 40 the overlying mooous membrane,. and whan that m--braae la neerotle the tmderly*log cartilage quickly diet* A piece ot cartilage alalia* in> alae and ahape to the area of necrotic membrane then drop* cut* The production of thla hole la practically palnleae and causes no dlaabillty. If, however, known preventive measures are used, the condition can be prevented. Arsenic trioxide dost on direot contact with the akin produces a dermatitis, particularly where there la any moisture, sweat, or friction. Commonest areas of dermatitis ars on the face, conjunctiva, axillae and groin. On the face arsenic dust collects around the edge of the respirator facepiece and product* a dermatitis. Die use of a stockinet covering for the facepiece is of little value in preventing dermatitis in this area. In warm weather when the face becomes moist with perspiration a facial dermatitis can be produced in one day. The application of various protective powders and ointments before putting on an approved respirator has not proved successful. Of particular interest to this group are methods for preventing arsenical der matitis. Men working in arsenic dust must wear clean clothes, every day. This includes clean underwear, sox, and coverallB. '/then dressing for work in the morning a man should also apply calamine powder liberally to the skin which will be exposed; that is, part of the face, and back of the- hands. Coveralls with an attached hood should be worn as the hood protects the scalp, ears and back of the neck. We have found that a respirator, made out of two pieces of sheet paper wadding laid between two pieces of muslin is superior to any of the approved types. This is made in triangular form and two ends of the trian gle are tied at the back of the head. The top edge of this respirator comee just below the eyes, and the third angle of the triangle is put inside the collar of the coverall. Small pieces of cotton are then placed inside the res pirator on each side of the nose. When the hood of the coverall is pulled in to place there is little skin exposed except an area beside each eye. The eyes themselves oan be protected by dust-right goggles. Die type of goggle with a small well of water at the bottom of each lens is useful if fogging of the glass becomes a problem. Arsenic trioxide dust will cause conjunctivitis which is very resistant to ordinary medical treatment. The sheet wadding res pirator has been tested against industrial arfeenic trioxide dust and found to be 99 percent efficient. Protection of the type described keeps arsenic dust out of the ears. If arse nic dust settles in the ears a man may develop quite a sore ear after taking a shower because water is likely to splash into the external auditory canal and moisten the arsenic powder. A dozen men using the type of protection described worked seven years in arsanic dust in a hot semi-tropical climate without developing a perforated septum or having a disabling dermatitis. For treatment of arsenical dermatitis and conjunctivitis many drugs have been recommended. Calamine lotion and an ointment containing sodium thiosulfate have been widely used in the past. Sodium thiosulfate intravenously has also been recommended. Since the war we have been using the new drug BAL with speotacular results. It may seem strange that a drug injected intramuscularly should affect a dermatitis or conjunctivitis caused by direct, external, con tact but it does and is the treatment of choice. There is one derivative of arsenic which I wish to call to your attention pa*- ticularly because it it oat of tkm Hit insidious poisons in industry. T3j*f. substance is the gas. arsine* Arsine is produced nost often is tbs pickling* of metals when arseaie is present as a& Impurity in either the nstal or the acid* It is also produced in the acid leaching of ores containing arsenie and can he formed hy the action of eater on netalio arsenides such as alueimw arsenids* This latter method of production occurs as an accident in tin smit ing or in csrtain typoa of lead refining. Arsine, according to the textbooks, has an odor resembling garlic. From actu al experience we feel this odor is greatly over-stressed and no dependence should be placed on the odor as a warning measure. Around an industrial plant the odor is not noticeable nor distinctive. Arsine does not cause any dis tress when it is breathed nor does it cause eye irritation. The only way to guard against arsine is to have a high index of suspicion and test the atmos phere by chemical means if the presence of arsine is suspected. Ve like the use of a hand pump which draws air thru a piece of filter paper impregnated with silver nitrate. This method was developed by the British and we have found it both rapid and efficient. When arsine is breathed, it is absorbed by the blood from the lungs. Fart of the arsine in the blood attaches itself directly to the red blood cells and part is carried to all the organs of the body because it ia simply dissolved in the blood serum. The arsine which is attached to the red cells causes those cells to dissolve and free hemoglobin is liberated in the blood stream. This excess hemoglobin is excreted by the kidneys and will make ths urine dark red in color. Some of the liberated hemoglobin will go to the liver but if there is more than the liver can handle it will be thrown back into the blood stream and may produce Jaundice. The appearance of blood-red urine is usually the first and certain ly the most dramatic sign of arsine exposure. There ia no pain connected with this hemoglobinuria, and it has been our experience men are greatly upset men tally by the sudden appearance of blood-red urine. This may occur within three or four hours after arsine exposure. The arsine which is attached to the red cells apparently causes them to dissolve over a period of about four days and in this time extreme anemia may be produced unless the dissolved cells are replaced by blood transfusions. We have found no evidence that blood which is added by way of transfusions is dissolved by arsine which has been in the blood stream and has previously dissolved other red cells. This ia impor tant for it means there is a definite end to the problem of red cell destruc tion and no patient need die from anemia. The arsine which is carried in solution in the blood serum to all the orghneapparently is deposited in the various organs but produces littls effect exeept on the heart. In the heart, changes are produced which can be readily shown on the electrocardiogram, and from our experience we believe the electrocardi ographic changes are the most sensitive indication of arsine absorption. Four deaths from arsine which we have obaerved have all been due to failure of1 the heart muscle and we attribute the deaths to the direot poisoning of this mus cle by arsine. Chemical analysis and microscopic examination of the various organs of the body have not shown other significant damage due to arsine. Damage to the kidneya may result from ths excessive elimination of hemoglobin- 42 if large numbers of red cells are destroyed* The hemoglobin acts as a chemi cal irritant in the kidneys and produces a lover nephron nephrosis* In non medical terms this means the little tubules of the kidneys become inflamed, the lining cells break loose and the tubule becomes blocked with precipitated hemoglobin. Complete fai hire of the kidneys will result and waste products of metabolism which are normally excreted in the urine will accumulate in the blood. This is a medical catastrophe and demands the most skillful treatment. Even so, 90 percent of these patients die. In the treatment of arsenical dermatitis or conjunctivitis BAL is the drug of choice. It act9 with amazing rapidity and is very specific. In arsine poisoning BAL seem3 to be of little value. It does not stop the destruction of red cells nor does it help the heart muscle which has been poisoned by arsine. As industrial hygienists we are interested in the amount of arsenic which it is safe to have in the air, and the amount in the urine which indicates dan gerous absorption. The maximum allowable concentration in air, which has been suggested by the Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, has proved to be a safe level. However, the problem of determining the significance of urinary arsenic levels is quite complex. In the case of another heavy metal, namely lead, we anticipate trouble if the urinary excretion goes above a de signated range. Arsenic in the urine may represent the end product of arse nic trioxlde absorption, arsine gas absorption, or may have come from the me tabolism of an organic arsenical compound such as is used in the treatment of syphilis. Each of these three classes of arsenic compounds has a different degree of toxicity and it is only when the original source of the `urinary ar senic is. known that the significance of its value can be determined. At the present time it is not Justifiable to give an arbitrary figure for urinary arsenic which can be oalled a safe value and to infer that all values above that amount are unsafe. The body has various mechanisms which enable it in time to eliminate all excesa arsenic. These mechanisms require several weeks to rid the body of ordinary amounts of arsenic such as might be absorbed from industrial exposures* We have found no evidence of accumulation and storage of arsenic in the body such a9 may happen with a meted like lead. The presence of arsenic in hair or nails is not true storage since once it 13 deposited it cannot get back into the body. In conclusion we should like to point out that the studies of acute arsenic poisoning have been both extensive and thorough. The clinical picture in such cases is well defined. In industry the problem is entirely different because exposure is characterized by chronlcity and relatively low concentrations of the material. The systemic effects are almost non-existent, and disabling conditions of exposed parts of the body become predominant. 1 1 "0 ] "THE ROLE OP THE NURSE IN THE INDUSTRIAL HEALTH PROGRAM" P, Ruth Kahl Senior Nurse Officer U. S. Public Health Service Washington, D.C. The title might lead one to infer that there is but one role of the nurse in the industrial health program# I'd like to suggest that the nurse's role is a highly individual matter dependent in the main upon her interest, her vision, and her ability# Was knowledge omitted in the list of determining factors? hell, if the interest is sufficiently great, additional knowledge can and will be acquired, other factors being equal# It must be admitted that the adminis tration of the industrial health program and the interest, vision, and ability of other team mates also have a strong influence on the activities of the nurse but during this discussion we will consider the interest, vision, and ability of the nurse herself as of major importance in determining the place she will assume in a particular industrial health program# Until recently there has been little, if any, speoial preparation for the field of industrial nursing and the greater number of nurses, as of physicians, have been prepared for care of patients, with thoughtful observation of symptoms, analysis, and interpretation of what has been observed# Interest in the patient and his welfare is the impelling motive back of such comprehensive care of the patient rather than something acquired during preparation. In industry, the employee who suffers a minor injury or minor symptom of dis tress becomes a patient, temporarily, but thoughtful observation of the indiv idual and careful analysis of the information he gives, will inevitably lead to consideration of how to prevent like injuries or similar illnesses. The nurse in industry finds herself one of a company, large or small, of well people who assemble daily to do a job. She has a responsibility readily recog nized for giving them care when they become "patients" because of an accident or illness. However, her interest leads her to learn about the particular in dustry with which she is associated. She wants to know what its purpose may be It certainly is quite different from that of the hospital or doctor's office, or perhaps the county health department or public sohool, where she may have been employed previously. Having learned the purpose of "her" industry, she wants to know how it is ac complished* What is the plan of organization within the plant; Perhaps it is a subsidiary of a large company far removed; How does that affect her daily worlq or, should it affect her at all; What goes on in her plant day after day - from raw materials to finished product? It makes a faoinating story since the engi neer has made it quite understandable to her# But the accomplishment of the purpose of this industry depends largely on healthy, well-adjusted employees working on the job every day. Surely the nurse can make a real contribution to ward that end. It is very evident though that she must do more - much more than merely giving good care to the employee when he becomes a patient. As a good listener and because she has given good nursing care when it was 44 needed, the nurse learns of many things which may interfere with employees' full attention to their jobs. Minor complaints do not keep a man away from the plant perhaps, but they do interfere with his efficiency, and he should be referred t> the plant physician for diagnosis and attention before the minor complaints be come of major importance. Worry over the health of his wife or child may also distract his attention from his work and again, talking over the situation with the plant physician may enable him to understand what he should do and so clear his mind from such intense worry. The employee might hesitate to go to the phy sician unless the nurse prepared the way for him. She can lead the employee to see that while the plant cannot take care of the entire health problems of his family, the management is interested in him and the physician, as well as she, is glad to counsel with him. Other worries of an employee may indicate his need for assistance from one of the health or welfare agencies in the community. He may need to consult a dentist, or some of the special clinic facilities of the State such as orthopedic or cancer detection service may be needed, or perhaps old age assistance for the parents for whom he is responsible, is the solution for his need. The nurse, because of her interest, is a good listneer. Again, because of her interest, she learns, if she does not already know, the source for the help which he needs and explains the required procedure to him. The physical examination program affords another opportunity for preventive work by the nurse. Her knowledge of particular, jobs is next in importance to that of the physician. Proper placement of an employee is obviously important in main taining productive work as well as in preventing accidents. The nurse in her tours throughout the plant observes the men at their work. Perhaps John X. has been recently transferred to a different job and she wonders if the new job is. within his realm of physical capacities so she makes a mental note to discuss it with the physician. She may also notice some careless housekeeping or an em ployee not using his safety equipment. Her first reaction to the latter is why does he not wear his goggles - how can I make him understand his need to wear them - and again, she reports her observations to the responsible individ ual. Some of her observations may be a topic for discussion at the next safety meeting - her object not to embarrass anyone over a specific incident but rathar - how can they develop better teamwork for accident prevention - or for good housekeeping. As a result of the physical examinations a number of employees will need follow up in order that each will secure the correction or treatment advised. The nurse will counsel with the employee as needed to kindle and maintain his interest and assist him as may be indicated to make and carry out his plan for treatment. Nurses, in their basic preparation, learn the importance of accurately recording all nursing care and treatments and of keeping the physician informed regarding developments during his absence. In addition, the nurse in industry is inter ested in the optimum health of the employees, and in the objectives of the in dustry itself. Therefore, she studies and analyzes both the individual employe records and her daily reports. She knows that the plant physician expects her to refer to him the employee who is having frequent minor accidents, frequent complaints of feeling ill, or frequent short absences for "illness". The phy sician may then diagnose and initiate treatment for the underlying cause thus preventing a more serious difficulty. Perhaps the difficulty may prove to be one to be handled by the personnel or public relations director rather than the physician, but the nurse and physician think first of the employee's health and rule out physical causes, or explain physical implications when referring him to 45 personnel. Personality dashes within a department may be a factor, if not discovered and resolved, they may lead to a major accident as surely as will the disregard of safety regulations. jn reviewing the daily report, the nurse may find several oases of skin irrita tions from one department or a series of assorted oomplaints from another de partment. She points out these facts to the physician in charge. Perhaps the foreman from one of these departments has stopped by the medical department and has observed an undue proportion of the day's checks for treatments given, in the column bearing his department number. "Did something go wrong today - are you using a new material - perhaps you would like to talk with Dr. X. - , or, maybe you aren't feeling up to par yourself - how about it?" (Explain use of a check sheet for the daily report - large sheets of paper ruled and having each column indicate one department. The column at the extreme left indicates the type of complaint or treatment. A check is made in the proper square, for each service given by the nurse or physician). The concentration of checks in any column shows the department of employment where investigation may be indicated. Of course, some foremen are more interested in health protection .than others hence, the lack of any checks in a particular column may indicate that the nurse should become better acquainted with the foreman of that department and with the activities for which he is responsible. Is there need for health services for any one of the employees in that group? The daily report - check sheet is used to detect possible sources of early trouble. The monthly and annual reports of the nursing service are also valuable tools of the nurse with vision. They afford an opportunity to summarize service given, to note accomplishments, and, particularly with the annual reports, to furnish evidence as to further activities which should be undertaken. We have said earlier that the nurse could contribute noticeably to the productive schedule through her efforts to keep health, well-adjusted employees on the job each day. The reports should give evidence of what has been accomplished, realizing, of course, that the nurse is not functioning as a solo artist but rather as a mem ber of a team working with the physician, with the personnel director, the safe ty engineer, the foreman, and with the employees toward the objective. Accom plishments of a particular month or year may be contrasted with those of the previous year. Has there been less time lost due to illness and injuries? The statistical part of the report may be brief, as brief as is consistent with the facts to be shown. The narrative part will explain or clarify as indicated and add human interest. The monthly and annual reports interpret to management, the services given while they may be likened to a view in the mirror plus a suggest ed forward look, for the nurse and physician. The competent nurse then is greatly interested in the employee group and in the industry itself, since she has become a part of it. She finds many opportuni ties for being a real team mate. Her powers of observation, as well as her lis tening ability, result in a constant challenge to her to increase her knowledge, in order to keep abreast and able to meet her opportunities. Active participation in the professional nursing organization becomes a must to her. I note that the luncheon meeting this noon is planned for the organiza tion of the Gulf Coast Chapter of the American Association of Industrial Nurses. I am sure that this new organization will prove to be valuable. We should ap preciate, however, that these same nurses have, for some time, been active in professional nursing organizations seeking to enlarge their knowledge and vision 46 through this means. Institutes, conferences, and extension courses may also be planned by these groups in cooperation with the university as a further means of keeping up to date in their information. Some industrial nurses have registered at the loeal junior college for such courses as English composition.or introductory coursa in' psychology, sociology, and economics and have found them to be very helpflil* During this discussion, I have endeavored to point out that the nurse's role in the industrial health program is largely dependent upon the interest,vision, and ability of each one of us. Through the nurse's interest in the industry itself, as well as in the employees, and as a good listener and an able obser ver, she can be an invaluable team mate working toward maximum efficiency thru optimum health of the employees. As her opportunities present challenges to her, she seeks and finds the means to increase her knowledge to better meet the opportunities for service. A. 47 Industrial Conference Panel luncheon V. H. Seymour, Presiding. "INDUSTRY1 S ROUS El EMPLOYES HRA1TH* Brigadier General James Stevens Simmons, USA. (Bet.) Bean, Harvard School of Fublio Health Boston, Mass. October ? Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I thank you for inviting me to attend this Second Gulf Coast Regional Confer ence on Industrial Health. It is good to be here with such a distinguished group, all of whom are interested in public health; and a privilege to be back in Texas. I cannot claim the distinction of being a native Texan since I was born in another great State, North Carolina. However, I feel close to Texas because I lived here during the early period of my professional life. Thirtythree years ago, as a Lieutenant in the Medical Corps of the regular Army, I re ported for duty at my first station which was at Camp Stuart on the Mexican Border near Port Bliss, Texas. My second Army station was also in Texas, at Fort Sam Houston, where I was Com manding Officer of the Southern Department Laboratories. In this position 1 followed a distinguished Texan, Dr. W. H. Moursund, who is now Dean of the Baylor University Medical School. During all of this early Army service, I ate your bread, shared the bounties of your State, and developed a deep feeling of affection and respect for your forthright ways of life. Therefore, I come here today as a friend who would be proud to be called an adopted Texan. I am especially glad to be able to attend this conference on industrial health. The fact that you are holding such a meeting shows that the people of Houston and of Texas, like Americans everywhere, have become sold on the fact that good health is a basic requirement for effective, productive living. It also indi cates that you are ready to roll up your sleevee and work out practical methods by which more of our people can keep themselves fit to work and fit to live. Since other speakers will discuss the detailed organization of health and medi cal programs to meet the needs of small industries, I should like to talk brief ly about the challenging opportunities which are now available in the field of industrial health. The great strength of our country has grown out of the courage, intelligence and industry of its people. Within the short period of a century and a half our people have done a remarkable job in converting the rich natural resources of the American soil into an abundance of things that make life worthwhile. We are still a young, vigorous, pioneer nation. Ve are not afraid to work. We still retain the pride of accomplishment,. and we have no use for the spineless phi losophy of communism which robs the individual of his responsibilities and re- 46 i ducsa him to the statue of a`government parasite. Va American* have dsmoiw* strated our strength, not only in peace, but la war, and wa are strong enough to face the future with courage. Thir fact waa strikingly demonstrated during World War II whan the application of modern methods of preventive aedioiae and public health mada possible the conservation of fitting and industrial napower. If ve are to protect this rich heritage and pass it on to our children's chil dren, we must take steps now to- further conserve the nation' e manpower and in crease its reserves of health and strength* That this fact is veil recognized is shown by the present intense and widespread interest in public health. This interest is reflected in the numeoure health bills now being considered by the Congress. There is no disagreement about the need for better health, but there has been bitter controversy as to the manner in which it ia to be provided. These conflicts appear to be largely political and to have arisen in many cases through confusion of the main issue by politi cians. The simple truth of the matter is that ve need to conserve the health of our people and to raise its level to the highest possible point. We now have available the basic knowledge, the technical skills, and. the tried methods with which this can be done, provided this knowledge is applied* Industrial leaders are now in a position to make a real contribution to the health of the .American people. Moreover, this contribution can be made with profit to management, to labor, and to stockholders, through increased produc tiveness, higher dividends, and better living conditions. We are a nation of skilled workers, and large numbers of our citizens are 7 grouped in industrial areas where they turn out the manufactured goods and pro ducts essential to our way of life* Over 60 million American* are now gainfully employed in industry and in various business enterprises. The health of this productive segment of the population and their families is of primary importance because of the vital role which they now play, and will continue to play, in our national economy. 1 Much progress has already been mada in improving the health of industrial work ers. A number of industries maintain excellent services to provide medical care, and a few of the larger industries have comprehensive departments which are, in reality, comparable to the health departments of. our. great cities and states. Others still, with extensive overseas operations operate health pro grams which are truly international in scope. On the other hand, there are still many industries, both large and small, in which the workers do not have adequate health protection. In- many of these the lack of a medical or health program is reflected on the red side of the ledger largely in terms of reduced efficiency and earnings. Those of us concerned with public health believe that it is important to bring to the leaders of industry, both management and labor, a clearer picture of the advantages to be gained through providing adequate health coverage for all of the workers of the country. This cannot be done by the. medical profession alone* nor by the medical specialty of public health* Something else must be added, and that is the informed, aggressive leadership on the part, of industry itself. Texas, with its tremendous expansion in all fields, - especially in the oil. chmnical, and aviation. industries; would appear to 'ba a iogieal plaea to look for such rigorous, constructive laadarship. A few of tha postgraduate tohoola of public health concerned with training, ia this field, including tha on* with which I am associated, are no* offering-, courses for the special training of physicians in industrial health. It ia our concept that tha direotor of such a health program should hare a speoial knowl edge of occupational hazards, industrial health, sanitation, safety engineer*, ing, insurance compensation, placement examinations, labor relations,, and in dustrial organization, as veil as rehabilitation, the evaluation of workers' disabilities, and the assessment of medical needs of organizations. Va believe that the director of a large industrial health organization should have a work ing knowledge of the modem developments in nutrition, epidemiology, biostati*tics, mental health, health education, human ecology, and community health re sources, He should be familiar vith good administrative practice both in the field of publio health and in its application to industry* If we are to place our industrial economy on a sounder and more productive basis, the individual effectiveness of the worker must be improved. This does not necessarily mean that individuals should be fit enough to run a mile or box 15 rounds. It does mean, however, that the concept of health must be tied in with the worker's adjustment to his job, to his home life, to his community, and to off-the--job activities. The remarkable progress which has been made thus far in lowering accident rates did not just happen. Machines, factory layouts, and the handling of material* were made safer by the cooperation of both management and safety experts trail ed in the principle* of accident prevention. The next important step ia to enlist the partnership of the physician trained dm the techniques of industrial medicine and the biological sciences to reduce illness and injury. More attention should be given to the design of equipment and working areas in terms of human limitations and capabilities. All too frequently equipment is designed at great effort and expense only to have the individual brought into the setting at the very end. Our experience with military equipment,, such as tanks and airplanes, demonstrated many faults in this regard. An advance anal ysis of all possible human and design errors would no doubt result in a marked reduction of the accident rates in your factories. The next step relates to the selective placement of workers in accord with their mental and physical capacities by means of pr^entployment and Interval examina tions. To place a worker on a Job for which he is temperamentally unsuited can only result in a high accident rate. To place a worker with heart disease on a job which requires heavy lifting can only accentuate his illness. To allow a man who is subject to fainting to operate a crane or work on a high scaffold can only result in disaster. Yet, think of the number of industrial concerns who do not observe these principles. Such a lag in observing recognized praotices is comparable to not using immunizing procedures in an epidemic. In the various fields which have been discussed, there are certain common de nominators in regard to suitable programs which must be devised for a frontal attack for reducing illness and injuries. The most efficient mechanism* relate to careful and thorough periodic medioal examinations, including x-ray and elec trocardiographic and other laboratory procedures, Hy these means, it might b*- 50 possible to dieeovw* ewiy caeee of dUbietev{ cbfetfee,* hs**f- disease, taut ether serious ailments and prolong tho Useful lived of the older workers. The health facilities of tout local consoalty, tho State, and tho nation can bo used ef fectively in achieving those ends* To* example, your employees could utilise the visiting sores services, tuberculosis and venereal disease clinics, naterw. nal and infant welfare facilities, heart and arthritic clinics, and many others, Forward-looking industries, working closely with medical and safety advisors, have Improved the worker's health and productivity on the job. Management need not consider such efforts as philanthropic cnee, but as economio savings on their balance sheets. This country is essentially an industrial one in which the health and produc tiveness of ita population la basic for survival* Adequate industrial and com munity health services should be made available to every man, woman and child in this country - not because of any idealistic concept that has a parasitio right to demand health, but for the very practical reason that they are Assert* cans, and their health ia essential to the future strength and security of the nation* Strong tides of popular interest in public health are now running through thia country and the people are ready to taka whatever steps may be required to re lieve themselves and their children from the unnecessary burden of preventable illness, injury, and death. Health ia sufficiently important to warrant calm, objective planning on a continuing basis by experts who represent the beet available skill and judgment. This cannot be done without the encouragement of enlightened management in industry, and we look to you for leadership and sup port. "THE PROBLEM" OF THE AGING EMPLOYEE" Hardy A. Kemp, M. D. Professor of Preventive Medicine Baylor University, College of "Medicine Houston, Texas It is a matter of general knowledge and common concern that our population is getting older. It has been reliably said that the number of individuals over 60 years of age is increasing five times as fast as our total population. This is a statement in relative values; it is more important to realize that well over twelve million of our people are beyond age 60 and that this group forms an increasing percentage of the working population of the country. Realism, then, highlights the question, "What of the older worker?" Is a man worth employment beyond a certain age period? If so, how can he continue to be productive in his job? Realism, again presents certain incontrovertible facts. In older age-groups, arthritis, heart trouble, kidney disease, the effects of poor nutrition, even obesity, become increasingly prevalent and go on progressively with little hope for cure and with only the possibility of slowing down the rate at which these changes are developing. Older people are no longer as strong muscularly as they were in their younger days. Their speed of reaction is slower, thus in creasing the liability to accident where the nature of their work calls for speedy reflex action. Those who are injured require a longer time for recovery than younger people. The same is true where illness rather than accident is concerned. Counter-balancing these liabilities, however, the record of the older employee^ as a rule, is low in absenteeism; he is more loyal to his organization and takes a possessive pride in its accomplishments; for the most part he retains his increased skill and is not often involved in accidents; and, finally, his ability to make reliable decisions comes from an enhanced power of critical ob servation, itself derived from long years of experience. To a very considerable degree, therefore, older employees are better employees, and since they are forming an increasingly large body in industry, industry may well concern itself with finding the best way to keep this group in productive employment * The most important single item in this regard is first the understanding and then the adoption of a preventive rather than a curative philosophy where aging processes are concerned. None of us is 100 percent well, in the sense of being free from disease. Older people, as has been pointed out, are considerably less free from degenerative changes which tend to became progressive. The desider atum, therefore, must resolve itself into common-sense efforts to prevent these conditions from becoming entirely disabling by such means as will slow down these processes since they cannot, in most instances, be cured. And here the best,and indeed the only, tool is the use of in-plant medioal personnel who faiow and understand just vihat, exactly, is going on in the plant, not only in the figurative sense of the word, but in a strictly literal sense as well,. 52 TI since, in a great majority of instances, successful accomplishment of this ob jective will come, purely and simply, from job adjustment, nothing else. The professor in his Ivory Tower, the best doctor in town in his walnut-paneled, air conditioned suite, both know that there is such a thing, but unless and un til they know personally, for example, what it is to cast a fitting, to tend a forge, to run a crane, or even to distinguish between a number Two and a num ber Three scoop, no amount of pills or skills will take the place of knowing exactly the adjustment which may in many instances mean the difference between a continued life of productivity and a shortened and painful existence in em ployment. Nor is it sufficient for either the doctor--or the management that hires them, as well--to send the old fellow back to the plant, after that long and futile trip to the consultant's office, bearing a note reading very much as follows, "Put this man on light duty. He has a bad heart," That, it is to be empha sized, is asking Mr, Foreman, Mr, Superintendent, Mr, Boss, or some other Mis ter to practice medicine, preventive medicine, for which he is not qualified, either by education or experience, nor licensed by state law. How much cardiology does "Mister" know? More, probably, than the professor, or the doctor, knows of the machine "Uncle Jim" has been tending, the loaded wheel-barrow he has been pushing, or the fumes he has been inhaling. At one time during the past war, I saw the Kaiser Shipyards operating with a labor force made up in a large measure with truants from all the cemeteries on the West Coast, I have a copy of the manual pre pared by their medical department which, by means of a perfectly amazing set of formulae, made it possible for personnel managers from top-brass to straw-boa to. slot almost any sort of a human being--or what was left of him--into a job and to do it without benefit of the medical. But that was war and doctors were not. to be had--readily, at least. Today, however, the increasing importance not only of the aging worker, but the importanoe of efficient production itself calls clearly and unmistakably for a doctor in over-alls, rubber boots, and a respirator, if necessary. Not the watch-around, but at least until he is personally acquainted, until he knows the score, knows who is pitching and indeed the entire line-up. "This man has a bad heart; give him light work" is not enough. The right of the laboring man to work in a safe environment has been upheld in every court in the land and tribunals have been established to expedite deci** sions in matters of controversy where problems of this sort arise. We hear too little of it, but management has its rights as well. Basically, they stem from the right to produce efficiently, with honest profit to ownership on one hand, and with the intangible but tremendously important profit of providing a livelihood for Americans on the other. At the present moment, however, it does not seem readily apparent that there is agreement in industry at large that working, and thereby producing, at peak efficiency depends in a large part up on the development of a constructive, a positive health program in the working force, a program whioh not only protects the worker against accident and infec tion, but one that minimizes those aging processes which are all but inevitable, but which can be controlled in a large measure by job selection and job adjust ment. Too few of our industries support an in-plant medical program which includes 53 examinations designed to disclose early remediable defects. Fewer still take the next step, that of sending the individual to properly selected specialist care, a sorting process, or triage, which is a specialty in itself, and a job of great responsibility both to the employee and the employer. Labor and management working together have done still less toward bringing med ical advice toward the solution of combinations of jobs or modification of job assignments where health itself is concerned. Even health counselling for the most part is relegated to laymen in personnel departments, or to the Safety Engineer which is better, certainly, under the circumstances. He indeed appre ciates the importance of physical and mental health in production problems. Moreover, he makes an effort to learn and to do more and more about it. The enthusiasm for our recent course for local Safety Engineers, "The Structure and Function of the Human Body", bears this out. All of this includes the aging worker and is included in the problem of the ag ing worker, since aging begins, chronologically, from the birthday itself and is increased in its processes from the beginnings of work itself, whatever its form. What is missing? The in-plant physician with a training in industrial medicine, be he full-time or only part-time. Why is he missing? Wherever there is a demand, sooner or later there will be a supply. Industry, both labor and management, ha3 been reasonably content with the concept, "The best doctor in town is our doctor." Where interest has been sincere, mutual understanding has brought rich benefits. Too often interests have been diver gent, or at least independent of ultimate objectives! the doctor seeks a cure of an established disease; labor wants compensation; management wants to pay off as speedily and as painlessly as possible. Has either ever given consider ation to the need for physicians to specialise in industry, in all its broad scope and patterns, so that full appreciation for the problems of the "aging worker" will lead speedily to reasonable answers? Only recently has the demand been sufficiently insistent or visualized dearly enough for medical education to develop instructional programs designed to meet this need. Until industry demands that its medical officers be trained, as specialists in industry, it will be utterly futile for a medical college to arrange such programs. They are ex pensive both to education and certainly to the physician himself, and there is little indication at present, that such training will gain preferment in ap pointments and assignments of graduated physicians, efforts of this sort will be entirely worthless. Only when industry as a whole, both labor and manage ment, relinquishes the idea of the "best doctor in town", may we expect special ization in industry to occupy fully as important an area as any other form of medical specialization, and one which indeed will prove to be the most valuable of the medical specialties. Today, calls for the modern industrial physician are not too many and not too insistent. Perhaps those who need him do not know where or even how to call him, but until such time,the problem of the aging worker will remain more-or-less unsolved. The ultimate objectives of the "best doctor in town", labor itself and management are still far too much independent each of the other. 54 "RELATIONSHIP OP OCCUPATION TO HEALTH" T, M. Frank, M.D., Medical Director Pan American Refinery Corporation Texas City, Texas Discussion of a subject referring to health requires a definition of health itn self. This is difficult. Complete agreement is rare* For purposes of our pre sent discussion, however, we might call health that state of well-being in whicl disease and disability do not intrude to alter one's plans or mode of living. Such a definition allows for the presence of infection, alterations of body function or structure and many other situations short of ideal, provided they do not hamper the individual, put a damper on his plans, worry or influence his morale. In short, it permits the presence of disease if the person can live as' though it did not exist. Many a person has gone through life with increasing loss of function of heart, liver, kidneys or other organs but by ignoring it, living a life full, completey joyful, and unhampered. Autopsies frequently reveal not one but many diseases. Often the pathologist says it is not a wonder that the patient died, but amazing) that he lived long enough to accummulate all these physical handicaps. And tbs friends testify that this individual went his way in perfect health, serenely unconscious of his deteriorating body, radiating cheerfulness. 7fho will say this one did not have health? Although Virchow,the great pathologist, advanced medical sciences by his dictum that "all illness comes from alterations in body cells," that advance was made from superstition and abysmal ignorance in many cases. Since Virchow, the prac* titioners of healing have come to realize that he stated only part of the case. As a rule, every patient presents an illness, a picture, a composite, a syndromd which is made up of at least two fractions: 1. Alterations in body structure 1 and/or function, and 2. V*hat the patient thinks of it. Often there is a third i fraction - what the patient thinks of life in general. These fractions of the picture are seldom equal and the proportions vary from patient to patient, and 1 in the same patient from time to time. Rarely the first fraction, that is the j physical change, constitutes practically the whole picture. The patient is sick | but unconcerned. More commonly fraction No. 2, the emotional reaction, is large,) occasionally 100$. The patient is ill, cannot work, cannot enjoy life, serious ly handicapped and yet no change from the normal in organ or function can be de tected. Such is psychoneurosis, a common form of ill health. I It is remarkable how few people seem to realize the importance of the emotional | reaction to body changes. People differ in their reaction to events. One of i the great philosophers in rhyme, V. s. Gilbert, takes note of this in the Yoemenl jof the Guard. He is speaking of a lad making love to his lady. He saysi "It may draw you a tear Or a box on the ear. You can never be sure till you try," And if we differ in our reactions to other events, why shouldn't we differ in 55 our reaction to illness? And when the physical illness has been cured but the fear and worry, or per- ! versely, the enjoyment of the attentions and concern of others persists, return 1 to health is delayed and occasionally never attained, rte seem to forget the driver, A truok with the newest equipment, gas tank fil led, completely loaded and ready to perform useful work, will remain idle until the driver takes charge. He can take it anywhere, work as long as he wishes. If he is a good driver, he can take even an old truck without paint, with squeaky body, doubtful brakes, worn tires, a dozen handicaps or potential diffi culties and take it where others pronounce the job impossible. Every person has a driver - his will, his intentions, his morale - call it what you wish, but a directing force within him which may succumb to minor difficul ties, or ride triumphant over mountains. The worn out truck can be repaired,or rebuilt, or abandoned. The worn out body sometimes must be used as it is. But it is the driver who runs it in either case. There is no intention to infer that illness is all mental. Diseases.,due to in* fection, malignancy, dietary deficiency, congenital malformations and anomalies and other recognized causes are not only real but very important. They are men tioned only in passing simply because they are so well known. It is our inten tion to stress the psychological or emotional factor only because it is not so v/idely known. These factors are all important in non-industrial life and,simi larly, in industrial pursuits. Doctors feel baffled often by the attitude displayed by some, that patients and diseases can be backed up in a slot or a groove in a machine, a few dials twisted, meters read, and then with a flourish of green and ruby lights the di agnosis, treatment and prognosis will issue from the machine on a little print ed slip of paper and undoubtedly the fact will be tabulated on an adding machine built into the complex. Patients are people. They can be angry, bored, worried, frightened, frustrated, resentful, ignorant, maladjusted, or conversely, the opposite of each of these. Nor must they be all or none. For instance, they can be happy about one thing, but worried about something else. Then there are the normal compulsions of living - hunger, Hany people work and keep well enough to work bee atse that is the way to eat regularly. Sex - the demands of nature for a mate - and also care of children, furnish a driving force that tides many a person over a bout of illness. Ego - we all require a reason able amount of approval and attention. Lack of approval has a decidedly bad ef fect on the moral and, hence, on the psychological factor of illness. Perhaps the commonest of all these emotional factors is fatigue. Fatigue of muscle is real. It is dependent on the accumulation of lactic aoid in muscle. Yet very few of us know that kind of fatigue. Usually a person who is tired is disinter ested, emotionally unchallenged, bored. Boredom looms as one of the greatest known causes contributory to illness and disability in ordinary life. Call it fatigue if you will but the emotional factor is large almost always. These are some of the emotional factors that influence people and their acci dents and illnesses. 58 Viewed against their background, let us now consider the relationship of oocu~ pation to health. First, there are the harards inherent in the industry. Me chanical, such as falling objects, falls of persons, failing ropes and cables, et cetera. Chemical, from prime irritants such as acids and alkalies, aid from noxious agents by dozens, including well-known poisons, such as arsenio, mercu ry and such; physical, from radiation and other exposures; biological, from a host of exposures,understood and not understood. The hazards are very real and very important. In large measure they have been recognized and our safety engineers have done a fine job in providing devices to protect, eliminating hazards, analyzing accidents, preventing recurrences. To date, the biggest advances have been made in the physical field. Even big ger advances are in store, I sincerely believe, when progress is made in the psychological field of accident control and safety. Safety is important but there are other facets to the jewel of health in its re lationship to occupation. Consider the psychological or emotional factors mentioned in relation to illness in general. These same things act in the accustomed way in the occupational field,only it seems to be usual to disregard' this feature. An employee can be angry at his boss, his wife, or anyone else, and from this anger develop an ill ness or enlarge a small one into an illness of major proportion. He may resent favoritism, real or imagined, on the part of the boss. Frustration over years of work without advancement can prey upon a person's morale until illness takes its toll. All possible reactions to life, both favorable and unfavorable, can act upon the health of our industrial workers as much as on persons at home or self employed. Commonest of all the unfavorable reactions is boredom. A per son who is assigned work that occupies only a small portion of his time or at tention frequently falls victim to illness with symptoms out of proportion to the physical basis, and occasionally with no detectable basis whatever. Let me remind you that there is no intention to slight infections and the other physical diseases. They must be recognized as of major importance, but because they are more generally recognized, the time alloted to this discussion has been invested in stressing the psychological aspects because I believe they have re ceived insufficient recognition. It is typical of human nature that things will get done, usually, if they are easy to do and not if they are hard. In our discussions of sick leave and dis ability this is not considered sufficiently. The easier we make it forpeople to be sick, the more of them will become so. The dootor is expected tosay that a certain person is sick and that is that. Only sometimes it isn't so easy. Suppose you are a dootor and a patient comes in saying he has a pain. You will have to believe him. Suppose you are a patient and you tell a doctor you have a pain, but he shows in some way that he does not believe it. How longwill you stay with that doctor? The thermometer registers fever, but so far there is no machine to prove or disprove pain. With sick leave (full salary for so many weeks), it is easy to be sick. And things that are easy get done. Some persons believe it is management's responsibility to try to keep people well. For myself, I heartily disagree. I believe it may be to management's interest to keep people well, but not its responsibility. It is not possible for me to see how management could accept such a responsibility without taking 57 another big step on the road to atatism, sooialism, paternalism, along which we have gone too far already. What is the answer? I do not have it myself, but the first step, certainly is to recognize and describe our problem. Sickness and disability are often intangibles very much influenced by conditions at work, as well as at home. We would gain much by reoognizing this and putting serious study and effort into attempts to solve this phase of our personnel problems. S UMMARY 1. While I do not feel it is managements duty or responsibility to try to con trol health of its workers on a non-industrial basis, there may be situa tions where it is to management's interest to do so. 2. The present trend of laying increasing burdens of health insurance and pen sions upon management makes the subject pertinent. 3. In facing the problem we must pay attention to physical illnesses, and in addition put greater stress on the psychological or emotional factors in volved in illness and in every day living. Study of the latter point viewed in the light of working conditions, physi cal and personal, may pay big dividends. 58 Ur. J. K. DallaYalle, Presiding "TEE SAZI HASnUSO- 0? CHEMICALS S IOTOSTH! AZ& St THi SOME" n. D. Irish, M. D*. Biochemical Research Department The Dow Chemiaal Company Midland,Mich. 1 Gentlemen: Chemical injuries are actually a small part of our total picture of accidental injuries. However, like other types of accidental injury they are unnecessary. In other words, we can do something about them. Tour problem, like my own, ia the responsibility for many people who may handle chemicals. Our problem is then largely one of inducing people to handle them safely. It is this problem of inducing other people to handle chemicals safely that is the heart of my topic today rather than the details of safe practice. If we are to discuss 'chemical substances', we should consider what they are. We can certainly not rely upon the popular idea that a chemical is a 'dangerous stuff which stinks'. Broadly, everything we use is of a chemical nature. We are really dealing with practically any individual substance which may be usedin industry or in the home. But, you may say, we are of course interested only in hazardous substances. Let us then consider what a hazardous substance ia. In general, the term poison conjures up lurid visions of witches' brew and black magic. In such matters we must realize that we are dealing more often, with emotional thinking than with rational thinking* Let me give you my own definition of the term poisoni 'A poison is too much'. How I assure you I am not being facetious, I am very earnest in this definition. Let me illustrate by describing a very simple experiment which time does not allow me to perform for you. We are frequently asked, ' Is this substance a poi son or is it not a poison?' If we were to ask the individual what he means, he would simply say, "Why give it to an animal, and if he dies it is poison, if he doesn't, it is not1. Let us then perform a simple experiment by taking 4 mice and giving them each by mouth one of 4 different substances. Those substances which kill the animal we will classify as deadly poison and those from which the animals show no discomfort, we will classify as entirely harmless. When two of the animals die we examine the- record and find that they received the two deadly poisons, table salt and baking soda. The other two animals who lived happily and contented were given the innocuous substances known as strychnine and white arsenic. How there is no trick or magie to this experiment, it is Just a matter of amounts. Vfis gave the animals more table salt and baking soda than we gave of strychnine and white arsenic. This is not a matter of a substance being a poison or not a poison, but it is a matter of whether or not the substance gets into the animal body in excessive amounts. Tou can readily kill an animal by an excessive amount of table salt or baking soda, but there is no reason in the world why you should. In the same way, we can readily kill an animal with an e- cessive amount of strychnine or white arsenic or nearly any other material, but there- ia no reason why we should. We realise of course that the smaller the toxic dose the easier it is to get a toxic amount the more careful must be 59 XH0 handling precautions. * ' ' ' ' * #* * X chemical substam it notr of malicious intent^- II will tot, with nollof of forethought, reach out and bit# us. It hat consistent and definable propartiat. If we ignore theta properties and Disuse the substance, we eaa expect trouble, ft see that we ourselves, in our own acts, contribute an essential part of the pattern leading to injury. Therefore, with more knowledge, and less disregard for the knowledge we have, we can eliminate to a large degree, the hazards of Disuse. There are three basio nodes of contact to be considered in the practical problem of handling a substance. The breathing of an air dispersion (dust, vapor, mist, etc.) contact on the skin or eyes (with either irritation or absorption), and entrance by mouth. The practical hazard of breathing air dispersions is not determined solely by the toxic concentration. The ease of obtaining a toxic concentration is Just as important, and this depends not only on the physical properties of the substance but also on the circumstances of use. Whatever the mode of contact and entry to the body, the ease with which excessive amounts may be contacted is more important than the toxicity alone. In other words, the toxicity is not a measure of the Practical Hazard. The 'practical hazard' is determined by the Physical, Chemical, and Physiologi cal properties of a substance plus the circumstances of use. Die subject of interest to us is actually the Practical Hazards of our contemplated use. So far I have emphasized the toxic hazard. We should never forget tha fir* ' hazard. It has been by all means more damaging to life and property. As a friend of mine expressed it in a general discussion on hazards warnings, 'V will blow more people through the window with CS2 than we will ever poison with it in spite of the fact that it is a highly toxic substance' In one way we are a step farther ahead in considering fire hazards than we are with toxic hazards. Most people are more realistic and less emotional in con sidering a fire hazard. Ve are in general more cognizant of the fact that some thing can be done about them.. However, be it fire hazard or toxic hazard, the basic fault is in misuse. It is obvious then, that our problem is one of eliminating misuse. In order to do this, we must recognize what constitutes misuse of any particular substance and we must define what is proper use. Even after we have this information, it is necessary that we disseminate this information to the individuals who may handle the substance and convince them to apply safe handling practice. While there are certain basic similarities between tha problems in industry and-: the problems in the home, there are also certain differences which maks it de sirable to consider each one separately. Let us then turn our attention first to our industries. In considering industries please remember that the agricul tural industries are our most important industries, and should not be neglected by those people whose responsibility it is to concern themselves with industrial health and public health. If you are faced with a decision in regard to the design and operation of a pro cess entirely new to your organization or area, you will probably want to in vestigate the known information as it appears in the literature. list us their 60 examine a typical case of a particular substance. - I quota in part from as abstract concerning the- use- of this particular substance we will call X - "Onychia Due to Handling 'X* "All but two finger nails were affected in a woman" -- working with Z -- "Some nails were stripped off, others were split end lifted from the bed. Granular tissue could be broken away when the nail plate was lifted. " - - The condition cleared up when the woman stopped her work." - - I quote in part from another abstract concerning the industry manufacturing 'X1. "Usually the disease begins with slight fever, chills and malaise. A localized infiltrated patch appears in the healthy skin, which in a few days develops the characteristic of an extremely painful boil, with lymphangitis and adenitis." - "Laborers in the Z manufacture usually present a squamous dermatitis between the fingers and on the back of the hands." - - "X causes gingivitis" - - "In extreme cases the teeth fall out." In considering the facts presented by this abstract, you might readily consider that you would be faced with some serious health problems in operating such a plant. However, we note that the substance Z is 'sugar'. This puts a rather different light on our interpretation of the fact. In analyzing our own thoughts, then, we realize that we may be as much affected by a somewhat emotional consid eration by which we ignore the problem associated with a familiar substance and greatly overemphasize the problems associated with the use of a substance with which we are not familiar. This is not entirely unjustified because we have more reason to be confident of the information on a familiar substance. Too often, however, we find to our surprise that we have more information on a new substance than on some old familiar ones. Many of our older materials are a*>cepted Just because we are getting by* We often observe in people handling chemicals a respect for a substance with a disagreeable character such as an odor although there are no serious hazards from its use. At the same time we see disregard for the hazards of a substance with out disagreeable characteristics although verbal warning has been given of its potential health hazard. In a like manner a workman is often concerned over a small superficial irritation which is an obvious nuisance while apparently uncon cerned over serious potential internal injury which may not be physically obvious to him at the moment. In approaching the problem of a new process in industry, we obtain what informa tion we can from the literature and from the toxicological laboratory as to the physiological effects of the substances. We also obtain as much detailed inform mation as we can about the physical and chemical properties of the substances and the mechanics of the operations in a proposed plant for manufacturing or using these materials. Prom this information we should be able to put together a picture by which we oan determine the possibilities of exposure in the opera tions and from the toxicological information determine whether or not these po tential exposures represent a practical hazard. This is of course much simpler to state in a few sentences as I have stated it, than it is to accospllah in faat. The discussion of the details of working out this problem are beyond the time which we have available today. Let us assume that we have accomplished this survey, and have a pretty good comprehension of the problems whioh we may encoun ter and the means of safe handling of the material. How are we going to imple ment that in our industry so that we are successful in eliminating misuse and misoperation. 61 The first and most important step in our industry is to get our ehemieal neers and. designing engineers to recognize that the potential hazards involved in the manufacture and handling of the material are as much a part of the proW lem of design and operation of a plant as are the physical properties of the substance or, for that matter, the load on the structural members of his build ing. If '' can get the designing engineer and the building engineer to take these factors into account in the original layout of his apparatus, we are mafeing the most important step towards safe operation at a minimum cost. The second main object to be obtained in the industry is to convince the opera tor that the proper use and handling of a material in his operations is just as important as the control of temperature and pressure in his process, or the pro ductive output of his plant. When the operator accepts the health problems of his operation as part and parcel of the regular operating duties, then we have a good chance of eliminating injuries due to exposure to the substances in his process. The final answer to our problems in industry comes from the success we have in putting across an understanding of the problems to the people in design and in operation. The attainment of the proper knowledge of the subject is just the beginning. Please excuse me for a great over-simplification of the problem in industry. But as I want to leave these two main approaches wijtfaTyou, I do not want to go into further detail in discussing the industry's problem. The two factors, first,' of accepting toxicological properties of a substance as a logical part of the problem of basic design; and secondly, of accepting problems of exposure as part of good operating technique, are fundamental to the elimination of health hazards in industry. Now let us turn to the home. The greatest difference we have between the indus try and the home is the fact that in industry supervision has some control over both the engineering of a process and the individuals in operation. In the home we have no direct control and very few channels for passing on information conrearning the safe use of materials. Recognizing the possibilities of overt-simplification, I want to reduce the prob lem i as it occurs in the home to the three factors that I feel are the greatest contribution to accidents with chemicals; We will recognize that the label, containing the information on the proper use of a substance and any warnings as to certain misuses of the substance, is our most direct ohannel for informing the Individual in the home. Our first great difficulty is the fact that people neither read the labels nor apply the inform mat ion contained thereon. An attempt to get people to pay attention to the in formation contained on the package within which they receive the material would be a very great step forward in avoiding misuse of the material in the home. Our second difficulty is created by improper storage. Mother brings home the groceries including a can of rat poison and dumps them all out on the kitchen shelf until she gets around to put them away. Meanwhile, little Johnny explores to sea what he can find. All substances which are not to be eaten should be stored away from food stuffs and out of the reach of children. 62 The third major factor is of the greatest lmperte^ca. by far. I *eir hare to r* tha tendency to transfer varioua substances-to common containers around tbs houaa, rich as a drinking glaze- or a pop bottlet. vhleh are^ than laft readily available to children or other adults.-' This- la probably the source bf tha: greatest problem in handling substances in tha hose. , Yery meh in the same category will fall the individual who purchases a small amount of material in the corner store and has it poured, out into a pop bottle or other unlabeled. unidentifiable container, which he then proceeds to take home and leave where it is easily available to people who are not at all familiar with its content. Let's examine but one result of. such procedure. Tou will recognize immediately that it is not the most hazardous substance that causes the most difficulty in the home. Such a common material as kerosene which in itself is certainly not a highly toxic material, accounts for the vast majority of serious poisonings in children throughout the United States every year. Practically all of these cases are completely inexcusable in that mother or dad poured some kerosene into an ordinary drinking glass and then.left it where a child could pick it up. This is certainly the commonest pattern. Kerosene is not singled out hers as a toxic substance, actually, just the reverse. Nearly any other organic fluid under the same circumstances would represent Just as much of a problem and many of them vastly more. Actually, kerosene emphasized my point that the toxicity of a substance is not by any means the impertant part of the problem. Kerosene is among the least toxic of the organic fluids with which ws would be concerned in the home. The problem is that it is one of the. commonest available in the home and probably the most carelessly' handled. Think of the almost unlimited number of common substances used around tha hornet washing compounds, household insecticides, agricultural chemicals, disinfectants, dryoleaning materials, common solvents", natural gas, gasoline, turpentine, and many others. They vary in flammability* and toxicity from potentially highly hazardous to almost innocuous, yet every one of them can be misused in some way. At the same time there is not one of them, no matter how hazardous it may be, that cannot be used with safety, if its'properties are understood and it is handled with due consideration to its properties. I could have given you a long dissertation on .the detailed hazards of individual chemical substances and a tabulation of the various ways in which ve could avoid difficulties. Practically all of this information has been published in some form. It appears in brief fora on package- labels and in more detail in the gen eral literature. Much of this ia already known to you.- In analysing the whole picture, it seems to me that, while this information- is inportent', there is still the matter of convincing the people directly concerned to actually elimi nate misuse. 1 have tried to discuss for you some, of tha more obvious angles of this problem we have of inducing peopla to apply some simple common sense to the handling of chemical substances in the industry and in the home. Ve all recognize that it is possible with the proper knowledge and care, to handle practically any substance, no matter how toxio or flammable. Ve a)ao recognize that we can misuse nearly any substance so that there may be hazard to the health of individuals concerned. Cur aim is not to eliminate materials from our4 industries or from our home because they may be flammable or toxic, but our aim is to eliminate careless or ignorant misuse so that you and I and every one, else can enjoy all the advantages of the useful prepertles of these sub* Stances. 63 "MANAGEMENT'8 RESPONSIBILITT FOR PREPAID MEDICAL AND HOSPITAL PLANS*' Ross Garrett Rosa Garrett and Asaooiatea Chicago, 111, At the American Hospital Association convention in 1948, Mr, Frank C, Rand, Chairman of the Board of the International Shoe Company, spoke on the subjeot-- "The RSSPONSIBILITY of American Industry to Health," In discussing the RESPONSIBILITY of American industry to health, Mr, Rand stres sed the fact that industry,, working alone, would be unable to raise standards without the cooperation of hospitals, medical schools and the medical profes sion. Hospitals and the medical profession, he said, need to assume GREATER RESPONSIBILITY in the health-maintenance programs for industrial workers, Mr. Rand said that industry could make its BEST CONTRIBUTION to the Nation's health by YfORKIHG WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK of the NON-GOVERNMENTAL HOSPITAL SYSTEM. He explained that neither industry nor government should take FULL RESPONSIBIL ITY for the Nation's medioal carej instead, he said, it should be a cooperative enterprise with final responsibility remaining with the individual. It is interesting to note the repeated appearance of the word -- "RESPONSIBILITY" -- and to note further that all those who assume RESPONSIBILITY profess the need for assumption of oomparable responsibility by the other segments involved in the SUM TOTAL RESPONSIBILITY. 7Jhile my subject today is not as all-inolusive as was Mr. Rand's, inasmuch as it is limited to only ONE predominant segment -- namely, RESPONSIBILITY for PREPAID MEDICAL AND HOSPITAL CARS PLANS-- I too wish to stress the fact that a sum is still the TOTAL of ALL ITS PARTS and that this is TRUE in the field of RESPON SIBILITY. If the creator of the phrase -- "eternal vigilanoe is the price of libertyTM -- were with us today, he could well adjust his statement to -- "eternal assumption of RESPONSIBILITY is the price of liberty." With millions of the population already participating in non-governmental prepay medical and/or hospital plana--as of today, management's minimum possible RE- SPONS IBILITY can be said to begin with ohoosing to aot AS THE COLLECTION AGENCY . for NON-GOVERNMENTAL prepay medical and hospital plans OR . for A GOVERNMENTAL prepay medical and hospital plan. That choice in minimum RESPONSIBILITY remains as management's prerogative as of today. In England that choioe has been removed from management of industry -- ^incidentally, so have other choices of RESP0N3IBILITY, demonstrating that 64 liberty eaa readily be lest when management, with plenty of KNOW HOW dees not KNOW WHERB, KNOW WHEN nor KNOW HOW MUCH to exercise established or unavoidable RESPONSIBILITIES during the ere of ohoioe* The nation's expenditures for non-governmental hospitalization facilities hare inoreaaed 140^ since 1941 to a total of 1 l/2-billion dollars in 1948* Payment* to physicians increased 100JS sinoe 1941 to total over 2-billion dollars in 1948* HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS ALONB INCREASED HORS THAN HALF A MILLION in 1948 0721 TH* RECORD of nearly 16-million in 1947 Cross-country need for hospital beds has grown by about 2/3 in 10 years, it is revealed. Most families live now in smaller quarters without faoilities for sick care. Higher living costs have added to those unable to pay hospital bills in full. Management's RESPONSIBILITY for establishment of & fiscal system to set aside monthly fixed or pre-determined amounts of money to create a reserve fund out of which to pay the COSTS of repairs and replacements to non-human machinery in the industrial plan is accepted as an important faotor by most industries. It might well be called management's RESPONSIBILITY for PREPAY PLANS TO MAIN TAIN a state of health and well-being for the NON-HUMAN machinery of productiUau Enterprising management thus invented its own way of assuming RESPONSIBILITY to protect the initial investment of the stockholders of American industry --i,e., on the basis that a profitable investment is not profitable if the initial investment is depreciated without reserves for replacement being set aside before paying a profit. Let us now constructively explore management's RESPONSIBILITY with respeot to the same type of system for maintaining well-being or repair of the HUMAN ma chinery involved in the sum total of industrial production methods, FIRST and FOREMOST, let it be remembered that we have just demonstrated that management itself, WITH ITS OWN "KNOW-HOW", originated and developed the prin ciple Involved in prepayment plana,. SECOND, let it be remembered that applications of the principle to, and devel opment of, PREPAY HOSPITAL PLANS--(called group hospitalization, and later Blue Cross)--was by men of management sitting aa Members of Boards of Trustees and Directors of those plans, exeroising their management-developed "KNOW-HOW* in behalf of the people in their communities, their own employees inoluded. Now, therefore, it may be logically said that management's RSSPONSIBILITC for prepaid medical and hospital care is to EXERCISE VIGILANCE over its alreadyassumed responsibility, Ifenagement should not rest content to act as a oolleotion agenoy for prepay plan. Management can best assume ita responsibility for prepay medical and hospital plana by simultaneously exeroising ita prerogative as management to consult with management of prepay plana - serve on Boards of Trustees of auoh plans - participate as members of advisory groups to such plana - CONTRIBUTE of THEIR "KNOW-HOW", Help solve the A-0-C sixty-four-dollar question* facing 65 management of prepay, plans t A. PREPAID BY WHOM B. PREPAID FOR WHOM? C. PREPAID THROUGH WHOM? Management has the responsibility to participate in prepay-plan affairs -- to wield the KNOW-HOW of their OWN paint brushes and thus help paint the picture for the future of prepay oedioal and hospital organisation and management Such management will carry out its responsibility in accordance with Mr. Bernard Baruch's so-aptly coined phrase -- "and, above all, we should keep in mind lhat the humanities come before the dollars. It may be trite to say it, but it shouH be said, again and again, that our first duty runs to man before business, but we must not forget that sometimes the two are inter-changeable ,n "COOPERATION IS NOT A SENTIMENT -- IT IS AN ECONOMIC NECESSITY.'* 66 "PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTIOB" 1/ Georg* Clayton Senior Sanitary Engineer U. S. Public Health Service Washington, D. C, 2/ Wherever human beings congregate there ia atmospheric pollution. If we did nothing else but breathe, we would contribute to the contamination of the atmos phere....for the air which we exhale has been changed in composition from that which we inhaled. But our mode of living causes us to contaminate the atmos phere even more. Our modern civilization requires us, for example, to heat our homes and cook our foods; our industries, and our public transportation facili ties all add to the general atmospherio pollution. We cannot even take our families out for a Sunday drive without aggravating the situation. I present these facts to you to indicate the universality of the problem as well as its complexity. In order to visualize its many facets, let us analyze two of the phases of the problem, namely, (l) effects, and (2) contaminants. EFFECTS The effects may be considered under the heading of (l) nuisance, (2) economics, (3) vegetation, (4) animals, and (5) health. While this paper deals with the public health aspects of atmospheric pollution, these are not the only phases of the problem; and in many cases they are not the most significant. Therefore, brief mention is made of some of the other asnects in order to look at the health phase in relation to the problem as a whole. Nuisance - The nuisance aspects of the atmospheric pollution problem are well knows. Obnoxious odors, loss of visibility, and the dirt of settled particu.late matter have been experienced by practically everyone. Economics - Another familiar effect of atmospheric pollution is discoloration of buildings, including stone, brick and painted surfaces. Blackened surfaces and encrustations of soot material frequently obliterate essential lines and decorations. They literally disfigure a building and seriously reduce its aesthetic and decorative value. More serious, however, is the corrosive action of acid gases on buildings. One of the effects of this reaction ia the forma tion on stone surfaces of hard, impermeable skin which tends to blister and exfoliate. It has been reported that sheets of galvanized iron had a life span of 3-6 years in Pittsburgh as compared with 7--14 years in a smoke-free communi ty; and that copper would last only 1&-20 years in Pittsburgh, whereas it would be good indefinitely where there is relatively little atmospheric pollution. The effect is well known of certain acid gases on paint, as exemplified by the blackening of white lead base paint by hydrogen sulfide. Vegetation - The civic beauty of a community is often reflected in the upkeep of its parks and the landscaping of its homes. The farms at its outskirts alse are an essential part of a prosperous community. The effects of atmospheric pollution on vegetation are therefore an important consideration. A polluted atmosphere may injure plant life more than it harms animal life. The effects L 6? a of polluted air are shown by stunting la growth, lose of rigor, redaction In crop yield and degradation of color,. Sunlight' 1* nor* directijp Weexrkial to plant life than to other forma of life for the plant depends on- ther light falk ing on its leaves for the conversion of carbon dioxide to the carbohydrates that largely make up its substance. In other words, light is as essential' to plants as carbon dioxide. On an annual basis the light reduction caused by pollution in the atmosphere nay be up to 40 or $0 percent'. Further lose is experienced by the plant because the coating of particulate matter that accumulates on it a leaves makes it increasingly difficult for the life-giving rays of the sun to reach the leaf. This coating of particulate matter on the leaf surfaces also tends to choke the minute openings of the leaf through which the plant breathes. Particulate matter causes further damage to the living cells and destroys chlo rophyll by holding the acid gases in the atmosphere in contact with the leaf. In many cases the leaves and tender plants are scorched beyond recovery. Fur ther increase in acidity of the soil due to atmospheric pollution can adverse ly affect vegetation. Animals - Evidence is available which indicates that animals are affected by atmospheric pollutants. The Donora investigation revealed that dogs manifested acute toxic effects during the prolonged smog conditions. Biere was some evidence to indicate that other species of animals were alBO affected. Another effect that is not as dramatic but nevertheless Important is that re sulting from the ingestion of contaminated vegetation. Studies have indicated that although the concentration of a particular contaminant in the atmosphere might not be present in sufficient quantities to produce injurious results to livestock by inhalation, an accumulation or deposit of the contaminant on veg*> tation eaten by animals may result in lowering the vitality, stunting growth, and could eventually lead to death. Health - For the purpose of this discussion, the problems of airborne disease of biological etiology, and airborne diseases of plant origin (such as allexw gies) will not be considered. The discussion will be limited to diseases caused by airborne dust, fume, and gas, - products of our civilization. Since the thirteenth century, attempts have been made by various investigators to show the relationship between atmospheric pollutants and illness. The re sults of these investigations were either inconclusive or the claims could not withstand the close scrutiny of the medical profession. Therefore, the majority of the medical men looked upon atmospheric pollution primarily as a nuisance and not a health problem. As a result of the Donora episode, the question has again arisen, IS ATMOSPHERIC P0ILUTI0H A HEALTH PROBLEM? To answer- this question one must consider the problem from the viewpoint of both acute and chronic effects. For the acute phase, the answer is definitely in the affirmative. Our investigartion into the Donora episode indicated that people dies and thousands became ill during the prolonged smog conditions. It is not simple, however, to determine what the effecte on the populace are of long-term exposure to atmospheric pollution. If these effects are to be ascertained, we must have answers to certain questions, such ast 1. What effects does atmospheric pollution have on persona with pre-existing ipaladiea such as disease of the respiratory tract, heart disease, and possibly others? 68 2. What effect doe* atmospheric: pe Uutloa have oa elderly people who by the '^Inx process naturally develop degenerative-disease* of the lunge- and- heart) 3. What effect does ataoapheria pollution have oa children..vho have an i greased respiratory rate as veil as- increased metabolism? 4. What effect does atmospheric pollution have in lovering the resistance 0f persona so as to predispose them to infectious diseases, particularly of the reapiratory tract? 5. What effect does atmospheric pollution have on the mental health of in dividuals? to answer these questions, it will be necessary to- know more about the proper ties and effects of the contaminants themselves such ast 1. What corcentration of contaminants la required to produce acute and chronic effects? 2. Does a combination of contaminants act individually? la the effect ad ditive, , or is the effect greater than the summation of the individual effects? 3. Under what meteorological conditions would contaminants increase to har ful concentrations? These and many other questions must be answered before one can adequately evaluate the long term effects of atmospheric pollution on the health of the general population* Only general knowledge is presently available, such as the fact that atmospheric pollution does decrease the quantity of the germicidal rays of the sun and in this way may indirectly produce adverse effects. It is also known that irritating gasea and large amounts of particulate matter present in the atmosphere may reach concentrations which would have an adverse effect. The extent of such injurious effects is not known. Maximum allowable concentrations of many toxic substances have been established for protecting the health of workers in industrial plants. However, these con centrations have been established for the type of personnel normally employed In industry (aged 18-60 in relatively good health) during the course of aa 8-hour day. Hence, the maximum allowable concentrations familiar to industrial hygienists throw little light on amounts that can be safely breathed 24 hours a day by the general population,, including the very young and the aged, aa well as persons with organic diseases and those with special sensitivity to respir tory Irritants. It is important to emphasise that information available on the toxicologloal effects of mixed irritant gases is meager and that data on possible enhanced action due to absorption of gases on particulate matter are limited. To obtain the necessary data will require both laboratory and field work on an extensive and time consuming scale. Although these long-range studies are es sential to the solution of the problem of atmospheric pollution, this does not tan that practical control procedures can not be carried forward in th*L-m#a* time. It does mean, however, that careful thought and planning are necessary If orderly progress is to be made. 69 CONTAMINANTS I Before an intelligent evaluation can be made of the atmospheric pollution pro* fclem, information, even though general, must be obtained on the contaminants found in an industrial community. For present purposes of simplification, the contaminants may be divided into two groups: (l) gases and vapors and (2) par ticulate matter. probably the most common gas found in the atmosphere is sulfur dioxide. Some of the other gases found in various amounts are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, anuzonia, and orgunic solvents. Particulate matter is a term applied to dusts, fumes, mists and fogs. The size of particulate matter plays an important part. Large particles settle readily near the source of discharge under normal weather conditions. These particles are seen daily on the floor, window sills, and porches. The smaller particles, less than a micron in size, remain suspended in the atmosphere for an extended period of time. They are the particles that reduce visibility, shut out sun light, and adhere to the ceiling, walls, and draperies. They are also, unfor tunately, the most difficult to collect by known control procedures. They also serve a3 nuclei for the condensation of moisture resulting in fog. The types of particulate matter commonly found in the atmosphere are stlliea, sillicates, fly ash, carbon, and the oxides of the various metals. The type of particulate matter suspended in the atmosphere depends on the types of industries present. Source - After classifying the contaminants found in the atmosphere, one next must consider the source or point of generation of these contaminants. Pro ducts of combustion, for example, emanate from such sources as manufacturing plants, homes, trains, boats, incinerators and brush, fires. Industrial opera tions of virtually all types add to the general atmospheric pollution load, and automobile traffic, construction, and wind storms also contribute to the over all problem. Methods of Control - After atmospheric contaminants have been Btudied, the sources determined, and toxicological information reviewed, the next question is "What can we do about it? The methods of control of various pollutants are many. The principles used are in the main: (l) substitution, (2) conversion, (3) collection, and (4) dilution. Let us consider these four principles to see how they apply in practice. 1. Substitution - This principle i9 well illustrated by the substitution of Diesel switch engines for coal-burning steam engines. Although substitution has a limited place in industrial operations, it may be used wherever practice-- ble to effeot a substantial reduction in atmospheric contamination. In the d^signing of a new plant where air pollution is a potential problem, this princi ple could be of primary importance. 2. Conversion - Conversion is a term applied to the process of converting, for example, an obnoxious substance to one that is not obnoxious. Thus, organic compounds are often disagreeably odoriferous and extremely annoying even in lov Concentrations. It is possible to convert such materials into substances which are not particularly objectionable by passing the offending materials through furnaces for conversion into a less objectionable substance. L 70 3* Collection - There are nany types of colleeter* on the market todsgr.saeng ytileli are mechanical filter*, cyclone*, electrostatic precipitator*, scrubber* gnd ultrasonic equipment. Each problem in the collection of atmospheric contsminante must be considered as a separate entity, and the engineer must taka Into account many factors before making recommendations. In some instances, installations hare paid for themselves by the recovery and subsequent reclaim ing of collected substances. However, we must bear in mind that this cannot always be expected, and that the sole benefit derived will be a decrease in at mospheric pollution. k. Dilution - Dilution is a very practical control measure. It is well known that a substance can be annoying, even harmful, in certain concentrations. Yet the same substance can be diluted to a point where it ie no longer objec tionable nor injurious to a person*s health. This dilution depends on the ver tical mixing, turbulences and dissipation by the wind; hence, the science of meteorology can play an important role in this method of control. For instance, if a plant were located in an area where prevailing winds disperse the contam inants away from the inhabitants, there would be no problem so far as the human element is concerned. It is probable in the future that many companies before they erect a plant will consider the meteorology of an area, in addition to the availability of raw material, labor, transportation, and other factors, before the erection of a plant. In review, there are many known principles which may be applied to the control of atmospheric pollutantts. However, it is not meant to imply that the control of contaminants is a simple task. Much is yet to be learned about the control of small dust particles, particularly in the size range of less than one micron. Additional information i3 needed on the removal of small percentages of containinants from relatively large streams of air. At the present time, the cost of controlling some atmospheric contaminants is prohibitive. It is, therefore, a challenge to the engineering profession to devise methods te increase the ef ficiency and economy of equipment for the collection of atmospheric contaminants. ORDINANCE The majority of the larger cities in the United States now have ordinances on smoke abatement and atmospheric pollution in general. In considering the adop tion of an ordinance on atmospheric pollution the community should use ordi nances from other cities only as a guide. The reason, for this becomes obvious when you consider that no two cities cure alike with respect to the various phases of atmospheric pollution problems. Before an adequate ordinance can be adopted a thorough investigation into the problem is necessary. Consideration should be given to such factors as. topogra phy, and weather conditions, such as temperature inversions, wind directions and velocity, and humidity. The type, extent, and locations of industries must . be evaluated. The type of fuel used in the community is also an important co&5 sideration. it ' Successful atmospheric pollution abatement practices have shown the need for an I active civic support. The support of chambers of commerce, women's clubs and business and professional organizations is needed in molding publie opinion for - the abatement of atmospheric contaminants. Representatives of various indus; tries, citizens groups, public officials, medical and engineering societies, 1 71 gbfold be represented o a advisory board to the ataospherle pollution depart* ^ni of tho community. SUMMARY q10 problem of atmospheric pollution is much too complex to be covered in the brief time available, and only some of the highlights have been mentioned. It 1S a problem which is important to all of us - not only from the standpoint of Its possible effects on us individually, but also as it affscts our entire econ omy, The cooperative efforts of many groups will bs required to obtain the basic information which is necessary if we are to develop a progressive atmos pheric pollution program. Only by an intelligent, concerted approach to this problem can we hope to arrive at those reasonable conclusions which will permit industry the right of operation, and the community the right to have an atmos phere which is relatively free of atmospheric pollution. INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND STREAM POLLUTION SYMPOSIUM October 7, 1949 David F. Smallhorst, presiding "TEXAS LAWS AND REGULATIONS CONCERNING INDUSTRIAL 'WASTES AND STREAM POLLUTION* Burnell Waldrep Assistant Attorney General Austin, Texas The problem relating to industrial wastes and stream pollution has become more acute within recent years, arising primarily from the expansion of industry and the increased demands for water free from contamination. This is evidenced by the increased interest in legislation on this subject and the many activities in the field of conservation of water. It is the right of every riparian owner to have the stream continue to flow through or by his premises in its natural condition of purity and free from any contamination or pollution such as would render it unfit for domestio purposes, manufacturing purposes, agricultural purposes, stook purposes or which would be destructive to fish life, A statute prohibiting the pollution of water courses by the inflow of salt water, oil and all other substances is a proper exercise of legislative power. The Legislature has enacted various statutes which appear both in the civil stat utes and the penal code condeming the pollution of streams and water courses in this State. Article 4444, V.C.S., after prohibiting the pollution of water courses or other public bodies of water, from which water is taken for the uses of farm livestock, drinking and domestic purposes, has provided therein for the institution of suit for injunction as follows* "Upon the conviction of any person for violating this law the Court or Judge thereof in such con viction shall issue a virit of injunction enjoining and restraining the person or corporation responsi ble for such pollution............... "The State Board of Health shall enforce the pro visions of this Article....................." Under the above quoted provisions, a conviction upon a criminal charge is not a prerequisite to the issuance of an injunction, nor is the District Judge de prived of jurisdiction to enjoin. Cardwell v, Austin, 168 S.W. 385 (Tex* Civ. App. 1914); Goldsmith & Powell v. State, 159 S.V< 2d 534 (Tex* Civ* App. 1942, error ref.). Article 4444 has been before the courts in several cases and has been declared constitutionals! Article 698b, V.P.C., is in part as follows* 73 "See. 2. 'pollute* it hereby defined to be the throwing, diecharging or otherwise permitting to re&oh or to be introduced into any public body of surface water of this State any substance, material or thing in suoh quantity that the said water is threby rendered unfit for one- or more-of- the bene ficial uses for which suoh water was fit or suitable prior to the introduction of such substanoe, materia}, or thing, or is thereby rendered harmful to public health, game birds or game animals, fish or other edible aquatia animals, or endangers any wharf, or en dangers or hinders the operation of any boat, or ren ders insanitary or unclean any bathing beach, tf "Sec. 5. Any person, firm, corporation, association* city, town or other political subdivision of this state, or any agent, officer, employee, or representative of ' any person, firm, corporation, association, town, oity, or other political subdivision of this State who vio lates any provision of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not less than One Hundred Dollars (100), nor more than Two Hundred Dollars ($200); and each day that such a violation is conmitted shall constitute a separate offense. As amended Acts 1945, 49th Leg., p. 373, ch. 240, 1 " Jurisdiction of all matters relating to the protection of aquatic life is vest ed in the Game, Fish and Oyster Commission by statute. The disposal of indus trial wastes is fast becoming a serious problem in the Gulf Coast area sinoe aquatio life would be materially affected in the bays and Gulf by an unreason able use of the water. For a discussion of the penal statute see Myers v. State, 184, S, W, 2d 924(Te% Crim, 1945); Stevenson v. State, 167 S.W, 2df 10^7 (Tex. Crim. 1943)} Bell v. State, 99 S.VV.2d 940 (Tex. Crim, 1936); Jackson v. State, 93 S.W.2d 1141 (Tex, Crim. 1936). Article 5351, V.C.S., prohibits the pollution of water in any development in water or on islands or river beds, giving the General Land Comnissioner the power to forfeit or cancel the lease for failure to comply with rules or regula tions adopted. Article 5366, requires that all development in the Gulf coast lands belonging to the State shall be conducted so as to prevent pollution clurging the Game, Fish and Oyster Commission with the duty of enforcing the rules. Article 7577, V.C.S., provides a punishment for pollution of any person who hall deposit in any canal, lateral, reservoir or lake used for any purpose em> Berated in this Act, the caroass of any dead animal, tin cans, discarded buokets or pails, garbage, ashes, bailing or barbed wire, earth, offal, or refuse of ay character, or any other article whioh might pollute the water. Ihe ownership of the waters of natural streams is expressly deolared by statute be in the State of Texas. Article 74677 V.C.3., and Article 4026, 7.C.S 74 jlie Constitution of Texan designate* river* and atreaan a* natural r.ssouroea and iJJTe*ta the Legislature with their cars. Tex. Const.-, Article XTC, Section 69a. ,, j)t* State of Texae n* a sovereign has the power to prevent pollution of water courses and public bodies of water within the State of Texae and the State- has juooesafully exeroiasd its power' to enjoin the pollution of its water coarsen. th. Texas Gulf Sulphur Qc. v. State, IS S.W,2d 408 (Tex* Civ. App. 1929). the State sued the Sulphur Company and others seeking to enjoin defendants from eon* laminating the waters of the San Bernard River by permitting waste water from sulphur wells and other harmful substances to esoape into the stream. The tern* porary injunction was granted and upon appeal from that order, the Court of Civil appeals affirmed the case. While the issue of the power of the State to sue wee QOt raised, the Court, did, however, say that the Sac Bernard River being shown aa a water oourae the injunction properly issued in favor of the State under the authority of Article 4444, V.C.S. In the case of Goldsmith A Powell v. State, 159 S.W.2d 634 (Tex. Civ. App. 1942, error ref.), the Court stated that the pollution, of a public water course is a public nuisance. City of Corsioana v King, 3 S.K.2d 857 (Tex. Civ. App. 1928). The Goldsmith and Powell oase was an appeal from an injunction restraining oertain'oil operators in'the East Texas oil field from discharging salt water into the Neches River, wherein the Court affirmed the case, and stated) "In this case there has been a definite showing that a high degree of saline pollution has been attained in the waters of the River, that all aquatio life is extinct in the river, that near and adjacent landa are unfit for ag ricultural pursuits, and that there is a definite threat that the present oondition will beaome worse as the produc tion of salt water increases in the East Texas Field. It is evident that as the oil reserve in the field is de pleted, the production of salt water will increase, finally resulting in ninety or one hundred percent salt water." The case of Magnolia Petroleum Co., et al, v State, 218 S.W.2d 855 (Tex. Civ. App. 1948, error ret, n.r.e.), was an appeal from a temporary injunction re straining certain oil operators in the Luling and Salt Flat oil fielde from dis charging salt water into the Guadalupe and San Marcos Rivers. The case was af firmed by the Court of Civil Appeals and the Supreme Court refused the applica tion for writ of error, no reversible error. The Court stated* "Appellants having no lawful right to disoharge or oause the disoharge of any salt water into public waters used for domestic purposes, the order of the trial oourt was not too broad. " . . . . Vie cure not dealing with iosninent danger or threat of irreparable injury, be are confronted with actual and long continued pollution of publio waters. Appellants say that the pollution will diminish as they take preventive measures. This is oommendable, but it does not satisfy the low that there be no pollution and oourts are not required to bide their time and wait until the parties see fit to discontinue their unlawful acts.*- ----- 75 In the oaae of Continental Oil Co. v. City of Sroesbeok. 95 S.W.2& 714 (Tex. Civ* App* 1936). a temporary injunction waa issued restraining the oil company from polluting the city'a water supply by the discharge of salt eater and other obnoxious matters into the Navaa ota River. The Court, in affirming the issu ance of the writ, said that the writ does not enjoin the appellant frcm doing anything that it has a lawful right to do. stating that it ia unlawful in this State for anyone to pollute any water course or publio body of water by the discharge of salt water therein where the water is used for domestio purposes. The foregoing authorities would be equally aa applicable to other industrial wastes and any unreasonable use of waters* Pollution cases instituted by the State of Texas are as a general rule predi cated upon three theories.suoh remedies being distinct and cumulative and aa follows| (1) The State has the power to abate a common law nuisance entire ly aside from statute. (2) An injunction may be granted under the authority of Article 4444, V.C.S. (3) The State may prevent the pollution of publio bodies of water, the property of the State, by invoicing the penal statute, Artiole 698b, V.P.C. An injunction will issue against defendant operators who are contributing to the pollution of publio water courses, such pollution being a nuisance and a violation of the statutes without the necessity of pleading and proving negli gence. However, the Texas Courts have repudiated the absolute liability doc trine of Rylands v. Fletcher, L.R. 3 H.L. 330 (1868), and the law in this State so far as damages to private property or bodies of water are concerned ia that there can be no recovery of damages or injunctive relief without pleading and proving negligence on the part of the defendant operators. 4 Summers Oil and Gas, 25 Sec. 655, statesi "Only in Texas is the liability of the oil operator made to depend upon his negligence. In that State his liability is absolute, if injury results from the pol lution of the water course, the pollution of which is prohibited by statute. But if a landowner's crops are destroyed, his cattle poisoned and his farm converted into a worthless salt marsh by the flow of salt water and oil over the surface not in a natural water course, he cannot recover damages for the injuries suffered unless he alleges and proves speoifio aots of negligence by neighboring oil operators which caused them. If he fails in these requirements of pleading and proof, he is com forted only by the knowledge that the devastation was ac complished with due care." In the case of Turner v. Big Lake Oil Company, 128 Tex. 155, 96 S.W.2d 221 (1936), plaintiffs sued the defendant oil operators to recover damages for pol lution to "Garrison Draw" alleged to be a publio water course and the plaintiffs also alleged the pollution of^ certain water holes on their land. It was alleged 76 1 further that the defendants collected salt water and negligently permitted the dikes to break* The jury found for the plaintiff on all counts exoept that the defendants were not negligent* On appeal the plaintiff contended that it was unnecessary to show negligence since the pollution was prohibited by the Fenal Code and their negligenoe per ae. The Cairt of Civil Appeals affirmed the trial court holding that the water holes were olearly private property and that there ! could be no reoovery without a showing of negligence. The Supreme Court af firmed this holding saying that plaintiffs must allege and prove some speoifie act of neglect or must allege and prove that the water polluted was a water course. The court fully disoussed the rule of Rylanda v. Fletcher and refused* to apply it, but the Court did intimate that if a nuisance is created, proof of negligence is not necessary. See Nash and Windfohr v, Edens, 109 S.W2d 496 (Tex. Civ. App. 1937, error dism.). Generally speaking, if the pollution con stitutes a nuisance, proof of negligenoe is not a prerequisite to relief. 31 Tex. Jur. 421, Seo. 11; M.K.T. Ry. Co. of Texas v. Williams, 5 S.W.2d 575 (Tex, Civ. App. 1928, error dism.). In analyzing the many situations contravening the pollution statutea, it might be well to determine the applicability of the statutes referred to in this dis cussion. There is a wide divergence of opinion among industry and others as to what constitutes pollution. Article. 698b, V.P.C.-, refers to polluting substan ces which render water unfit for the beneficial uses to which adapted and it can be readily seen that any particular pollution problem becomes a faot ques tion. A riparian owner may not use the water of the stream so that the water is so corrupted and polluted so as to practically destroy or greatly impair its value to the lower riparian owners. What is a reasonable use is primarily a question of fact, but whether the undisputed facts and the necessary inferences there from establish an unreasonable use is a question of law* It is to be determined ! in view of all the faots and circumstances of the particular case* A compound that would pollute one body of water may not pollute another and oertain substances discharged in certain quantities in one stream might pollute the same whereas in another it would have no harmful effects. Therefore, it might be said that any substance placed in a stream of this State of a harmful nature may constitute pollution. There are no standards relating to polluted streams except the standards for drinking water. Section 422 of the Federal Standards for drinking water states that any water containing in excess of 250 parts per million in chlorides is not suitable for drinking water and thia standard haa been approved by the courts of this State. It should be noted in this oonneotion that one who contributes to the creation of a nuisance by pollution may be enjoined even though his contribution is small and would not amount to a nui sance without the aid of the other contributors. Goldsmith and Powell, supra) State v. Smith, 40 N.W, 727 (Iowa Sup. 1891). The subject matter herein has been dealt with generally in view of the time al lotted and no partioular phase of the pollution problem has been exhausted. b 1Y 1* Magnolia Petroleum Co. et al v* State, 218 S.W.2d 855, (Tex. Civ. App. 1946, error ref. lJ*R.E.) 77 "IUDUSIRT A5D POLKJTIOB-ABATEMENT 15 THE OHIO RIVER VALLET" EDVARD J. CLBAET Executive Director & Chief Engineer Ohio Hirer Talley Water Sanitation Commission Cincinnati, Ohio Some people are saying that the pollution-abatement program in the Ohio Hirer is destined to call a halt to all industrial expansion* This statement must he just as startling to you as it is to me. But that is exactly what I heard a few days ago from a delegation of industrial-promotion men who called upon the Coiamission. It occurred to me, therefore, that it might he useful to relate what transpired at this meeting. In so doing I am hopeful that questions you hare regarding the operations of the Ohio Hiver Valley Water Sanitation Commission might he clari-- fied. First, I must give you a hit of background: Shortly after this Commission had been organized a major chemical concern, let's call it the "X" Company, sought a permit from one of the states in the valley to install a new plant. In its application the company furnished an analysis indicating that wastes from this plant would he large in volume, would contribute a substantial amount of hard^> ness to the Ohio River, and for which there was no known method of disposal other than dilution. Obviously, here was a potential pollution situation of concern to more than one state. And with the Commission established, the matter was placed before the chief sanitary engineers of the states affected. This led to a study following which unanimous agreement was reached that a permit for this operation should be denied. Backed with such support the health authorities in the state wherein the "X" company sought to locate, refused to sanction operation of the plant without adequate provisions for waste disposal. As a consequence the company decided it would look elsewhere for a site. A lot of people had worked hard to attract this industry to consider the state. [ And you can be sure that they had a lot of questions to ask when the deal fell ' through because of pollution-abetement requirements. Thus it was that the state director of commerce and top representatives from the state Chamber of Commerce, a major railroad, and a power company, came to Cincinnati to talk over the situ ation. First came this question: Hew does the Commission operate? That was an easy one to handle. The Commission is composed of representatives from eight states, which had signed a compact in June 19^8, that pledged their "faithful coopera tion in the control of future pollution and in abatement of existing pollution from the rivers, streams and waters in the Ohio River basin.............." The eight states are Illinois, Indiana. Kentucky, Hew York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. Each state is represented by three commissioners, appointed by the governor. In addition, there are three federal commissioners, appointed by the President of the United States, representing the Sirgeon ' L 78 General of the U. 3* Pnhllo Health Service 4 the TJ. S..Army Stogineere, and the fish and Vildllfe division of the Department of the Interior* Die role of the commissi onera ie to determine policy for carrying, out the provleione of the Compact* One of these policies enunciates this principle! Objectives of the Coasission will be accomplished whenever possible through the use of or through cooper*tion with the established regulatory agencies of the states. This means that Commission operations are designed to supplement rather than overlap those of existing state health departments or other state water-control agencies* Thus, municipalities and industries will continue to deal directly with these agencies as they have in the past, regarding compliance with pollution abatement measures. However, coordination of individual state programs, the pooling of information and the direction of basinr*wide activities are the functions of the Commission* A good illustration of state and Commission relationships is provided in haadling the case of Company "X". Here an upriver state was faced with the decksion regarding a permit for discharge of a pollutional waste. The industry concerned made its representations to the state sanitary engineer. He, in turn, called upon the Commission to conduct a study of the effect of this waste down stream, to present these findings to the other state sanitary engineers and ask for their opinion. Since the conclusion was unanimous and the company accept ed it, there seemed to be no further need for a public hearing or other Commis sion action on the matter. That brought forth the second question! What about public hearings and the power of enforcement by the Commission? Die answer to this was a little more. involved. Provision is made in the Compact for the conduct of two types of public hearing! (1) Hearings are required incases where the Commission may find it in the public interest to require a higher degree of treatment than the minimum prescribed in the Compact*. This minimum, incidentally, is "substantially complete removal of settleable solids and the removal of not less than 45 per cent of the total sus pended solids.........................." Since its establishment in June 1948, the Commis sion has conducted only one public hearing of this type*- This was based on a finding that waters in the 22-mile stretch of the river known as the Cincinnati Pool called for greater removal of B.O.D. than would be afforded by primary treatment. (2) A public hearing is also called for should the Commission find it neces sary to issue an order through the appropriate courts for corrective measures upon any municipality or corporation. It is the Commission's hope, of course, that it will achieve its objectives % through persuasion and education. When and if this approach proves ineffective, appropriate legal compulsion can be initiated. This action ie taken following the assent of a majority of the Commissioners from not less than a majority of the states, as well aa the approval of a majority of the Commissioners from the state in which the order is to be iasued. In terms of numbers this means that two commissioners from each of 5 states, or a total of 10, must agree; and in 79 addition there mat he included a favorable vote from 2 of the 3 commlaalonare from the state affected.-'1' ' It is of more than passing interest* to point oat that thia unusual poves*-ef-iw forcemeat clause captured' the attention of delegates to the Academy of Inter national Law at The Hague during a- seminar this past summer. The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Compact was cited as having been "horn with perhaps the strongest teeth of any American interstate organisation. Indeed stronger than any international organization.............." And there was also this profound oVservationi "... the Commission's power to invoke the strong sanction of en forcement is the best guarantee that only rarely will it need to be exercised*. "Thie ia all very fine", said the industrial delegation, "but why didn't you hold a public hearing in the case of Company "X"? The obvious answer, of Course, was that the company accepted the state ruling and did not request a public hearing from the Commission. Incidentally, the Commission saw no gain to anyone in having the matter publicized in a hearing or through the press. This particular company was one of national standing. Any publicity focussing attention on the fact that it was seeking to operate a plant that would pollute or otherwise affect the water quality of a major river could hardly be construed by the company as contributing to its beat interests. While the Commission is fully aware of the power of aroused public opinion it does not propose to use such means to achieve its ends unless other efforts fail. Since the "X" company showed no desire or reason to air its case before the public, the Commission had no cause to feel otherwise. All of which led to another question} "Why does the Commission involve itself with industrial wastes when its title would connote concern only with sanita tion matters? This was very significant. It had never occurred to me that certain people viewed industrial wastes as something quite apart from other wastes that con tribute to the degradation of water quality. I'm sure the question relating to the Commission's concern with industrial wastes was asked in all sincerity because a remark was then made that nobody ever got sick drinking hard water. Why, therefore, should the Commission take a stand on the addition of hardness to a river? Thie led to a discussion outlining the following view} It was not so much tha additional hardness from Company "X" that would work a serious hardship. But it was the cumulative amounts of hardness from all the plants to be built in tha future that could eventually create a severe economic burden on every user of river water. If Company "X* had been given permission to dump its wastes, than the same privl lags would have to be accorded every other plant- that sought it. Emphasis was now shifted from health and sanitation aspects to a question on which industry could speak with unimpeachable authority. In fact, this was not a question; it was a statement, which said in effect} If the Commission enforced pollution abatement and forbid the discharge of wastes into streams it would put every industry in the Ohio River Basin at a competitive disadvantage with the rest of the country. This statement was open to challenge in several respects. First, tha Ohio Basin enjoys a special position with regard to raw materials, geographic location and 80 labor supply that probably la not duplicated elsewhere. Second, the majority of the status in the Baain are signatories to the Compaet and are operating or about to operate under similar pollution-abatement restrictions. Furthermore, adjacent states either hare comparable legislation or are in the procese of drafting more effective pollution-abatement laws. As a consequence, it did not appear at all likely that an industry could find a location where it might enjoy indiscriminate dumping of its wastes. Public opinion has advanced too far to countenance such conditions, as evidenced by strengthened antipollution measures in the states and the existance of federal legislation for this purpose* Instead of a competitive disadvantage from pollution abatement, it was argued, industry stands to gain competitive benefits from stream-cleanup. There is hardly an industry that would not be in a better profit-making position if it could get better water at lower cost. Moat industries are paying a substantial premium to have their present raw water supplies converted into a product suitarble for their use. And the more polluted the source, the higher the premium. In fact, there is abundant evidence that one of industry's most critical prob lems today is to assure itself of an adeq,uate and desirable supply of water. Anything, therefore, to insure this condition, such as pollutionr-abatement, would seem to favor industry rather than penalize it. Furthermore, there is always the probability that under the compulsion to do something about its waste problem an industry may reclaim a by-product, or at the very least, make substantial reductions in the amount of waste. There is nothing academic in this statement: Look what happened in the distill ery industry. Waste recovery measures have resulted in the production of a cattle food that now commands more than $100 a ton. I don't know what the prof it margin is but I can assure you that the distillery people are more than mildly enthusiastic a bout pollution abatement. Another example, this time a steel company in the Ohio Talley. After years of opposition to the installation of works for the recovery of blast furnace fluedust that had been dumped into the river, a plant was built at a cost of $516,000. In the very first year of operation this plant recovered enough ore dust not only to pay for its operation, but to yield, in addition, a net profit of $581.0001 And finally, this story told me by a chemical company executive. He said, con fidentially, his firm was deeply indebted to a certain state health department because of a court order to abate pollution. When the plant chemists studied the problem they discovered that this particular waste was high in vitamin con tent. Today this plant has shifted its processing to extract vitamins and the material formerly produced has been relegated to the position of a by-product. It is situations such as these that lead me to wonder if industry has been doing itself a great disservice by not giving more attention to what goes in and what comes out of its sewers. If one cf our must powerful drugs can be extracted from a piece of moldy bread, you might let your imagination run riot with the poten tialities in some of the things that now do nothing more than defile our streams* And that brought us to the last question: If the Commission seeks to havs in dustry take steps to install treatment works- is it prepared to help and abet industries -- particularly small ones -- in seeking solutions for waste problems* 81 More than complete assurance could be given on this soore* Already the- Cotoat*-. aloa had embarked oa each m program, although it has hardly beea ia operatic* , more than a few months* One of the problems to which it la directing immediate attention ie phenol alls- . ination -- not only of major concern in the Ohio Talley but an industrial^waate problem of national significance. In this connection the Comaissioa is acting in the role of directing and coordinating every resource that can be brought to bear on the problem* Thus far one of the major sanitary engineering re search laboratories -- operated by private enterprise -- has agreed to act a consultant and do certain laboratory work as a public service. Arrangements have been made with one of the nation's Important steel companies for the in- stallation of a pilot plant and to otherwise make available its resources to facilitate additional tests. Also associated in furthering these and related studies is the Cincinnati laboratory of the U. S. Public Health Service, along with the mobile laboratory of the Ohio State Department of Health. Here, then, is an example of how the Commission seeks to coordinate the re sources, skills and interests of private industry and public agencies on pro'll lems of mutual interest. Other projects are now in the planning stage*. May I add that the Commission is not setting itself up as arresearch agency. It has neither the funds nor the personnel to operate laboratories. Furthermore* as a matter of policy, the Commission has gone on record to state that it does not propose to engage in laboratory research. It firmly believes that existing state, federal and other established centers of research are readily available ~ and eminently qualified to carry on such work* Furthermore, the Commission believes, and has evidence to show* that industries do not expect this Commission or any other regulatory body to provide solutions for their waste-disposal problems. Hut the Commission accepts the responsibili ty that it should inspire and coordinate all efforts that will aid industries and municipalities in furthering stream clean-up at reasonable cost and as quicfe* ly as possible* The Commission is sympathetic to the special problems of the smaller industries, with their limited Btaff3 and research skills. It will seek to develop cooper ative ventures on waste disposal among similar types of industry, particularly in conjunction with existing trade organizations* It is not amiss to point out that the very composition of the Commission member ship assures industry an adequate opportunity to register its views* Industry has five able spokesmen on the board of commissioners* Other members include outstanding professional men representing the fields of public health, fish and wild-life conservation, engineering, the legal profession and thei press. Thus in the formulation of policy and the promotion of remedial measures the Commit* aion will enjoy the benefit of a wide variety of viewpoints. It was on this note that the meeting came to a close. I feel safe in saying that the industrial delegation had a clearer picture of the Commission opera tions* And this led to some practical suggestions whereby their efforts and cure might be integrated in working on problems of mutual interest* As for the Commission, the meeting provided one of the best opportunities it has had to tell its story. It is a story that will have to be told many times because the audience to bo reached is a vast on* that sncoapaesee Billions of psopls and thousands of industries. Mors important than the story is the message that it brings, for the Ohio Hirer Valley this message is one of great hope -- hope for prosqpt restoration of clean waters through the united efforts of the states, their people and their indu*triea. 83 "SERVICES AVAILABLE TO IHDUSTRT THROUGH USPHS AHD PUBLIC LAV 845" Richard ?. Poston Officer in Charge, Western Gulf Colorado Basin Office Dallas, Texas Presented by: E. T. Roetman Division of Water Pollution Control U. S. Public Health Service Dallas, Texas Por the past thirty odd years the Public Health Service has been studying our country's water pollution problem. Originally we were concerned solely with the public health aspects of pollution* This concern was generally tied into the problems of water treatment for domestic water supplies. Industrial wastes containing phenols were studied extensively, as they presented a serious taste and odor problem. Early studies of corrosion indicated acid mine drainage as an injurious industrial waste. The gradual development of our concept of water pollution has expanded along with industrial progress until today we are coivcemed with such complex wastes as are produced by butadiene manufacture and the refinement of fissionable materials. Today we do not think of water pollution as only a public health problem* It has become much broader, encompassing water pollution as it affects water use for domestic purposes, for industry, for fish and other aquatic life, for agriculture and for recreation. The goal of our water pollution control program is the restoration of our water resources to a condition compatible with the great est public good. All wastes will not require the same degree of treatment, nor will all streams be required to meet uniform standards. It is conceivable that different reaches of the same stream will have different standards. We are not so naive as to think our streams and lakes can be returned to their primeval condition of pristine purity and we realize that considerable time will elapse before some of our streams can.be put into even partially acceptable form. As a natural resource, our streams and> waters should be used and conserved for the maximum benefit of the majority of our citizens. In certain exceptional cases the use of a stream to receive untreated or only partly treated wastes may present its best U3e. It has taken two hundred years to get our streams into their present condition -- we do not expect, nor can we bring about, the necessary corrective changes overt* night. It should be made clear in the beginning that the primary responsibility for the abatement of industrial waste pollution lies with industry. (Although the Pedexw al Government may provide technical assistance when feasible in the solution of i 84 problems), you may be sure the various stream pollution control agencies, Feder al, State and Municipal, will look to each contributor of pollution, including industry, for the correction of itB portion of the pollution* Why the sudden Interest in water pollution? It has not been suddenl It has been a gradual awakening to the fact that many of our streams have become foul, noisome sewers - that our fishing has been destroyed and that in many places we are dangerously short of additional supplies of acceptable water for domestic and industrial use. For years there has been agitation for Federal antipollution laws. Numerous bills were presented but, although the proponents were agreed in the broad over-all objectives, they could not agree on details. There were two schools of thought: one wanted the impossible, the immediate removal of all pollution from the streams; the other wanted the impractical, to let each polluter correct his condition as he saw fit. Finally, in the last session of the 80th Congress a compromise measure was passed which is known as Public Law 8^5 - or the Water Pollution Control Act. This Act states that it is the policy of Congress to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of the States in controlling water pollution, to support and aid technical research for devising and perfect ing methods of treatment of industrial wastes which are not susceptible to known effective methods of treatment and to provide Federal technical services to State and interstate agencies and to industries. Among the other provisions of the Law are those which grant financial aid to States for the conduct of investigations, research, surveys and studies related to the prevention and con trol of water pollution caused by industrial wastes. This financial aid will supplement the funds heretofore made available by the States themselves for their water pollution control activities. It would appear that the States are now in a good position to carry out an effective program which has too often been hampered in the past by insufficient funds. Public Lav clearly recog nizes the significance of the industrial waBte problems in provisions calling for research, study, investigation and abatement of industrial waste pollution. The Lavr contains a regulatory feature which is of interest. The pollution of interstate waters which endangers the health or welfare of persons in a State other than that in which the discharge originates, is declared to be a public nuisance and subject to abatement. Idlenever the Surgeon General finds that any pollution declared to be a public nuisance is occurring, he shall give formal notification to the offender causing or contributing to such pollution. The notification shall specify a reasonable time in which to secure abatement of the pollution. If action calculated to secure abatement within the time speci fied is not commenced, additional action, culminating in a public hearing, will be taken. The public hearing shall be before a Board appointed by the Federal Security Administrator, and it shall make recommendations concerning the measures, if any, which it finds to be reasonable and equitable to secure abatement. Again, after allowing a reasonable time for compliance with the Board's recommendation, the Federal Security Administrator may, with the consent of the water pollution control agency of the State or States in which the matter causing or contribut ing to the pollution is discharged, request the Attorney General to bring suit on behalf of the U.S. to secure abatement of the pollution* The Court, giving due consideration to the practicability and to the physical 85 and economic feasibility of securing abatement of any pollution proved, have jurisdiction to enter such judgement, and orders enforcing such judgement, as the public interests and equities of the case may require. We do not think that it will be necessary to invoke the regulatory provisions of the Act very often, as ve do not feel that industry can afford the adverse publicity which would accompany such action. Ve believe that industry is avafeening to its responsibilities and that in the future it will take the initiative in clearing up pollution, if for no other reason than the good will that it will gain. In passing, it might be well to mention that several amendments to the Act have been proposed which give industry financial aid in its efforts to control pol lution, In general, these amendments would grant certain tax exemptions for funds expended on industrial waste treatment works. To implement the Act, 10 River Basin Offices have been established. The area served by each office is not based upon political subdivisions but rather upon a drainage basin basis. In this section of the Country offices have been eetablished in Balias and Little Rock to serve an area comprising, in general, the states of Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Arkansas, New Mexico and Arizona. The offices are staffed with techincal personnel who are available for conBUlr* tation upon request. The basin offices operate through officially designated State Water Pollution Control Agencies. In the case of Texas the State Depart^ meat of Health haB been designated as the State Agency, The primary objective of the basin office is the development of a comprehensive program for the abatement of pollution ef basin-waters. Experience has shown that the planning of a program on a watershed basis or a sub watershed basis is more effective than a hit or miss trial and error attenpt to secure correction of polluted stream conditions. The program will successively determine the sources of pollution, the water use, potential water requirements, the improve ments needed to condition the water for these uses and, finally, a construction schedule The Public Health Service has for many years maintained a laboratory at Cincin nati that has accepted much of the leadership in developing water pollution con trol procedures. Numerous field studies and considerable research has been made, including work on industrial wastes. Research and field studies required for the solution of specific area problems will continue and will emphasize work upon industrial wastes disposed problems. Cincinnati's activities will include the accumulation, review, and publication of available data concerning volumes, characteristics, and methods of treatment of wastes produced by various industries. Research will be made on analytical methods for industrial wastes and their components. Improved methods are needed for many new wastes. Modification of standard tests to eliminate interference by wastes materials is also needed. And there is a need, too, for the refinement of existing test methods to provide greater utility and practical application. Studies of the effects of industrial wastes on waters used as sources of water supply will be Bade. Studies of toxic effects in aquatic environment aa related to industrial 86 wastes, chemical substances, and plankton will also be mads. Additional date will be required before reasonable pollution standards can be formulated for many new wastes* The control and abatement of industrial waste pollution will be an expensive proposition. Similar industries located on different watersheds will find that a different degree of treatment may be required to meet the water use expected of streams on which they are located. It is quite possible the customer will have to pay an increased price for his finished products because of the expense involved in industrial waste treatment. The picture is, however, not totally dark. It is expected that in some cases valuable by-products will be recovered from industrial wastes. In some few oases the by-products may more than offset the cost of treatment. We believe that industry, by applying the same intensive research to the abatement of pol lution and the recovery of waste materials as it haa to the development of new processes, will come up with a pollution abatement program that is not only feasible but also economical. The Water Pollution Control Act establishes in the Public Health Service a Water Pollution Control Advisory Board. le composition of this Board is interesting as it represents all of the interests that may be affected by Water Pollution Control Activities. Board members include an engineer who is an expert in sewage and industrial waste disposal; a person active in the field of wild life conser vation; a representative of municipal government; a representative of State gov ernment; a representative of affected industry and representatives from the ' partments of the Army, of Interior, of Agriculture and of the General Services Administration (formerly the Federal Works Agency). At present, industry's representative on the Board is L.A.Danse of General Motors Corporation. Tha engineering representative is N.T. Veach, Consulting Engineer of Kansas City* ^t is the duty of the Board to review the policies and program of the Public Health Service as undertaken under the authority of the Act and to make recoup mendations thereon to the Surgeon General. In summary let me say that we have a big job ahead, an expensive job, a job which must be done if we are to progress further in the American way of life. Industry and Government at all levels have a responsibility in getting the job done. I think it will be done. The Publio Health Service extends to industry such technical services as it has available* 87 "I5-PLAHT nnJUSTRlAL VA35SS* STUB113 W A* Moggie Resident Engineer national Comoil Tor Stream Improvement Louisiana State University Baton Eouge, La. The subject of waste control in the pulp and paper industry has of necessity been confined, in this instance, to that of a single manufacturing process, the kraft process. The inclusion of other manufacturing processes would serve to lengthen and complicate this discussion, The kraft process was selected as a specific example since it is of greatest interest in the South, it being the predominant process in use in the South, both from the standpoint of number of mills and total tonnage* However, the principles involved are applicable to other processes used in the manufacture of pulp and paper. Although the manufacture of pulp and paper are two separate operations, they are complementary and are treated together in the scope of this presentation. In general, the two operations are integrated, resulting in manufacturing installa tions where pulp wood enters the mill at one end and finished paper leaves the mill at the other end* The inclusion of bleach plant operations in the pulp mill is also considered typical of the present day operation in the manufacture of kraft paper. The kraft process, sometimes referred to as the sulfate process, is an alkaline process. It depends upon the dissolving action of sodium hydroxide and/or sodi um sulfide on the non-fibrous matter in wood.The produate of the procese vary according to the cooking conditions from dark brown, unbleachable fiber to a soft, easy bleaching fiber. Hither bleached or unbleached papers made from kraft pulp range from a coarse, tough, rattly sheet to a soft, pliable, opaque paper depending on the cooking treatment and wood* The raw materials for a pulp mill consist of pulp wood, which is chiefly one of the resinous woods, water, and chemicals such as salt cake (sodium sulfate), lime (calcium oxide), chlorine, hypochlorites and caustic soda (sodium hydreaoids)* Haw materials for a paper mill consist of the pulp fibers, water, sizing materials (starch, rosin, wax, alum), fillers (clay, talc, calcium and barium sulfates, titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide and calcium carbonate), and coloring matter (pigments and dyes)* In the procedure for making kraft pulp and paper, the pulp wood is first passed through large horizontal revolving drums, called barking drums, which remove the bark from the log* Following this, the log is passed through chlppers which break the pulp wood into chips. These chips are screened in order to attain uniformly sized chips. Oversize chips are rechipped to proper size and under size chips and slivers are discarded, and may be used as fuel* The wood chips are placed in storage bins from which they are conveyed to the digesters. The digesters are usually stationary, vertical, unlined steel vessels of about 4,000 cubic feet capacity which are direotly or indirectly heated and are equipped for recirculation of the cooking liqiior. A weighed quantity of wood chips is added to the digester* The cooking liquor, called 88 white liquor, is then added to the digester along with some black liquor to make up to the desired volume. When the' digester ie filled it is sealed off and the cooking cycle is begun. The cooking operation may take up to about fire' hours. At the end of the oooklng period, the pulp and black liquor formed during the cook is blown into a diffuser or cyclone separator preparatory to wash ing the pulp. The two most common devices for washing pulp are diffusers and vacuus washers* Diffusers are simply vertical steel tanks with false bottoms in whioh the pulp and black liquor are placed and washed first with dilute black liquor and later with clean hot water. They are usually operated in pairs with the dilute liquor from the first diffusers being used to wash the pulp in the second diffuser* The excess dilute wash waters are usually wasted to the severs. Vacuum washers (brown stock washers) are horizontal vacuum filters, operated in a series of two or more, with two or more effects on each washer. The pulp and black liquor from the digesters are fed in at one end of the installation while fresh water is fed in at the opposite end resulting in what is called countercurrent washing. This type of washing system is the preferred method and has several advantages over diffusers. This system permits more efficient washing of the pulp and the recovery of a more concentrated black liquor from the washing operations. It is usually operated as a closed system and no dilute black liquor or wash water is wasted to the sewers. The washed pulp flows to a brown stock chest from where it is put through various refining operations such as screens, knotters.rifflers, Jordans, deckers, etc. The refined fibers are then pumped to the bleach plant or to the paper mill. The bleach plant operations usually consist of a chlorination stage using chlorine gas, caustic extraction using sodium hydroxide and a bleaching stage in which hypochlorite is used. Vashing operations follow each of the above stages. The bleached fibers are then pumped to the paper mill. Returning to the end of the pulp washing operations, the black liquor drained from the fiber following the cook, plus the black liquor from the washing operations, is placed in black liquor storage tanks. This material is fed into black liquor evaporators which consist of a variable number of evaporators in series, with steam under pressure being fed into the first evaporator body and a vacuum maintained on the last evaporator body. Following evaporation, black liquor soap (tallol) is skimmed off the concentrated liquor and the liquor is further concentrated to a solid content of about 60$ in a disc, cascade or * spray type evaporator. This concentrated liquor plus any added salt cake is then fed into the recovery furnace and burned with or without the use of added fuel. The gases from the combustion are usually passed through an eleotrostatio precipitator to recover the vaporized chemicals. The smelt from the combustion furnace is dissolved in water forming green liquor. The green liquor is clarified and the dregs are discarded. Hydrated lime is added to the green liquor and the resultant white liquor is clarified and stored for use again in the di gesters. The mud (calcium carbonate) from the white liquor clarifier is dewartered and sent to the lime kiln for burning and recovery of the lime. The paper mill operations consist of taking the fiber produced by the pulp mill either bleached or unbleached, further refining it and converting it to paper or paperboard. In so doing various materials may be added to the fiber such as sizing materials, fillers and coloring matter. The fiber is converted to paper or-paperboard on cylinder machines or fourdrinier screens, followed by pressing, drying and calendaring. 89 The preceding general description of the hraft pulp and paper operations is sub ject to many variations,, both in equipment and operation* at individual mills* Hovever, even from this general outline of the process, what map appear to be a simple operation of converting wood into fibers and the fibers into s sheet of paper is in reality a highly integrated and complicated series of operations. At leaBt ten unit operations are involved in this manufacturing process includ ing, disintegration, mechanical separation and filtration, evaporation, diffvt* sion, drying, heat transfer, combustion, flow of fluids, adsorption and abscrption. As a result there are many sources of wastes of major awA minor importance* The existence of the kraft pulping process is entirely dependent upon the recovery and reuse of the chemicals used in Cooking the pulp wood. Without the re covery of these materials the cost of kraft paper would be prohibitive. Since the existence of the process is based on this recovery of materials, the effi ciency of this operation is of utmost importance. In addition to the economic importance, the recovery process has a direct bearing upon the amount of waste material discharged and the resulting pollution created by this waste. By in creasing the efficiency of the recovery operation the waste discharge and pol lution problem is proportionately decreased. This factor should not be everlooked or minimized and expenditures for equipment to increase chemical recovery may equally be considered as expenditures for pollution abatement in the same sense that expenditures for by-product recovery are considered eapenditures for po Uutioa abatement. Definitions In ordey to clarify the meaning of some of the terms used and to be used in this presentation it would be best to define those which are peculiar to the manu facture of kraft pulp and paper. Salt Cake is the common name for sodium sulfate, which is the material used to prepare the cooking liquor. Green Linuor l, 2, isthe name applied to liquor' made by dissolving the recover ed chemicals in waterand weak liquor preparatory to oauaticising. Black Liquor 1, 2, isthe name applied to liquors recovered from the digesters, up to the point of their incineration in the recovery plant. For purposes of waste control the term dilute black liquor is used to indicate highly dilute forms of black liquors which are obtained from pulp washing operations in dif fusers or deckers and other forms of dilution, which are usually discharged to sewers as a waste. White Water 2, 3, is the water from paper machines, pulp grinders and other oper ations which do not load the water with impurities which entirely prevent its use. It would not include any waste liquors or washings from pulp mills, or the spent bleach and washings from bleaching operations. It is water that has pre viously been used to oonvey pulp through the system and has been extracted from the final product for further use.- The name comes from Its color, which is due to the particles of fiber, resins and oils which it containsr Bleach Plant wastes are those liquid wastes originating in the bleach plant from washing- operations following chlorination, caustic extraction and bleaching oper ations* 90 Organisation and Personnel 0ns of the moat important faetora in the success of a plant waste survey is that the top management of the company should vholehartedly support the program. Only with their hacking will it he possible to properly carry on a waste control study, fo Uowed later by- the implementation, of recommendations based on the study, for decreasing the quantity and strength of the waste waters* Further, all depart-* sent heads and even foremen should be informed about the program, so that they will know what the aims of the program are. Their cooperation and assistance will be needed many times and if they are kept informed of the over-all picture, they will exhibit more interest and take a more active part. For example, the assistance of the engineering department will be needed in the design and instal lation of flow measuring devices. The laboratory can assist in the collection and analysis of waste water samples. They also can furnish, from their control records, invaluable data on the manufacturing process. Other individual depart* meats can cooperate and assist in sample collection and compositing^ particularly during off hours. Following the survey, the experience and assistance or the operating department heads will prove invaluable, should changes and adjustments be found necessary to decrease or eliminate wastes. The problem of planning, executing and interpreting the results of a waste con trol program should be made the full time job,'and sole Job, of at least one properly qualified person. He may be a sanitary engineer, chemist, or chemical engineer. Usually, it will be one of the latter two, since few mills employ sanitary engineers as a regular part of their mill personnel. However, manage ment may desire to employ sanitary engineer especially for this type of job. Whoever is designated for this job should have access to the mill management in order to expedite the program as well ae have the necessary authority to get what he needs. He should be furnished with enough trained and untrained personnel, either full or part time, to assist him in the collection and analysis of waste samples and for any necessary supervisory work. Technical personnel assigned ae assistants to the engineer in charge of the pro gram should be trained in appropriate phases of chemistry, biology, and engineer ing and should be thoroughly familiar with the mechanics and chemistry of the manufacturing process. It ia preferable to have people who have a background of training and experience in the field of pollution abatement. However, initia tive, sound judgement, and a good technical training and background may be sub stituted for the specialized knowledge of pollution abatement. Intelligent non technical personnel may be assigned many of the field and laboratory activities if they are given the proper training and guidance on the job. Physical Plant Survey A, knowledge of the lay-out of the plant is mandatory. Drawings and plans should be available to the survey engineer. These plans should include the structures, roads and utilities, particularly the plant sewers as well as air, steam, gas, water and power. In addition to the physical layout and services of the plant he should have information concerning the surrounding terrain, such as topograplic maps, and all available flow data and analyses of any water body into which the mill waste is being discharged. Further, an investigation should be mads concerning any proposed changes in flow, character and projected future down stream uses of the water body receiving tha waste flow. Changes in flow may be brought about by installation of dams for power projects, flood control or wild- Ilfs conservation purposes* Changes in downstream usage of water in a streaar may he brought about by plans for municipalities to us* the water for doaestl* uses, or, at the other extreme, to cease using it for domestie supplier* 7b* same may be true in the case of water used for industrial purposes. A thoreugt knowledge of any future developments of this nature is necessary in order that a final decision may be reached concerning the degree of pollution abatement and waste treatment necessary. Knowledge of these matters will also assist manage" ment in establishing a policy concerning any changes which will have a direot effect upon the mill. It is not always possible to procure reliable data and information on future plans for dam construction and stream uses. Therefore,any such information must be carefully weighed and decisions made with caution* Manufacturing Process Survey Preparation of flow sheets of the manufacturing process is the first step in be coming familiar with the details of the process used in the manufacture of pulp and paper. Generally, these flow sheets are already avallabia but may be in need of revision and correction. Plow sheets showing in detail the location of each piece of equipment in the processing chain, the point of entry of raw materials and chemicals, the flow of the product in the process of manufacture and by-product recovery can be prepared with the aid of existing flow sheets plus the help of the various departments concerned in the manufacture of the process. Quanti ties of materials used are designated on. the flow sheet and are expressed as quantities per unit of finished product. In pulp And paper mills, the unit quan tity of finished product is usually one ton of pulp or paper. Plant records will be the source of the quantities of raw materials used and quantities per ton of ~ product are oaloulated from these figures. The raw materials used in the manufacture of kraft pulp and paper include pulp wood, sodium sulfate, lime and water. In addition to these, depending on th* type of pulp and paper manufactured, are chlorine, caustic soda, hypochlorites, fillers, sizing and coloring matter. The pulp woods used in the kraft process are the coniferous woods. The quanti ties of wood used in various mills varies, depending on the capacity of the mill and the yield of pulp, which is dependent os the type of wood and the cooking operation. lor southern pine wood, the pulp yield is approximately 50# on the bone dry basis, 3, or for every two tons of dry wood one ton of pulp is produced* The quantities of salt cake (sodium sulfate), lime and water used vary at indi vidual mills, depending on tha efficiency of the recovery operations and the quantity of water reused. Salt cake losses may be as high as 300 pounds per ton of product. In modem efficiently operated mills salt cake losses may be lees than 100 pounds per ton of product. Losses in salt cake are sustained in pulp washing, evaporator and recovery furnace, and in caueticizing and mud-washing operations. The classification of water as a raw material in kraft pulp and paper manufacture is a natural one since pulp and paper manufacture is as dependent on a sufficient quantity of acceptable quality water as it is dependent on quantity and quality of pulp wood. In addition to itB usee in the preparations of the cooking liquor and washing operations, one of its major functions is its use as a carrier for the wood fibers throughout the entire pulp and paper manufacturing operation* Large quantities of water are used, resulting in large quantities of waste waters In spite of the great strides made recently in the reuse of waters throughout 92 the manufacturing operation*, large quantities are still discharged to the severs because they no longer meet the water quality requirements for use in the process. These large quantities of water, no longer fit for use because of impurities, creates the difficult pollution abatement problem faced by the kraft industry. Mills discharging as much as 25 million gallons of waste waters per day are not unknown in the South, treatment of such large quantities of water to remove oxygei^-consuming impurities is by 30 means an inexpensive undertaking. Calcu lated figures of maximum quantities of water used (no reuse) in the kraft process, excluding bleaching operations are estimated at 115,000 gallons per ton of wood pulp 4,, However, based on actual mill data, with reuse of pulp and paper mill white water, for a mill making bleached stock, fresh water consumption should be from 30.000 to 45,000 gallons per ton of pulp 5.* la spite of the obvious sav ings made in both fiber and water recovery by reusing white waters in mills, there is a limit to the amount of recirculation because of the cumulative effect cf impurities which the recycled water picks up. Limits of recommended water quality 3. 6. for good mill practice are reached and fresh water must be taken into the system as the undersirable water is discharged to sewers, A knowledge of the chemical changes taking place and by-products produced during the manufacturing operation is of assistance to the survey engineer. From these reactions he should be able to formulate an idea of the type and quantity of the waste products discarded. This knowledge may form the basis for recovery of further by-products, but more important, it will serve as a basis for the ana lytical work to be performed on the mill waste for waste control practice, waste utilization and waste treatment. This information is also of value in any re search. work that may be done to determine the pollutional characteristics and toxicity limits of any material which may be found in the mill waste. Usually, this information concerning reaction preducts which are discarded is available without the need of long and involved analytical procedures and it may be found in various text and reference volumes and in the publication literature of the field. Pine wood is approximately 50# cellulose, 30# lignin, 15# carbohydrates, 3*5# resins and fats, and the remainder is protein and other minor compounds. The cooking liquor (white liquor) is made up chiefly of mixtures of sodium hydroxide sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide with small quantities of sodium sulfate, thiosulfate, and sulfite. During the cook the reactions in the digester are essentially hydrolysis of the lignin and carbohydrates, resulting in salts which are soluble in water or an excess of alkali. Fats and resins are saponified and are dissolved or carried as suspensions in the liquor. Sulfur is disposed of by reaction with lignin and by the formation of volatile organic substance. Wood alcohol is formed from the hydrolysis of lignin. Sodium salts of formic, acetic and lactic acids are formed by oxidation of sugars. Tannins and proteins are dissolved after release from the wood during cooking. During the cooking cycle, digester relief gases yield paying quantities of turpentine. The crude nil that floats on the water condensate consists of 50-90# turpentine and 10-20# pine oil. The remainder is dimethyl sulfide, methyl mercaptan with some methanol, acetone and ketones. The water condensate, containing dissolved quantities of the above, is discharged to sewers. In bleaching operations chlorine forms chlorinated compounds with the lignin in the fiber. These chlorinated lignin compounds are soluble in alkaline solution and are washed out of the fiber in this manner. Hypochlorites oxidize lignin to soluble products in bleaching operations. Black liquor contains the sodium salts ef resin and fatty acids (crude sulfate 93 soap) which tend to separate on eooling concentration of the black liquor. This material is skinned from the concentrated black liquor and treated with acid to form tall oil* Tall oil is a black* sticky* viscous liquid containing resin and fatty acids in varying proportions* plus some phytosterols* The resin acids are abietio and its isomers and the fatty acids are mainly oleic and lino- lenic with a little linoleie and stearic* |*o 11 owing the removal of the crude sulfate soap by skimming from the black liquor, the greatest portion of the organio matter remaining is in the form of lignin and lignin compounds. Disregarding the sodium compounds in the black liquor, ! which have recovery value, the ligneous material has considerable recovery value I in the form of fuel* This is taken advantage of in the operation of the recovery t furnace operation. Plant Waste Survey One of the best ways to determine the origin, quantity and characteristics of individual process wastes in a plant is to undertake the preparation of an accurate flow diagram of waste flows. This diagram should also show the quantity of water used, both fresh water and reuse water, in the manufacturing process. The water supply-waste water diagram may be incorporated into the manufacturing process flow sheet or be prepared as a separate drawing. All the sewers may be located from the drawings of the physical plant layout. However, it is wise to make an actual physical inspection of the plant to locate all the sewers since oftentimes the plant layout drawings may not be up to date in that respect. Al though the quantities of water used are usually metered and available to the survey engineer, the waste flows are generally not measured and may simply be estimates based on the incoming measured water supply. Therefore, it will be necessary, once the sources of waste are found, to install measuring devices. In a highly integrated manufacturing process, as the pulp and paper process, with its numerous unit processes, using large quantities of water at many different points, the origin of waste waters is manifold. Throughout the entire process, particularly from the point where the pulp leaves the digester to the paper machine, water is continually added and removed from the pulp for various rea sons, such as for washing, refining, bleaching and transporting the pulp. Each time water is removed from pulp it extracts some impurities from the fiber. This continual addition and removal of water may be likened to a continuous washing operation, with greater quantities of impurities removed from the fiber initial ly, making chemical recovery economically feasible, and lesser quantities of im purities removed finally, making the chemical recovery economically unfeasible. Pulp and paper mills discharge into water bodies wastes which may be classified as to their main pollutional characteristics as: 1. Dissolved oxygen-consuming types: a. Through biological activity. Organic wastes such as those derived from pulp washing operations, which contain extracted lignins, sugars, cellulose, and domestic sewage. b. Through chemical activity. Organic and inorganic wastes such as mercaptans and sulfides. 2. Toxic types: a. Organic and inorganic wastes such aa fatty and resin acid soaps, sulfides and mercaptans. i 9^  Inert typex a4 Organic and Inorganic wastes inch as fibers* lieemud, and green liquor dregs. Some of the wastes may he classified in mere than one category. Howerer, with the latest type mill equipment, improved recovery efficiencies and treatment and reuse of white waters, the only wastes of pollutional importance axe those con suming dissolved oxygen in the stream through biological activity. the wastes in a pulp and paper mill vary in both strength and volume with some of high strength and low volume and vice versa. Origin of pulp and paper mill wastes may be tabulated as followsi Pulp Mill Wastes 1. Barking drums a. Pulp wood washings 2. Digesters a. Condensate from digester relief gases 3. Shatters a. Shots, impregnated with black liquor, discharged to sewer 4. Washers a. Diffuser tail washings b. Decker and vacuum filter seal pit water 5. Evaporators a. Barometric and jet condenser waters containing condensable and dissolvaved vapors 6. Liquor Boom a. Green liquor dregs 7. Bleach plant a. Wash waters fo11owing chlorination, caustic extraction and hypochlorite stages 8. Miscellaneous a. Spills eind leakage from black liquor storage tanks b. Leakage from black liquor pumps and lines Paper Mill Wastes 1. Paper machines a. White water from fourdrinier and cylinder machines The wastes of greatest pollutional importance in pulp and paper mills are washer t wastes, black liquor evaporator condenser waters, bleach plant wastes and paper machine wastes. These wastes control the characteristics of the total waste from a pulp and paper mill by virtue of their strength and volumes.. Other individual wastes may be of greater strength but the volumes are so small that they have I little or no detectable effect on the characteristics of the total mill waste. 1 Approximate flow figures and B.O.D. values of wastes formodern, plant practice are as follows! Gallons per ton of pulp ppa B. 0. D * Pulp mill (diffusers, nc bleaching) . Pulp mill (vacuum washers, no bleaching) 7,000 - 10,000 7,000 - 10,000 300-500 150-300 1 95 Bleacherjr Paper mill 30,000 - 40,000 2,500 - 5.000 70-120 20-60 The paper mill and pulp mill flow figures above pertain to mills which take maxi mum advantage of white water recirculation. In order to determine the total quantity of exygen-consuming and/or toxic materi al that is discharged into a stream, it ia necessary to determine the volume and . strength of the wastes. Volumes of wastes are determined by measuring the actual waste, as it is discharged from the unit operation, by some suitable measuring device. In cases where the waste cannot be measured directly it will be neces sary to estimate the flow. The choice of measuring devices will depend entirely on the individual situation and the ingenuity of the survey engineer. Obviously, no one or two methods will fit every situation since there is such a diversity of sewerage installations in different mills and even in the same mill. There are numerous devices available for the measurement of flows, among which are rec tangular, triangular, and broad-crested weirs, Venturi flumes, nozzles, orifices, etc. Designs, characteristics and application of these various measuring devices may be found in hydraulics handbooks 7, and texts. Continuous recording devices and. totalizers are available for these devices and should be used if at all possible. The flow in sewers from certain unit operations may fluctuate consider ably, thus readings taken at fixed intervals, may lead to erroneous flow figures. To determine the pollutional strength of wastes it is necessary to analyze saa>* plea of the waste. The results of chemical analyses of waste samples are no more reliable than the accuracy used in collecting the waste sample for analyses. The analysis of the samples collected have a direct bearing on determining the characteristics of the waste flows in a plant. Sampling techniques should be sound since the corrective measures to be taken in waste control and treatment will be based on the analytical results of the samples. These corrective meas** urea oftentimes will involve the investment of large sums of money and, if the sampling techniques are faulty, the investment may be a total loss insofar as achieving the results it was meant for. The two general types of samples are the grab sample and the composite sample. The single grab sample is usually unreliable and interpretation of data from these samples should be made with extreme caution. Single grab samples may be considered reliable only if the polluting characteristics of a particular waste remains constant at all times. Instances of this type of sewered waste are rare in manufacturing processes. Multiple grab samples collected at frequent, regu larly spaced intervals and analyzed individually will yield reliable data on the fluctuations in the quality of waste. Samples of this nature will bring out the extremes in the qualitative character of the waste, and can be of great value in the design and construction of waste control and treatment facilities, so that the facilities may provide adequate treatment under the worst existing conditions. Correlation of reliable flow data with the results of multiple grab samples will yield accurate information on the over-all waste picture in a plant. Of a similar nature as multiple grab samples are short period composite samples. These samples consist of measured portions of waste, proportioned to the rate of flow at the time of collection, which are collected manually or mechanically and put into one container. The mechanically collected samples are naturally more representative than the manually collected ones, since they are collected continuously while manually collected samples can only be collected at-fixed time 96 intervals. The collection and analysis of short period oompoalte samples (for example. 2 hours) would yield information of tha same nature as multiple grab samples. However, the customary composite sample is collected over a period of 8, 12, or 24 hours and if properly collected, stored and analyzed will yield reliable data in the case of most plant wastes. Statistical analysis of saw pling data will be of assistance in estimating average conditions and normal variations, determining the reliability of the collected data, and estimating the number of necessary samples 8,. Accurate interpretation and evaluation of sampling data can only be made if the manufacturing process activities are known at the time of sampling. If major unit operations are closed down or being operated under abnormal conditions the interpretations and analyses of the data must taka this fact into consideration, since the character of the wastes will undoubtedly be effected under these con ditions. Therefore, it behooves the survey engineer to keep well informed on the manufacturing operations. Various types of sampling equipment are available for both continuous and spot sampling and the literature and texts contain many references to such devices. In cases where oxygen-oonsuming wastes are to be composited, refrigerated sam plers should tie used. Rotating scoop or cup and time-cycle-operated automatic samplers may be purchased 9i 10, 11, or constructed in the plant. The analytical tests usually applied to waste effluents of a pulp and paper mill are) 1, pH, alkalinity and/or acidity, 2, dissolved oxygen, 3. B.O.D., 4, sul fides and mercaptana, 5. resin soaps, 6, Bolids (dissolved and suspended, volse> tile and fixed, 7, color, 8, sulfates, 9, toxicity to aquatic life. The B.O.D. determination, in spite of its shortcomings for certain industrial wastes, has been successfully applied to the kraft mill wastes 12, and it is used as the primary measuring stick of kraft mill waste pollution. The resin, mercaptan and sulfide determinations are made solely as a check on mill opera tions and recovery processes. An extensive survey 13, has shown that though tha minimum lethal concentration of these substances to fish, may be exaseded in the mill sewer the concentration, when discharged into a stream, falls far below the minimum lethal concentration even with minimum dilution ratios. Sulfate deter minations are made as a check on salt cake losses, which are indicative of tha dilute black liquor losses to the sewers. Y/henever applicable the analytical determinations are performed by the proce dures contained in Standard Methods Por The Examination Of Water And Sewage, 9th Edition. Some alight modifications are necessary in order to fit these deter minations to industrial wastes. Special determinations have been developed for sulfides, mercaptana, and resin soaps determinations 14, and for the determination of toxicity to aquatic life 15, 16, 17. Research and Development / A waste control and waste disposal survey is incomplete without research and de velopment work to determine the best means for solving the waste problem. The best procedure to follow in initiating this type of work is to review the prior art and prepare an extensive and organized bibliography, Hie bibliography should not only consist of waste disposal practices of the particular Industry under study, but also of similar or related industries since the waste disposal- 97 practices in another industry may he- applicable to the one unde* study. In afe dition to waste disposal practices an investigation of process literature should he included to determine the possibilities of waste control by process changes and by-product recovery as described above. This bibliography of prior art should serve as a guide and not as the fined word as to whether a waste abatement problem has a solution. Laboratory research experiments should consist of preliminary investigations which are well organized along basic lines of attack, but are unencumbered with refinements. These experiments will generally indicate the mode of attack which may yield a successful solution. Following this, the method which shows the greatest possibilities is then investigated in detail by designing experiments to show the influence of the many variables in the method. Pilot plant studies are used to test the practicability and economics of proposed procedures under plant conditions. It is unwise and frequently costly as well to attempt to translate laboratory findings directly into full scale facilities. This 13 particularly so in the case where investments for waste control are large, where a new treatment process is being used or even when an old process is being adapted to new and different types of wastes. Research and development studies should be designed to yield information as to the practicability of waste elimination or change in waste characteristics by means of waste recovery and utilization or process and operational changes. Fuj>ther, it should yield information on the possibilities of waste treatment and the means whereby this is accomplished, either through segregation of wastes, mixing of wastes or the diversion of waste waters, with or without preliminary treatment to domestic sewage disposal plants. Since adequate pollution abatement and waste treatment usually involve large ependitures, the plant program, abatement and treatment procedures should be se-- lected with regard to the protection of such an investment. Selection of abate ment procedures should be based on a consideration of increases in pollution due to population and industrial expansion, increase of emphasis on sanitation and public health and greater interest on the part of the public in the use of waters for recreational purposes. The probability of more highly restrictive require ments of the future should serve to emphasize the tentative status of existing stream standards and requirements. The treatment procedures and installation facilities should be selected on the basis that they shall provide adequate treatment 100 per cent of the time. Facilities which require by-pass of untreat ed wastes in emergencies or plant shutdowns axe a poor inventment and serve only to void the accomplishments of previous periods of satisfactory operation. Treat ment and abatement equipment should also be selected on the basis of suitability to expansion and alteration necessitated by any plant expansion or process change. -! / Waste Reduction After collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data collected during the waste survey the survey engineer must formulate a plan of attack designed to reduce and eliminate, if possible, the pollution problem. The initial emphasis should be placed on waste reduction in the plant itself rather than on waste . treatment since it is usually more economical. The institution of good house keeping methods in a plant will often contribute materially to a pollution abateI ment program. Ry good housekeeping is meant the elimination of careless operat-- 98 lij m ing technique* by individual employee* and departments, proper aaiateanoa and prompt repair of equipment and general plant cleanliness. Spillage of liqaors, foam and fiber leaks in pumps, piping and storage faeilitiee should be kept at a minimum. These substances find their way into sewers, usually accompanied by largo quantities of wash water used to dean the floors. Small quantities of materials like black liquor will materially Increase the strength of wastes^ Every gallon of black liquor spilled from a digester, which has a B. 0# D, of about 30,000 ppm, will make when diluted, 300 gallons of a waste having a B.O.D. of 100 ppm. As black liquor is concentrated in the evaporation proesas its B.O.D. becomes greater and spillage of this material is even worse* This applies to other materials as well, including the toxic substances. Another mode of attack on the problem of waste control ie in changes in the manxtfactoring process or process equipment. The possibilities of waste reduction in the former are usually limited since the quality of the manufactured product usually controls the manufacturing process. Badical improvements in waste con trol may sometimes be made by complete process changes such as a change from sul fite to sulfate pulping or a change from calcium base to magnesium or ammonia base in sulfite pulping. However, some email improvement may be obtained, even in the kraft process, by some small changes in the manufacturing process which would have no harmful effect on the quality of the product. Closely associated with process changes are changes in process equipment. Such changes in equipment would not alter the basic manufacturing process but would be an improvement both from the standpoint of product quality and waste quality and even possibly from an economic standpoint. Xn the kraft industry the i> proved pulp washing operations brought about by counter-current vacuum pulp vaaiv* era has resulted in leas black liquor being wasted to the eewera since these washers operate in a closed system, thereby eliminating any sewered wash waters. Increased black liquor evaporator capacity has also made possible a reduced amount of black liquor reaching the sever. With increased capacity, weaker black liquor waters are being evaporated instead of sewered. The economics of black liquor evaporation are based on the cost of salt cake replacement. However, it may well pay the manufacturer to take a small lqss on his evaporation operation in order to keep the black liquor out of the sewer. If it were allowed to go to the sewer, for the sake of economic evaporator operation, the'coat of tfeatment to remedy the pollutional effects of the black liquor may oost mors than the cost of evaporation and recovery of this same material. Foam traps and breakers are other types of equipment which will out sever losses. Another piece of equipment widely used in pulp and paper mills is the save-all. The primary objective of save-alls ie the reclamation of pulp fiber from white water. Reclamation of this fiber from white water serves to keep it out of the sewers. Removal of fibers from sewered wastes la a major step in pollution abatement. Fibers discharged into streams may form sludge banka, thereby decreas ing the aquatic life by its blanketing effect of stream bottoms, ae well at de creasing stream dissolved oxygen through the decomposition of the fibers, which are almost pure cellulose. Many different types 2, of eave-alle are available, each having different degrees of recovery efficiencies, among which are the wlra cylinder, felt, sedimentation, vaouua filter, tmd flotation types. Closely associated with fiber recovery, water supply, the us# of sare-alli is the reuse of white waters in a pulp and paper mill. White water from deckers, cylinder and fourdrinier machine* is recirculated and reused in. various mill - 99 processes. It may be recirculated after being passed through save-alls to re cover the fiber it contains or it may be recirculated without fiber recovery. At first glance this may seem to be the answer to the problem of eliminating large quantities of waste waters containing dissolved and suspended impurities from the sewers by recirculation in a closed system* The fact that these white waters contain Impurities which would constantly be augmented with additional ipurities, places severe limitations on the amount of proposed recirculation and closing of the system. Whters used for washing and other purposes In a mill must meet certain quality standards 18, and if these standards cannot be met, the water is unsatisfactory for use. Recirculation systems which are closed too tightly 19. may lead to troubles such as bacterial sliming, excess retained heat, reduced machine speeds and production, excessive foaming, reduced paper quality (strength, color appearance, cleanliness and brightness), sizing difficulties and increased corrosion of equipment. Nevertheless, a system may be closed to the extent that it is not injurious to product or operation and, at the same time, is beneficial from the waBte reduction standpoint. Perhaps one of the most frequently publicized methods of waste control in an in dustry is through by-product recovery. Unfortunately, this disproportionate amount of publicity is extremely misleading to the layman. Actually, the spe cific instances are numerous where this method of waste control, diminution, or elimination may be or has been successfully applied, but it adds up to just a small fraction of the solution of the over-all problem. By-product recovery is a tempting undertaking in the search for the solution of stream pollution prot>lems and, though it has been successful, the field is limited. In addition to economic limitations, there is always the possibility that the waste from the by-product recovery operation may be worse than the original waste, which would only serve to aggravate the waste disposal problem. The industry is indeed for tunate that can solve its pollution problems entirely or in part by this means and benefit by it financially as well. Though this situation is rare, by-product recovery operations have their place in the plan for waste control. Economical*ly marginal or uneconomical by-product recovery operations may be financially successful ventures when balanced against the additional cost of waste treatment incurred by the presence of some recoverable materials left in the waste waters. Here again is an instance where small economic losses in manufacturing operartions may be written off as waste treatment and pollution abatement costs. Waste Treatment The treatment of kraft mill wastes is a problem which has long plagued the mannfacturers. Much time, money, and effort have been expended by individuals and mills in an effort to find a solution, but with little success. Some measure of success has been achieved by the ponding or storage of these wastes. The pond ing of wastes serves several purposes. It permits the holding of these wastes until adequate stream flows are available to provide the necessary dilution which prevents nuisance conditions. This is called controlled dilution and has the disadvantage of requiring large storage facilities, careful control of waste re lease and the possibility of inadequate stream flows. Ponding has also been utilized as a means of lowering the B.O.D. of the waste, thus permitting a con tinual discharge at any stream flow following a more or less short holding period. This method has had several successful instances on plant scale operation, ons using the total mill waste 20, and another utilizing a method of waste segreg** tion 21,. The mechanics of this method have been investigated 22, establishing it as a method of biological treatment which is subject to control and improve** ment. The search for a treatment prooese for kraft sill wastes is being carried on at various mills and at Louisiana State University under sponsorship of the Rational Council For Stream Improvement, A biological treatment process, developed at Louisiana State University which is now ready for the pilot plant stage shows promise of success, A ohemical treatment process, now in the pilot plant stage at one of the southern kraft mills also shows promise of success. The preceding paragraphs have been an attempt to illustrate the fundamental prin ciples involved in a waste control study of any industry, using the kraft pulp and paper industry as an example. The choice of the kraft industry as an illus tration was not based on the fact that this industry is a typical one but rather that it is the industry whose industrial waste problems are most familiar to the author. The organization designated to investigate and develop proper waste control fa cilities applies the same basic principles whether it be a one-man waste survey in a small plant, or multi-group organization operating in several plants of a large company or on an industry-wide basis. However, the planning and execution of a plant waste control survey and placing into effect the various recommends* tions of this group must be made so as to fit into the company policy and admin istration patterns, necessitating cooperation, and consultation with other company departments 23, such as Research and Development, Engineering, Medical, Public Relations, Legal, Operating and Salvage and Reclamation Departments or their equivalents. Although the actual instances cited to illustrate basic concepts in this presen tation were drawn from the kraft process, this same type of information in most industries would he available from the respective trade or industry association 24,. Apparently, most industries are attacking the problem of pcllution abate ment through the activities of industry associations. With. a properly planned, directed, and staffed organization, this approach appears to accomplish the great est amount of good with the least waste of time, effort, and money. However, there are many notable exceptions to thia industry association trend, even in industries having such associations, where individual concerns are undertaking their own po Uution abatement programs. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Technical Association Of The Pulp and Paper Industry; Testing Methods, Recom mended Practices, Specifications, Standard 0 400p-44, 2. "Manufacture Of Pulp And Paper," Volume III, Section 5. McGraw-Hill, Hew York, 1937. 3. Sutermeiater, E,, "ChemiBtry Of Pulp And Paper Making," 3rd, Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1941. 4. Skinner, H. J., "Manufacture Of Pulp And Paper," Volume IT, Section 7, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1938* 3. Baker, C. M., "Tolerance In White Water Losses," T.A,P.P.I. Papers, Volume 19, 425 (1936). 6. Technical Association Of The Pulp And Paper Industry; Testing Methods, Recom 101 mended Practices-, Specifications, Standard S 601 s-46. 7. King, E. W., "Handbook Of hydraulics.* McGraw-Hill, Hew York. 8. Weston, R. 7,, et al, "The Industrial Plant Waste Disposal Survey," Sewage Works Journal, 21, 274 (March, 1949), 9. Trebler, H. A., "Trebler Sampler,11 Bulletin Ho. 130, Lakeside Engineering Corporation, Chicago, Illinois. 10. "True - Test Sewage Sampler," Bulletin 155. Chicago Pump Conroany, Chicago, Illinois. 11. "Sewage Sauciers," Bulletin 2430, Infilco, Incorporated, Chicago, Illinois. 12. Koggio, W. A., "Methods For The Determination Of The B.O.D. Of Kraft Mill Waste," Technical Bulletin Ho. 18, Rational Council For Stream Improvement, Hew York (1948). 13. Van Horn, W., "A Study Of The Toxic Components Of The Waste Waters Of Five Typical Kraft Mills," Technical Bulletin Ho. 16, National Council For Stream Improvement, Hew York (1948). 14. Van Horn, W., "Methods For The Detection And Measurement Of Toxic Components Of Kraft Pulp Mill Wastes," Technical Bulletin Ho. 11, National Council For Stream Improvement, New York (1947). 15. Gehm, H. W., "The Toxic Effects Of Sulphate Pulp Liquors On Fish And Other Aquatic Life," Technical Bulletin, National Council For Stream Improvement, Hew York (1945). 16. Van Horn, W., "The Toxicity Of Kraft Pulping Wastes To Typical Fish Food Organisms, " Technical Bulletin No. 10, National Council For Stream Improve ment, Hew York (1947). 17. Van Horn, W., "The Toxicity Of Kraft Pulping Waste To Important Fish Food Species Of Insect Larvae," Technical Bulletin No. 25, National Council For Stream Improvement, New York (1949). 18. Technical Association Of The Pulp And Paper Industry; Testing Methods, Recoinmended Practices, Specifications, Standards B 600 S-48; E 601 s-46; E 602 s-48. 19. Koch, H. C,, "Things That Bother Me About The Disposal Of Wastes From The Paper Industry," Proceedings Of The Third Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Extension Series No. 64 (1947). 20. Carpenter, C., and Porter, C. "Experience In Purifying Kraft Pulp Mill Wastes," Technical Bulletin No. 13, National Council For Stream Improvement, Hew York (1947). 21. Crawford, S. C."Ponding Of Sulfate Mill Wastes," Sewage Works Journal, 19:621 (1947). 22. Moggio, W. A., "Storage Studies On Kraft Mill Wastes," Bulletin Series No.13, 102 --: Engineering Experiment Station, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,La. (1948) 23* Balmer, R. R., "Con^any Administration And Technical Organization 7or In dustrial Waste Control,B Sewage Works Journal, 21, 268 (1949). 24. Wisely, W. H,, "Stream Pollution Control Activities Of Industrial Associ^ tions," Sewage Works Journal, 21 51 (1949). I . i "ABALTTICAL procedures ADAPTABLE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTES' STUDIES" M. B. Ettinker Scientist Officer USPHS,Experimental Station Cincinnati, Ohio In this discussion of the analysis of industrial wastes, consideration will be given to the over-all problems involved. There will be no elaboration of the details of any particular sampling, compositing or analytical procedure, or pro gramming of the approach to any specific problem. Essentially, this discussion will be concerned with the logic and reasoning behind the selection and appli cation of analyses for evaluation of the sanitary importance of a particular waste. The analytical procedures which may be applied to industrial wastes can be di vided roughly into three categories:. 1. The general sanitary criteria developed for the measurement and control of sewage treatment processes. 2. Procedures established as an integral part of stream standards. 3. Chemical procedures especially designed to fit a particular industrial waste. In addition to these tests, an industrial waste may require special biological examination such as: 1. Biological assay for toxicity to aquatic life, particularly studies of the toxioity of a waste to fish, or the food organisms which make fish life pos sible. 2. Biological assay designed to evaluate the possible deleterious effect of a waste on sewage disposal processes or stream purification. Such specialized biological aBsay is important, but this discussion will of ne cessity be limited to consideration of the first grouping of tests presented* As background for elaboration of the testing of industrial wastes, it would be well to make Borne classification of industrial wastes. Cue of the many possible classification schemes is presented in Table 1. The classification presented is to some extent arranged on the basis of the appropriate analytical approach. The relationship of the grouping presented to suitable analytical techniques will develop as this discussion proceeds. Applicability of the General Sanitary Criteria to the Evaluation of Industrial Wastes The term, "general sanitary criteria", has been devised to designate the long established parameters so generally used in the control of sewage treatmentprocesses and as measures of the sanitary condition of streams. These include 104 - .^Sr 'biochemical oxigen demand B.O.D., oxygen consumed, nitrogen In rtfIons forms, the various determinations of solids and volatile matter, and alkalinity or acidity along with pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, etc* In general, these values will adequately describe the sanitary significance of food processing wastes Group IV-b and will, with minor modification serve to characterize the wastes listed in Group IT-a., Frequently, the relationship of the B.O.D. test to the oxygen consumed value is not appreciated. It might he well to point out that these two values are coin* plementary. In general, neither determination can he substituted for the other. The 3.O.D. test is essentially a biological assay. It measures the amount of material in a medium which can be oxidized by biochemical agencies under stipulated conditions. On the other hand, the oxygen consumed test is a strickly chemical oxidation carried out under rigidly specified conditions. There are a number of oxygen consumed tests which are in use.: Many more have been proposed. A group of these tests is now undergoing evaluation by a Stand ard Methods committee of the Federation of Sewage Works Association. Without exception, every oxygen consumed test is a chemical oxidation made according to a fixed procedure. Occasionally an enthusiastic chemist, after devising a new or improved oxygen consumed method, decides that his procedure gives the same information as is yielded by a B.O.D. test. Such a result seems most unlikely. In order for an 0. C. (Oxigen Consumed) test to be the equivalent of a B.O.D. test, it must show nearly perfect correlation with the B.O.D. test. Recently Moore, et al, 1, in evaluating an oxygen, consumed procedure, studied the oxidation of a group of representative chemical compounds. This sort of work would represent one phase of the demonstration that an O.C. test is the equivalent of a B.O.D. test. With data such as are described above, it would be necessary to establish that all compounds chemically oxidized are also biologi.* cally oxidized and that no compound is chemically attacked which is not also biologically oxidized. Hie development of an O.C. test having such character istics does not seem probable. As an example, acetates and saturated straight chain fatty acids show a high de gree of resistance to chemical oxidation, yet they are readily oxidized by micro organisms. On the other hand, cellulose, to cite one example, is most resistant to microorganisms in aerobic systems, yet it readily undergoes chemical oxida tion, . With these two common materials as criteria, any of the O.C. tests pro posed to date can be classified as definitely not the equivalent of a B.O.D. test. However, because there is frequently some correlation between an O.C. test and the B.O.D. test, the O.C. test has a definite sphere of usefulness. The advaa* tagss of the O.C. test may be delineated as follows: 1. It can be used to secure results rapidly. a. In some oases it may serve as a guide in selecting appropriate dilutions for B.0,D, tests. 2. It may be used as an index on wastes containing toxic materials which cannot 105 be satisfactorily- examined by- the 3.O.D. tost* 3. la some cases, where equipment and necessary sartorial for tbs B*CuB* .tost are not available, the use of an 0C. test may bo necessary* * 4* On certain chemical wastes, the O.C. test is perhaps the best parameter', available to measure the amount of material being discharged* The general sanitary criteria frequently are not well adapted to characterising a waste. It would obviously be useless to run B.O.D., nitrogen values or the like on most of the mineral wastes listed in Group nAn. Table I. These materi** als can best be evaluated in terms of pH, acidity or alkalinity, solids the determination of definite mineral constituents* A group of determinations or examinations which may be arbitrarily applied to industrial wastes are those procedures which are stipulated as an integral part of stream standards. When definite limits for the amounts or concentrations of certain materials which may be discharged are established, it is a practical administrative measure to specify in detail the meane which shall be used to de termine whether a waste conforms to the established standard* Further, the pro cedure specified actually becomes a definitive part of the standard* For lx*, stance, it would be possible to debate at great length regarding what consti tutes "oil" in a waste. However, when a procedure for the determination of oil is adopted as part of a standard, the procedure eo adopted serves as a clsar definition of oil. For the purpose of interpreting the standard, oil ie that material which is measured as oil by the procedure stipulated. In reaching agreement on methods designed to become a part of stream standards, a perplexing problem frequently occurs. This is the difficulty which arises in trying to make a practical compromise between those methods or procedures which most closely approach technical, perfection, and methods which can be carried out at reasonable cost. It is obviously undesirable to stipulate any method which the parties concerned oannot afford to use, either because of an excessive requirement in the way of man hours and laboratory space per determination, or because very expensive and highly specialized equipment is required* In the tentative concentrations listed by the International Joint Commission as "Objectives for Boundary. Waters (Quality Control* 2, definite limits vers established for the amount of certain materials which might bs discharged. Many of the techniques prescribed for interpretation of the "Objectives" represent not the best procedure available, but the beet procedure which it was deemed feaaible to specify. Under this heading of arbitrary procedures, as an example, the International Joint Commission 3, tentatively prescribed methods for phenolic material, pH, iron, and oil, as part of their "Objectives for Boundary Waters quality Control" While some of these arc determinations which have been designated as the general sanitary criteria, they assume a definite identity as part of a quality standard for wastes* .. Finally, it is necessary to- select or develop analyses designed to. beet charac terize a particular waste. There are no inclusive simple rules which may be laid down for choosing the right group of analytical determinations to use. Qtt experience, judgment, and "know-how" of the personnel involved mast be used to 106 the fullest extent Before undertaking the eXaninntlftn of most Industrial wastes, the foal or pur pose of the examination should be clearly established. Thus* one series- of. d^>* terminations might be pertinent if a given waste is suspected of causing tastf and odor difficulties, a second group-wold be applicable'if the waste is being:< considered as a possible contributor to a* serious oxygen sag, and s third gycupof determinations might best be used if the waste is believed to be a Bourse of toxic metals or cyanides* The value of the establishment of objectives in connection with the analyses of industrial wastes cannot be over emphasized* Once the objectives e the exami nation are thoroughly understood, the analyses have a definite goal. It is then possible to lay out a compact analytical program which will secure the signifi cant data. Also, it is easy to avoid making an expensive collection of irrele vant determinations* For example, the significant chemical- criteria in the case of a metal plating waste believed to have killed fish are likely to be cyanide, toxic metals and possibly acidity or alkalinity. In the case of a milk processing plant being gaged as a stream load factor, the general sanitary criteria will evaluate the waste. In the case of a waste being considered as a source of phenolic materi als, and as a factor in a stream oxygen sag, phenol, O.C. and B.O.D. along with some other specialized tests may be sufficient. The Fluoride determination, which is rarely applied to industrial wastes, would ba a key determination in the examination of fluorination wastes, or processes involving the use of hydro fluoric acid* In the case of the examples cited, the proper analytical approach haa been fair ly obvious. This is not always the situation. There is no substitute for experience in designing a procedure for the examination of industrial wastes in connection with a particular situation* After the objectives- of the examination of an indue trial waste are fixed, it razst be recognized that the task which remains is likely to be a research problem of some magnitude* Analytical- methods have an unfortunate tendency to break dowm when applied to industrial wastes* This is especially true when it la desired to determine a definite component- of thm waste. When one particular material is involved, it is frequently advisable to take steps to see if the procedure used actually did work. ' - ':* - ' Suppose it is desired te determine the amount of cyanide present in a given waste sample. First, the method to bo used is selected and the determination carried out. Then, as a check on the efficiency of the applied method,,a definite amount of cyanide is added to the waste, and a Second cyanide determination is made* Unless the difference in the two values obtained is approximately equal to the amount of cyanide added, there is good reason to doubt the method used. For instanoe, if 1, analytical results indicate 100 p.p.m* of cyanide to be pre sent in a given vaate and 2, 100 p.p.m. of cyanide are added to a portion of .the vasts and the fortified portion is analysed, using the previously applied proce dure, the value obtained should be about 200 p*p.n. In the situation just cited, if the seoond; cyanide determination had shown 120 p.p.m* of cyanide pre sent, there would be every reason to reconsider the applicability of the tech- . 10? niqU0 used. Ho analytical method can ever he considered satisfactory1 unless it will consistently show recovery of a very high percentage of an added amount of the material which it is desired to determine* Ho attempt will, he made to describe means for determining the presence of materi als which give a positive interference with an analytical method applied to an industrial waste* Such a discussion is beyond the scope of this paper. However, one point cannot he over emphasized -- -- -- continued skeptical evaluation of an*lytical procedures is a "must" if reliable results are to he obtained* SUMMARY 1. The regular laboratory procedures which may be applied to industrial wastes consist of: a. The general sanitary procedures. b. Procedures established as an integral part of standards. c. Procedures specifically designed to gain desired information concerning a particular waste* 2. The successful application of analytical-techniques to industrial wastes requires: a. Establishment of the purpose to be served by the information to be oT>tained. b. Careful specification of the determinations to be made and the proce dures to be followed. c. Repented examinations of the efficiency of analytical procedures to in- sure that the analytical values are reliable* BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Moore, V. A., Eroner, R. C., and Ruchhoft, C. C. "Bichromate Reflux Method for Determination of Oxygen Consumed", Anal. Chem., 21, 953--7. (1949)* 2. Board of Technical Advisers, International Joint Commission Boundary Waters Pollution Investigation, "Objectives for Boundary. Water Quality Control". (1948) Public Health Service. Mimeograph* 3. Board of Technical Advisers, International Joint Commission Boundary Waters Pollution Investigation. "Analytical Methods for Boundary Waters Control". April 1948. Public Health Service. Mimeograph. TABLE I Types of Industrial Wastes A. Wastes Principally Mineral In Hature 1. Brine Wastes 2. Mine drainage 3. Waste slurries 4. Mineral washing slurries and suspensions 5* Fickle liquor wastes 6. Plating wastes 7* Miscellaneous wastes from inorganic chemical manufacture 108 litffi>*sSfi!2?fi?SS!555Lk Wastes that Contain Principally Organic Materials I. Hydrocarbon Wastes 1. Oil veils 2. Petroleum refineries 3. Styrene manufacturing plants 4. Copolymer rubber plants 5. Butadiene manufacturing plants 6. Natural rubber processing or reclaiming 7. Gasoline filling stations, bulk stations, garages, etc* II. Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Wastes 8. Munitions plants such as T.N.T. tetryl and ammonium picrate manu facture 9* Pharmaceuticals (Synthetic) 10. Synthetic fiber plants such as viscose or nylon 11. Organic chemical manufacture III. Phenolic Wastes 12. Gas plants 13. By-product coke plants 14. Chemical plants 15. Synthetic resin plants (phenol resins) 16. Tar, road oil and creoaoting plants 17. Wood distillation plants 18. Dye manufacturing plants 17. Biological Wastes a. Wastes from processing biological materials and/or from biologi cal processes 19. Tanneries 20. Pharmaceuticals (Antibiotics, Biologicals) 21. Alcohol Industries (Breweries and Distilleries) 22. Miscellaneous fermentation industries 23. Glue and gelatin plants 24. Wool scouring 25* Textile manufacture 26. Paper manufacture, particularly sulfite pulp and kraft mills 27. Laundry wastes b. Pood processing wastes 28. Canneries 29. Meat packing 30. Milk and dairy products plants 31. Corn products plants 32. Beet sugar plants 33. Cane sugar plants 34. Pish processing plants 35. Other food processing and dehydration plants polioxm aid gfjpam' gy'-gsai~qi<i O. B ftrslk, Jr^, 0,1. Chief Sagineer Texas Stats Department of Health Austin, Texas Prom the early days of Texas history, Texans have been water conscious. Ia fast, in one of the many anecdotes dealing with the extremes of "the State, the r nrsnrt is made that Teas has more streams and lees water than any place in the world. While the accuracy of this statement is undoubtedly questionable, the fact re mains that the water situation in Texas is far from satisfactory. Much empha sis is now being placed on water conservation, which subject appears to be in creasing in importance with the passing of each year. In the era prior to the war between the states* the subject of stream pollution in Texas appeared to be of small consequence. Texas was emphatically a state without industry, and the agricultural pursuits of that day and time hardly con tributed to the problem of industrial pollution. Domestic pollution, likewise, was of small consideration, since the day of community sewerage systems had net yet arrived, and remained to be developed some years in the future. Aa the frontiers progressed beyond Texas and communal living with its attendant proSlems became a reality in the State, the subject of stream pollution then became a topic of frequent conversation. The seriousness of the problem began to br realized about the turn of the century; however, it was not until thirteen years later that public concern finally prompted the Legislature to provide by law for the prevention of further activity destined to contribute to the gradual, but none the less definite-, deterioration of Texas streams. Consequently, at that time there was passed an Anti-Stream Pollution Law very # similar to the present Article 4444, 70S,, and a sanitary Inspector was appoint ed several years later by the Governor to enforce its previsions. It is lnS9 eating to note in passing that the present State Sanitary Ihgineer received this appointment, and while no Xbnger appointed by the Governor, has continued in the service of the State Binds his original appointment. Bis present stream pollution abatement facilities of the Texas State Health Department could fine ly he foreseen in the humble beginning of the lone inspector provided in 1915- In the meanwhile, other stream pollution laws hare been passed and repealed and passed again, until at the present time there are two laws of major significance regarding anti-stream pollution activity in Texas, These are Article 4444, a Civil Statute enforcible by injunction', and Article 698-b, a Penal Statue en forceable by a suitable penalty. However, it is appropriate to point cut that Article 4477-1, VCS., while concerning itself with many phases of envirotfantal sanitation, requires that plans and specifications for construction of sewerage systems be approved by the State Health Department before commencement of. the work. On some occasions the existing laws hare been criticized as being inoper able-. While it la admitted that perfection still remains to ba achieved', it might be said in defense of Texns lavs that there are many, persons likewise critical of the enforolMllty of any of the various states1 anti-pollution laws'. Also to the credit of the early Texas lawmakers is the fast that tbs Stats laws 110 have been tried In the courts and have been held tor be constitutional* The ba ancing of equities, punitive action against city officials, and the impractica* bility of injunctions against the operation of a sewerage system, all provide for practical considerations that make legal action against a municipality dif ficult. On the other hand, punitive action against an industry lends itself to more practical consideration, since the loss of funds through the payment of' fines is more significant than in the case of a municipality* legal action against the pollution of streams has been undertaken only on esfrtremely infrequent occasions by the Texas State Department of Health. However, it is of interest and significance to note that when litigation was undertaken, it was against industry, principally because of the previously explained limi-~ tations. Consequently, it has been concluded that the most practical approach to the prevention of stream pollution is based principally on the premise that public education should receive first consideration* Proponents of this belief point with pride to. the improvement that has been realized through the years, while opponents point with equal derision to the harm that has been done while education has been achieving its results in its slow methodical fashion. The status of enforcement at the present time remains unchanged in any major degree from what it has been in the past. Surveys continue to be made, reports are prepared, hearings are held, warnings are given to those involved, and as a last recourse court action is undertaken. To a great extent this will no doubt continue to be the course of action followed in the future, since time has proved this to be a very practical procedure. It has been found that if the sources of pollution can be located, corrections can frequently be secured by soliciting the cooperation of those concerned. However, to assume that this approach would be effective in all cases would be highly idealistic, and there can be no argument against the desirability of having adequate laws to bolster a cooperative program. In any group in society there will be found some recal citrants who understand only the harsh word* Fortunately for those engaged in enforcing anti-pollution measures, these constitute a very small minority; and, therefore, the educational approach is still very effective. It has been shown, however, that the patience of the public, which has been long suffering in the past, is becoming shorter each day. This of course, detracts from the effectiveness of public education as an antipollution tool, and when public demand for action is of such magnitude that it represents the desires of the majority, they can rest assured that the legal facilities of the State will be utilized to protect the purity of its water resources* The impatience of the public with the delay involved in affecting the abatement of stream pollution by the use of public education is shown by the recent pasage of the Federal. Water Pollution Control Act, otherwise known as Public Law 845. It might be of Interest, however, to note at thiB point that the Federal law specifically deals with Industrial waste, which would imply that as far as the National Congress is concerned, the primary potential hazard appears to be from the waste produced by industries. This might be explained on the basis of industrial wastes generally being mors troublesome to handle than domestic wastes, and further substantiates the need for research on industrial waste treatment. However, the Federal Government recognized the advisability of states handling their own problems insofar as possible, by designating them as the primary enforcement agency and making it possible for the Federal Government to become Involved only when the State failed to act. Bren then, Federal legal 111 action can be takan only at the invitation of tbs State. In tha eaaa of Texae, the Stata Health Department haa been designated aa tha .Agency to deal with tha Federal Government in these matters* While the Stata and tha Federal Government have cooperated for many years in health programs, and it appears that tha future of the joint anti-pollution program is indeed bright, industry no doubt will sometimes approach only the Federal agency, soliciting advice from them regarding their pollution problems* While the State is glad to see this display of interest on tha part of industry, it should be remembered that the Federal Government is not in a position to in* terpret or enforce the State statutes, and it would, therefore, appear expedient for industry to clear these matters through the State agency. While the State and Federal laws are not necessarily in conflict, a clean bill of health from the Federal agency would not confer immunity upon an industry from the provi*. sions of State laws. In spite of the fact that the State Health Department is charged with the en forcement of the State's anti-pollution laws, the role of a critic who can sug gest no solution to the condition he criticizee is an unpopular one, even for the State Health Department. Therefore, to obviate being placed in this posi tion, it is necessary that a certain amount of research be done to study the problems which yet remain unsolved. One of the principal problem* facing the State is the disposal of waste from the citrus and canning industries. This problem has not yet been satisfactorily solved and is being studied at the pre sent time, as it has been for some years in the past. The possibility that sewage lakes or lagoons might furnish an economical and suitable method of sewage disposal appears so promising that this ie being studied in detail, although sev eral years' work haa already been done in this field. Some of the disposal problems of industry have been solved, as may be illustrated by the us* of reinjeotion walls for salt water from oil wells. However, there are many more yet untouched, and the State Health Department will welcome suggestions and requests from industry as to future problems worthy of attention. While a full-blown technical discussion of stream standards could furnish the basis for much discussion, the provisions of the Anti-Stream Pollution Law allow practically no flexibility. Since the lav* in effect provide for an unchanged condition of the receiving water course, the single standard to be established could be summarized by the phrase "complete treatment". While this would not apply, of course, to water affeoted by tides except where recreational,shellfish growing, or other public health considerations were evident, the fact remains that the Legislative Bodies of Texas desire the unpolluted condition of the streams to remain unchanged in their passage through the various communities on their way to the Gulf* It may be recalled that about ten years ago an attempt was made to have passed a stream pollution lav that would allow for the Texas State Health Department to determine the degree of treatment required for each stream. While cognizant of the. difficulties involved, the State Health Department joined with those in terested in this proposal in an attempt to have it receive favorable considera tion, but its reception by those concerned with its passage is bast illustrated by pointing out that it failed to pass out of the sub-committee, much lees reach the floor of the House of Hepresentativee* However, this is frequently the fate of many stream pollution bills and was the 112 ultimate disposition of a 'bill introduced into the* last session of the legisla ture, which had the sponsorship and sanction of son* Representatives of indus try. While the intent of this,proposed lav vas goad and it was patterned after** laws of other states where anti-stream pollution activity appears to be quite progressive, the proposed lav repealed all existing lave and contained a section that excused from compliance those who were financially unable to do anything or those having a waste for which a satisfactory method of treatment was not known. While such a provision is understandable from the point of view of some of those against whom the law was directed, any thinking representative of an industry located on a stream will realize that the condition of the stream af fects them as much as it does those farther down the stream. In the way of a compliment, it might be interjected into this discussion that, generally speaking, industry has realized this and has been most cooperative in aiding in the enforcement of anti-stream pollution measures. In passing, it might be added that this proposed law provided for a separate Board for stream po Uution control. While it is desirable to have a Board composed of represent atives of all phases of anti-stream pollution activity it must be realized that unless a single agency or individual is given sufficient authority by law, the aotivity of the Board can stagnate. It appears that the State Health Department is the best equipped at the present time, of any single State agency, to con tinue the fight to maintain the purity of the State streams. They have the proper personnel, as well as equipment, and have been doing this type of work for many years. Nevertheless, it might be repeated that because of the provisions of the exist ing law, the Texas State Health Department does not attempt to classify streams nor do they attempt to establish flexible standards, inasmuch as they would all ultimately have to involve the principle of complete treatment. However, in practice, some discretion can be used in those cases where a waste does not reach a stream or where a waste is discharged into water affected by the tides. There is no question regarding the desirability of cooperation with industry and solving their waste disposal problems. They are wanted in this State, and it would behoove the regulatory bodies, to be considerate of their problems. No doubt it will be found that the past record substantiates this belief, and those concerned may rest assured that such will be the reaction of the State Health Department in the future. 113 Wastes S7Tnp0si.ua Luncheon R. B. Kahle,Presiding "THE FEDERATION'S INDUSTRIAL WASTES' ACTIYITE33 ABB RESEARCH* 7, H. Ehlers.C.B, National President Federation of Sewage Association Director, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Texas State Department of Health Austin,Texas The Federation of Sewage Works Association, although still a youthful organiza tion, ha8 developed over a five year period from an active and. corporate member ship of 2,630 to approximately 5,000, It very keenly feels its responsibility of stimulating and studying the industrial waste pollution problems which today confront industry and affect the health and economy of all people,- This inter est and responsibility is definitely stated as the first objective in its Con stitution as follows} "The objects of this Federation shall be: The advancement of fundamental and practical knowledge concerning the nature, collection, treatment and disposal of sewage and industrial wastes." One of the means by which the Federation endeavors te advance its objectives is by devoting about one-third of the space in the SEWAGE WORKS JOURNAL to indus trial waste matters and emphasizing this important subject by allocating at . least a third of the time on technical programs of the annual meetings. Of course, Member Associations are encouraged to expand their services in this di rection. Our Research Committee includes industrial waste literature in the annual review published in the JOURNAL; and also has a special sub-committee engaged in the study of toxic industrial wastes, which study includes the determination of all wastes which would be toxic in any way in sewage treatment plants and in streams; and the study also attempts to determine the concentration levels at which such toxic wastes are dangerous or objectionable. As soon as feasible the Committeeplans to develop a standard method for the determination of toxicity. Our Committee on Standard Methods of Sewage and Industrial Whste Analysis is vi tally interested in and is giving considerable attention to the industrial wastes which are being studied under the Research Grant made by the Division of Research Grants and Fellowships of the Rationed Institute of Health, the current grant being in the amount of $48,700: The project being conducted at Purdue University is a study of all methods for the quantitative determination of metals in industrial wastes. The laboratory at Ohio State University is engaged in the study of methods applicable to special industrial wastes, such as thosa de riving from synthetic rubber manufacture, detergents, soy bean processing and those containing phenols and phenolic resins. Four other laboratories through out the Country are making studies under this Research Grant.. It is highly desirable that research be undertaken to develop economical treat ment of wastes and useful by-products; 1 114- The following listing of suggestive projects Indicates only a few of the needs for further studies) 1* Effects of industrial wastes on natural watercourses, including interference with natural purification, damage to aquatic life, nd relation to sources of water supply. 2. Cause of Industrial wastes creating had odors in otherwise healthy fish and water supplies. 3. Study of the toxicity of various chemical constituents in water to (a) man, (b) aquatic life, and (c) cows and other animals. 4. Development of improved processes for treatment of industrial wastes, e.g. synthetic rubber, meat packing, munitions, cannery, sugar refinery, and silk wastes (possible by-product recovery). 5. Effectiveness of C4CI5 for grease separation (Hexachlorobutidine). 6. Anaerobic sludge digestion at very high temperature 180T plus. 7. Significance of newer industrial wastes and their constituents. 8. Methods of de-ionizing wastes. 9. Study of basic factors involved in land disposed of sewage which would effect design factors, 10. Study and evaluation of the basic forces at work in stream pollution and sew age treatment; the functions of organisms, enzymes, and catalysts in the de cay and transformation of organic matter. 11. Deodorants for sewage and industrial wastes. 12. The role of Sphaerotilis in treatment of carbonaceous wastes. 13. Bacteriological and chemical methodB of destroying toxins. 14. Studies to develop a more accurate method for the determination of nitrate in polluted water and sewage effluents in the presence of ammonia and nitrate. 15. The development of very sensitive quantitative methods for the determination nf each of the following constituents in polluted water) (A) Styrene and styrene polymers. (3) Butadiene and waste products of butadiene manufacture. (C) Tertiary butyl catechol. 16. The development of the proper neutralization, dilution and seeding teachnique for B.O.D. studies on various industrial wastes to ensure reproducible re sults in the carbonaceous stage. 17. A study of the course of biochemical oxidation of various industrial wastes. 18. A study of the effect of acid mine drainage and pickle liquors on the 3.O.D. reaotion. j 115 19* A study of the treatment of combined wastes from butadiene, styrene n* copolymer plants in the synthetic rubber industry* 20. The development of a method for the treatment and disposal of the large vol umes of wastes produced in the manufacture of alpha T.H.T. 21. A study of the effect of various industrial wastes on the biological second ary sewage treatment processes. 22. A study to determine the effectiveness of the iodic acid method for oxygen consumed in measuring sewage and industrial waste treatment plant efficien cies. 23. Development of by-products from various domestic sewage or industrial waste sludges. 24. Development of treated methods suitable for strawboard wastes. Although the problem confronting industry and all other participating agencies seem insurmountable at times, actually a great deal has already been accom plished in the research field and many projects are under way; therefore, it does not seem amiss to name here a few of the projects relating to sewage and industrial wastes which are now under way: 1. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts; Bostwick H. Ketchum, Director: "The Viability of Enteric Bacteria in Sea Water and the Factors Controlling the Fate of Sewage After Discharge in the Sea." 2. Worth Texas State College, Denton, Texas; J. K. 0. Silvey, Chairman, Science Division: "The Hole of Actinomycetes in the Production of Tastes and Odors in Water and their Relationship to Algae and Under-Water Vegetation". 3. University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; 0. H. Connell, Associ ate Professor of Sanitary Chemistry; "Effect of Temperature and pH upon the course of Reactions of Chlorine with Ammonia and Amino Groups Encountered in Sewage". 4. Hew Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station, Rutgers University, Hew Bruns wick, Hew Jersey; Willem Rudolfs, Chief, Division of Sanitation: "Mecha nism of Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Solids and Industrial Whstes". 5. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, Hew Brunswick, Hew Jeiw sey; Willem Rudolfs, Chairman, Department of Sanitation: "Survival of Tu bercle Bacilli in Sewage Treatment Processes, Stream, and Water Supplies". 6. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, Hew Brunswick, Hew Jer sey; Willem Rudolfs, "Oxidation of Soluble Organic Wastes by Activated Sludge,Dispersed Growth and Sand Filtration". 7. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, Hew York; E. J. Kileawley, Professor of Sanitary Engineering and Soil Mechanics, "A Study of the Interaction of Sewage and Soil Based on the Hydraulic, Physical and Biochemical Changes Oc curring in Model Earth Filters"* 116 8. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Wilson T, Calaway, Assistant Professor of Sanitary Sciences; "Biology and Ecology of Sewage Treatment processes". 9* Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas; Dr, Harold Vagtborg, Di rector: "Factors Involved in the Secondary Treatment of Sewage and Indu*trial Wastes by Lagooning". 10. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; John E. Hiker, Jr., Associate Professor of Public Health Engineering; "A Fundamental Study of the Disin fection of Sewage". 11. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts; Dr. Arthur T. Ippen: "Fundamental Research on Methods of Air Dispersion to Secure Greater Efficiency in the Solution of Oxygen from the Air Supplied in the Activated Sludge Process for Sewage and Industrial Whste Treatment". 12. Federation of Sewage Works Associations, Champaign, Illinois; W.D.Hatfield, Chairman, FSVA Standard Methods Cemmittee, Decatur, Illinois: "Administra tion, Supervision and Coordination of RG-2140 to 2146 on Development of Hew and Improved Methods of Analysis of Sewage Industrial Wastes, and Other Polluted Water". 13. Purdue Research Foundation, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana; M. G. Mellon, Professor of Analytical Chemistry: "Development of Reliable Methods for Determination of Metals in Water and Sewage". 14. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, Hew Jersey; Willem Rudolfs, Chairman, Department of Sanitation,. H. J, Agricultural Experiment Station; "Studies on Direct Methods for Determination of B.O.D. and the Effects of Industrial Wastes on its Determination". 15. Hew York Department of Health, Albany, Hew York; F. Wellington Gilcreas, Assistant Director; "Study of Standard Methods fer the Chemical Examina tion of Sewage (grease, nitrogen compounds and other specifio tests which may be assigned)". 16. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; L. K. Herndon, Assistant Director, Professor of Chemical Engineering: "Development of Hew and Improved Methods for quantitative- Detection of Specific Organic Components in Industrial Wastes" 17. Texas College of Mines and Metallurgy - El Paso Department of Water and Sew erage - El Paso City-County Health Unit; EL Paso, Texas; Anton Berkman, Investigator: "The Study of the Sanitary Hazards of Polluted Irrigation Water, Its Effects Upon Soils end Related Public Health Problems." Many industrial concerns are undertaking their own pollution abatement programs, not depending entirely upon their industry associations for guidance. A convplete list would include; General Motors, Atlantic Refining, Ford, DuPont, Amer ican Viscose and American Cyanamld. Studies and research projects underway by industrial associations would include the following: 117 BREWING INDUSTRY! The United States Brewere Foundation, Inc. is financing a project at Purdua University for utilization and disposal of brewery wastes. JL method was reported for reducing dissolved solids and B,O.D. of press liquors by inoculation with bakers' yeast, with a concurrent increase in yeast. Also attention has been given to the utilization of spent hops by composting for use as fertilizer. CANNING INDUSTRY: Fruit and Vegetable Canning: The National Canners Associjwtion has made several important contributions through its Scientific Research Committee conducted by the Sanitation Department of the Associations' Research Laboratories, which advocates independent research, cooperative research, advi sory consultation services to individual canners, and an educational program for industry. Much literature has been distributed by this organization. Pre sent plans include cooperative research projects with Purdue University, the Wisconsin State Board of Health and at least one other agency on treatment for apple cannery wastes, modifications of the standard 3.O.D. determination and methods of preserving samples for 2.O.D. determination. Tri-State Packers As sociation, Inc,, a member association is showing interest in stream pollution. Also the state associations of canners in Wisconsin, California, Indiana, Min nesota and New York have been active in this research. Citrus Fruit Canning; The Florida Citrus Commission (included here as an indus trial organization) is concerned with shipping, packing or marketing. The Com mission plans to conduct comprehensive study and research, preferably at the University of Florida, to determine all possible new and further uses for citrus fruits and conversion of same. Further, independent and cooperative research with the United States Citrus Products Station at Winter Haven, Florida, has been conducted and was productive of several practical contributions. Some of the so-called waste products after processing make excellent cattle feed, citrus molasses and feed yeast production from press liquors are also promising. Fus>ther, a study of anaerobic fermentation is under way. Fish Canning: The California Fish Canners Association,Inc., has rendered cer*< tain member companies a unique service by acting as the medium through which a cooperative abatement project was actually constructed. The Harbor Water and Sewer Committee has for its objective the design and construction of those in stallations necessary to effect waste disposal and eliminate contaminated water. The Committee is presently cooperating with the California Legislature in prepa ration of waste control and disposal legislation. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: The Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States is undertaking the task- of assisting member companies in the so lution of waste prevention and disposal problems. A standing Stream Pollution Abatement Committee specifically aims to acquaint industry with the nature of stream po llution, to provide opportunity for exchange of technical information on waste treatment, to direct attention to the possibilities of production process changes to reduce pollution, to encourage cooperation of the pollution regulatory bodies, to assist companies in organizing for sound and effective abatement programs, and to keep industry posted on present laws and trends in pollution control legislation and regulation. The program contemplates strength ening liaison with other organizations concerned with the problem and the exw couragement of institutional research fellowships. DAIRY INDUSTRY: The following seven segments of the dairy industry have joined 118 forces to solve their problems of waste disposal which, of course, are related under the title of the Task Committee on-Deiry Vast* Disposal:. Rational Cheese Institute, American Butter Institute, Evaporated Milk Association, International Association of lee Cream Manufacturers, American Dry Milk Institute, Dairy In dustry Supply Association and the Milk Industry Foundation. The aims of this organization are to minimize wastes by education and studies in equipment de sign, studies of economical methods of waste utilization, education on impor tance of measurement and analysis of plant wastes and collection, evaluation and dissemination of information on waste treatment and its economics. Full cooper ation with the activities of state pollution control agencies is contemplated in the attainment of these objectives. Michigan State College is installing a pilot plant at a milk processing station for the purpose of several studies. A three-year study of the destruction of milk solids is under way at the Eastern Regional Research Laboratory, at Philadelphia. ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRY: The American Electroplaters' Society, an educational organization, was established for the advancement of the science of electroplat ing and has established a fellowship at Yale University to study the composition, volumes and effects on streams' aquatic life and sewage treatment plants of elec troplating and related wastes. An attempt will be made to determine methods of recovery of valuable constituents as well as methods of treatment and disposal of residual wastes. Cyanide wastes are to be given the first detailed attention, followed by copper, chromium, etc. Also it is planned to investigate limits of tolerance of these toxic wastes in receiving streams. CAS INDUSTRY: Although the widespread distribution of natural gas has relegated most manufactured gas plants to the limbo of emergency standby service, and by ~ the same token eliminated gas plant wastes disposal as a pollution factor, the American Gas Association has in the past issued much valuable literature which is still fine reference material and the Association is marking time now, al though prepared to act in the event of any demand for revival of its original program. MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY: The American Meat Institute has taken no formal action in its waste disposal problems; and inquiries from packers are handled on an individual basis by the Institute'a Director of Packing-house Practice and Re search. It appears that the attention being given .this grave stream pollution problem caused by the meat processing industries is not nearly commensurate with the importance of the issue* PETROLEUM INDUSTRY: The American Petroleum Institute's growth has evolved into three committees on waste disposal: The Committee on Disposal of Marketing Wastes, whioh has published a most satisfactory code of practice; the Committee on disposal of Production Wastes, which has hit a snag due to the variability of conditions in the twenty--two oil-producing states, and as a consequence since* 19^1 has been functioning only in an advisory capacity; and the Committee on Disposal of Refinery Wastes, which haa made three commendable contributions as evidence by ita Report: (a) "Waste Water Containing Oil", at present the beat known guide for handling oily, wastes; (b) "Vfhste Gases, Vapors, Sludges and Dusts"; and (c) "Waste Water Containing Solutes"* At Ohio State University and Pennsylvania State College, the Institute is studying methods of measuring tox icity of industrial wastes to bacteria and plankton; and a new research project involving studies of factors governing the gravity separation of oil from waste water is being considered* 119 The Pennsylvania Crude Oil Association has recently undertaken representation of oil producers in that State in discussions with the State Sanitary Water Board on the subject of development of practical requirements for waste disposal incident to the drilling and operation of oil veils* PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY: In intensity, vigor and scope of itB stream pollution abatement program, the activities of the National Council for Stream Improvement (of the Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Industries), Inc. has forged far ahead of any other. The organization vas created solely for the purpose of conducting an integrated national program for the abatement of stream pollution resulting from pulp and paper production. The Council is at present sponsoring cooperative research as follows: Virginia Polytechnic Institute (semi-chemical wastes), Mellon Institute of Industrial Research (bleachery wastes and interindustry problems), Purdue University (strawboard wastes), Rutgers University (white water problems), University of Michigan and Kalamazoo College (de-inking wastes), Institute of Paper Chemistry (aquatic biology problems), Manhattan College (stream analalysiB), Louisiana State University (kraft mill wastes), Oregon State College (yeast production and aquatic biology). Arrangements are being negociated with Syracuse University for sulfite waste liquor studies. The Sul phite Pulp Manufacturers' Research League, Inc. has for its objective the eco nomic development of practicable methods for eliminating spent sulfite liquor as a factor in stream pollution. A plant scale installation for Torulo-psis yeast production is being engineered. The League plans to refine the Torulopsis yeast process, supplement the process with a view toward improved pollution abatement efficiency and search for alternate methods where yeast production is not applicable. STEEL INDUSTRY: The objectives of the American Iron and Steel Institute are to study and develop the technical aspects of processes for the treatment and dis posal of all industrial wastes of the steel industry and also to cooperate with federal and state authorities in their efforts te arrive at a feasible degree of purity in receiving lakes and streams. For years the Institute Committee has sponsored a research fellowship at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. TANNING INDUSTRY: The Tannery Waste Disposal Committee of Pennsylvania is com posed of representative Pennsylvania tanners and members of the State Sanitary Water Board for study of pollution control. The Tanners Council of America is the trade association of the industry. The American Leather Chemists Associa tion is a technical society of specialized interest, which correlates information on treatment procedures and renders advisory assistance to members of the association in the solution of individual problems. TEXTILE INDUSTRY: The Textile Foundation,Inc. undertakes to aid its constitu ency in problems of waste disposal. Under a research fellowship at the Univer sity of North Carolina in 1932 four technical papers evolved. At the request of the Foundation, the Advisory Committee on Textile Waste treatment made a sur vey of the literature and actual waste disposal practice. In cooperation with the University of North Carolina and under guidance of the advisory committee with Dr. H. G. Baity as General Adviser, the Foundation published the bulletin, "Textile Waste Recovery and Treatment", which report is still the outstanding treatise on textile waste treatment and disposal. The Institute of Textile Technology is a non-profit membership corporation designed to train technicians at the graduate level for work in the textile industry. It is equipped to coaduct broad research and is authorized to grant advanced academic degrees. Bio- 120 The Pennsylvania Crude Oil Association has recently undertaken representation of oil producers in that State in discussions with the State Sanitary Hater Board on the subject of development of practical requirements for waste disposal incident to the drilling and operation of oil wells* PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRYs In intensity, vigor and scope of its stream pollution abatement program, the activities of the National Council for Stream Improvement (of the Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Industries), Inc. has forged far ahead of any other. The organization was created solely for the purpose of conducting an integrated national program for the abatement of stream pollution resulting from pulp and paper production. The Council is at present sponsoring cooperative research as follows: Virginia Polytechnic Institute (semi-chemical wastes), Mellon Institute of Industrial Research (bleachery wastes and interindustry problems), Purdue University (strawboard wastes), Rutgers University (white water problems). University of Michigan and Kalamazoo College (de-inking wastes). Institute of Paper Chemistry (aquatic biology problems), Manhattan College (stream analalysiB), Louisiana State University (kraft mill wastes), Oregon State College (yeast production and aquatic biology). Arrangements are being negociated with Syracuse University for sulfite waste liquor studies. The Sul phite Pulp Manufacturers' Research League, Inc. has for its objective the eco nomic development of practicable methods for eliminating spent sulfite liquor as a factor in stream pollution. A plant scale installation for Torulonsis yeast production is being engineered. The League plans to refine the Torulopsis yeast process, supplement the process with a view toward improved pollution abatement efficiency and search for alternate methods where yeast production is not applicable. STEEL INDUSTRY: The objectives of the American Iron and Steel Institute are to study and develop the technical aspects of processes for the treatment and dis posal of all industrial wastes of the steel industry and also to cooperate with federal and state authorities in their efforts te arrive at a feasible degree of purity in receiving lakes and streams. For years the Institute Committee has sponsored a research fellowship at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. TANNING INDUSTRY; The Tannery Waste Disposal Committee of Pennsylvania is com posed of representative Pennsylvania tanners and members of the State Sanitary Water Board for study of pollution control. The Tanners Council of America is the trade association of the industry. The American Leather Chemists Associa tion is a technical society of specialized interest, which correlates informa tion on treatment procedures and renders advisory assistance to members of the association in the solution of individual problems. TEXTILE INDUSTRY; The Textile Foundation,Inc. undertakes to aid its constitu ency in problems of waste disposal. Under a research fellowship at the Univer sity of North Carolina in 1932 four technical papers evolved. At the request of the Foundation, the Advisory Committee on Textile Waste !Rreatment made a sur vey of the literature and actual waste disposal practice. In cooperation with the University of North Carolina and under guidance of the advisory committee with Dr. H. 0. Baity as General Adviser, the Foundation published the bulletin, "Textile Waste Recovery and Treatment", which report is still the outstanding treatise on textile waste treatment and disposal. The Institute of Textile Technology is a non-profit membership corporation designed to train technicians at the graduate level for work in the textile industry. It is equipped to con duct broad research and is authorized to grant advanced academic degrees. Bio-- logical and chemical Btudies have been made of all common mill wastea to detexw mine their character and toxic effects in atreame. Method* of treatment hare been investigated and evaluated from the standpoints of stream standards re covery products. Further work is planned on kier liquors, bleaching and dyeing wastes, and others involving chemicals for the purpose of recovering certain chemicals for re-use. Wild INDUSTRY: The Wine Institute is a service organization for California win eries. The Winery Residues Disposal Committee of this Institute considers all proposals for handling residues and recommends those deserving special attention by research. A search is now being made for recoverable by-products from grape pomace (seeds, skins, pulp and short-stem fibers). The Federation of Sewage Works Associations also advocates wheleheartedly a liai son service to bring together all interests concerned with stream pollution and utilization and disposal of industrial wastes toward the end of mutual under standing, agreement on policy and unity of action. We feel that one of the principal attributes of the Federation is its attraction to every individual or agency that is interested in preventing or abating stream pollution. We wish to keep it a neutral meeting ground for representatives of industries, governmental pollution control agencies, municipal authorities, re search authorities and technical specialists in design and operation of waste treatment and disposal works. We hope that all professional and administrative personnel will use our services to give expression to their points of view and integrate their skills toward a common objective -- the prevention of stream pollution and the establishing of benefits for all agencies concerned. If the Federation's principal interest seems to be devoted to municipal sewage collection, treatment and disposal, we would like for it to be remembered that we feel this is one of the chief advantages offered to industry. And it certain ly is an advantage for industries to be able to dispose of their wastes by dis charge into public sewers. And better still, if, by ardent research, methods are determined by which waste products from industrial plants may be utilized in the manufacture or processing of other useful materials, a long step forward will have been made and untold benefits derived which will assist in stabilizing the economy of the Nation; and the Federation will be fulfilling its objectives as set forth at the beginning of this paper. The experiment that was initiated by the Harris County Commissioners Court based on their new concept in its pollution control has already paid big dividents, and I prediot will be ultimately proclaimed as one of the outstanding innova tions in this field in the future. I wish to pay tribute to Judge Perry and his associates for this farsighted activity. I pray for the creation of a county or regional sanitary district with no dl* crimination against small or large cities, industry or agricultural or recrea tional interests. 121 m SECOND GULP COAST REGIONAL CONFERENCE OH INDUSTRIAL HEALTH REPORT OF RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE John C. Flanagan, Chairman Fublio Health Committee Vice-President and General Manager United Gas Corporation Houston Resolutions Committee offers the followingi 1st* Vote of sincere thanks be extended particularly to the Committee on Publio Health of the Houston Chamber of Commerce, its Chairman, Mr* John Flanagan and its Secretary, Ur. William Black, and the Program Chairman, Mr* James Hammond for originating, developing,executing such a well-conceived and well-planned program as this one which itself marks the Seoond Regional Conference on Industrial Health here on the Gulf coast, and one whioh places proper and unmistakable emphasis on an important part of the futuieof this increasingly important region. The Resolutions Committee offers as well a resolution of thanks to all the other organizations whioh have contributed so generously to the promotion and execution of this program. Their work is deeply appreciated* 2nd* Whereas, the interest at thiB meeting is real and definitive* and, whereas, the tremendous importance of industry, growing industry, in the Gulf fcoast Region calls for the most serious sort of study, review, and exchange c ideas, to the end that good, prior planning will obviate mistakes costly to health, life, and investment* The Resolutions Committee, therefore, offers a resolution that the Gulf Coast Regional Conference be continued as an annual affair. 3rd: Whereas, the interest of the publio is best served by the publio itself; and, whereas, one of the major interests of the great City of Houston is now that of industry; and, whereas, there exists at this time a duly con stituted standing committee on Publio Health in the Houston Chamber of Commerce, a committee which concerns itself not only with the publio health of Houston, but with that of the Gulf Coast Region as well, be it resolved that the sponsorship of this annual conference be continued by the Houston Chamber of Commeroe with the same support and encouragement now supplied by National, State and local health and safety engineering organizations. 4th: Whereas, it is understood that the Harris County Medical Society, in con nection with other interested groups in this area, is contemplating ex tending an invitation to the American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons to hold their 1952 annual convention in Houston; and, whereas it is the opinion of the Resolutions Committee that the presence of this annual convention in this area would serve and stimulate interest in thr field of industrial health and safety* BE IT RESOLVED, that the sponsors of this Conference agree to support and assist in every way possible toward the obtaining for this area of th* aforementioned convention. 122 L 1949 SECOND GULF COAST REGIONAL CCNFERENC8 0N INDUSTRIAL HEALTH REGISTRATIONS Allinson, R. L. Armstrong, Wallace F, Austin, T* S. Axelrad, B. A, Dow Chemical Company Ethyl Corporation Hartford Accident A Indemity Co, Freeport Sulphur Company Freeport Baton Rouge, La, Houston Freeport Bailey, J. E. Freeport Sulphur Company Baird, Harry S. Sun Oil Company Baird, Dr, V, C, Humble Oil A Refining Co, Baker, George M. Texas Employers Insurance Assn, Ball, H. K. Ethyl Corporation Barrett, R, L, Assn, Plumbing Contractors of Houston and Harris County Bartholomew, Jeannette The Texas Company Battle, Gilbert The Champion Paper A Fibre Co, Baugh, Thelma C., R, N. 160 Ashburn Beasley, R. S. Lone Star Steel Company Bennett,'Hazel V. Sheffield Steel Corporation Berry, Clyde M., Ph.D. Esso Standard Oil Company Bethel, M, B, Dow Chemical Company Bibee, T, R. Gulf Oil Corporation Blackwell, Belle Houston Publio Schools Blaschke, Lester Corpus Christi-Nueoes Co. Health Unit Blieden, A. "Sanitation", 6602 Stearns Bliss, Stan Davis Emergency Equipment Co, Bock, Roy C. A,, U.D, Ethyl Corporation Boddie, Charles PanAm Refining Corporation Boner, Emerson Q,. Rubber Reserve Boone, Chas, B,. Gulf Oil Corporation Bowditch, Manfred Lead Industries Association Brady, S, 0, . Humble Oil A Refining Co, Brainard, PauL Emsoo Derriok A Equipment Co, Brandon, Dr, Sylvan' 929 Medical Arts Building Brandt, Allen D, Bethlehem Steel Company Brandt, P, L. PamAm Refining Corporation Briney, Mrs. Mildred,RN;. Petrol Refining Co., Ino* Brock, M, Gulf Oil Corporation Brooke, Maxey Alamo Refining Company Brown, L. H. Eastern States Petroleum Co, Bryan, A, C, City of Houston Buck, Frances U, S, Publio Health Service Freeport Dallas Houston Houston Tulsa, Oklahoma Houston Houston Pasadena Houston Lone Star, Texas Houston New York City Freeport Houston Houston Corpus Christ! Houston Newark, N* J* Baton Rouge, La, Texas City Houston Houston New York City Houston Houston Houston Bethlehem, Pa, Texas City Texas City Houston Sweeny, Texas Houston Houston Dallas Cadigan, Charles H, Caranach, A. E, Carlisle, 0, T, Carter, Will T. Eastern States Petroleum Co, Gulf Oil Corporation Carbide A Carbon Chemioals Corp. Texas Employers' Insurance Assn, Houston Port Arthur Texas City Houston 123 L Cernosek, Amalia Chalmers, J, S., M.D. Christensen, Rigmor Clayton, George Cleary, adward J, Compton, B, D, Connell, C. H. Coogle, Dr. C. P. Crum, C L. Daesohner, Mrs. Pearl Dale, Jr., R. H. DallaValle, Dr, J, M. Daniels, Mrs. Mary Tom Dashel, R. W. Rucks Davidson, Tom H. Davies, Kieffer, M. D. Davies, S. Sens on Davis, Miss Mavis Dadisman, Vf, Say Delaune, R, H. Denholm, Dr, John S. Dent, liar shall Dernehl, Dr, C, U. DeVore,-. Dr. Heal M. Dickson, D. B, Diserens, Alton H. Dodd, Miss L. P. Dooley, Allan B. Dorsett, J. Dewey Dowling, R. F. Downs, Jr,, Major F, H. Dunne, Larry Durham, Mrs. Ludy, R.N, Dymond, Arthur L. Edge, Groneck idwards. Vim. Lea Ehlers, V. M, Elm, Roy Emden, Louis Erwin, Antoinette 0. Estes, Douglas S. Ettinger, M. B. Farragut, L, D., M.D, Fearey, M. E. Fetzer, Dr. Lewis Win. Fields, J. S, Fitzgerald, Jr., C. L. Flanagan, J. C. Fleming, Allan J., M.D. National Bisouit Company Bethlehem Supply Company Magnolia Petroleum Company U. S. Fublio Health bervioe Ohio River Valley Water San. Com. The General Tire & Rubber Co. Dniver. of Texas - Medical Branch 2220 Maroneal Street Fidelity Casualty Co. of N. Y. Houston Tulsa, Okla. Beaumont Washington, D.C. Cincinnati, Ohio Baytown Galveston Houston Houston Eastern States Pet. Co., Inc. Southwest Steel Products Ga. Institute of Technology Houston Lighting & Power Co. Diamond Alkali Company Humble Oil & Refining Co. Phillips Petroleum Company Texas Employers1 Insurance Assn. St. Joseph School of Nursing Maryland Casualty Company Dow Chemical Company Esso Standard Oil Company PanAm Refining Corporation Carbide A Carbon ChemicalsCorp. 923 Medical Arts Building Department of Health State Health Department Humble Oil & Refining Company The Texas Company Assn. Casualty & Surety Cos. Huey and Philp Hardware Co. HQ Fourth Army Corpus Christi-Nueces Co. Health Unit Peden Iron and Steel Company Aluminum Co. of America Houston Hou ston Atlanta, Georgia Houston Pasadena Baytown Bartsville, Okla Galveston Houston Houston Freeport Hew York City Texas City Texas City Houston Fort Worth Austin Tyler New York City New York City Houston Ft. Sam Houston Corpus Christi Houston Port Lavaca Humble Oil A Refining Co. Boy Scouts of America State Health Department The General Tire A Rubber Co. Gulf Oil Corporation Mosher Steel Company Petrol Refining Co., Ino. U. S. Public Health Service Baytown Houston Austin Baytown Houston Hous ton Texas City Cincinnati, Ohio Harris County Health Unit Rohm & Haas Company 612 Southwestern Life Bldg, Phillips Chemical Company Maintenance Engineering Corp. United Gas Corporation E. I. du Pont de Nemours A Co. Houston Pasadena Dallas Bartsville, Okla, Houston Houston Wilmington, Del. 124 Flukinger, Stanley F. Forsgard, Jr., Saa M. Folkland, Audrey Folse, Parker C. Frank, T. M., M.D, Freeman, William I* Friedriohs, C, C, Furley, W. E. Gaenslen, George R. Gans, Mrs, Beulah Gapetus, N. A, A, Garrett, Ross Godwin, Damon D Goodgion, Mrs. May Graham, H. R, Grossheim, L, Grubbs, Jack Haley, Harold D. Hall, C. M. Hall, J. S, Hamnond, J, Vi, Hamrick, W. H. M.D. Hand, S. T. Hansen, Eva, R.N. Harlan, Allie G. Harp, W, M. Harrison, Cala G. Harrop, James Hartel, V. F, Harvill, Clyde Helmer, Arthur J. Hendon, Roy B. Hendrick, V. C. Hendricks, N. 7. Henry, J, S. Herndon, Henry T. Herzik, Jr., G, R. Hibbs, Edwin B. Hickr, Douglas Hopkins, Mark C Hudgins, James J* Hutchins, A. G. Irish, D. D., M.D. Jacobi, R. I. Jenkins, Joe Jones, H. M. Jones, J. Mack Jorgenson, Mrs. Sybil Juneman, G. M* Second national Bank Bldg. Texas Bsployers' Insurance Assn. Magnolia Petroleum Company Magnolia Petroleum Company PanAm Refining Company State Health Dopartmenb Wallace A Tiernan Company, Ino* Wyatt Metal A Boiler Works Houston Houston Beaumont Houston Texas City Houston Houston Houston State Department of Health James Bute Company Jefferson Chemical Company Ross Garrett and Associates Texas Employers'Insurance Assn. Williamson-Diokie Mfg. Carp* Goodyear Synthetio Rubber Corp. Shell Oil Company, Ino. American Assn. Insuranoe Cos. San Antonio Houston Port Nechea Chicago, Illinois Houston Fort Worth Houston Houston Houston Royal Liverpool Insurance Co. Natural Gas Odorizing Co., Ino* Jefferson Chemical Company Humble Oil A Refining Co. Harris County Medical Sooiety Lykes Bros. Steamship Co., Ino. E. I. du Pont de Nemours A Co. Sheffield Steel Corporation Humble Oil A Refining Co. Chambers Co. W.C. A I.D. #1 Humble Oil A Refining Co. Hartford Accident A Indemnity Co. City of Houston - Water Dept. J. Weingarten, Inc. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Rohm A Haas Company Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey Gulf Oil Corporation Texas Employers' Ins. Assn. Texas State Dept, of Health State Health Department Max H. Jacobs Agency PsnAm Refining Corp. Miss. State Board of Health Sinclair Refining Company Houston Houston Port Neches Houston Houston Houston La Porte Houston Houston Mt. Belview,Texas Baytown Houston Houston Houston Atlanta, Georgia Pasadena New York City Houstc n Dallaa Austin Houston Houston Texas City Jackson, Miss, Houston The Dow Chemiaal Company Midland, Michigan Sinclair Refining Company Freese, Nichole A Turner Ford Motor Company J. N. Flood A Co. - Engineers Jefferson Chemioal Company Carbide A Carbon Chemicala Corp. Houston Houston Dallas Waco, Texas Port Neohes Texas City 125 Kahi; F. Ruth, R.N. Kahle, R. B. Kahle, Dr, Warren F, Kassell, Dorothea E. Keliman. Dr, Seth W* Kemp, Dr, Hardy A, Kent, Dr. B, 11. Kerr, J. C. King, Mary Lou Kitchel, K. K. Koch, C, A, Konrad, Carrie J, Kroil, C, A, Lnngham, Karl Langhorst, Karl F. Laurentz, Fred K,, U,D. Lefton, I, M. Lester, John W. Lewis, Dr* B, M. Lewis, Miss Clara, R.N. Lewis, Lira. Fannie B, Liles, Ralph, M.D. Lindsey, Ernest T. Little, Leonard Littlefield, S. 3. McBride, R. B. McCants, R, P. McDonald, Malory McDouglas, Wm. McFarland, Dr. Ross A. McKee, John McLean, Beatrice McMakin, L. . McReynolds, R. J. Macrini, Mrs. Jean Madigan, J. F. Mark, Joe B. Martin, Walter 0. Masten, J. L. Mathewis, 11. A. Mathis, Oma Mayfield, J. L. iletyko, Frank J. Mills, Kerry . Mims, Jack Minkua, Dr. R F. Mobley, H. R. Iloggio, W, A. Montgomery, T. C. Moore, Dr. John T. Morris, H. E, U. S. Public Health Service Washington, D, q Eastern States Petroleum Co., Inc. Houston Eastern States Petroleum Co., Ino. Houston Sheffield Steel Corporation Houston Chance Vought Aircraft Dallas Baylor Univ. College of Medicine Galveston Humble Oil 4 Refining Co. Houston Magnolia Petroleum Company Houston American Cancer Society Houston The General Tire 4 Rubber Co. Baytown Houston Lighting 4 Power Co. Houston Graduate Nurses' Assn. Houston The Dow Chemical Company Freeport American Zino Co, of Illinois Employers' Mutuals City Health Department State Health Department E. I. du Pont de Nemours 4 Co. Dept, of Public Welfare Sinclair Rubber Co., Inc. American Brake Shoe Company Surgioal 4 Medical Clinio Celanese Corp. of America United Gas Corporation Jefferson Chemical Company Dumas, Texas Houston Houston Houston Orange St. Louis, Mo. Houston Houston Hous ton Bishop, Texas Houston Port Neches Carbide 4 Carbon ChemicalsCorp. United Gas Corporation Missouri Pacific Lines FanAm Refining Corporation Harvard Society of Pub. Health Ford Motor Company Surgical 4 Medical Clinio Sinclair Refining Company 3832 Eroadway Texas City Houston Houston Texas City Boston, Mass. Dallas Houston Houston Houston Monsanto Chemical Company The Texas Company Sheffield Steel Corporation State Health Department Monsanto Chemioal Company Neptune Meter Company Hughes Tool Company Felix Paquin 4 Associates 608 Scanlan Building PanAm Refining Corporation Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. City Health Department Louisiana State University Southern Pacifio Lines 821 Medical Arts Building Monsanto Chemical Company Texas City Houston Houston Tyler Texas City Houston Houston Galveston Houston Texas City Houston Orange Houston Baton Rouge, La< Houston Houston Texas City 126 Morrish, Fred Murph, D. B. Murphy, 1. J. MoEvoy Company Eagle-Picher Company of Texas Texas Qnployers' Insurance Assn. Houston Dallas Houston Naschke, Al Nash, R, B, Nau, Carl A* Neal, Jack Neveus, Joe L. Newman, Don Newman, Van. A. Niccolls, J. F. Norris, Jr., H. L. Norris, Oleg M. Norville, R. G Norwood, B. H. Nosier, Richard F, American Assoo. Insurance Cos. Houston Lighting it Power Co. University - Medical Branch University of Texas - Med. Branch Gulf Oil Corporation American Assoc. Insurance Cos. Ethyl Corporation Houstoun, Stevenson it Cummings The Dow Chemical Company Southern Alkali Corporation Aluminum Company of America Shell Oil Company, Inc, M N. Dannenbaum Company Houston Houston Galveston Galveston Houston Houston Houston Houston Freeport Corpus Christ! Port Lavaca Houston Houston Opersteny, Edward Ostrom, 0, Texas Employers' Insurance Assn. Houston Southwest Steel Products Company Houston Padgett, A. R. Humble Oil it Refining Company Paganini, Otto Harris County Health Unit Painter, Jr., J* H. Harris Co. Pollution Survey Parker, Miss A. V.(Nurse) Houston Lighting it Power Co. Payne, Dorothy B. Sheffield Steel Corporation Peters, Ola, R.N. A. 0. Smith Corporation Pinto, Sherman S., M.D. American Smelting A Refining Co. Pipkin, R. W. Humble Oil & Refining Company Poole, Wm. L. General Foods Corporation Posey, Jesse Shell Chemical Corporation Foth, Edward W. U. S. Air Foroe Potter, A. D. State Health Department Powell, George B, Mosher Steel Company Preston, Allan H. Houston Laboratories Price, Robert E. Gulf Oil Corporation Prior, A. H. Emsoo Derrick & Equipment Co. Protsman, L. Hartford Accident it Indemnity Co. Houston Houston Houston Houston Houston Houston Denver, Colorado Baytown Houston Houston San Antonio Austin Houston Houston Port Arthur Houston Houston Rahn, R. L. Raleigh, Mrs, Zena, R.N. Randall, F. A, Rasmussen, Florence Reeburgh, Jr. Regehr, John K., M.D. Revelle, E. A. Richey, Alvan E. Riddle, Don Roberson, Seth Roetman, E. T. Rollins, Alma Rowan, H. A. McEvoy Company Humble Oil it Refining Company Carbide it Carbon Chemicals Corp. Gulf Oil Corporation Gulf Oil Corporation Pine Bluff Arsenal Hathieson Chemical Corp. Industrial Scientific, Ino. Gulf Oil Corporation Natural Gas Odoriring Co., Ino. U. S, Public Health Service Texas State Dept, of Health Jefferson Chemical Company Houston Houston Texas City Houston Port Arthur Pine Bluff, Ark. Lake Charles, La Houston Houston Houston Dallas Austin Port Neohes Saffington, H. 0. Humble Oil it Refining Co. Baytown 127 yjK. St. John, H. W. Central Power A Light Co, Saunders, John W. Humble Oil A Refining Co. Saxon, Elmer G. Shell Chemical Corporation Schaefer, Charles A, State Health Department Seymour, W. H Liberty Mutual Insurance Cos. Shaffer, Sherman S* Humble Oil A Refining Co. Shannon, G. T, Humble Oil A Refining Co. Shaw, Miss Barbara (Nurse ) Houston Lighting A Power Co. Shearon, Will H. American Chemical Society Shelley, P. G, Dow Chemical Company Shigley, C. M. The Dow Chemioal Company . Shrewsbury, C. L. Southwest Research Institute Siddall, C. L. The Dow Chemioal Company Simmons, Brig. Gen. J.S. Harvard School of Publio Health Simpson, Jr., A. D, United Gas Corporation Smallhorst, David P, State Department of Health Smith, Frank H. Tennessee Gas Transmission Co. Smith, H. D, Goodyear Synthetio Corporation Smith, Wm. E. R, American Zinc Co. of Illinois Sorrels, J. H. Texas A A M College Stallings, 17, B. Monsanto Chemical Company Stalnaker, Dr, Paul R, 4715 Fannin Street Stark, Glenna Humble Oil A Refining Co. Stephens, Clyde T, Superior Insurance Company Sterner, Dr. James H, Eastman Kodak Company, Med. Dept. Stockton, L. E. Smsco Derrick A Equipment Co. Stokely, E. C. Dow Chemioal Company Strong, E, R. Southwest Research Institute Swasey, S. L. The Champion Paper A Fibre Co. Sylvester, John Y/ Humble Oil A Refining Company Corpus Christi Baytown. Houston Houston Boston, Mass. Baytown Baytown Houston Houston Freeport Freeport San Antonio Freeport Boston, Mass. Houston Austin Houston Houston Dumas College Station Texas City Houston Baytown Sherman Rochester, N* Y, Houston Freeport San Antonio Pasadena Baytown Taylor, L. V, Tennent, Mrs. T. H, Thompson, Jr., A, T. Tidwell, Rex L. Tomex, John A. Tudor, T. Clifford Tuma, Q. V. Turner, Herbert G, American Can Company Women's Publio Health Conmittee State Health Department Blue Cross Plan Texas Employers' Insurance Assn. B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company The Texas Company United Gas Corporation New York City Houston Austin Houston Houston Port Neches Houston Houston Vela, L, G. Venable, Fred S, Viles, P. S. Vincent, D. M. Vogelpohl, K. E. Felix Paquin A Associates State Health Department Humble Oil A Refining Company Phillips Chemical Company Southwest Steel Products Co. Galveston Austin Houston Pasadena Houston Wagers, Otto Walden, Pearl Waldrep, Burnell Wardlow, 17. B, Waring, R.P. Warren, R, W. Weaver, Jane U., R.N. Weiler, L, J, The Champion Paper A Fibre Co. State Board of Health Assistant Attorney General State Department of Health Houston Lighting A Power Co. Hartford Accident A Indemnity Co. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Humble Oil A Refining Company Pasadena Jackson, Miss. Austin, Texas Austin Houston Houston Houston Baytown 128 Vfettstein, Frank E, Texas Employers' Insuranea Assn* Whalley, Anne II* Sheffield Steel Corporation White, Robert J. Baroid Sales Division White, William 5* Public Dorics Department. Wild, Mrs* Beulah Temple Community Council Willett, Kathryn Gulf Oil Corporation Williams, David F. Champion Paper & Fibre Co, Williams, Harvey B, PanAm Refining Corporation Willis, A. B. The Milwhite Company, Inc, Wilson, J.-A. Gulf Oil Corporation Wilson, James W. State Health Department Vt'inder, Norman G, Texas Vitrified Pipe Company Wood, David M Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, V/ood, Harold A*, M.D. Houston Publio Schools 'Woodley, James W Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Wright, E. H, Doer Chemical Company Wynne, James D, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Zentman, Angelika Zucca, J. F. 12545 Market Street Road Consolidated Western Steel Co, Houston Houston- *' Houston Houston Houston Houston Pasadena Texas City Houston Houston Houston Dallas Houston Houston Houston Freeport Dallas Houston Orange .************ 129