Document QMqvYk26GxN7n5eLwbbpz1Jz7

U--fhermutJnLO iW' FR FLUID HEAT ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER DATA A Design Guide For Engineering Low-Cost, Low-Pressure FIRE-RESISTANT HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMS DS\N 321677 STLCOPCB4073328 } TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...................................................................... ............................ Properties Important To Heat Transfer Design...... .............................. Curves: Viscosity/Temperature; Density, Specific Gravity............... Curves: Specific Heat; Thermal Conductivity................ ................. Specific Heat of Therminol Fluids: Relationship To Density.,........ The Heater.................................... ................................. ............................. Therminol System Components............................................................... Pumps, Piping, Valves, Rotary Joints, the Expansion Tank, etc. Testing, Cleaning, Filtering..................................................... .................. Controls for the Therminol System............................... ......................... Operation and Maintenance of the Therminol System........................ Typical Therminol Systems................ .................... ................................. Therminol Engineering Data.......................... ........................................... Resistance of Valves and Fittings To Flow of Fluids........................... Pressure Drop; Heat Transfer Rate, Heat Exchangers......................... Viscosity Conversion Chart.............................................................. . Engineering Conversion Factors.................................... ......................... Typical Applications for Therminol Systems........................................ Safety of Handling Therminol Fluids....................................................... Notes................................ .............................................................................. Page .1 .3 .. 4 .. B .. e .. 8 . ii 14 16 16 16 22 29 30 35 36 45 46 47 DSW 321678 STLCOPCB4073329 Delivering High-Temperature Process Heat as a Liquid As recently as 1941, process engineers were limited to two methods of delivering process heat: DIRECT FIRING or PRESSURIZED VAPOR. Each method had definite draw backs. Direct firing was often unsatisfactory because the heating was uneven, the tempera tures difficult to control, and the processing of combustible materials extremely hazardous. Pressured-vapor, such as steam, -required costly, high pressure piping, valves, and proc essing equipment--plus constant chemical "conditioning" of boiler water. Heat energy and temperature loss were common with pres sured-vapor systems because of "blowdowns," condensation, and the inevitable pressure loss with long runs of piping. Today, non-pressurized, high-temperature, fire-resistant heat transfer systems based on Monsanto's THERMINOL FR Heat Trans c fer liquids overcome practically all the de ficiencies and drawbacks of direct firing and pressurized-vapor heating. THERMINOL FR--a series of high-boiling, heat-stable organic liquids, delivers processing heat to single or multi-users as a liquid without pres surizing. THERMINOL fluids are Bafe and fire resistant. Heating is uniform; and tem perature control is accurate within a range of plus-or-minus 2F. Heat transfer systems now in use for several years have proved THERMINOL fluid heat successful in a wide variety of process heating operations ... from food cooking to chemical processing, from distillations to drying ovens and in petroleum refining. Design engineers and manufacturers have developed a variety of THERMINOL FR Fluid Systems ranging from small electrically heated units to giant gas or oil fired units-- all capable of delivering heat AS A LIQUID. 0^ STLCOPCB4073330 This manual explains and illustrates the fundamentals of THERMINOL fluid heat transfer systems design. It lists materials of construction and components for use with THERMINOL, and explains how each is "designed in" to make the most efficient system for safe, economical and reliable opera tion. It shows how these systems can be adapted to a wide variety of heating and cooling processes. This engineering heat trans fer data has been compiled to aid the Process Engineer in designing a safe, minimum main tenance system for delivering heat to the points of use in practically any commercial or industrial process. mm ) therir\JJTLOikFR HEAT transfer liquids... Monsanto THERMINOL FR heat transfer liquids are chlorinated biphenyls, manufac tured under exacting process control to pro duce fluids consistent in all properties impor tant to heat transfer. THERMINOL FR products are unique in that they are actually produced to rigid specifications for thermal stability, specific heat, thermal conductivity, vapor pressure, and viscosity. There are three THERMINOL FR products, with a range of low temperature fluidity and boiling points that allows the user to select the best balance of fluid properties for a specific use: THERMINOL FR 1 _ with lowest temperature fluidity--excellent for processes requiring both heating and cooling THERMINOL FR 2 with optimum balance of properties for use in most common industrial heating applications THERMINOL FR 3 with highest boiling point for special proc essing equipment applications DSW 321680 0 STLCOPCB4073331 PROPERTIES IMPORTANT TO HEAT TRANSFER DESIGN THERMINOL FR-1 i Temperature F. C. 50 10.0 f 100 37.8 1 150 200 f 250 66 93 121 300 149 - 350 177 400 204 450 232 500 260 550 288 600 316 1 650 700 343 371 Enthalpy BTU/Lb. 4.856 18.68 32.95 48.07 63.50 79.46 95.94 112.96 130.48 148.52 167.08 186.16 205.79 225.92 Specific Heat Thermal Conduct. BTU/Lb.--F. BTU/Ft!, Hr.,F./Ft. 0.272 0.282 0.291 0.3047 0.3151 0.3255 0.3359 0.3464 0.3568 0.3672 0.3776 0.3880 0.3985 0.4089 0.06098 0.06060 0.06021 0.05976 0.05927 0.05875 0.05819 0.05760 0.05697 0.05630 0.05560 0.05487 0.05409 0.05329 Density Lb./Gal. 11.683 11.458 11.216 10.991 10.760 10.528 10.296 10.065 9.833 9.601 9.370 9.138 8.906 8.675 i Temperature } F. C. rt ~ 50 : 100 10.0 37.8 i 150 t 200 66 93 250 121 L 300 350 \ 400 1 450 149 177 204 232 f 500 260 rrf 550 600 650 288 316 343 700 371 i f Enthalpy BTU/Lb. THERMINOL FR-2 Specific Heat Thermal Conduct. Density BTU/Lb.--'"F. BTU/Fti, Hr., F./Ft. Lb./Gal. 4.59 17.61 31.09 45.11 59.43 74.14 89.26 104.81 120.74 137.08 153.85 170.99 188.58 203.45 0.257 0.265 0.274 0.2840 0.2922 0.3003 0.3084 0.3166 0.3247 0.3328 0.3410 0.3491 0.3573 0.3654 0.05881 0.05852 0.05801 0.05788 0.05748 0.05703 0.05655 0.05603 0.05548 0.05488 0.05424 0.05357 0.05286 0.05211 12.225 12.000 11.750 11.525 11.293 11.062 10.830 10.598 10.367 10.135 9.903 - 9.672 9.440 9.208 THERMINOL FR-3 Viscosity Vapor Pres, mm Lb./Hr.-Ft Hg. Absolute 745.36 56.144 15.972 8.2431 5.5270 3.4158 2.4753 1.8898 1.5028 1.2351 1.0428 0.90031 0.79186 0.70731 10 27 65 143 291 550 18.8 psia 31.9 psia -: - 11S 3 i I i1I i* ii k i Viscosity Lb./Hr.-Ft. 7090.6 151.01 27.83 11.971 6.949 4.531 3.201 2.399 1.881 1.529 1.2795 1.0971 0.9596 0.8535 -' - Vapor Pres. mm.; Hg. Absolute s . -V? .. - ' 15 37 84 m 340 615 20.3 psia J i i i j i | |^! f Tempe rature i F. C. 50 100 150 200 250 300 t 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 10.0 37.8 66 93 121 149 177 204 232 260 288 316 343 371 Enthalpy Specific Heat Thermal Conduct. BTU/Lb. BTU/Lb.--F. BTU/FtJ, Hr., F./Ft. 4.28 16.37 29.06 41.95 55.36 69.20 83.46 98.15 113.26 128.77 144.73 161.11 177.92 192.24 0.239 0.245 0.256 0.2629 0.2714 0.2799 0.2884 0.2969 0.3054 0.3138 0.3223 0.3308 0.3393 0.3478 0.05700 0.05680 0.05634 0.05620 0.05598 0.05558 0.05513 0.05466 0.05415 0.05360 0.05302 0.05241 0.05176 0.05107 Density Lb./Gal. 13.002 12.760 12.534 12.292 12.061 11.829 11.597 11.366 11.134 10.902 10.671 10.439 10.207 9.976 Viscosity Vapor Pres. mm. Lb./Hr.-Ft. Hg. Absolute 1628.6 101.64 24.262 12.091 7.116 4.669 3.306 2.476 1.937 1.5699 1.3095 1.1188 0.97531 3 9 24 55 114 223 413 735 STLCOPCB4073332  r DENSITY--LBS./GAL. -100 -SO 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 700 TEMPERATURE F. : i DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.60 ). 1.50 oo 1.40 (0 >HI- 1.30 > o<cc o 1.20 Iouti <C0L 1.10 1.00 i STLCOPCB4073333 1 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 < TEMPERATURE F. L, DSW 321683 STLCOPCB4073334 specific heat of JLftt t Ithi m.M*. fr Its Relationship to Density Specific heat--the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a material one degree, compared to the heat required 4o raise a like mflRg of water one degree--compares the material with water, pound for pound. When comparing specific heat values of THERMINOL FR liquids with correspond ing values of other heat transfer fluids, it is important to note that the density of THERMINOL is much higher than the den sity of other fluids commonly used in heat transfer. In consequence, the heat capacity of THERMINOL fluids is greater than imme diately apparent from the specific heat values. In transferring heat, a volume of fluid is circulated to give up or absorb heat and the heat capacity of that volume of fluid is the factor that determines the heat transfer ca pacity of the system. When a comparison is made on a volume basis (as illustrated below), THERMINOL liquids are comparable to other organic liq uids and superior to some: SPECIFIC HEATS OF VARIOUS FLUIDS at ROOM TEMPERATURE Pounds/ Gal. Specific Heat Heat Capacity (BTU/lb./ (BTU/gal./ F.) F.) THERMINOL FR 2 Organic Fluid "A" Petroleum Oil 12.03 8.82 7.9 0.276 0.378 0.378 3.32 3.33 2.98 i I) THE FLUIDS THERMINOL FR liquids are unique. They permit installation of a non-pressurized sys tem operating with a liquid which has no fire point, and will not support combustion. THERMINOL FR liquids are so fire-resist ant they have been listed with Underwriters' Laboratories! Because of this extreme fire resistance and its recognition by insurance companies, impor tant savings can be made in designing a process heating system around THERMINOL FR fluids. The savings include not only the lower capital cost of non-pressurized equip ment, its simplified installation and lower maintenance; but also elimination of some of v - the costly safety devices required in equip ment circulating a flammable fluid at or above its fire point. These economies show up both in the type of components needed and in the layout of the system. Still another unique property of THERM INOL fluids is their unusual chemical inert ness. They are among the most oxidationresistant compounds known. This inertness prevents the formation of oxidation sludges if the hot fluid comes in contact with air. This extends the useful service life of the heat transfer fluid; occasionally allows economies in design. However, THERMINOL FR fluids are not intended for use in open vessels but in properly vented, closed systems. - '' DSW 321684 STLCOPCB4073335 Chemically, THERMINOL FR fluids are resistant to strong acids, mild alkalies, and dilute solutions of strong alkalies. THERMAL STABILITY THERMINOL FR fluids are thermally stable. They are manufactured to meet strict thermal stability specifications. Each produc tion run is tested in Monsanto's laboratories with special equipment developed by Monsanto to assure that these fluids meet the high standards of thermal stability. Any material which does not meet these standards is rejected. It is characteristic of almost all organic mate rials to undergo chemical change when ex posed to high temperatures for long periods of time. The type of chemical change depends upon the molecular structure of the fluid; the degree of change depends on the temperature, and the length of time of exposure. THERMINOL FR fluids resist chemical change up to temperatures of 600F. and # show no measurable change after years of exposure to such temperatures. Exposure to temperatures above 600F.--even localized overheating will only cause some formation of "high boilers": molecules of THERMINOL FR will join together to form larger molecules quite similar to the original material, but higher in viscosity and in boiling point. These high boilers are soluble in the fluid up to reasonable concentrations; so overheating only increases the fluids' room temperature viscosity slightly. When a concentration of approximately 5-10 percent "high boilers" has been formed, however, the viscosity begins to rise quite sharply. With this change, small but measurable amounts of dry hydrogen chloride gas are evolved. This should be removed from the system by appropriate venting. When THERMINOL FR fluids operate at high bulk temperatures, or, where some local over heating may occur, the system should be designed to prevent moisture from condensing in the vapor spaces where this hydrogen chloride gas is being vented. When the hydrogen chloride is dry, it has little or no effect on metals in the system. However, if the hydrogen chloride dissolves in moisture, an acid corrosive to certain metals is formed. A properly designed heater and distri bution system operated at or below 600F., will allow use of the same fluid for many years. While THERMINOL FR fluids normally are operated to a maximum temperature of 600F. --systems specially designed for operation at higher temperatures have proved successful. At higher temperatures--"high boiler" forma tion with attendant viscosity increase is, of course, accelerated and a shorter service life must be expected. However, side stream dis tillation can be employed to constantly re move higher boiling materials while the sys tem is in operation. Periodic make-up is added to replace the quantity of the high boiler material removed. An alternate procedure for higher tempera ture operation, which is sometimes more suitable for smaller installations, is periodic replacement of the THERMINOL charge, reclaiming the used fluid by straight take over distillation. (Monsanto should be con tacted for details regarding this procedure.) On systems containing only 50-100 gallons of THERMINOL, it is usually most economical to periodically discard the entire charge and replace it with new fluid. THERMINOL SYSTEM DESIGN When designing a THERMINOL FR system it is important to remember this fact: THE FLUID CAN BE NO BETTER THAN THE SYSTEM! THERMINOL FR liquids are ideally suited for high temperature preci sion heating and temperature control applica tions, but only if the heater and distribution system are properly designed, constructed and operated. While there is nothing profoundly different or complicated about a THERM INOL system, certain design parameters must be rigidly observed if the system is to operate trouble-free, efficiently, and with realization of the full benefits of heat de livered by a liquid. DSW 321685 STLCOPCB4073336 f TZTXZXM the HEATER The heater is the most critical component in a THERMINOL system. Accordingly, the heater should be selected with great care! Two basic heater designs for THERMINOL fluids are available: the liquid tube and fire tube types. In liquid tube heaters, the THERMINOL is pumped through the tubes at a definite flow rate as it is heated; in fire tube types, THERMINOL flows through the "shell" of the heater surrounding the fire tubes. When operating temperatures of 500F. (or higher) are required, a liquid tube type heater is to be preferred ... unless a specific design is devised to force a steady flow over the heat donor surfaces. Since THERMINOL fluids transfer heat in liquid form, they do not form vapor to ac celerate convection circulation. To avoid hot spots in a THERMINOL heater, the fluid should be pumped over the heating surfaces so that no area of stagnant fluid occurs. Fluid velocities over the heat donor surfaces should be relatively high; generally 4 to 10 feet per second. This helps avoid both exces sive fluid film temperatures and also reduces the quantity of fluid in the high temperature film that is in direct contact with the heat donor surface. The illustration shows the effect of fluid velocity on film temperature and indicates the importance of this design requirement. EFFECT OF LIQUID VELOCITY ON FILM TEMPERATURE DURING HEATING High Liquid Velocity Low Liquid Velocity Importance of Fluid Velocity and Film Tem perature through Heater A bulk fluid temperature of 600F. and a maximum film temperature of 640F. assures long service life of THERMINOL FR fluids. Note the significance of "maximum" film temperature: heating is not uniform in fired DSW 321686 STLCOPCB4073337 heaters, and maximum conditions--not aver age--must be used to determine the recom mended 640F. ceiling. Example: The film coefficient for THERMINOL in a given heater is 250 BTU/hr. sq. ft., F., and the fluid temperature is 570J\ The average radiant absorption rate is 9,000 BTU sq. ft., hr. The maximum ra diant absorption rate is 17,000 BTU/sq. ft., hr. The average film temperature is then 570 + 9,000 250 = 606F., but the maximum film temperature is 570 + 17,000 250 = 638F. balance to avoid excessive THERMINOL film temperatures. Watt-densities in the range of 8 to 10 watts per square inch with a minimum velocity of 4 feet per second are suggested. However, watt-densities in the 18 to 22 watt per square inch range have proved satisfactory in properly designed installations. Heaters for THERMINOL should meet local code requirements. However, the fire resist ance of THERMINOL FR fluids will often permit important economies in the design and placement of fired heater equipment. With gas-fired heaters, the THERMINOL unit need not be placed outside of the building or isolated in a fireproof structure unless the use process requires such precaution. Steam or inert gas smothering devices can generally be eliminated and a vapor tight firebox to retain smothering gases is not necessary. Past experience shows that when purchasing a heater, the buyer should insist that design and capacity provide optimum film tempera ture for the fluid. The method of Lobo and Evans is useful in calculating film temperatures in radiant heaters. When electric heaters are used--heat flux is more even. However, it is important to re member that all of the heat from the electric element passes into the fluid. The watt-density on the surface of the heater tube and the fluid velocity past the tube should be in proper The fuel for THERMINOL heaters is purely optional. Gas- or oil-fired heaters, and elec tric resistance heating are all used with success. Coal-fired heaters are generally not recommended because of their slow response to change of load at the heat source. The over-all thermal efficiency of a fired heater will generally be comparable to steam boilers of similar size. Efficiencies of 75 to 80 percent can be expected when convection sections are added. Efficiencies of 60 to 70 percent are achieved with only a radiant section. Lobo, W. E.. and J. E. Evans, Trans. AlChE, 35,743 (1939) r Several types of heaters which have operated successfully in THERMINOL systems are illustrated on the following page. DSW 321687 STLCOPCB4073338 STLCOPCB4073339 pumps for the "^hornr\JjhLD= FLUID HEAT SYSTEM In selecting pumps for a THERMINOL system, it is important that the pump ca pacity and pressure head be sufficient to circulate the fluid at the rate demanded by the particular installation. For large flow rates, the fluid circulating pump should gen erally be the centrifugal type and any one of a number of brands of standard high ternperature centrifugal pumps designed for hot liquid service is suitable. Dean Brothers, Worthington, Ingersoll-Rand and Chempump for example, are all used satisfactorily. For most THERMINOL systems, cast steel pumps are best. Pump manufacturers usually specify that above 450F. fluid temperatures, a water jacketed, deep stuffing box or me chanical seal and water-cooled bearings be used. Mechanical seals are used widely today. It is suggested that with a stuffing box, eight rings of packing be provided. Durametallic No. D-110, Garlock No. 736 and equivalent packings are satisfactory for the pump, and an open, non-overloading impeller is desirable to handle the cool, relatively viscous liquid at start up. When a new system is first put into operation, a slight leakage may be noticed at the pump packing. It is not advisable to tighten the pump gland, however, until the system has heated up close to the temperature of operation. Canned pumps such as Chempump Series T require no seal and have proved very service able in THERMINOL systems. Small gear pumps are also used successfully in THERM INOL FR service because the fluids have good high temperature lubricating properties. However, gear pumps characteristically de crease in pumping capacity after extended use. When gear pumps are used, care should be taken in selecting the capacity so there is a margin that will assure adequate flow through the heater. Regardless of the type of pump selected, the flow rate should be checked regularly against its performance when new. To avoid shaft trouble and leakage at the seals, it is important to provide adequate expansion joints and to support the piping in a way that avoids stresses on the body of the pump. Direct-connection pumps driven by 1,750 rpm. motors are most commonly used. Each pump should be fitted with a control to switch off the burner in case of pump failure. If expansion loops are used in the pump suction piping, they should be horizontal or vertically downward. They should not be vertically upward, for in such a position they form a trap which can collect air and non condensibles, and seriously hamper the pump's performance. PIPING... The most important factors in the piping layout for a THERMINOL FR system are: (A) Proper sizing for the required flow rate and (B) minimizing pressure drop. Because the system will undergo temperature changes, DSW 321689 11 STLCOPCB4073340 -adequate expansion joints and loops to relieve -expansion and contraction stress are essential. Generally, Schedule 40 seamless steel pipe is yggd with THERMINOL FR systems. It is characteristic of most organic fluids (include ing THERMINOL) to have'a tendency to leak through joints and fittings at high tem peratures unless these fittings are very tight. Therefore, flanged joints should be used sparingly to minimize potential leak points. .. Threaded connections are used with THERMINOL FR up to a one-inch maxi mum size. Care is required in cutting the threads to assure a proper fit; a clean, new die is recommended. Careful attention to threading procedure should provide a good threaded connection. It is not wise to rely upon the use of pipe dope to eliminate leak age. However, pipe dope should be used. Q-seal (Quigley Company, Inc.); Plastiseal (Johns Manville); and Crane's No. 425 are all used successfully in THERMINOL FR systems. In larger size pipes, welded connections should he used wherever practical. Careful layout and use of curved sections of pipe can minixnize the welded or flanged connections re quired. When a flanged connection is made, 150 pound raised face flanges are recom mended. The flange should be backwelded to the pipe and proper gasketing used. Spiral wound (Spiratalic or Flexitallic) " asbestos and stainless steel gaskets are good. Small lip spiral wound gaskets are preferred over the wide lip type, because they allow better compression with the 150 pound flange. Garlock short fiber, pre-cut and cured as bestos gaskets have also proved satisfactory. It is recommended that high temperature _ f bolts, such as Crane Triplex steel bolts, which ..... - do not stretch, be used. All high points in the piping system should ra> be provided with vent valve connections. t? -or - ' . Cnr.r VALVES... -v.- One hundred and fifty pound cast steel valves " with deep stuffing boxes are satisfactory for THERMINOL systems. Cast steel ball valves designed for high temperature (such as offered by Hills McCanna have also proved very effec tive, particularly where quick open-and-close action is desired. ROTARY .JOINTS... It is wise to take particular care in the in stallation and maintenance of rotary joints in order to assure long service life and minimum leakage. Install such joints with proper flexible connections to assure alignment at all times. Rotary joints should not be operated in a new system until the system has been thoroughly cleaned of abrasive particles which could score the sealing faces and cause leak age. Rotary joints such as those manufac tured by the Johnson Corp. and Perfecting Service Co. are satisfactory with THERMINOL FR. THE EXPANSION TANK... Proper design of the expansion tank for the THERMINOL system is quite simple, but is also very important to proper system operation. Characteristic of most organic liquids, THERMINOL expands in volume about 4 percent for every 100F. temperature rise. In heating THERMINOL from room tem perature (70F). to 600F., the fluid in the system expands about 20 percent. Therefore, the expansion tank should be large enough to accommodate about 20 percent of the total 'volume of the entire system, including the fluid content of the heater, piping and all heat users. The tank should be sized so it is about one quarter full when the system is cooled to 70F. and three quarters full when the system is at a maximum operating temperature. The expansion tank should be fitted with a sight glass at the "full" range and with a float operated, low-level switch to shut off the ; burner in case of accidental fluid loss in the system. Place the expansion tank in the circuit on the pump's suction side--above the highest point in the system. The expansion tank also serves as the major venting point of most THERMINOL sys- *. - 1 ; j ' j ; ! SW 321690 STLCOPCB4073341 terns. The temperature of the fluid in the -expansion tank is much lower than the bulk fluid temperature in the system. Connect the -expansion tank to the system with a small -diameter line to avoid thermal recirculation. However, make this line large enough to readily pass the flow caused by expansion ^and contraction in the system and to permit recirculation of fluid for moisture removal as explained below. Because THERMINOL FR fluids are fire resistant, the vent need not be isolated from potential sources of ignition. However, the vent should be out of doors, particularly away from working areas, to eliminate pro longed or repeated contact with the vapors. Care should be taken to prevent the entry . of atmospheric moisture into the system as the expansion tank `breaths' air. The vent can be equipped with an air dryer, such as a calcium chloride pot or other desiccant. An alternate procedure would be to blanket the expansion tank with nitrogen. However, if this is done, the THERMINOL system should be dried thoroughly before the system is sealed with nitrogen. In systems using THERMINOL above 600F. {or in systems where accidental high film temperatures may occur in the heater) some provision must be made for venting any hydrogen chloride gas formed in the system and to assure that the system remains dry. Cas or water vapor will not escape readily through the "cold seal" connecting the ex pansion tank to the THERMINOL system. It is advisable to provide a pipe to feed a email side stream of hot THERMINOL through the expansion tank as illustrated at right to allow hydrogen chloride and water vapor to flash from the fluid. A small stream of hot THERMINOL from near the pump discharge should be piped directly into the vented expansion tank, so it enters the tank -above the highest liquid level. A globe valve should be installed in the line to permit Throttling the flow to the desired rate. Experience shows this simple procedure to be extremely effective and completely satisfac- tory for removing hydrogen chloride and moisture from ithe THERMINOL system. Analysis of samples drawn from systems operating with such a device show that the THERMINOL fluid maintains minimum acidity and holds moisture at the low levels equivalent to newly manufactured fluid, even after prolonged periods of operation. Provision should be made to prevent moisture from condensing in the vapor space above the liquid level in the expansion tank and in the vent. It is advisable to trace and insulate the expansion tank and the vent so that any moisture accidentally entering the system will : remain as a vapor and will not condense. This will prevent corrosion of steel and elimi nate the need for higher cost alloys. The use of non-metallic vent pipe is also recom mended. Polyester piping (available from * Fibercast), resin lined steel piping or other non-metallics resistant to THERMINOL vapors and to hydrogen chloride are com mercially available and have been used with great success. f" NOTES ... The expansion tank and vent should be traced and insulated. If steam is not available at the site, hot THERMINOL fluid can be passed through steel tracing tube. .V STLCOPCB4073342 into the acetylene flame turning it green. A large leak will produce a violet color. Leak testing with water is not recommended. Though effective, it creates a problem of introducing a large amount of water into the THERMINOL system which will be hard to remove. TESTING FOR LEAKAGE... When a new system has been installed, it is important to test for leaks. Probably the most widely used technique is to check for leaks with ammonia gas. In this method, the system must be relatively dry and sealed. All vent valves should be closed and a tem porary pipe cap or slip blank installed at the expansion lank vent and at other points where there is no valve. Ammonia gas is fed into the sealed system followed by air under pressures up to ten pounds per square inch. Any leakage areas can be readily detected by the escape of ammonia. Tiny amounts of ammonia vapors can be made visible as white smoke by directing a small stream of hydrogen chloride as over each joint or fitting, and around each welded connection. Any leakage points can be marked, tightened, and then the system purged free of ammonia with plenty of air. A satisfactory alternate procedure is Halogen Testing: in this procedure, introduce one pound of Freon F-I2 or Freon F-22 for each fifty cubic feet of volume of the system. Carefully introduce air not exceeding 10 psig of pressure. At this air pressure, the con centration of Freon will be sufficient to give a sensitive test. Attach a halide torch to an acetylene tank and light it. Using the M inch flame as a probe, explore for leaks by passing the end of the flame along seams and joints. If a leak is present, the escaping Freon will be drawn CLEANING THE SYSTEM... After testing for leaks and making any re quired adjustments, the system must be thoroughly cleaned. A new system will contain dirt, weld and mill scale and other foreign particles. Unless re moved, these particles will be carried in sus pension by the circulating THERMINOL. They may "lodge" in valves, controls, mechancial seals, rotary joints and other mechan ical equipment, causing faulty operation or component failure. When purchasing the heating equipment, the , supplier should be requested to clean the equipment as thoroughly as possible using brushes, wiping rags and suitable solvents, such as tri- ot perchlorethylene. ' - When completed, fill the system with the operating charge of THERMINOL. Bring the system up slowly to approximately 200F. At this temperature, the viscosity of THERMINOL will be very low. The turbu lence from this low viscosity, plus the excel lent solvent action of THERMINOL fluid, will further clean the system. Circulate the warm THERMINOL through the system without operating rotary joints (if they are installed in the system). . j . FILTERING... Install a strainer, made of ordinary fine mesh screen backed up with M" screen, in the pump suction of the new system. As foreign material collects, this screen should be peri odically removed and cleaned. When, after several days during which the strainer collects no material, remove it permanently from the line. The system should be heated and cooled for a minimum of two cycles with the suction screen in place, since the resultant expansion and contraction will loosen mill j - I | ' j DSW 321692 STLCOPCB4073343 J scale. The screen may be placed in the main : safety circuit so that the burner is shut stream line, gasketed between two flanges. down when the switch opens. Aside from It is advisable, when operating where solids and contaminants might enter the system, to permanently install a high temperature Alter on a by-pass line that can be isolated with valves for periodic cleaning. ' protecting the tube bundle, this safety con trol protects the THERMINOL fluid from overheating. c. Low flow cutoff. This control will shut down the burner should flow rate drop below design rates, or if a loss of flow CONTROLS... occurs due to pump mal-function or failure. Controls for heating systems using THERM- Equip burners with regular automatic ignition INOL should be installed both on the heater controls and flame failure controls. In wide itself and on the heat-using units. A wide range firing operations, an over-fire draft con variety of thermal-operating controls are trol will increase the economy of the opera available, and any reliable standard equip tion. Electric power failure and instrument ment is satisfactory. air failure safety controls are also desirable. Install heater controls to regulate the firing mechanism in direct proportion to the re squired output. These controls should increase ' or decrease the heat in-put to maintain the THERMINOL at the operating temperature In general, the practice of "fail-safe" instru mentation and control is essential: use good quality indicating and recording gauges, with scales calibrated for the particular limits of operation for best reading accuracy. required by the heat-demand of the user. Small units may be operated satisfactorily by relatively simple "on-off" or "high-low" con trollers; larger units will operate more uni- fonnly if equipped with modulating tem perature controls. .- Install user controls to regulate the flow of the heat transfer fluid in proportion to the heat-consumption of the heat-using equip- . roent. In a multiple-user system, separate , controls should be installed on each consum ing unit, to assure the proper heat-delivery. Safety Controls. In addition to activating controls, the heater must also be fitted with the proper safety controls to meet the local code requirements. Safety controls should indude: - . j*. High temperature cutoff at the heater cutlet... to shut off the burner in the event of an excessive temperature rise. 4>. High tube wall temperature cutoff. A . thermocouple sensing element should be installed in contact with the radiant heated curface at the highest temperature point in the heater and protected as much as possible from direct or reflected radiation. Such a controller is usually of the on-off type with the switch wired into the flame y} ` DSW 321693 STLCOPCB4073344 rarmr OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE THERMINOL SYSTEM... The following recommendations are intended only as guides. These suggestions are sup plemental to the equipment manufacturer's recommendations as they relate to the par ticular heater or the user equipment in the installation. The following comments on start-up, shut-down, power failure precau tions, and periodic fluid check-ups apply generally to all sizes and types of equipment. NEW SYSTEM START-UP... For a new installation, or an existing system that has been drained and is idle: 1. Check the safety and control devices. Check the safety and control devices for proper installation, proper range settings for the operation, and actual operation (by manually activating the instrument). For protection of the over-all system and for predictable long fluid life, it is vital that all instruments and controls perform properly. 2. Check for leaks (see section on leak testing, page 14.) 3. Pull Vacuum on System. a. The vacuum should be pulled from a point of high elevation in the system; usually at a point just below the expansion tank. Prior to drawing a vacuum, close all valves to the expansion tank; close all valves and vent connections to the atmos phere; close all valves to non-pressure equipment in the system (such vessels may collapse under vacuum) and open all valves in the interconnecting piping of the system. b. Turn on vacuum equipment and evacu ate the entire system (including the "users") to 26-27 inches of mercury vacuum (if possible), or until the absolute pressure of the system has reached the limit of the available vacuum equipment. c. Shut off vacuum equipment. 4. Charge the System with THERMINOL. a. Fill the expansion tank with THERM INOL, and introduce the fluid slowly into the system through the expansion tank valve until the tank is almost empty. Close the valve and again fill the tank. Open the valve allowing the fluid to enter the system and repeat until it no longer flows by gravity. b. Open all valves then start the main circulating pump in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Observe the liquid level in the expansion tank re peating "a" above until the system has been filled. The thermal expansion of THERMINOL must be allowed for in determining the cold charge level. (A 20% expansion can be expected when heated to 600F.--as a guide, the expansion tank should be 70-75% full at the hot operating condition.) c. Circulate the THERMINOL fluid through the system for about 3 to 4 hours to eliminate air pockets and to assure com plete fill of the system. BEFORE FIRING HEATER, BE SURE THAT THERMINOL IS CIRCULATING FREELY. 5. Fire Heater. a. On new installation start-up, or after prolonged shut-down, bring the system up to temperature slowly--about 100F. per hour. This will prevent thermal shock to heater tubes, tube/header joints, refrac tory materials, etc., and allow operators to check the functioning of instruments and controls and become familiar with the equipment's operation. The slow heat-up will also allow any moisture trapped in the system to escape as a vapor. b. Bring system to operating temperature and put "users" on the line. _ { DAILY START-UP... when equipment has been shut down overnight or for week ends, follow this procedure: 1. Start the circulating pump and check the expansion tank level to see that the j j --- ----------- ------ DSW 321694 STLCOPCB4073345 THERMINOL is at the proper cold-start level (X-full). .2 Start burner at the "low" flame setting and continue full circulation until the THERMINOL bulk temperature reaches 180F. . 3. Turn heater up to full heat.' SHUT-DOWN ... should be performed as follows to avoid overheating: 1. Shut off burner completely with circulating pump still operating. Continue to run the pump at full capacity for at least 30 minutes to dissipate residual heat in the combustion chamber of the burner. 2. Shut off circulating pump after M hour, and switch off all heater electrical controls. COLD WEATHER PRECAUTIONS... When the THERMINOL system is exposed to low ambient temperatures, it is often most practical to leave the system "idling." Turn the burner to "low" position, and allow the fluid to circulate continuously at about 200F. The unit will then be "at ready" for imme diate high-temperature operation, and the viscosity of the fluid will remain low and workable. IN CASE OF POWER FAILURE... The burner circuit should be shut down by the heater controls. When the power comes on, run the circulating pump for a few moments to eliminate any vapor pockets that might have been formed by the fluid remain ing static in the hot combustion chamber. If there is no knocking in the piping system, full-fire may be resumed immediately if the fluid temperature is above 180F. of safety controls and temperature limit controls. 3. Inspection of heater tubes, burner, refrac tory linings. 4. Periodic inspection of heater surfaces. 5. Inspection of water cooling at the circu lating pump. .6 Repacking of stuffing boxes (according to manufacturer's specifications). 7. Semi-annual or annual sampling and anal ysis of THERMINOL. Under normal operating conditions, it should not be necessary to check on the condition of the fluid more than once or twice annually. The analysis for fluid condition is a simple test of fluid viscosity. The exact viscosity limits will be affected by the specific mode of operation and can vary somewhat from sys tem to system. Monsanto should be contacted to determine specific values for the intended operation. Most users do their own testing; some have the viscosity determination made by an outside laboratory. A simple test kit for in-plant testing of THERMINOL is available at a low cost. Customers can have their fluid tested by Monsanto free of charge. For sampling con tainer and application data form, write to: MONSANTO COMPANY FUNCTIONAL FLUIDS MARKETING ORGANIC CHEMICALS DIVISION ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166 Analysis results will be returned to the cus tomer with complete recommendations for improving or continuing the performance of THERMINOL heat transfer liquid. PERIODIC CHECK-UPS... The regular maintenance inspection schedule should include the manufacturer's recom mendations, as well as inspection of the THERMINOL. Following is a listing of in spection check-points: 1. Lubrication of moving parts. c 2. Operating fidelity and accuracy of readings DSW 321695 STLCOPCB4073346 TYPICAL rmjurLn SJJ FR SYSTEMS r c'li**--V ii i i t L.-- Figure 1 above illustrates a typical basic heating '`plant" for a THERMINOL FR system. Note the use of instruments to control THERMINOL temperature leaving the heater and by-pass flow control to assure adequate flow through the heater regardless of "user" demands. i i DSW 321696 STLCOPCB4073347 41 HEATING A SINGLE USER: 5 WITH LOW LIMIT CUTOFF TO BURNER Note that the user temperature can be controlled by either (a) rate of flow of THERMINOL to the user, or (b) temperature of THERMINOL, varied by fuel input to the heater. i .,^d? vHEATING MULTIPLE USERS: FIG, 3 WITH LOW LIMIT CUTOFF TO BURNER Note that each user can be controlled at a different temperature by control of the flow of THERMINOL and therefore the rate of flow of heat offered. c i <i STLCOPCB4073348 HEATING OR COOLING SEVERAL. USERS SIMULTANEOUSLY 1I PUMP L_ DSW 321698 STLCOPCB4073349 r-- *'-Tja s \ TEMPERATURE CONTROL. BY BLENDING 1 :%A -.5 i < & i3 i t ! i ; it iiSe [ FLOW RECORDER CONTROLLER WITH LOW LIMIT CUTOFF TO BURNER f Single heater system provides varying THERMINOL temperatures to users ... finds application for processing heat-sensitive materials. DSW 321699 2 STLCOPCB4073350 Jjl <> n.f* y iy thermJLrio FR ENGINEERING DATA The design and installation of THERMINOL indirect heating systems requires a heat balance between the user(s) and the heater. The amount of heat which will be absorbed by the user in a given time depends upon the over-all heat transfer coefficient, the heat transfer area of the user, and the mean temperature difference between THERMINOL and the process or area being heated. In processing most organic chemicals, oils, food cooking --the rate of heat transfer is usually dictated by the process and not by the heating medium. However, in designing a system--it is important to know the heat transfer coefficient of THERMINOL. This is affected by a number of variables, probably the most important of which is flow rate. The following curves provide engineering data on THERMINOL heat transfer coefficients as a function of flow rate ... and pressure drop as a function of flow rate ... in various common sizes of pipes and tubes. NOTE: The following charts depicting heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops for various sizes of pipes and tubes are available in full page reproduction for greater accuracy in inter pretation. Write to *- Monsanto Company Organic Chemicals Div. 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis, Mo. 63166 0S\N 321700 STLCOPCB4073351 THERMINOL FR-1 STLCOPCB4073352 THERMINOL FR-2 heat transfer COEFFICIENTS INSIDE SCHEDULE 40 PIPE j I f I FLOW--G.P.M. STLCOPCB4073353 THERMINOL FR-3 MEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS INSIDE SCHEDULE 40 FIFE SOI----------- ------------------------------------ ---------- ---------- 1 1J& 2 3 4 5 7 10 .1-------------- -------------- ------------- ------- LI 15 25 40 50 70 90 100 FLOW--G.P.M. DSW 321703 STLCOPCB4073354 THERMINOL FR-1 DSW 321704 STLCOPCB4073355 THERMINOL FR-2 PRESSURE DROP IN SCHEDULE 40 PIPE j PRESSURE DROP--P.S.I. PER 100 FEET UU1l eua:i 5 CL ocoe t=L> <V0) Ui tL CL DSW 321705 STLCOPCB4073356 PRESSURE DROP--P.S.I. PER 100 FEET MEOTJ! THERMINOL FR-3 t PRESSURE DROP IN SCHEDULE 40 PIPE STLCOPCB4073357 r~ RESISTANCE OF VALVES AND FITTINGS TO FLOW OF FLUIDS Globe Valve, Open. A simple way to account for the resistance offered to flow by valves and fittings is to add to the length of pipe in the line a length which will give a pressure drop equal to that which occurs in the valves and fittings in the line. 3000 2000 Example: The dotted line shows that the resistance of a 6-inch Standard Elbow is equivalent to approximately 16 feet of 6-inch Standard Steel Pipe. 1000 t Angle Valve, Open Swing Check Valve, Fully Open I Close Return Bend Standard Tee Through Side Outlet j Standard Elbow or_ j run of Tee reduced 'A I : Medium Sweep Elbow or_ | run oi Tee reduced % ' -500 - -300 -200 - h UJ UuJ. -100 ui a. - a. -50 i- * X u> 20 < ISudden Enlargement ____ to I------ d/D-% " u_" O d/D-'A Mo 3- , d/D-yt hu> fll ^ -5 z U_1J 3 h z--111I 2 <> O3 i -- Sudden Contraction 1 w y\L_d/D-tf \\--d/D-34 '------ d/D-X 1- 0.5 & 45s Elbow 0.3 0.2 Long Sweep Elbow orrun of Standard Tee 0.1 -50 48-- 42------36 -- 30------- 30 24 -- 22-------20 -- 20 18-------- CO 16-- X 14------- o z 12-- u.i 10-------- 10 a tuXuoi - _ oa 6=JS UJ " H111 53 2 4V,---- < 4 3/, < 3- Hui 2 < a U9i to i2^- Z 2-J 1 Vi va-- -1 A- 'A- Lo DSV\f 321707 STLCOPCB4073358 PRESSURE DROP AND HEAT TRANSFER RATE FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS Parti PROCEDURE TO OBTAIN PRESSURE DROP SHELL SIDE OF TUBULAR EXCHANGERS WITH THERMINOL FR-2 1. Enter Chart No. 1 vyith GPM. @ average flow ing temperature--read average shell side velocity. 2. Multiply average shell side velocity with baffle correction (Be--Chart No. 3) to obtain cor rected velocity. 3. Enter Chart No. 3 with corrected velocityread uncorrected pressure drop. 4. Correct pressure drop--3 above--for temper ature, tube diameter and tube length. Example: THERMINOL FR-2 400F. 20" Shell %" Tubes on 15/16" Baffles 12" Pitch Tubes 16' Long 400 GPM 1. Chart No. 1 400 GPM--20" shell--2.7 ft/sec. average velocity. 2. Chart No. 3 12" Baffle Pitch--0.6 correction 2.7 ft/sec. x 0.6 = 1.62 ft/sec. corrected ve locity 3.1.62 ft/sec. in 20" Shell =4.1 PSI uncorrected pressure drop. 4. Correct for temperature, tube size and length. Pressure Drop = 4.1 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 1.33 = 6.54 Ans. -'S J :-f Part II - PROCEDURE TO OBTAIN HEAT TRANSFER RATE SHELL SIDE OF TUBULAR EXCHANGERS WITH THERMINOL FR-2 1. Enter Chart No. 1 with GPM at average flow ing temperature--read average shell side velocity. ' -- . . . 1. Chart No. 1 350 GPM--20"Shell=2.35ft/sec. velocity. average 2. Multiply average shell side velocity with baffle correction (Bel, Chart No. 2) to obtain cor rected velocity. 3. Enter Chart No. 2 with corrected velocityread uncorrected h. 2. Chart No. 2 10" Baffle Pitch--0.875correction 2.35 ft./sec. x 0.875 = 2.06 ft./sec. corrected velocity 3. 2.06ft./sec. Chart No. 2 = 225 uncorrected h. 4. Correct h--(3 above)--for temperature and tube diameter. 4. Correct h for temperature and tube diameter. 225 x 0.61 x 0.88" = 121 Ans. Example: THERMINOL FR-2 300 20" Shell . I'onlJT Baffles 10" Pitch 350 GPM | J ] ' - -' ? 1 -j | j i Part III NOTES: a. Tubes to be on triangular pitch %" on 'JV; %'on 'Mr"; 1" on 1>J". b. All baffles cut 1 row of tubes past horizontal centerline. c. Charts have base condition--on Baffles at 8" pitch. THERMINOL FR-2 at 550F. Data on shell side pressure drop and coefficients Courtesy.of Struthers Wells Corporation. dSNN 321708 STLCOPCB4073359 ! 1 \ l Nom. Shell Diameter Inches 6 6 i8 i 10 l 10 f 12 iti. 14 16 18 20 ! 20 t 24 Tube Length Feet 4 8 8 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 16 16 UNIT SELECTION CHART ARRANGEMENT V." O.D. an No. ot Tubes 36 36 68 114 114 164 210 286 348 432 432 652 W Tri. Surface Sq. Ft. 24 48 89 150 224 322 412 562 684 850 1132 1710 %' O.D. on No. of Tubes 26 26 48 82 82 120 152 208 252 314 314 474 ,5/V Tri. Surface Sq. Ft. 20 40 75 129 193 283 358 490 593 740 985 1485 T O.D. on No. of Tubes 14 14 26 48 48 66 62 110 138 174 174 268 I1/*" Tri. Surface Sq. Ft. 15 30 55 101 151 208 258 346 434 546 730 1122 1 ] i : L ....4 Dsw 321709 STLCOPCB4073360 G.P.M. @ AVERAGE FLOWING TEMPERATURE CHART No. 1 ' fr-v*' AVERAGE SHELL SIDE VELOCITY OSM\l 32^ STLCOPCB4073361 } CHART No. 2 HEAT TRANSFER SHELL SIDE I | k rl *k BAFFLE PITCH-INCHES CORRECTED SHELL SIDE VELOCITY-FT./SEC. TEMPERATURE CORRECTION Tci DSW 321711 STLCOPCB4073362 UNCORRECTED PRESSURE DROP-PSI CORRECTION FACTOR CHART No. 3 PRESSURE DROP SHELL SIDE DSW 321712 STLCOPCB4073363 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, IN CENTISTOKES VISCOSITY CONVERSION CHART (Converting Kinematic and Saybolt Viscosity to Absolute Viscosity) :-10,000 2,000 1,500 1,000. 900 800 700 600. 500 400 -5,000 4,000 -3,000 (QA oz 2,000 y to 1,500 300 -z -1,000 200. -750 150- . - -- 500 100 90 f- 400 80 70 -300 60 50 -250 -200 40 -= - -150 30 -Z- S >h tooo to > -I < tauo:i > 3z om > < to 20 -100 90 15 -80 -70 10 -60 9 -55 8 50 7 6 -45 5 -= ; -40 3 ; -- 35 5- 2.000 . 1,000 900 . 800 -700 -600 500 400 !~ 300 =_ 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 ji- 40 ui to O Q. I- UuZJ z I- 30 =- 20 CoaUO) > 10 9 8 7 6 5 h4 o cmo < I- 3 --2 1- 1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 --i -0 1.0 -10 a < co UI Ui a: t9 >1- " fe-20 Ui Q > 0.9 - <ooc . -30 -40 yCu o.8Oui . CL -50 -60 > c<e U> W 0.7- -70 0.6 0.5 DSW 321713 STLCOPCB4073364 ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS MULTIPLY > ATMOSPHERES ATMOSPHERES ATMOSPHERES ATMOSPHERES ATMOSPHERES ATMOSPHERES British thermal units British thermal units British thermal units British thermal units British thermal units British thermal units British thermal units Btu/cu. ft. Btu/hr. Btu/hr. sq. ft. Btu/(hr. sq. ft. 0 F.) Btu/(hr. sq. ft. 0 F.) Btu/(hr. sq. ft. F.) Btu/(hr. sq. ft. 0 F.) Btu/(hr. sq. ft. 0 F.) (Btu/hr. sq. ft.)/( F./in.) (Btu/hr. sq. ft.)/( F./in.) (Btu/hr. sq. ft.)/( F./ft.J (Btu/hr. sq. ft.)/( F./ft.) (Btu/hr. sq. ft.)/( F./ft.) Btu/min. Btu/min. Btu/min. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. mol. Btu/lb. F. ' *T 14.70 2116.8 760 29.92 33.90 1.033 x I04 778.2 107.6 1055 0.2520 3.930 x I0-4 2.930 x I0-4 0.5556 8.90 3.927 x 10 2.712 4.882 1.0 1.356 x I0-4 5.68 x I0-4 2.035 x 10-s 12.4 3.445 x I0"4 4.13 x I0-S 0.0173 14.88 12.97 0.02358 0.01758 0.556 0.556 1.0 TO OBTAIN lb./sq. in. Ib./sq. ft. mm. Hg. in. Hg. ft. of water kg./sq. meter ft. lb. kg.-meters joules kg.-cal. hp. hr. kw. hr. P.C.U.* kg.-cal./cu. meter hp. kg.-cal./hr. sq. meter kg.-cal./(hr. sq. meter C.) P.C.U.*/(hr. *q- ft- C.) gram-cal./sec. cm.1 C. watts/cm.2 C. watts/sq. in. F. (kg.-cal./hr. sq. meter)/( C./cm.) (gram-cal./sec. cm.2)/( C./cm.) (gram-cal./sec. cm.z)/( C./cm.) (watts/cm.2)/( C./cm.) (gram-cal./hr. cm.2)/( C./cm.) ft. Ib./sec. hp. kw. gram-cal./gram gram-cal./gram mol. . gram-cal./gram C. *Pound-C*ntigrd Unit A.,,i OSW3217''4 STLCOPCB4073365  -p.u-M .nil,r 11 .p.iifpiff m.-I^|-iw..iiai,bii^.;j.ijmim MULTIPLY Btu/sec. Btu/sec. Btu/sec. Btu/sec. Btu/sq. ft. Btu/sq. ft. CALORIES CENTIMETERS CENTIMETERS cm. Hg. cm. Hg. cm. Hg. cm. Hg. cm. Hg. i cm. Hg. cm./ C. cm./sec. TM cm./sec. cm./sec. cm./sec. cm./sec. CENTIPOISES CENTIPOISES CENTIPOISES CENTIPOISES cubic centimeters cubic centimeters cubic centimeters cm.'/sec. cm.3/*ec. - cm.*/sec. cm.'/`ec. cm.'/gram cm.*/gram mof. CUBIC FEET CUBIC FEET ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS i:',n.iNP-lil .m . J-.'u-.y * TO OBTAIN 778.2 1.4147 1.0549 107.6 0.2712 2.712 See grem-cal. 03937 0.0328 0.01316 0.1934 27.85 136.0 5.353 0.4461 0.2187 1.969 0.03281 0.036 0.60 0.02237 0.01 2.42 6.72 x 10-* 3.60 0.06102 3.531 x 10-" 2.642 x 10-* 2.119 x I0" 0.0864 0.01585 3.6 0.01602 0.01602 0.02832 7.481 ft. Ib./sec. hp. lew. . Itg.-meter/sec. gram-cal./cm.* kg.-cal./sq. meter in. ft. atm. Ib./sq. in. Ib./sq. ft. kg./sq. meter in. of water ft. of water in./ F. ft./min. ft./sec. km. /hr. meters/min. mph poises Ib./ft. hr. Ib./ft. sec. kg./meter hr. cu. in. cu. ft. gal. cu. ft./min. cu. meter/day gal./min. liter/hr. cu. ft./lb. cu. ft./lb. mol. cu. meters gal. " OSNN^1'5 STLCOPCB4073366 tfHMS9KtS35f3tNG CONVERSION FACTORS MULTIPLY CUBIC FEET (CUBIC FEET <su. ft. gas (60 F. at 1 atm) BU. ft./lb. 40i. ft./min. ecu. ft./min. -am. ft./sec. 40i. -ft./sec. sq. ft. CUBIC INCHES CUBIC INCHES CUBIC INCHES CUBIC INCHES CUBIC METERS CUBIC METERS 401. -meters/day 4legrees/sec. 4kgrees/sec. ERGS - *EET *B=T - ft. f water . ft. of water _ ft. of water ft. oof water _ ft. oof water ft. oof water ft/min. : ft./min. ft./min. ft./min. . tEt/sec. ft./sec. - ft./sec. EOOT POUNDS IFOOT POUNDS . . EOOT POUNDS IFOOT POUNDS Y 2332 62.43 2.636 x I0" 62.43 472.0 0.1247 448.8 0.0305 1639 5.787 x 10 0.01639 4.329 x I0~* 35.31 2643 1137 2.778 x I0-* 0.1667 1.0 x I0-T 30.48 0.3048 0.0295 2342 0.8826 304.8 62.43 0.4335 0.508 0.01667 0.01829 0.01136 1.097 1839 0.6818 1385 x 10-* 3339 x 10- 3.766 x 10- 5.05 x 10 -* TO OBTAIN liters lb. of water lb. mol. cm.'/gram cm.ysec. gal./sec. gal./min. IHers/sec. cm.* cm.* cu. ft. liters gal. cu. ft. gaL cm.*/sec. rev./sec. rpm joules cm. meters atm. cm. Hg. in. Hg. kg./sq. meter Ib./sq. ft. Ib./sq. in. cm./sec. ft./sec. Itm./hr. mph . km./hr. meters/min. mph Btu kg.-cal. kw. hr. hp. hr. ^ . *flll CMigndm Unit OS*^6 f STLCOPCB4073367 ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS *A!/ - .- -.. ] Ar^' ( .. i- . -v.rr: .' ... - .** f^A'* . > MULTIPLY ' ' ft. lb./min. ft. Ib./min. ft. Ib./sec. ft. Ib./sec. ft. Ib./sec. ft. Ib./sec. GALLONS (imperial) gal. (U.S.) gaL (U.S.) gal. (U.S.) gal. (U.S.) gaL/hr. gaL/min. gaL/min. gal./min. gaL/min. of water GRAMS GRAMS gram mole gas gram-cal. gram-cal./gram gram-cal./gram mol. gram-cal./gram C. gram-cal./cm.2 (gram-cal./cm.2)/cm. gram-cal./(sec. cm.2 C.) (gram-cal./sec. cm.2)/( C./cm.) gram-cm. gram-cm. gram-cm. gram-cm. grams/cm. grams/cm.1 grams/cm.* grams/cm.2 grams/cm.2 grams/cm.2 grams/cm.2 IY 3.03 x I0-* 2.26 x IO- 0.0771 1.818 x I0-* 0.01943 1.356 x I0-* 1.201 231 0.1337 3785 3.785 3.71 x I0-* 2.228 x I0-* 0.227 0.06309 500.8 980.7 2.205 x I0-* 2.24 x I04 3.968 x I0-2 1.8 1.8 1.0 3.687 1.452 7.373 x 10* 2.903 x 10s 9.294 x I0-* 980.6 7.233 x 10 2.342 x I0-* 5.60 x I0-* 1.0 62.43 0.07355 10 0.394 0.03281 TO OBTAIN hp. - Iwf* Btu/min. hp. kg.-cal./min. lew. gal. (U.S.) cu. in. cu. ft. .......... cm.2 liters cu. ft./sec. cu. ft./sec. cu. meters/hr. liters/sec. Ib./hr. of water dynes lb. cm.2 gas (0 C. and 760 mm.) Btu Btu/lb. Btu/lb. mol. Btu/lb. F. Btu/sq. ft. (Btu/sq. ft.)/in. Btu/(hr. sq. ft. F.) (Btu/hr. sq. ft.)/( F./in.) Btu ergs ft. lb. kg.-cal. Ib./in. specific gravity at 4 C. Ib./cu. ft. cm. Hg. kg./sq. meter in. of water ft. of water , ' OS'N STLCOPCB4073368 ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS I I MULTIPLY grams/cm.* . grams/cm.* grams/cm.* HORSEPOWER HORSEPOWER HORSEPOWER HORSEPOWER HORSEPOWER hp. (boiler) lip. (boiler) hp. hr. hp. hr. hp. hr. hp. hr. hp. hr. hp. hr. hp. hr. INCHES . in. Hg. in. Hg. in. Hg. in. Hg. in. Hg. in. of water in. of water in. of water in. of water in. of water in. of water in./ F. KILOGRAMS KILOGRAMS KILOGRAMS KILOGRAMS kg.-meters kg.-meters kg.-meters kg.-meters . BY 9378 x SO"* 0.01422 2.048 42.41 33 x 10* 550 10.7 0.7457 33479 x 10* 9304 2345 x 10* 1.98 x 10* 2.684 x 10* 6413 2.737 x 10* 0.7457 1.414 x 10* 234 0.03342 1.133 0.4912 70.73 345.3 2.458 x I0-* 0.07355 0.1869 25.40 0.03613 5302 4.572 9.807 x 10* 70.93 2.205 1.102 x 10-* 9302 x 10- 7333 2344 x I0-* 2.724 x I0-* TO OBTAIN atm. Ib./sq. in. Ib./sq. ft. Btu/min. ft. Ib./min. ft. Ib./sec. kg.-cal./min. lew. Bfu/hr. kw. Btu ft. lb. joules kg.-cal. kg.-meters kw. hr. P.C.U.* cm. atm. ft. of water Ib./sq. in. Ib./sq. ft. kg./sq. meter atm. in. Hg. cm. Hg. kg./sq. meter Ib./sq. in. Ib./sq. ft. cm./ C. dynes poundals lb. tons (short) Btu ft. lb. kg.-caL kw. hr. . *Fwd-CnKgridi Unf* DSW 321718 STLCOPCB4073369 ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS I -'t ... ' . ' MULTIPLY Y TO OBTAIN 4g.-meters 4g./cu. meter Jcg./cu. meter Icg./meter Jcg./sq. meter 4cg./sq. meter icg./sq. meter 4g./sq. meter icg./sq. meter Ag./sq. meter KILOMETERS KILOMETERS 4m./hr. 4m./hr. Am./hr. 4m./hr. KILOWATTS A KILOWATTS V KILOWATTS KILOWATTS KILOWATTS KILOWATTS Aw. hr. icw. hr. Aw. hr. Aw. hr. 4w. hr. Aw. hr. UTERS UTERS UTERS LITERS UTERS Aters/gram mo). Sters/hr. fiters/kg. Aters/min. Aters/min. 5.165 x I0-* 1.0 x I0-* 0.06243 0.6720 9.678 x I0-* 7355 x I0-* 3.281 x I0-* 2.896 x I0-* 0.2048 1.422 x10"* 3381 x 10* 0.6214 27.78 54.68 0.9113 16.67 56.92 4.425 x 10* 737.6 1.341 14.34 1 x 10* 3.413 x 10* 2.655 x 10* 1.341 3.6 x 10* 860.5 1.895 x 10* 1 x 10* 0.0353 61.02 0.2642 1.057 16.02 0.2778 0.01602 6.0 x 10* 5.885 x 10 ** P.C.U.* gram/cm.* Ib./cu. ft. Ib./ft. atm. cm. Hg. ft. of water in. Hg. Ib./sq. ft. Ib./sq. in. ft. mi. cm./sec. ft./min. ft./sec. meters/min. Btu/min. ft. Ib./min. ft. lb./sec. hp. kg.-cal./min. watts Btu ft. lb. hp. hr. joules kg.-cal. P.C.U.* cm.* cu. ft. cu. in. gal. (U.S.) qt.Jliq.) cu. ft./lb. mol. cm.*/sec. cu. ft./lb. cm.*/hr. cu. ft/sec. - i a.. 'Peund-Cmtigridi Unit 0S\N 32A7A9 STLCOPCB4073370 ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS MULTIPLY liters/min. liters/min. liters/sec. cm.1 METERS METERS meters/*5 C. meters/min. meters/min. meters/min. meters/min. meters/sec. meters/sec. meters/sec. OUNCES OUNCES OUNCES (fluid) OUNCES (fluid) oz./sq. in. POISES POUNDS POUNDS POUNDS lb. mols gas lb. of water lb. of water lb. of water/Kr. lb. of water/hr. Ib./cu. ft. Ib./cu. ft. Ib./cu. in. Ib./ft. Ib./ft. hr. Ib./ft. hr. Ib./gal. Ib./in. Ib./sq. ft. Ib./sq. ft. - BY 15.851 4.403 x I0-* 32.8 3.281 39.37 1.824 1.667 0.05468 0.06 0.03728 196.8 3.6 2.237 28.35 0.0625 1.805 0.02957 1.732 V 4.448 x 10s 453.6 32.17 379.4 0.01602 0.1198 2.669 x I0-* 1.997 x I0-* 0.01602 16.02 27.68 1.488 4.13 x I0-* 0.413 0.1198 178.6 0.01602 4.882 ( TO OBTAIN gal./hr. gal./sec. cu. ft./sec. sq. ft. ft. in. ft./*5 F. cm./sec. ft./sec. km./hr. mph ft./min. km./hr. mph grams lb. cu. in. liters in. of water gram/cm. sec. dynes grams poundals cu. ft. gas (60 F. at 1 atm.) cu. ft. 9*1. cu. ft./min. ' gal./min. grams/cm.3 kg./cu. meter grams/cm.3 kg./meter grams/cm. sec. centipoises grams/cm.3 grams/cm. ft. of water . kg./sq. meter , STLCOPCB4073371 0 . ' . /a TM ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS MULTIPLY r Ib./sq. ft. Ib./sq. in. Ib./sq. in. Ib./sq. in. Ib./sq. in. lb./sq. in. Ib./sq. in. REFRIGERATION--STD. TON SQUARE CENTIMETERS SQUARE CENTIMETERS SQUARE FEET SQUARE FEET SQUARE FEET SQUARE INCHES SQUARE INCHES SQUARE INCHES SQUARE KILOMETERS SQUARE KILOMETERS SQUARE METERS temperature C. 273 temperature C. 17.8 temperature F. 460 temperature F. --32 TONS (long) TONS (long) tons (metric) tons (metric) tons (short) tons (short) tons (short)/sq. ft. tons (short)/sq. ft. tons (short)/sq. in. tons (short)/sq. in. tons of refrigeration WATTS WATTS WATTS 6.944 x !0- 0.06804 2.307 2.036 51.7 703.1 144 200 1.076 x I0-* 0.1550 929 144 0.0929 6.452 6.944 x I0-3 6.452 x I0-4 1.076 x I07 0.3861 10.76 1.0 1.8 1.0 0.5555 1.016 x I03 2.24 x I0a 1 x 10s 2.205 x 10s 907.2 2 x 10s 9.765 x 10* 13.89 1.406 x 10 2 x I03 See refrigeration 0.05692 1 x 10' 44.26 TO OBTAIN Ib./sq. in. atm. ft. of water in. Hg. mm. Hg. Icg./sq. meter Ib./sq. ft. Btu/min. sq. ft. sq. in. sq. cm. sq. in. sq. meters cm.* sq. ft. sq. meters sq. ft. sq. mi. sq. ft. abs. temp. K. temp. F. abs. temp. R. temp. C. leg. lb. kg. lb. kg. lb. kg./sq. meter Ib./sq. in. kg./sq. meter Ib./sq. in. Btu/min. ergs/sec. ft. lb./min. - DSW 321721 STLCOPCB4073372 " ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS 'r - WL . . 11IL. . ly . Ml J I MULTIPLY BY WATTS WATTS WAns WATTS WATT HOURS WATT HOURS WATT HOURS WATT HOURS WATT HOURS WEEK WEEK WEEK YEARS (common) 0.7376 1.341 x I0- 0.01434 1.0 x I0-* 3.413 2.655 x 10 1.341x10- 0.8605 367.1 168 1.008 x I04 6.048 x 10s 8.76 x 10 T*-*"1 1.-, -. /-- '.''.v TT' TO OBTAIN ft. Ib./sec. hp. kg.-cal./min. kw. Btu ft. lb. kp. hr. kg.-cal. Icg.-meter hr. min. sec. hr. STEEL. PIPE DIMENSIONS--CAPACITIES AND WEIGHTS* Nominal Outside Walt tfiim., Schedule thick* (lit, in. in. No. ness, in. K 0.540 40 M 0.675 40 K 0.640 40 K 1.050 40 1 1.315 40 IK 1.660 40 IK 1390 40 2 2-375 40 2K 2J75 40 3 3.500 40 3 4.000 40 4 4.590 40 3 5.563 40 t 6.625 40 3.625 40 10 10.75 40 12 12.75 40 .088 .091 .109 .113 .133 .140 .145 .154 .203 .216 .226 237 258 280 222 J65 .406 *Basad 0 A. S. A. Standards B3G.10. Inside diem., in. .364 .493 222 224 1.049 1280 1.610 2.067 2.469 3.068 3248 4.026 5.047 6.065 7381 10.020 11.938 Cross sectional area metal, sq. in. Inside sectional area, sq. ft .125 .167 250 233 .494 .669 .799 1.075 1.704 2228 2280 3.173 4.304 5.584 8.396 11.90 15.77 .00072 .00133 .00211 .00371 .00600 .01040 .01414 .02330 .03322 .05130 .06870 .08840 .1390 2006 2474 .5475 .7773 Circumference, ft, or surface sq. ft per ft. of length Outside Inside .141 .177 220 275 244 .435 .498 222 .753 317 1.047 1.178 1.456 1.734 2258 2214 3.338 .0954 .1293 .1630 2158 .2745 262 .422 .542 247 J04 330 1255 1222 1.590 2.090 2.620 3.13 Capacity at 1 ft. per sec. velocity u. s. Lb. per hr. gal. per water min. .323 .596 .945 1.665 2.690 4.57 624 10.45 14.92 23.00 30.80 392 622 90.0 155.7 246.0 349.0 161.5 298.0 472.5 832.5 1,345.0 2285.0 3.170.0 5,225.0 7,460.0 11,500.0 15.400.0 19,800.0 31,150.0 45,000.0 77,850.0 123.000.0 174.500.0 Weight of pipe per ft lb. .43 37 .85 1.13 1.68 228 2.72 3.66 5.80 728 9.11 10.8 14.7 19.0 28.6 40.5 532 f.r.. '? I ^ !. H; >'iy ,-< up*. T-rT tjy.M u <i WJ'.'WI' "P `'-Pf. y1--'* -- 1*^** * ~ v fc.dltaMS if a'tfWV'a iFi f'ta DSW 321722 V STLCOPCB4073373 0 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR t ft 61~ ITlJUTlQ. LIQUID HEATING SYSTEMS. Indirect liquid heating with THERMINOL FR systems is recommended wherever lowpressure, high-temperature proc essing--requiring safe, uniform delivery of heat--is needed. Here are a few typical applications. iC -r v?' CHEMICAL PROCESSING ... especially where flammable materials are handled. VARNISHES AND RESINS PROCESSING ... where a single "circuit" with multiple users and varying temperatures is desirable. PLASTICS AND RUBBER MOLDING ... where uniform heating, rapid temperature flux, and pin-point control is essential. BITUMINOUS MATERIALS HEATING ... for maximum safety where explosive gases and volatile fumes occur. FOOD PROCESSING ... for controlled, quality "cooking" of potato chips, pre-cooked soups, other foodstuffs. MATERIALS CONVERSION ... to heat corrugating rolls, crimping presses, calenders. METALS TREATING OVENS ... for heat-treating metals such as titanium and vanadium; for "seasoning" weldments, castings and forgings. MALT COOKING AND LIQUID DISTILLATION ... for efficient indirect heating of distillation equipment. DSW 321723 STLCOPCB4073374 --thermJjTLoJk fr i* li 4i '.X SAFETY OF HANDLING On the basis of animal toxicity studies, THERMINOL FR may be considered only slightly toxic from the standpoint of acci dental massive skin exposure or accidental ingestion. Similarly, single exposures to high concentrations of vapors (when heated suffi ciently to volatilize) or high concentrations of decomposition products (if the fluid is accidentally discharged into the fire chamber) are not serious hazards because the irritating character of such concentrations preclude vol untary exposure. Repeated or prolonged skin exposure should be avoided since THERMINOL FR acts as a solvent for fats and oils of the skin. Re moval of these natural, protective barriers can lead to drying and chapping such as occurs with exposures to paint thinners. More important, THERMINOL FR may be ab sorbed if it is allowed to remain on the unbroken skin. For these reasons, we recom mend that the skin be washed with soap and water if there is contact. A skin bum resulting from accidental contact with hot fluid should be treated in the normal manner for any thermal bum due to hot oils. Because of its low vapor pressure, there is no significant vapor inhalation hazard when THERMINOL FR is at room temperature. For example, there is no vapor exposure prob lem while transferring the fluid from its ship ping container to the heat transfer system. On the other hand, the vapors emitted by THERMINOL FR heated to elevated tem peratures are injurious on prolonged exposure. It is indicated that the "threshold limit value" or atmospheric vapor concentration which cannot be safely exceeded (on a daily basis) is 0.5--1.0 milligrams of THERMINOL FR vapor per cubic meter of air in the workroom. In heat transfer installations, the fluid must be used in a closed system free from leaks with the expansion tank vented to the out doors. Accordingly, there should be little or no opportunity for workers to come in con tact with vapors. ( i i i i i DSW 321724 STLCOPCB4073375 c STLCOPCB4073376 STLCOPCB4073377