Document QVy5DVajogNX1EpybDGvpmV8

samoTHerm Monsanto.HEAT TRANSFER flUK) BY DESIGN MANUAL 1970 EDITION MONS 095924 CONTENTS Section 1 1. Why use Santotherm............................................................ 2. The Santotherm Range........................................................ 3. Santotherm - Application Unlimited................................ Page 1 2 4 Section 2 1. High Performance Fluid - Santotherm 55...................... 6 2. High Performance Fluid - Santotherm 66...................... 10 3. High Performance Fluid - Santotherm 88...................... 14 4. Fire Resistant Fluid - Santotherm FR-LO-TEMP ... 24 5. Fire Resistant Fluid - Santotherm FR-0................ ,.. 28 6. Fire Resistant Fluid - Santotherm FR-1.......................... 32 7. Fire Resistant Fluid - Santotherm FR-2.......................... 36 8. Special Purpose Fluid - Santotherm 77............................ 44 9. Special Purpose Fluid - Santotherm 130.......................... 48 10. Special Purpose Fluid - Santotherm 190........................... 52 Section 3 1. General Design Hints for Santotherm Systems.................... 59 2. Typical System Layouts........................................................... 66 3. Suggested Start-Up Procedure for NewSystems.................. 70 4. Suggested Operating Instructions........................................... 72 5. Units Conversion Tables.......................................................... 77 MUNS 095925 J 3 4 1. 3 4 4 9 3 WHY USE SANTOTHERM? 9 More than 2,500 customers have specified Santotherm for new 3 Installations and conversion of existing systems In Europe and the 3 3 U. S. A. The main reasons they choae Santotherm were: 3 3 3 3 Santotherm ayetems operate at or near atmospheric pressure In 3 the liquid phase. Working at atmospheric pressure means safer 3 3 systems. 3 3 In applications where the risk of fire haa to be minimlaed the 3 3 Sentothorm FR fluids are chosen because they bring the added 3 benefit of fire resistance (together with approval from Factory 3 3 Mutual U.S. A.. and certification as fire-resistant by Underwriters' 3 Laboratory. 3 Lower Capital Costs 3 3 Without pressure you can usually save 25 to 50 % of your capital 3 because you don't need heavy piping, relief valves or other devices 3 associated with pressurised systems. 3 3 3 Lower Operating Coats 3 3 Very little fluid make-up is normally required. Temperature and 3 heat losses expected with vapour systems are very much reduced. 3 Routine maintenance is minimised and expensive operating personnel 3 3 needed for pressurised systems are often unnecessary. 3 3 3 3 3 Santotherm Is a Registered Trade Mark. 3 3 3 3 hONS 095926 3 3 :||2 I * :l Vt il III *; 9 61 6 9 69 6 6i 9 6 6' 9 6 9 69 fr 69 6 69 C9 69 69 69 69 S9 59 69 e9 C9 e9 C9 e9 e9 e9 C9 e9 e9 r9 *9 r9 e9 I9 2. THE SANTOTHERM RANGE . ... offers you a series of heat transfer fluids covering the operating range - 73C (-100 F) to 427C ( 800F). And for the future as your process temperature demands change you can choose a new Santotherm fluid to match your new needs. Many of the Santotherm fluids are Interchangeable In your liquid heating system. The Santotherm range includes ten fluids falling Into three groups. Santotherm 55 Santotherm 66 Santotherm 88 ) j High Performance Fluids ) Santotherm FR-LO-TEMP Santotherm FR-0 Santotherm FR-1 Santotherm FR-2 "Ire Resistant Fluids Santotherm 77 Santotherm 130 Santotherm 190 Special Purpose Fluids MONS 095927 SANTOTHERM 55 SANTOTHERM 88 SANTOTHIRM FR- LO-TEMP SANTOTHERM FR-0 SANTOTHERM FR-1 SANTOTHERM FR-2 SANTOTHERM - APPLICATIONS UNLIMITED CHEMICAL PROCESSING ... especially where fiammable materials are handled. Santotherm has proved particularly successful for heating reactors, autoclaves, heat exchangers distillation columns, reboilers, mixers, dryers etc. 4. <* o RESIN PROCESSING .,. where a single "circuit" with multiple users and varying temperatures is desirable. * > PLASTICS AND RUBBER MOULDING; PAPER AND TEXTILES * -a ... where uniform heating, rapid temperature flux and pint-point a control is essential such as heating corrugating and drying rolls, crimping a presses, calendars, platens and moulds. "a a a FOOD PROCESSING a a ... for controlled, quality "cooking" of potato chips, pre-cooked/ frozen a products, other foodstuffs. a a a PETROLEUM AND OFF-SHORE DRILLING a ... offers control over a wide temperature range and the ability to a a accommodate sudden fluctuations In processing loads automated with a complete safety. a a a SHIPS AND BARGES a ... eliminates expensive boiler operators with a system that can heat a fuel, cargo and living quarters. a a a SPACE HEATING a a ... Ideal for hospitals hotels, apartment houses and office buildings where the goal is safety, low maintenance and reduced operating costs. a a a a MOWS 095929 a a a * a 9 Section 1 * > % * * * > % * > > MONS 095930 \> i> o o o t> o o o o o u o o w w o u o u t> o o u o o u o o v v w o u o u u o r 9. HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUIDS Santotherm 55 Santotherm 66 Santotherm 88 HONS 095931 l)U I)t)O O d l)O O IM IV U IM M )U tlt)O tf IM H M M IV U U U U U U V U V V 1 6. HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 55 MAXIMUM BULK OPERATING TEMPERATURE 315C 600F RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FILM TEMPERATURE 335C 635F Santotherm 55 is a synthetic heat transfer fluid developed for use In non-pressurixed, Indirect heating systems. Added to the extensive Monsanto line of heat transfer fluids to meet exacting needs, Santotherm 55 demonstrates thermal stability superior to that of petroleum oils. Non-pressurlzed liquid systems using Santotherm 55 - type fluids are finding Increasing use In applications which traditionally used steam as the heating medium. Savings In capital and maintenance costs are often gained. MQNS 095932 HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 55 TYPICAL PHYSICAL. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES Composition Appearance Synthetic hydrocarbon Clear, brown liquid Odour slight Coefficient of Expansion C F 0.00085 0.00047 Density at 25 C (77F) kg/m* lb/ft 3 885 55.2 Bolling Range C F 335 - 390 635 - 734 Pour Point C F - 29 - 20 Flash Point, Pensky-Marten (ASTM-D93 - 46) C F 180 355 Fire Point (Pensky-Marten) C 0 F Autotgnltlon Te mperature 0c 0 F Viscosity at 0C cS 210 410 354 670 300 MQNS 095933 | 9 ) 9 ) _ HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 55 9 9 f VARIATIONS Of PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERATURE J 9 9 Tibips rahm Danaity 9 Optoifl 0 HMt HiBrmal Coirtuotivtty Vlaconity Vapour Praaaitra 9 r o lb/ft' 9 BTU/lfc Keal/Kg. P c BTU/ft. hr. Keal/m. hr. F : *c Ih/hr. ft1 cP cS amHg abaoluta Kg/om* 9 0 -10 . 97.1 915 0. 420 0. 420 0. 0813 9 100 SO 54.0 070 0. *72 0. 472 0. 0784 9 200 93 52.4 040 0. 522 0. 522 0. 0753 9 200 U9 50.1 003 0.572 0.572 0.0724 9 400 204 47.0 766 0. 620 0.620 0. 0692 0. 1210 0. 1167 0.1121 0. 1077 0. 1030 3561 61.5 1.71 1610 b?.4 0.1 10. 3 4.20 5. 0 4.09 1.69 2.10 2. 10 0.90- 1.18 . 0.5 3. 0 10 40 0. 001 0. 004 0.014 0. 054 9 900 260 45.5 729 0. 670 0. 670 0. 0661 0. 0984 1.42 o.so: 0. 80 100 0. 136 9 600 316 43.1 691 0. 710 0. 710 0.0630 0.0930 1.01 0. 41! 0.60 2S0 0.330 9 9 s 9 9 9' 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 * MQNS 095934 9 9 9 HONS 095935 Santotherm 55 Kinematic Viscosity . HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 55 Svtem Darien Hints ( see also Page .5.9..) Santotherm 88 oontalna no additives. Its compatibility with materials of construction Is similar to petroleum oil - use of oopper should be kept to a minimum. To reduce fluid oxidation the expansion tank temperature should be kept below 38 C (100 F ); otherwise an Inert gas blanket should be used. Fluid Maintenance ( see Page .??... ) Safe Handling of Santotherm 88 ( see Page ) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 MONS 095930 9 9 9 9 I .Jho II ^ :i: 10. HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 60 MAXIMUM BULK OPERATING TEMPERATURE 343C 650F RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FILM TEMPERATURE 37lC 700P Santotherm 66 was developed for use In non-pressurlzed systems. Aa a result, the capital costs of a Santotherm 66 system are generally lower than a dlphenyl/dlphenyl oxide system. Santotherm 66 can also be used as top-up In liquid phase diphenyl/ diphenyl oxide systems. Addition of 15 % of Santotherm 66 will depress the solidification point of the eutectic to around -9C (15F). Santotherm 66 is being used in Europe and the U. S. A. for the following applications i Resin manufacture Sodium processing Phthalio anhydride distillation Deodourising of fetty acids Polyamide extruders Polyethylene manufacture Waste heat recovery Polyester manufacture Insecticide manufacture MONS 095939 --I * i I*'! *1 t *i * *1 * Ii *1J *1l *1 * ft ft * ft * ft 9 9 9 9 :9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 c > e* e -9 e | Ill e.; e; *! ? HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 66 TYPICAL PHYSICAL. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES U. Composition Appearance Odour Coefficient of Expansion ;c Density at 28 C (77F) k*/m* Ib/ft 3 Bolling Range Pour Point Flash Point, Pensky-Marten (A8TM-D93 - 48) C ' F Fin Point (Peneky-Marten) C Autolgnitlon Te mperature o C o F Viscosity at 0C cS Synthetic hydrocarbon Oily liquid practically colourless faint characteristic 0.00070 0.00039 1008 62.7 340 - 396 644 - 745 - 28 to - 26 -15 to -18 179 - 180 354 - 356 190 - 200 374 - 392 374 70S MQNS 095940 800 * 9 12 <9 9 9 HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 66 9 or9 VARIATION PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERATURE 9 9 9 Ttmpe* Danalty Specific Halt Thermal Conductivtty 9 ritura Vitcoalty Vapour Prnmrt 9 9 T *C K|/m3 BTU/lb. Kcal/Kg. BTU/ft. hr. Kcal/m. hr. Ib/hr, ft *F c F c cP cS mtnHg Kg.'cm* abaolutt 9 9 0 54.9 1040 0. 320 0. 220 0. 0720 0. 1072 150000 62000 50000 9 90 10 52.5 1020 0. 350 0.350 0. 0711 0.1058 617 255 250 It9 100 52.4 1000 0. 300 0. 3t0 0. 0703 0.1046 67. 8 20. 0 28. 0 9 150 55 60.9 975 0. 405 0. 405 0. 0695 0,1034 23.6 9. 75 10.0 9 200 92 99.2 950 0. 420 0. 420 0. 0687 0.1022 10. 1 4. 18 4.40 0.1 9 290 121 86. 1 920 0. 455 0. 485 0. 0676 0. 1008 5. 66 2. 42 2. 60 9 200 149 56.0 910 0. 400 0. 400 0.0670 0.099? 3. 75 1.55 1.70 2.0 0. 003 9 290 177 55.2 105 0. 505 0. SOS 0. 0662 0. 0985 2.57 1. 06 1.20 9 400 204 92.7 60 0. 5)0 0. 530 O. 0653 0. 0972 1. 66 0. 77 0.90 20.0 0. 02? 9 490 222 52.5 40 0.555 0. 555 0. 0645 0.0959 1.40 0.98 0. 69 50.0 0. 066 9 900 250 50.S 10 0.500 0.580 0. 0637 0.0948 1.09 0. 45 0. 58 100.0 0. 136 2009 590 49.5 792 0. 60S 0. 60S 0. 0628 0. 0935 0. 87 0. 36 0. 46 200. 0 0. 272 9 500 215 40.1 770 0. 620 0. 630 0. 0620 0.0923 0.82 0. 34 0. 44 350.0 0. 476 9 590 242 46. 750 0. 655 0. 655 0. 0613 0. 0912 0. 65 0. 27 0. 36 760.0 1. 034 9 700 271 45.6 - 720-- 0. 600 0. 680 0. 0605 0.0900 0. 48 0. 20 0. 26 1000 1. 360 9 9 9 9 3 9 3 9 9 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 HONS 095941 9 9 9 9 SaatotfcannM Variation of propartlas with tamparatura f f * , ? .,. t * , > .' i i' i* ' * i i' i> ; * s > :* s " : -> *. ' t * .* MONS 095942 Santothorm 88 Klnsmatic Viscosity HONS 095943 MUNS 095944 13, HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 66 System Design Hints ( see also Page . ?.9... ) To minimise fluid oxidation Santotherm 66 systems should be blanketed with nitrogen unless the fluid in the expansion tank can be kept below 38C ( 100F ). Copper and its alloys should be used sparingly as materials of construction. Fluid Maintenance ( see Page ) Safe Handling of Santotherm 66 ( see Page . ?}... ) I MQNS 095945 HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 88 MAXIMUM BULK TEMPERATURE 42SC 795F flE COMMENDED MAXIMUM FILM TEMPERATURE 435C 815F Santotherm 88 Is a fluid for high temperature operation in the liquid phaae. Santotherm 88 ia a aolld material which melta at 14SC ( Z93F ) to become a thermally atable fluid for uae in high temperature chemical proceaalng plant. Santotherm 88 la the lateat addition to the Santotherm range and ahould be conaidered for applicatlona at preaent using molten aalt. MONS 095946 HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 88 TYPICAL. PHYSICAL CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES Composition Appearance Odour synthetic hydrocarbon Wax-like flakes at ambient temperature Light amber liquid above melting point. faint, pleasant Coefficient of Expansion C 0 F Density at 25C (77F) k/m, Ib/ft 3 Bolling Range . c F Melting Point begins to soften at.................................... completely liquid at.................................. Viscosity st 149 C 300 P oS Flash Point, I^nsky-Marten ( A8TM-D93 40 ) C P Fire Point (Pensky-Marten) C F Autoignition Temperature C F Latent Hast ot Fusion koal/k( BTU/lb 0.00085 0.00047 1133 (solid) 1020 at melt, point 70.7 63.7 ( 149*C) 364 - 418 687 - 784 #0C ( 140F) 145C <293F0 1.9 191 375 238 460 above 538 above 1000 21.7 - 22.2 39.1 - 40.0 HONS 095947 HlOH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 88 VARIATION OF PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERA TURK II. Tampa* ratura Danalty Spaclfl c Hast Thermal Conductivity Vlacoatty Vapour Praaaur* r c. lb/fl I Kf/m! BTU/lb. Kcal/Kg. BTU/ft. hr. T Kcal/m. hr. *C lb/hr. ft F c cP cS mmH| K|/em2 abaoluta J00 149 91. 0 400 204 99.9 900 290 57.4 900 119 94.9 too 171 91.0 000 427 49.1 900 402 46.2 1010 960 920 800 830 790 740 0. 467 0. 497 0.525 0. 954 0. 594 0. 613 0. 642 0. 467 0.497 0. 525 0.554 0. 504 0.613 0. 642 0. 0730 0. 0712 0.0686 0. 0660 0. 0634 0. 0608 0. 0501 ' 0. 1077 0. 1060 0.1021 0.0982 0. 0943 0. 0905 0.0865 3.84 2. 20 1. 24 0.813 0. 504 0. 440 0. 341 1.585 0. 815 0, 506 0. 335 0. 241 0.1815 0. 1405 1.57 0. 07 0. 55 0.38 0. 29 0.23 0. 19 1.2 11 65 290 100 1500 3000 0. 00163 0. 0150 0. 0085 0. 354 1. 007 2. 04 4. 08 ... . 1 ? s' i' 6 ' e ' e* e < c> e* e ' e> e '* *- MOHS 095948 Santotkem 88 Variation of proportlos with tomnoratora $ Santotherm 88 Kinematic Viscosity HONS 095950 r Santotherm 88 Vapour Pressure HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 88 SOLUBILITY IN MISCELLANEOUS SOLVENTS Solvent GrmBjSantotherm 88 perlOO ml.of solvent C. c. OH API .16, 58 S.U.S. at 100 F.................................................. 0.008 1.2 1.66 6.0 9.0 0.7 0.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.6 9.0 8.4 42.0 4S.0 8.0 7.5 15.0 20.0 20.0 HUNS Q9595Z HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID SANTOTHERM 88 Heat Transfer Correlation This equation and j-lactor plot is adequate to approximately plus/minus 7% I I I I I HONS 095953 t* tv * 19. i 3 3 3 * HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 88 3 3 3 System Design Hints (see also Page 59) 3 3 3 A combination drop and pump tank Is used to conveniently drain 3 high melting point Santotherm 88 from the system. 3 3 On shut-down the fluid is drained Into the tank which Is large 3 enough to contain all the Santotherm 88 fluid In the system. 3 3 The tank is fitted with heating colls to melt the fluid for start-up. 3 3 3 A submerged pump is used to circulate the molten Santotherm 3 3 88 to the user equipment. 3 3 3 Traolng of the external system can be accomplished If necessary 3 3 with an auxiliary Santotherm system or with high pressure 3 steam. The combination tank can be easily blanketed, filled and 3 vented as required. 3 3 3 3 Draining the secondary system depends on the fluid used to melt 3 the Santotherm 88 In the drop tank. 3 3 3 3 Copper and Its alloys should not be used as materials of construction. 3 3 3 Fluid maintenance (see Page 20) 9 9 9 9 Safe Handling (see Page 21) 9 9 9 9 MONS 095954 9 9 9 20. HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUIDS - SANTOTHERM 55, 66, 88 Fluid Maintenance Samples of fluid should be taken and tested every 3 months during the first year of operation. Afterwards, 6-monthly sampling is generally sufficient. Analytical procedures are available from Monsanto who will also comment on the results and advise In any corrective action required . 5 MONS 095955 9 V V U IIV II HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUIDS - 3ANTOTHERM 55. 68. 88 Safe Handling Both animal toxicity studies and manufacturing and handling experience Indicate that no special precautions are required in the handling of these products at ambient temperatures. Vapours on the other hand whilst not dangerously toxic can rise to 'discomfort and systems should be made as leak tight as possible. Repairs to leaks of hot fluid should be carried out under well ventilated conditions. MINS 095936 Section 2 MONS 095957 9 9 9 9 .9 9 .9 ,9 ,9 .9 ,s . ,, 9 .a .9 9 9 9 9 .9 i* t> t :* s* ; * 9 9 9 9 9 zz. FIBE RESISTANT FLUIDS Santotherm FR-LO-TEMP Santotherm FR-O Santotherm FR-1 Santotherm FR-2 MONS 095958 FIRE RESISTANT FLUIDS - SANTOTHERM FR SERIES 23. Flammability In Heat Transfer Systems Santotherm FR fluids are flre-reBlstant. To the design engineer, the factor of "safety" must be weighed as heavily as reliability and efficiency. The "flammability" of industrial fluids for applications such as heat transfer can be defined as the ease of ignition combined with the ability to propagate flame. Many apparent anomalies occur In Judging fire resistance unless these two aspects are considered together. Nearly all organic liquids pyrollre or oxidise if exposed long enough to a sufflently high temperature. The tendency is Inherent In the type of chemical bonds. Volatile oxidation products can be formed which are flammable. The Judgement of a fluid being "Are-rest stmt" - unless based on a number of applicable and accepted fire resistance tests - can be unfounded and dangerous. Not one test ( other than the actual use and proof of safety In a service failure ) can Indicate the degree of fire resistance of a fluid nor the degree of fire resistance required for a given application. The fire resistance of Santotherm FR fluids has been evaluated ueing the following tests High pressure spray-test Low pressure spray-test Hot manifold test Wick test Results obtained In these and other tests have enabled Santotherm FR fluids to be listed as fire-resistant by Underwriters Laboratory Inc. USA. and approved by Factory Mutual. Santotherm FR fluids are recommended for use whenever the risk of fire has to be minimised. MONS 095959 24. FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-LO-TEMP MAXIMUM BULK TEMPERATURE 205C 400F 9 1 RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FILM TEMPERATURE 316C 600 F 9 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 Santotherm FR-LO-TEMP can be used in a wide range of applications such 9 as space heating and cooling, gas processing and distribution and industrial 9 9 heatlng/coollng under conditions of low ambient temperature. A recent 9 application is marine heating in Arctic conditions. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 I 9 9 19 9 9 HONS 095960 9 9 9 '9 -J ,1 * s 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 .9 9 ,9 .9 ,9 ,9 , .9 .9 ,9 .9 9 9 ,9 3 9 9 9 9 9 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 i' 9 1, 11 * 1; FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-LO-TEMP TYPICAL PHYSICAL. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES Composition Appearance Chlorinated hydrocarbons Pale, yellowish liquid Odour characteristic Coefficient of Expansion C F 0.000513 0.000285 Density at 25 C (77F) kg/m^ lb/ft J 1440 89,9 Bolling Range C F 222 - 331 432 - 627 Pour Point C F -51 -60 Flash Point, Pensky-Marten (ASTM-D93 - 48) C F 138 280 Fire Point (Pensky-Marten) C F Autoignition Te mperature C 0 F Viscosity at 0C cS None to boiling over 593 over 1.100 16 ) MONS 095961 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 s9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 e! ' I FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-LO-TEMP VARIATION OF PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERATURE. Tampa ritura Danaity Spectltc Heat Thermal Conductlvity F c ib/rt3 K|/m3 BTU/lb. Kcal/Kg. BTU/ft.hr. Kcal/m. hr. lb/hr. It F c *F c Viacoalty cP cS Vapour P reilura mmH K* cm2 absolute -10 -14 91.9 1505. 1 -20 *29 91.1 1498.5 0 -10 . 92.8 1487. 0 40 4 91.2 1463.0 100 18 89.0 1426.0 too 91 81.1 1366.5 100 149 81.5 1106.0 400 204 77.8 1246.0 0. 224 0. 226 0.230 0. 238 0.250 0.270 0.290 0.310 0.224 0.226 0.230 0.238 0. 250 0,270 0. 290 0. 310 0. 0613 0. 0632 0. 0630 0. 0626 0. 0620 0.0610 0. 0600 0. 0590 0. 09 42 0. 0940 0. 09 3 7 0.0931 0.0922 0. 0907 0.0692 0. 0878 2400 958 234 43. 1 11. 7 3. 80 2,06 1. 38 991 396 96. 6 17. 8 4. 83 1. 57 0. 85 0.57 638 264 65 12. 2 3. 39 1.15 0. 65 0.46 . . 1. 1 2. 7 12. 6 69 300 0. 0015 0. 0037 0. 0171 0.094 0. 406 MQNS 095962 O 4# Santotharm FR-Lo-Tamp. Klnamatlc Viscosity MONS 095964 SantoUwim FR-Lo-Temp. Vapour Prassura l i i c -- i HONS 095965 FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-LO-TEMP System Design Hints ( see page .. 39.. ) Fluid Maintenance ( see page . ,4Q .. ) Sate Handling ( see page . ,4X . . ) HONS 099966 FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-0 MAXIMUM BULK TEMPERATURE 260C 500F RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FILM TEMPERATURE 316C 600F Santotherm FR-0 was developed specifically to eliminate freeze-up during cold weather shut down for in-transit heating of sulphur, pitch, asphalt, naphthalene, heavy fuel oil and high melting point resin materials. Santotherm FR-0 eliminates the need for high temperature reheating in order to pump out the material at its destination. HONS 095967 FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-0 TYPICAL PHYSICAL. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES Composition Appearance Chlorinated, hydro carbons Pale, yellowish liquid Odour Characteristic Coefficient of Expansion C F 0.000415 0.00023 Density at 25 C (77F) kg/m lb/ft 3 1410 88.0 Bolling Range C F 271 - 324 520 - 615 Pour Point C F - 28 -15 Flash Point, Pensky-Marten (ASTM-D93 - 46) C 151 305 Fire Point (Pensky-Marten) C o F Autoignition Te mperature o C F Viscosity at 0C cS None to boiling Over 649 Over 1,200 HONS 130 FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-O VARIATION OF PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERATURE 30 Tempo* Dentlty Specific Heat Thermal Conductivity Vlacoaity Vapour P reaiure r 'C U)/ft! Kg/m3 BTU/lb. Kcal/Kg, BTU/It. hr. Kcal/m. hr. Ib/hr, it F c *F *C * s *2! . 410 12 90. 5 40 4 09.2 too 30 07. S 200 93 03. 7 300 149 00. 0 400 204 76. 0 500 260 71.0 600 316 69.3 .. 1449. 6 1420.0 1401.7 1)40.6 1200.7 1230. 4 1169.3 1110.6 0. 27 0. 29 0.31 0. 33 0.35 0. 36 . 0.27 0.29 0.31 0. 33 0.35 0.36 . 0. 061 0. 060 0. 059 0. 050 0.057 0. 056 - 0. 091 0. 089 0. 008 0. 086 0.085 0. 083 . 3533 320 27. 6 5. 6 2.9 - cP . 1460 132.2 11.4 2. 3 1.2 - cS mmHg cm* absolute 4545 1007 92.55 8. 10 1. 70 0.95 - . I. 39 13. 00 76. 00 315 915 . * -' 0.0010 0.0177 0. 1034 0.4284 1.2444 HONS 095969 Santothorm FR-0 Variation of proportlos with tomporatwo MONS 095970 Santotherm FR-0 Kinematic Viscosity 1 FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-O System Design Hints ( see Page ,., 39.. ) Fluid Maintenance ( see Page .. Ad . ) Safe Handling ( see Page .. .41. ) 31. MONS 095973 FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-1 MAXIMUM BULK TEMPERATURE 315C 600F RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FILM TEMPERATURE 340C 644F Santotherm FR-1 Is a general purpose fire-resistant fluid. It is being used in Europe and the U. S. A. for the following applications : Copper concentration Mould heating Resin reactors Bitumen coating Plywood presses Calendering rolls Rotational moulding Thin film processors Glycol dehydration Solvent recovery Wax coating Space heating Asphalt heating Drying ovens Maleic anhydrid production Oil additive production Rubber chemicals production MOMS 095974 rmE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM Fn-1 TYPICAL PHYSICAL. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES Composition Appcaranco Chlorinated, aromatic hydrocarbons liquids Odour character! stlc Coefficient of Expansion C F ' nslty at 25 C (77F) kg/m^ lb/ft J 0.00056 0.00031 1385 85.5 Boiling Range C F 327 - 360 620 - 680 Pour Point C F -19 2.2 Flash Point, Pensky-Marten (ASTM-D93 - 46) C F 177 350 Fire Point (Penaky-Marten) C o F Autoignition Te mperature 0 C 0 F Viscosity at 0C cS None to boiling 652 1.206 2,500 MO 095975 riMB RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-1 VARIATION OF PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERATURE M Tempt* rature Denaity Specific Heat Thermal Conductivity r c K,/m5 BTU/lb. Kcai/Kg. BTU/ft. hr. Kcal/m. hr. Ib/hr, ft *F c F c Viacoaily cP cS Vapour Presaure mmll* K.'cm2 absolute BO 10 17.4 I3M.6 0.272 100 so IS. 7 (372. 7 0. 282 ISO 6B S3.9 1343.7 0. 291 200 9* 2.2 1316.7 0.3047 ISO 121 o.s 1219.1 0. 3151 100 149 70. 7 1261.3 0. 3255 sso ITT 77.0 1233.5 0. 3359 400 204 75. 3 I20S.0 0. 3464 40 m 73. 5 1170. 0 0.3568 500 2B0 71.1 11 BO. 2 0. 3672 BS0 200 70. 1 1122.5 0. 3776 BOO SIB 60.3 1094.7 0.3860 BB0 343 66. 6 1066.9 0. 3965 700 ST) 64.9 1039.3 0.4089 0.272 0.282 0. 291 0. 3047 0. 3151 0. 3255 0. 3359 0. 3464 0. 3568 0. 3672 0.3776 0. 3660 0. 3965 0. 4089 0. 06096 0. 06060 0. 06021 0. 05976 0. 05927 0.05875 0. 05619 0. 05760 0. 05697 0. 05630 0. 05560 0. 05467 0. 05409 0.05329 0.0907 0. 0902 0. 0696 0. 0689 0. 0882 0. 0874 0. 0866 0. 0857 0. 0846 0. 0638 0. 0827 0. 081 7 0. 0805 0.0793 745.36 56.144 15.972 6.2431 5.5270 3.4156 2. 4733 1. 8696 1. 5028 1. 2351 1.0428 0. 90031 0.79186 0. 70731 308 23.2 6.6 3. 4 2. 3 1.4 I. 0 0. 8 0. 6 0. 5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0. 3 220 16.9 4.9 2. 6 1. B 1.1 0. 8 0. 7 0. 5 0. 4 0. 4 0. 3 0. 3 0.3 -- -----' 10 0, 0136 27 0.0367 65 0.0884 143 0. 1945 291 0. 3958 550 0. 7480 16. Spala 1.3218 31.9peli 2. 2429 HONS 095976 MONS 095977 Santotherm FR-1 Kinematic Viscosity MONS 095978 I a MONS 095979 *1 V V V V *I *I e c c 6I ' * t: C C e e c c c e c * 6 6 6 C9 e9 C9 C e9 59 *9 C9 e9 6' 9 69 e9 C9 e9 69 6 e9 e9 e* e9 e9 es * C9 e9 e* I FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - BANTOTHERM fp.i Systems Design Hlnta ( see Page . .39.. ) Fluid Maintenance ( see Page .40... Safe Handling ( see Page .41.., 35. HONS 095980 ) 3G. I I n o t i t i i i n > m u m a t t a u i m > w >>u ii i i 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-2 MAXIMUM BULK TEMPERATURE 315C 600F RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FILM TEMPERATURE 340C 644F This fluid is suitable for continuous processing operation without shut downs. It has the benefit of a lower vapour pressure at the maximum operating temperature. MQNS 095981 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 i 9z. 1J 1~ j* 9 a a 9 a a r ; 37. FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR-2 TYPICAL PHYSICAL. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES Composition Appearance Odour Coefficient of Expansion per *C per *F *Density at 25*C (77 C) kg/mi Ib/ft3 Distillation Range *C F Pour Point eC F Viscosity at O'C cS Flash Point, Pensky-Marten Closed cup *C ASTM-D93 - 46 *F Fire Point, Pensky-Marten Closed cup C ASTM-D93 - 46 *F Auto-ignition Temperature c F Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons Pale yellow liquid Characteristic 0.00052 0.00029 1,450 90.5 343-375 650-707 -7 19.4 10, 000 196 3 85 None to boiling 672 1243 MONS 095982 TIRE RESISTANT FLUID SANTOTHERM FH-2 VARIATION Of PROPER TIER WITH TEMPCRATIIR E Tempe rature Density SpecUlt Heat Thermal C onductlvtty Viscosity Vapour Pressure *r c lb/It3 Kl/m5 BTU/lb. Kcal/Kg. BTU/ft. hr. Kcal/m. hr. lb/hr. ft *F c r c cP cS mmH| Kg/cm* absolute to 10 100 so ISO 66 too OS ISO m too 149 ISO 177 400 004 410 in soo too sso too too 116 610 14) 700 >71 91.4 1464. 6 0. 257 09.0 14)7.6 97.0 1407. 7 86. 2 1)80. 7 0.265 0.274 0. 2040 04. S 1)52.9 0. 2922 02. 7 1)25.2 0. 300) 01.0 1297.4 79.) 1269.6 77. S 1242.0 0.3004 0.3166 0, 3247 75.0 1214.2 0.3)28 74.1 1106.4 0.3410 72.) 1150.7 0.3491 70. 6 11)0.9 0. 3573 60.9 110).1 0. 3654 0.257 0. 265 0. 274 0. 2840 0.2922 0. 300) 0. 3004 0. 3166 0. 3247 0.3320 0. 3410 0. 3491 0. 3573 0. 3654 0. 05081 0. 05052 0. 05001 0. 05708 0. 05749 0. 05703 0. 05655 0.05603 0.05540 0.05480 0. 05424 0. 05357 0.05286 0.05211 0.0975 0. 0871 0.0863 0. 0861 0.0855 0. 0849 0.0942 0. 0834 0. 0826 0. 0817 0.0807 0. 0797 0. 0707 0. 0775 7090. 6 151. 01 27. 83 11.971 6.949 4.531 3.201 2.399 1.881 1.529 1. 2795 1.0971 0.9596 0.8535 2920 62.. 4 11.5 4.9 2.9 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0. 5 0. 5 0.4 0. 4 1999 43.4 8. 2 3. 6 2. 1 1.4 1. 0 0. 8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0. 4 0. 4 0.4 . 6 IS 17 94 17) 340 615 20.3 psta 0.0002 0.0204 0.0503 0.1142 0. 255) 0. 4624 0.0364 l. 427) MuNS 095983 f> * Santothorm FR-2 Variation of proportlos with temporaturo 095981* hqns Santotherm FR-2 Kinematic Viscosity MONS 095985 Santothorm FR-2 Vapour Pressure MQNS 095986 39. FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR - SERIES System Design Hints A good system design allows for the rapid removal of low boiling materials and moisture from the system. Moisture is automatically removed if the expansion tank and vent pipe are kept at over 100C and we suggest that the expansion tank is kept at 105/110C. This is most easily done by taking a bore line from the heater outlet direct to the expansion tank. In the case of systems operating intermittently this small bore line will In some cases be Insufficient to bring the expansion tank up to temperature rapidly and we recommend circulating the bulk of the fluid through the expansion tank at start-up. Santotherm FIt fluids are oxidation-resistant and an inert gas blanket is not required - in fact U would interfere with the continuous venting of the system described above. The vent pipe from the expansion tank should be of generous diameter and be taken outside the building; it should preferably be lined with a corrosion-resistant material e.g. teflon as the combination of moisture and the low boiling degradation products of Santotherm FR fluids are corrosive at ambient temperatures. Lagging of the vent pipe is recommended as is the fitting of a device to prevent direct Ingress of water. A vapour separator should not be necessary as tho procedures outlined above allows for venting of the system. HONS 099987 40. 9 FIRE RESISTANT FLUID - SANTOTHERM FR - SERIES Fluid Maintenance The fluid should be analysed within 24 hours of start up and j: every 3 months for the first year of operation. Afterwards, sampling once every 6 months is generally !| sufficient. Analytical procedures are available from Monsanto who will also comment and advise in any corrective action required. * * 9 9 9 * 9 * HONS 09590# * 4 FIRE RESISTANT FLUIDS - SANTOTHERM FR-SERIES Safe Handling On the basis of animal toxicity studies. Santotherm FR fluids may be considered only slightly toxic from the standpoint of accidental massive skin exposure or accidental ingestion. Similarly, single exposures to high concentration of vapours ( when healed sufficiently to volatilize ) or high concentrations of decomposition products ( If the fluid is accidentally discharged into the fire chamber are not serious hazards because the irritating character of such vapour concentrations precludes voluntary exposure. Repeated or prolonged skin exposure should be avoided since Santotherm FR fluids act as a solvent for fats and oils of the skin. Removal of these natural, protective barriers can lead to drying and chapping such as occurs with exposure to paint thinners. More important, Santotherm FR fluids may be absorbed if allowed to remain on the unbroken skin. For these reasons, we recommend that the skin be washed with soap and water if there is contact. A skin burn result! from accidental contact with hot fluid should be treated in the normal manner for any thermal burn due to hot oils. Because of their low vapour pressure, there is no significant vapour inhalation hazard when Santotherm FR fluids are at room temperature For example there is no vapour exposure problem while transferring the fluid from its shipping container to the heat transfer system. On the other hand the vapours emitted by Santotherm F11 fluids healed to elevated temperatures are injurious on prolonged exposure, it is indicated that the "threshold limit value" or atmospheric vapour concentration which cannot be safely exceeded ( on a dally basis ) is 0.5 - 1.0 milligrams of Santotherm FR vapour per cubic meter of air in the workroom. In heat transfer installations, the fluid must be MONS 095989 used in a closed system free from leaks with the expansion tank vented to the outdoors. Accordingly, there should be little or no opportunity for workers to come in contact with vapours. It should also be noted that Santotherm FR fluids contain chemical compounds of extreme stability which will persist in the environment if allowed to escape. Pollution of the environment must be prevented by good system design and construction so that leakages and spillages are minimised and any that occur are contained and collected. Salvaged Santotherm FR fluids should be returned to Monsanto for redamation or disposal. Do not dispose of waste Santotherm FR into drains or sewers HONS 095990 Section 3 HONS 095991 43. SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUIDS ' Santotherm 77 Santotherm 130 Santotherm 190 MONS 095994 44. SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUTD - SANTOTHERM 77 MAXIMUM BULK TEMPERATURE 370C 700 F RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FILM TEMPERATURE 410C 770F Santotherm 77 has been used for several years in commercial scale and pilot plant systems In a diversity of applications: e g. paint and resin manufacture, high-temperature plastic extrusion, lamination of plastics, chemtcal processing, laboratory baths and thermostatic devices. MONS 095993 special purpose fluid - santotuerm 77 TYPICAL PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES Composition Aromatic Ether Appearance Oily liquid Odour faintly phenolic Coefficient of Expansion C F 0.00061 0.00034 Density at 25 C (77F) kg/m lb/ft 3 Boiling Range C F Pour Point C F 1165 72.7 Approx. 443 Approx. 830 7 45 Flash Point, Pensky-Marten (ASTM-D93 - 46) C F 238 460 Fire Point (Pensky-Marten) C F Autoignition Te mperature o C 0 F Viscosity at 0C cS 282 540 318 605 MONS 095994 H R .*C -- KCAUKQ*C O O tfO O O O O O O O O HONS 095996 Santotherm 77 Vapour Pressure lialldillllM Miic! niio4i[Qi3imruunuiiiu3n:mnuinn:nrmiii::iu:iiumainnniiraiitiumn unmmsuui(wiuRn:QSituucuicuiimmniunimunRia:iim<ixmRn tnwBBSUtBBatdsmBaBBB!tt8:issDm(imsBtauu2Suauani8;afl8BBBn3H,i:tn8auu}Krauw:ian]Ru IIIIIUWilJIJHNIHKillHIIIIIIIIliiRtllHRlIttHtHllllllitflliitWrmiimilllllllllllllRaiHimillHIIlWHftimiiHtHSimsiiilMllJrjiHMmfiHMitiHUmHt* 041 0.001 0.0001 MONS 095997 SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUID - SANTO THERM 77 VARIATION Of PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERATURE Tamp*ratur* D*naity Specific Heat Thermal Conductivity r c Ib/C<l Kt/m* BTU/lb. Kcal/Kp, BTU/ft. hr. r c *F Kcal/m, hr, c 100 31 70. J 1192 MO 100 6?.0 1106 >00 14? 66.6 1070 400 >04 64. 2 102? >00 260 61.2 981 >00 3)6 96, 0 931 700 371 55,2 885 BOO 427 * ' 0. 350 0. 375 0. 4200. 455 0. 495 0. 530 0. 560 0. 600 0. 350 0.375 0. 420 0. 455 0. 495 0. 5)0 0. 560 0. 600 0.0781 0. 0760 0. 0739 0. 0719 0. 0698 - * 0, 1163 0. 1132 0. 1100 0. 1070 0. 1040 ." V coaity lb.'hr. ft cP 445 20. 8 6. 89 3. 72 2. 27 1. 47 0.99 184 8. 59 2. 84 1.54 0.94 0. 61 0. 4) Vapour Praaaura cS mmH| K/vmi absolute 181 7. 78 2. 69 1. 50 0.96 0. 66 0. 46 - 0. 2 7 1.03 9.2 44 168 530 . 0. 0003 0. 0014 0. 0125 0. 06 0.229 0. 722 MONS 095998 47. SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 77 System Design Hints Aluminium should not b used as a material of construction inside the system. Copper too is best kept to a minimum especially when operating over 370C (700F). Fluid Maintenance ( see Page . .57.. ) Safe of Handling ( see Psge . .58. . ) 9 9 MONS 095999 9 9 9 9 i 1t I : 9 !! ! 9 9 9 9 9 * 9 . 9 9 9 .9 9 . I9 !I9 !I9 !I9 'I9 I9 ; 19 48 SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 130 MAXIMUM BULK TEMPERATURE 150C 302F RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FILM TEMPERATURE 170C 338F S&ntotherm 130 was special developed for use at very low temperatures. MUMS 096000 SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 130 TYPICAL PHYSICAL. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES Composition Appearance Organic Silicate Oily liquid Odour characteristic Coefficient of Expansion C F 0.0011 0.00063 Density at 25 C (77F) kg/m3 lb/ft 3 870 54.3 Boiling Range C F 216 - 349 420 - 660 Pour Point C F less than -73 less than -100 Flash Point, Pensky-Marten (ASTM-D93 - 46) C F 77 170 Fire Point (Pensky-Marten) C 0 F Autoignition Te mperature 0 C 0 F Viscosity at 0C cS 82 180 - HONS 096001 1 1 il |* --------- -- SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 130 80. VARIATION OF PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERATURE Tamparttura Density Spacffl c Haat Thermal Conductivity Viacoaity Vapour Prcaauru r c lb/ft S Kg/mS BTU/lb. Kcal/Kg. BTU/ft. hr. r c r >100 73 - so 46 0 -11 so 10 100 so ISO 66 zoo OS ISO 121 soo 149 ISO IT? 400 204 60.4 90.0 97.2 SB. 7 94.1 52.5 90.9 49.4 47.0 46.2 44. S 967.6 941.9 916. S 091.9 066.7 041.0 016. 0 790.6 765.0 7S9. S 716.0 O. 450 0, 499 0. 460 0. 46S 0. 470 0.490 0. 920 0.535 0.610 0,`62S 0. 730 0. 450 0. 499 0. 460 0. 465 0.470 0.490 O. 920 0.535 0,610 0. 629 0. 730 0. 07*7 0.0724 0.0701 0. 0680 0.0659 0. 0640 0.0621 0.0604 0. 0587 0. 05 72 0.0557 Keal/m. hr. c 0.1112 0. 1077 0.1042 0. 1011 0. 0991 0. 0952 0. 0924 0. 0899 0. 0873 0.0851 0.0629 Ib/hr. ft 280.9 36 11. 10 5.30 3.24 2, 18 1.62 1. 21 0.99 0. 97 0.70 cP eS 116 120 15 16 4.6 5.01 2. 2 2.50 1.3 1.55 0.9 1.10 0. 7 0. 82 0,5 0. bl 0.4 0.54 0. 4 O.50 0.3 0. 40 mrrH| abaoluta Kg/<.m2 . . 0.6 3 12 33 100 250 550 . . 0.0008 0.0041 0. 0163 0. 0449 0. 1360 0. 3400 0. 7480 MUNS 096002 I K C A L /K O X Santothorm 130 Variation of proportlos with tonporatwo MQNS 096003 HR.*C -- MOWS 096004 9 9 /KG o r SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUID SANTOTHERM 130 System Design Hlnta Santolherm 130 la suspectible to oxidation and moisture. It is suggested that the system be filled under vacuum though a paper or earth filter so as to remove any traces of moisture arising out of drum handling. An inert gas blanket will have to be used on the expansion tank. Chlorinated solvents should not be used for plant cleaning. Aluminium should not be used as a material of construction. Fluid Maintenance ( see Page . . .57. ) Safe Handling ( see Page .. .58 . ) ISONS 096006 SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUID SANTOTHERM 190 .MAXIMUM BULK TEMPERATURE 355C 670F RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FILM TEMPERATURE 385C 725F Santotherm 190 was the first high temperature heat transfer fluid manufactured by Monsanto. Since Its introduction it has proved itself in numerous chemical processes, which require high temperatures and accurate heat control. MONS 096007 SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 190 TYPICAL PHYSICAL. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES Composition Appearance Organic Silicate Oily liquid Odour characteristic Coefficient of Expansion C F 0.00068 0.00038 nslty at 25 C (77F) kg/m3 lb/ft 3 1.190 74.2 Bolling Range C F Pour Point C F 427 800 -29 -20 Flash Point, Pensky-Marten (ASTM-D93 - 46) C F 238 460 Fire Point (Pensky-Marten) C 0 F Autolgnltlon Te mperature 0 0 F Viscosity at 0C cS 285 545 593 1,100 MOUS 09600a 1 MONS 096009 Santotherm 190 Kinematic Viscosity HONS 096010 f Santotherm 190 Vapour Pressure 'I r4 ; 0 9 'r 9 MOMS 096011 SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUID - SANTO THERM 190 VARIATION OF PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERATURE 54. Temptraiure D*nity Specific Heal Thermal Conductivity r 'C lb ft 5 Kg. m* B7 U/lb. Kcal/Kg. F *C BTU/ft. hr. F Kcal/m. hr. c 40 10 100 so 150 66 200 9) 2$0 121 300 149 ISO 177 400 204 4S0 2)2 sou 260 sso 200 600 316 630 343 700 371 76. 4 74. 4 73.0 71. 7 70. 2 60. 7 67. 3 65.9 64. 3 63. 1 61.7 60.2 SO. 0 57. 4 1223.9 1191.9 1 1 70.2 1140.6 1124. 6 1100.6 1070. 1 1055. 7 1033. 3 1010.9 987.6 964. 4 942. 0 919.6 0, 39 0, 41 0. 42 0. 4) 0. 44 0. 46 0. 47 0. 48 0. 49 0.51 0.52 0. 34 0.55 0.56 0. 39 0. 41 0. 42 0. 43 0. 44 0. 46 0. 47 0. 48 0. 49 0. 51 O. 52 0. 54 0.55 0. 56 0. 0793 0. 0706 0. 0775 0. 0768 0. 0764 0. 0750 0. 0750 0. 0743 0. 0736 0. 0729 000722 0. 0714 0. 0707 0. 0700 0. 1180 0. 11 70 0. 1133 0. 1143 0. 1137 0, 1127 0. 1116 0. 1105 0. 1095 0. 1085 0. 1075 0. 1063 0.1052 0. 1042 *Viacoaity Vapour Preaeure Ib/hr. ft cP cS mmHg K t m2 abaolute 529.9 104. 1 38. 7 18. 87 12. 10 7, 19 6. 05 4. 11 2.90 2. 66 2. 18 1.93 1. 69 1.45 245 43. 0 16. 0 7. 8 5. 0 3. 0 2.5 1. 7 1.2 1. 1 0.9 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 200 36. 1 14. 0 6. 9 4. 4 2. 7 2. 3 1.6 1.2 1. 1 0.9 0. 8 0. 7 0, 7 6 15 30 60 150 0. 0082 0. 0204 0. 0408 0. 0816 0. 2040 MONS 096011 55. SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUID - SANTOTHERM 190 System Design Hints Santotherm 190 will hydrolyse In the presence of water giving rise to products that resemble the effects of severe fluid degradation so moisture must be kept out of the system. Canned ( glandless ) pumps are the only ones recommended for use with Santotherm 190. Aluminium should not be used as a material of construction Inside the system and the use of copper should be kept to a minimum. The expansion tank should be sized to accomodate 70% of the entire system. An efficient vapour separator is essential ( as Illustrated ) on all Santotherm 190 systems to remove low boilers formed during the long service life of the fluid. The separator should be installed at the highest point of the ring main on the fluid return side. To produce a lower pressure In the expansion tank to promote any "low boilers" vapour readily flashing off, the tank should be at least 6 feet ( 1. 8 meters ) above the level of the return main. It should be Insulated to prevent moisture condensation. Part of the liquid from the vapour separator will by-pass the ring main and flow through the expansion tank, entraining vapours from the main. The condensing vessel should not be lagged, since this will produce a difference of operating temperature between the expansion tank and the condenser and the vapour pressures of the low-boilers will be different In each vessel. This will result in released vapours from the fluid in the expansion tank migrating to the condensation vessel where they will condense. Rating of the separator should be based on a phenol formation rate of 1 part of phenol by volume per hour per 1000 parts by volume of Santotherm 190 in the system. HONS 096013 SANTOTHERM 190 SYSTEMS EXPANSION TANK. VAPOUR SEPARATOR AND CONDENSER 56. MGNS 096014 57. SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUIDS - SANTOTHERM 77. 130. 190 Fluid Maintenance (77 and 130) Samples of fluid should be taken from the system 24 hours after start-up and every 3 months for the first year of operation. Afterwards, sampling at 6-monthly Intervals Is generally suf ficient. Analytical procedures are available from Monsanto who will comment on results and advise on any corrective action required. Fluid Maintenance (190) The viscosity of the fluid stripped of low boilers is measured according to a procedure available from Monsanto. Should the stripped viscosity need reducing in order to improve heat transfer properties, Santotherm 1000 (a solid with a m. p. of 50Q can be added to the system. MQNS 096015 58. SPECIAL PURPOSE FLUIDS - 3ANTOTHERM 77. 130. 190, 1000 Safe Handling Santotherm 77, 190 as liquids, are of low toxicity but through hydrolysis with water and as a result of thermal decomposition, phenol is produced and the handling precautions of used fluid should, therefore, be the same as those for phenol. Should these Santotherm fluids come In contact with the skin, the affected parts should Immediately be washed with water or soap and water. If reddening or soreness of the skin develops, a lanolin based cream should be applied. No ointments should be used on severe burns which must be covered with a dry dressing. Operators handling the liquid should wear anti-splash goggles or face visors; if the liquid accidentally enters the eye, it should be copiously washed with water for at least 16 minutes. In a factory with adequate ventilation the vapour should not present a problem and no immediate or chronic effects have been noted among the workers in the plants that manufacture these fluids. Safe Handling of Santotherm 130 Santotherm 130 as a liquid is of low toxicity. There is a tendency for it to dry the skin on long contacts but otherwise no special handling precautions are necessary. Safe Handling of Santotherm 1000 Care must be taken when adding solid Santotherm 1000 (m. p. 50C) to'hot Santotherm 190 (at 100-200C) through the expansion tank. Operators should be provided with protective clothing and the addition process should be oarrled out under well ventilated conditions. HONS QSt>01& 59. 1. GENERAL DESIGN HINTS FOR SANTOTHERM SYSTEMS TYPES OF HEATER The heater is the most critical component in a Santotherm system. Accordingly, on the basis of the prop erties of the fluid selected for its operating range -- the heater should be specified with great care. The type and size of heater is governed by the heat demand of the user-system considered in balance with the maximum recommended bulk temperature of the Santotherm fluid selected, and the fluid film tempera ture at a practical flow velocity over the heat donor surfaces. Two basic heater designs for Santotherm fluids are available: the liquid tube and fire tube type. In liquid tube heaters, the fluid is pumped through the tubes at a definite flow rate as it is heated; in fire tube types, the fluid flows through the shell of the heater that surrounds the fire tubes. In systems where operating temperatures of 500 *F (260 'C) or higher are required, a liquid tube type heater is preferred... unless a specific design is devised to force a steady flow of the fluid over the heat donor surface. The fuel for Santotherm heaters is purely optional. Gas, oil-fired healers, and electrical heating elements are all used with success. Coal fired heaters are gene rally not recommended because of their slow response to changes of load. The overall thermal efficiency of a fired heater will generally be comparable to steam boilers of similar size. Efficiencies of 75-80 % can be expected when convection sections are added. Efficiencies of 60-70% ore achieved with only a radiant section. CIRCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS 0 PRESSURE DROP DATA Santotherm systems are outstanding for serving multiple-users at different temperature levels. When designing a Santotherm liquid heat transfer system, it (s important to remember that the FLUID AND ITS SERVICE LIFE CAN BE NO BETTER THAN THE ENGINEERING OF THE SYSTEM. Santotherm heat transfer fluids are ideally suited for systems requiring high temperature precision heating, precise temperature control, minimum capita] ex pense, low maintenance, and a high degree of safety. The systems, however, must be properly designed and constructed. While there is nothing profoundly differ ent or greatly complicated about Santotherm liquid heat transfer -- certain design parameters must be rigidly observed if the system is to give trouble-free service, run efficiently, and to return the full benefits of heat delivered by unpressurized liquid. A summary of these parameters is: the heater and the fluid flux, the moisture-tightness of the system, and the fail-safe control devices provided. When these factors of design are properly observed, normal main tenance and simple operating procedures will assure years of reliable, trouble-free operation. FILM TEMPERATURES Since heating is not uniform in fired heaters, the maximum beat stress conditions must be used to determine what will be the film temperatures encoun tered. Example: The film coefficient for the fluid in a given heater is 250 BTU/hr.sq.ft., *F, and the bulk fluid temperature is 570 "F. The average radiant absorption rate is 9,000 BTU/sq.ft.. hr. The maximum radiant absorp tion rate is 17,000 BTU/sq.ft., hr. Thus, the average film temperature is : 570*-f 9,000 250 = 606 *F but the maximum film temperature is: Past experience shows that when purchasing a heater, the buyer should insist that the design and the capacity provide an optimum film temperature for the fluid to be used. For radiant heaters, the method of Lobo and Evans* is useful in calculating the film temperatures. When electric heaters are used -- the heat flux is more uniform. However, it is important to remember that all of the heat from the heating element passes into the fluid. Therefore, the watt-density on the surface of the heater tube and the fluid velocity MON6 096017 60. across the heat-donor surface should be in proper balance to avoid excessively high film temperature. Watt-densities in the range of 8 to 10 watts per square inch (1.25 to 1.5 watts per sq.cm.) with a minimum velocity of 4 feet per second (1-1/3 meter per second) are suggested. However, higher wattdensities in the range of 18 to 22 watts per square inch (3.0 to 3.5 watts per square centimetre) have proved satisfactory in properly-designed installations with fast flow. * Lobo, W.E. and Evans, J.E., Trans. AtCHE 35,743 (1939). FLUID VELOCITIES Fluid velocities over the heat donor surfaces should be relatively high; generally 4 to 10 feet per second (1-1/3 to 3 meters per second). This helps avoid both excessive film temperatures and also reduces the quantity of fluid present in the film (hat is in direct contact with the high temperature heat-donor surface. The illustration shows the effect of fluid velocity on film temperature and indicates the importance of this design requirement. I EFFECT OF LIQUID VELOCITY ON FILM I TEMPERATURE DURINGI HCATHKS UtwM Velocity L* Liquid VulMlty ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT To determine overall heat transfer coefficients for the heating system, individual coefficients have to be calculated for heat donor side and the fluid service side at each user station. Film heat transfer coeffi cients for Santotherm liquids are best calculated with the Dittus-Boelter* equation, using the data from the fluids* physical property charts. The Dittus-Boetler equation is : * = 0.3 when Santotherm is used for providing heat * = 0.4 when Santotherm is used for removing heat -D---O----= Reynolds Number (dimensionless) = Prandtl Number (dimensionless) = Nusselt Number (dimensionless) The units to be used to maintain the dimensionless qualities of the numbers, h = Santotherm film heat transfer coefficient D = Internal pipe diameter k = Thermal conductivity of Santotherm at temperature t G = Mass velocity of Santotherm Cp = Specific heat of Santotherm at temperature t n = Absolute viscosity of Santotherm at temperature < t * The Dittus-Boelter equation Is only appllcabls for truly turbulent flow conditions when the Reynolds Number ex ceeds 10,000. (Dittus-Boelter: University of California Pu blications in Engineering 1930.2, 13, pp. 443-461). Morris and Whitman (Morris and Whitman, Ind. Engineering. Chem. 1928, 20 234) have devised a modified calculation which Is necessary for determining coefficients under laminar flow conditions. MONS 096018 ( 9 ;9 9 9 Pumps Pumps must have sufficient capacity and pressure head to circulate the fluid at the rate required by the particular installation. For large flow rates, the pump should generally be the centrifugal type; any one of a number of the standard brands of high temperature pumps is suitable. For most systems, caBt steel pumps are best. Pump manufacturers usually specify that above 450F fluid temperatures (230C), a water jacketed, deep stuffing box or mechanical seal and water-cooled bearings should be used. Mechanical seals are used widely today. On pumps with a stuffing box, at least five rings of packings should be provided, with graphite-impregnated metal foil around an asbestos core at each end and in the centre, and semi-plastic asbestos compound Impregnated with graphite on either side. An open, non-overloading impeller is desirable to handle the cool, relatively viscous liquid at start-up. When a new system is first put into operation, a slight leakage may be noticed at the pump packing. The pump gland should not be tightened however, until the system has heated up to close to the temperature of operation. Canned ( glandless ) pumps require no seal and have proved very serviceable in Santotherm systems. Regardless of the type of pump selected, the flow rate should be checked regularly against the pump's performance when new. To avoid shaft trouble and seal leakage, it is important to avoid pipe support stresses on the body of the pump. Each pump should be fitted with a control device to switch off the burner in case of pump failure. 81. If expansion loops are used in the pump section piping, they should be horizontal or vertically downward. Loops should not be vertically . upwards, because this forms a trap which can collect air and vapour which seriously hamper the pump performance. HONS 096019 az. Filters In a new system , install a wire mesh strainer in the pump section. When operating where solids and contamimants might enter the system, is Is advisable to permanently install a high temperature filter by-pass line that can be Isolated with valves for periodic cleaning. Materials of Construction The majority of metals show good corrosion resistance to Santotherm fluids. Mild steel is generally used but see under each fluid for materials to be avoided. The Expansion Tank and venting arrangements The expansion tank should be Installed at the highest point in the system on the suction side of the pumps and it should serve as the main venting point of the system. The vent line from the tank should be led outside of the building so that any hot vapours do not enter the working area. When using a nitrogen blanket moisture should be driven off from the fluid before the gas pressure is set. The expansion tank should be sized so that it is 1/4 full when the system is at room temperature and 3/4 full when the system is at operating temperature. It should be fitted with a sight glass at the full range and with a float operated, minimum level switch to shut off the heater in the event of accidental fluid loss. ' MQNS 0960ZQ 63. Pipework The most important factors in the piping layout for Santotherm systems are : (A) Proper sizing for the required flow rate and (B) minimizing pressure drop. Because the system will undergo temperature changes, adequate loops to relieve expansion and contraction stress are essential. Hot forge seamless pipework should be used throughout the system. It is characteristic of most organic fluids (including Santotherm) to have a tendency to leak through joints and fittings at high temperatures unless these fittings are very tight. Therfore flanged Joints should be used sparingly to minimize potential leak points. Threaded connections are used with Santotherm up to a 1-lnch ( cm) maximum size. A new die is recommended in cutting the threads to ensure a proper fit. Careful attention to threading procedure should provide a good connection; do not rely on the use of pipe dope to eliminate leakage. The connections must be steel and the thread cut taper to taper. Below 450F (230C), P.T.F.E. tape can be used for sealing threaded connections. Above 450F (230Q, powdered graphite mixed with 8.A.E. 30 oil to a consistency of thick oil paint has been used successfully. The graphite mixture Is not suitable for lower temperatures, since the higher temperature is needed for baking. In large size pipes, connections should be welded wherever practical. Careful layout and use of curved sections can minimize the number of welded or flanged connections required. When a flanged connection is made, ASA ISO or equivalent raised-face flanges are recommended. The flanges should be back welded to the pipe and proper gasketing used, such as spiral wound asbestos and stainless steel gasket. Small lip spiral wound gaskets are to be preferred over the wide lip type, because they allow better compression with the ASA 150 flange. Short out, pre-cut and cured asbestos gaskets have also proved satisfactory. It is recommended that stretch-resisting high-temperature alloy stud bolts, be used. All high points in the pipework should be provided with vent valve connections. HONS 096021 94. Valve a Cast steel valves equivalent to ASA 150 with deep stuffing boxes are satisfactory for Santotherm systems. If it is possible, globe valves with an outside screw (as a protection against high temperatures ) should be used throughout the system since they provide the only truly effective seal against Santotherm fluids. Gate valves do not always provide a tight shut-off. Gland rings should be of asbestos yarn reinforced with wire encasing an asbestos core Impregnated with graphite; as many rings as possible should be used. Controls Controls for heating systems using Santotherm should be Installed both on the heater Itself and on the heat-using units. A wide variety of thermal-operating oontrols are available, and any reliable standard equipment Is satisfactory. Install heater oontrols to regulate the firing mechanism In direct proportion to the required output. These controls should Increase or decrease the heat in-put to maintain the Santotherm at the operating temperature required by the heat-demand of the user. Small units may be operated satisfactorily by relatively simple "on-off" or "high-low" controllers; larger units will operate more uniformly if equipped with modulating temperature controls. Install user oontrols to regulate the flow of the heat transfer fluid in proportion to the heat-consumption of the heat-using equipment. In a multiple-user system, separate oontrols should be Installed on each consuming unit, to assure the proper heat-delivery. MONS 096022 Safety Controls In addition to activating controls, the system must also be fitted with the proper safety devices to meet the local code requirements. Safety controls should Include : (A) High temperature cutoff at the heater outlet ... to shut off the burner in the event of an excessive temperature rise. (B) Heater low flow cutoff ... to shut down the burner, should flow rate.drop below design rates, or if a loss of flow occurs due to pump malfunction or failure. Burners should be equipped with regular automatic Ignition controls and flame failure controls. In wide-range firing, an over-fire draft control will save heat losses. Electric power failure and Instrument air failure safety controls are also desirable. In general, a policy of "fall-safe" instrumentation and control In the designing is essential, using good quality Indicating - and recording gauges, with accuratereading scales calibrated for the particular limits of operation. (O Expansion tank low level switch ... to shut off the heater in the event of accidental fluid loss. HONS 096023 * * 66. i* \ 2. TYPICAL The transfer of process heat as a liquid offers these benefits to the installation : SYSTEM LAYOUTSj Precise heating levels 1 Closer temperature control at each user station Minimum cost installations Greater operating safety Low maintenance costs Santotherm systems are characterized by their extreme flexibility. A single heater can serve multiple I users operating at the same or different temper ature levels. The systems can be devised to deliver and to remove heat. Since the heat transfer is done with a liquid, there are no problems of condensation, pressure drop, and great heat surges. The following diagrams illustrate the basic features of the heater off-take connections and the various arrangements of heat users that can be operated on Santotherm fluids. 9 ^ a * 9 9 9 9 \ instruments to control the fluid temperature leaving the heater and the by-pass flow control to assure adequate flow through the heater regardless of user demands. HONS 096024 HSATINO A SINOUi USSR: FIG 2 ` FRCbFIOW recorder controller WITH LOW LIMIT CUTOFF TO BURNER Note that the user temperature can be controlled by either (a) rate of flow of SANTOTHERM to the user, or (b) by the temperature of SANTOTHERM, varied by fuel input to the heater. HIATINO MULTIPLE USIRS: FI, 3 PUMP FRCsFLOW RECORDER CONTROLLER WITH LOW LIMIT CUTOFF TO BURNER Note that each user can be controlled at a different temperature by control of the flow of SANTO THERM and therefore the rate of flow of heat offered. HONS 096025 HSATINO OR COOLINO BIVSRAL USIRS SIMULTANIOU8UY 68. PUMP Note that with this arrangement, a Santotherm system can be used to cool a batch process rapidly after reaction. The heat taken out can be used as a source of hot water taken off from the heat exchanger. The cooling process is achieved simply by by-passing the users and cutting in a cooling circuit in which the fluid passes through a heat exchanger. MONS 096026 TIMNRATURI CONTROL BY BLBNDINO FLOW RECORDER CONTROLLER WITH LOW LIMIT CUTOFF TO BURNER A ipgle heater supplying hot nuid in this arrange ment can provide widely differing temperature levels to multiple usera. The high heat circuit is connected into the low heat circuit through a 4-way valve that blends the hot and cool fluid. This type of system finds application for processing heat-sensitive mate rials. HONS 09602? pp 70. SUGGESTED START-UP PROCEDURE FOR NEW SYSTEMS For a new system or one that returns to service after draining, the following check points are recommended as guides. They are supplemental to the heater manufacturers' and the heat-user processing equipment makers' recommendations apply generally to the care of the fluid in all sizes and types of systems: ll.l Check Safety and Control Devices ... for proper installation and functioning, making sure that the range gettings are proper for the operation. Manually activate the Instruments and apply all tests necessary to assure proper functioning. For protection of the system and for the expected long service life of the fluid it is vitally Important that all instruments and controls function properly. (2.) Check for leakage (3.) Remove moisture from the system, using dry compressed air. (4.) Fill the System with Santotherm A. Fill the expansion tank with Santotherm, and Introduce the Quid slowly into the system through the expansion tank valve until the tank is almost empty. Close the valve and again fill the tank. Open the valve allowing the fluid to enter the system and repeat until it no longer flows by gravity. B. Open all valves then start the main circulating pump in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Observe the liquid level in the expansion tank, refilling as necessary until the system has been filled. Allow for the thermal expansion of Santotherm in determining the cold charge level. The expansion tank should be adjusted to 70-75 % full when the hot operating temperature is reached. S6o,a 71. C. Circulate the Santotherm fluid through the system for about 3 to 4 hours to eliminate air pockets and to assure complete fill of the system. BEFORE FIRING HEATER, BE SURE THAT SANTOTHERM IS CIRCULATING FREELY. (5) Start the Heater A. Bring the system up to temperature slowly - about 100F per hour. This will prevent thermal shock to heater tubes, tube/heater joints, refractory materials, etc. ... and allow operators to check the functioning of instruments and controls. The slow heat-up will also allow any moisture trapped In the system to escape as a vapour. B. Bring System to operating temperature and put the "users" on the line. C. The fluid is generally analysed within 24 hours of plant start-up and every 3 months during the first year of operation. (See details under the fluid In question). D. Check the filter. As foreign material collects, the filter should be periodically removed and cleaned. After several days of operation with no foreign material on the screen - it may be permanently removed. The system should be heated and cooled for at least two cycles with the screen in place since the resulting expansion and contraction will loosen mill scale. MONS 096Q29 SUGGESTED OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR LIQUID PHASE HEATING SYSTEM USING SANTOTHERM FLUIDS (1) CHECK SAFETY CONTROLS In addition to activating controls, the heater should also be fitted with the proper safety controls to meet local code requirements. (See Page 65) MQNS 096030 73, (2\ START-UP TEMPERATURE PRECAUTIONS 1. Temperature of fluid at start-up is important: Consult your plant or pump supplier for the minimum recommended start-up temperature. This should correspond with the maximum permitted fluid viscosity. Failure to comply with their recommendations may lead to a burnt out motor on pumps. 2. If you have to start-up at low temperatures (below those specified), the fluid should be heated in a safe way, for example wlth'electric tapes etc... 3. One way of avoiding start-up temperature problems is to keep the system idling at 105C - especially in cold weather. (3) PROCEDURE FOB START-UP ( COLD FLUID ) 1. When the start-up temperature is O.K., start the circulating pump and check the expansion tank level to see that the Santotherm is at the proper cold-start level (1/4 hill). 2. Start burner at the "low" flame setting and continue full circulation until the Santotherm bulk temperature reaches 106C. 3. Turn heater to full heat. MCNS 096031 PROCEDURE FOR START-UP ( HOT FLUID 1 Start-up after an automatic shut-down by the safety controls (fluid should still be above 105C) 1. Run the circulating pump for ten minutes or so to eliminate any vapour pockets formed when the fluid has remained static In the heater. 2. If there is no knocking In the system, the heater can be turned to full fire. ,74 <51 PROCEDURE FOR SHUT-DOWN 1. Shut off burner completely with circulating pump still operating. Continue-to run the pump at full capacity for at least one hour to dissipate residual heat in the combustion chamber of the burner. 2. Shut off circulating pump after one hour and switch off all heater electrical controls. MONS 09603^ 75. (6) PLANNED MAINTENANCE Regular maintenance inspection schedules should Include the manufacturers' recommendations for the heater and the components as well as inspection of the Santotherm fluid. The following is a list of Inspection check points : 1. Lubrication of moving parts 2. Operating fidelity and the accuracy of the readings of safety controls and temperature limit controls. 3. Inspection of heater tubes, burner, refractory linings. 4. Periodic inspection of heater service. 5. Inspection of the water cooling at the circulating pump. 6. Re-pacldng of stuffing boxes ( according to the manufacturers specification). 7. Inspection of the expansion tank venting system - vent pipe, dessicant pot. 8. Half-yearly or annual sampling and analysis of the Santotherm fluid. MONS 096033 76. The fluid is normally analysed with 24 hours of plant start-up and every three months during the first year of operation. Afterwards, Bix-monthly checks are usually sufficient. Monsanto provides analytical procedures for sample testing and will advise on corrective action required should results be outside acceptable values for used fluid. (71 DISPOSAL OF USED FLUID Used Santotherm fluids should never be poured down normal drainage systems. Contact Monsanto for advice on safe and efficient disposal. MONS 096034 I 77. 5. UNITS CONVERSION CHART Length Area Volume Maw Oanalty Preeture Hatt Haat Tranafer par unit lima Haat Tranalar par unit tlma par unit area Haat Tranalar coefficient Thermal Conductivity viacoaity Kinematic vieooetly To Convert from cm om* ft* cm* ft* gallon (Imp) gallon (Imp) gallon (Imp) kg lb gm/cm* Ib/ft* gm/cm* tb/ln* K cal BTU K cal/hr Kilowatt Kilowatt K cal/m* hr BTU/ft* hr BTU/ft* hr Watt/cm* K cal/m* hr oc BTU/ft2 hr P cal/om* aao C K cal m/hr m* C Centlpolte Cantipoiaa Cantlatoka Cantlatoka To ft cm ft* cm* ft* cm* ft* litre gallon (US) lb kg Ib/tt* gm/cm* ib/rt* lb/ln* atmoaphara BTU K cat Kilowatt K cal/hr BTU/hr 8TU/II* hr Watt/cm* BTU/ft* hr BTU/ft* hr OF K cal/m* hr oc BTU/ft* hr op BTU ft/hr/ft* op Ib/ft hr kg/hr m ft*/aac ft/hr Multiply by 3.28 X 10--a 303 1.08 X 10-* 9.29 X 10* 3.53 X 1(M 4.85 120 2.20 4 54 X 10-1 1.80 X 10-* 8.24 X 10-* 1.42 x 10-* 8.60 X 1H 2.52 x 10-1 6.60 X 10* 341 x 10* 3.17 X 10* 7.37 x 10* 6.72 X 10-1 340 HONS 096035 The Information In this manual Is to our best knowledge true and accurate but all Instructions, recommendations or suggestions are made without guarantee. Since the conditions of use are beyond their control, Monsanto Company and its subsidiaries disclaim any liability for loss or damage suffered from use of these data or suggestions. Furthermore no liability Is accepted If use of any product In accordance with these data or suggestions Infringes any patent. HOMS 096036 HEAD OFFICE MONSANTO9 Monsanto Europe S.A. Place Madou t EUROPEAN-9 0 - 1030 Brussels. Belgium OFFICES Telephone : (02)19.11.01 Telex : 22110/21966 -5 AUSTRIA: Monsanto (Osterreich) GmbH. Wien 1 Rudolfsplatz 12 9 9 Telephone : 63.81.70 Telex : 75601 9 BELGIUM / LUXEMBURG : 9 Monsanto Europe N.V. Mecheisesteenweg 163 B 2000 Antwerp. Belgium Telephone : (03) 30.59-40 - Telex : 31657 FRANCE: Societe Monsanto 9. rue d'Argenson 9 Paris S'"* Telephone : 265.65.20 Telex : 65261 GERMANY: - Monsanto DeutBChland GmbH. Immermannstrafle 3*5 4000 Diisseldorf Telephone . (0211)36.75.1 Telex : 856-1307 ITALY : Monsanto Italians S.p A. Via F. Filzi 24 20124 Milano Telephone : 66.62 84 - 66.63.73 Telex : 38209 NETHERLAND : Monsanto N.V. 54. Jan van Nassaustraat s Gravenhage Telephone : (070)24.55.78 Telex : 32200 Monsanto SUM OffrtM m principal cifM of Swope Monsanto Chemicals Limited 10-10, Victoria Street London S.W.1 Telephone : ABBEY 5679 Telex : 916093 SPAIN : Monsanto tberica S.A. Lepanto 350 Barcelona 13 Telephone : 255.10 00 255.64.00 Telex : 52050 SWEDEN: Monsanto Scandinavia AB UlvsundavSgen 108 Bromma - Stockholm Telephone : 80.28.30 Telex : 17359 MONS 096037