Document QJxOd1MnmOXvykwB5w77YoG8v

ffpppppppfpf. - IWlPPBliiPP^P^WPWip utiMStataataW i itiliinirrehl LIA15666 -iM*T.eiila .. ^ s a tininfrtiintr3 i /- :# Iff!? KOUI HMB Ji-fea MO Bruoe Fader and Robert Trevia Uad Industries Association. Inc. Ifeao tba lead Industries Aseonlstios adopted the slogan look Ahead Mltfc LSU>,* It bad good reason. Load la not Just another material with a long hlsfcorythough It has that -- but probably ooa of tba aoat versatile a^ineerlng materials and raw aatarlale that can b found. *o doubt yeu've beocae acquainted with mm of tba loading rolao It play* la mgineerlng and day-to-day Ufa. It la tba aatarlal of tba toothpaste tuba you pick tp In tba Morning. It nay ba tba connection plpa that brills water Into your bouse so you can uae tba toothpaste. It prorldaa tba battery power to start your car so that laaded gasolina can flow fro tba laad-eoatad gas tank and gat to tba load ceramic glased sparkplugs to axsrt tbs fores at your load (litharge) cured tires to make tba car go. It's probably In the paint oo your bouse. It asksa the older connections of your radio. It ahaatbaa tba osbla that carrlaa your tele- 9 J ; V*'ll try to look at tba raasoos for such a dlrarslty of uses In this talk ao that you can gat earns Idea of how and tdtara lead Bay help you active a problsa soma day. Before wa do, though, let'a look at ease of tba newer aaaa of lead that are currant technical nawa -- Thermoelectric power -- Among the bewildering array of effeeta and derleea arlalng through "solid state" physics Is tbs practical generation of electric power direct ly from beat by alapla thermoelectric generators. They are sinpla In that they bare ao Boring parts. They produce an endlaaa flow of currant ao long as tba bet Junction Is kept hot and tha cold end* of the q and p elements are kept cold. This Bakse a thermoelectric generator sound Ilka a thenaocouple or a transistor. It la actually both! If tbs darica Is sinpla, tba theory behind it Is not. It lnvolvwe relative Mobility of electrons In tha crystal lattice and tha nobility of tba boles." As a practical matter, tba bast materials for such a role are about half way between being excellent conductors of heat and alsctrlcity and vary poor conductors (Insulating aaterials). One aatarlal that fills all these specifica tions and appears to be a likely large-ecale power source of the future Is the lfitermetallic compound lead telluride. It is *rth noting that If current Is forced to flow through such an elsmast, a corresponding flow of best Is set up. Thus one end becoDee hot and tba ether cold. The effect la now being used In email refrigeration devices. Presented at tha S*xk Collage of Zhglaearing. 367 High Street, Newark 2, N.J. on Feb. 27, 1963 i 9 I,^jjs^BBjwwui.w.ai.isjf.ajjpt' .iMmgnwijt ifu m iiuppMjp!!Ppswpi>ae*< / 3556 LIAl5667 i-itfti^irfiifv /. itvny* t* itrt la iaa -a- 1963 A* practicing engineers you will usually have a temnlnt mwm of alectrle power without retorting to tolid state physic* and thernoelectriclty. There are altuatlona even today, however, vhsre that advantages of thermoelectric power are sufficient to carry the at111-high pries tag. Military Installations nice ed> marines are llksly candidates for it and may la fact be using It now. The BUT ZZZ (secondary nuclear auxiliary power) source Bales use of a nuclear boat source and lead trlluriue. One such unit la now In orbit In the Transit aataliitee. Transit 17 haa been operating cootlaoualy since July 1961 and, barring oontingeoela* like Beteor damage, precises another five years of power at deaign specifications. Beduead power will be available freu it for decades to coos. Power reduction, of sours*, hinges on the Isotope best source choice. Other SNAP power sources reted in kilowatts and tens of kilowatt* also probably use It, though the details earned be known yet because of security classification. To bring the focus a little eloeer to home, we might look at an installation of the thermoelectric power sources along the pipeline of the Northern Illinois Qas Pipeline Ccspany. Its engineers had the problea of protecting the pipe against corrosion. On* effective method, a* you know, la the use of cathodic lsgiresssd current. Cost ttudles, however, indicated that th* running of power lines along the route would be too expensive. Vkat th* engineers did have available ns a cheap source of heat by burning gaa free their own pipeline. Their eolation, of course, was obvious. An interesting point la that th* thermoelectric generators (100 w each) cost about th* aaae aa current rectifier* would have -- thus th* Initial cost saving of th* power line installation we* pure credit. Northern Illinois Gas was th* first to use this scheme. There are now many more such wilt* throughout th* gaafiald areesof th* United State*. On th* debit aid* of th* ledger is the present poor efficiency of th* thermoelectric generator -- about $ per cent. Theoretical studies indicate that 20 per cent Bay be realised on* day. This would put th* generator In at least a eoeg>*tltlvB class with conventional power generation schmass and far ahead of actual perforata?* for same Mall units. Even $ per cent efficiency la anpl* to Justify the power source for many applications involving west* best. Low recovery is of not such account vdisn th* Btu's are going up th* stack anyway. On this basis, boo* power units are now ready for th* market. They provide enough power from west* heat in th* home furnace flue to drive water pusps in th* hot water beating system or fans for hot air. fiesoelectrlc ceranloe -- If you don't happen to be familiar with the Jawbreaker "pleroelectric,* It la as simple a* th* principle of many phonograph pickups. Pleioelectrlc material* are crystals or cersalcs which produce a voltage when they are mechanically stressed. Conversely, they change shape or exsrt a fore* to do so when a voltage la applied across them. Thus, If you have a phonograph with a crystal or ceramic pickup cartridge th* oscillation of th* needle Is converted to e voltage by a plesoelectiic material. A cnemon on* in imny recent stares seta la lead slrconit* titanata, or TST. w^mm mmmmmmmm LIA15668 m . / ^'riUjfl'ili-iTi ffr-';Wtnrr 'll fVr ee#a^ama^eMMM.iiasaisaam*mg*4aaM^?-aMmmeMlsafcfA^* i Ut' Look at lead la 1961 -3- m. Ths phonograph us* 1* an obrlou# on*. So 1* It* us* In Sonar -- th* mm ceramic array being used a* a pound tranmdtter and a* a microphone. It la a bit puixllrg, at flrat, to ltan that FtT 1* turning up in gasoline angina lgnltloa qntni, flash gun*, speedometers, automatic weighing equipment, elaetroatatls air filters, and a variety of othar sawlngly unralatad uaaa. Those of you Mho bar* gotten graaay undar tba hood of a ear knew the layout of a typical Ignition system. Power from tha battery or ganarator 1* occvarted to high aoltaga by a coil (high mltag# step-up transformer) and circuit braakar. Tha point* of th* braakar ar* subject to saver* arcing and a condenser la addad to tha circuit to suppraaa this. Bonatbalaes, tb* "tun* up" you Juet had probably involved a naw act of points aa Mall aa a new sat of plug*. Bow, tha ignition aywtM of ona nanufacturar'a Bull anginas baa baas replaced by a naw sat of com ponentt including a PIT "spark pomp. Thera ara no points, condansara, "coll*," or magneto*. i can in tha existing ahaftlng of tba angina literally puts tha praasura on tMo FZT aluaanta about half an inch long and a quarter of aa inch la diameter. Th# rasult 1# a hot 20,000 colt spark. Thaory to th* contrary, th* spark on atart-up with a cop-rantMortal syvtaa is not so "hot" as It is in normal running. It la in th* wars up period then moat sparkplug fouling occur*. Tests to data lndicat* that th* us* of tha "ssark piasp* Ignition aysteai extend* sparkplug life (scan between cleaning and gapping) by a factor of five. Thera arc, of course, no point* in tha system, rurther, lining of th* angina stays fixed. In place of a tun* up, suoh an angina would gat only a carburetor adjustment. So much for FZT la power lawn mowers, outboards, marina anginas, and, perhaps i day aoom, automobiles. By adjusting th* aoltaga output and sensitivity of tb* plasoalectric system to fit th* needs, it has bear, possible to pvsg) up enough air pressure with a stall rubber bulb to fir* a flaaigun rdien triggered. 1'a understand that a light weight lifetime strobe light is undar development for camera fans. Th* pear will oM from th* muscles in their hands. High voltage for an electrostatic precipitator in hoM air conditioning units is being generated with no more equipment than a cam on th* fan shaft and a block of FZT. Perhaps th* aanisst development involves "fashion technology" if w* prosals engineer* dare enter th* realm of Dior. Cn* novelty now being offered tha faction field i* a PIT almsaot built into th* heal of a lady*a aho* and connectad to flash a maall naan bulb at bar to* with each step, let's hop* that th* manufacturer doesn't akigp on hi* insulation or neon to* lights Mill go out -- permanently -- or. tba first rainy day. edSilai usm LI A15669 SlMtaf* nitihfiHif fiririii Itt'i Itfat il Ltifl la life? 1261 Tbs cUmt ald of the pleeoelectric ooln -- notion or toroo directly tram railage change -- eeploys cost of the PZT um! today. In addition to Its uee tlmo aa o "loudspeaker*1 In Sonar, it la the electro-nechonlcol trens&ioer la ultrasonic washers and sound power unit*, fit* vechers, now ewplcyed la debut-ring fine natal otarpinga ouch oa olactrle rotor hoods, and In dsgrsaalng, aoouring, and pickling Indiatria'lly, oro basically Just a tank with PZT (or othor) aloctrlo-to sound powor conversion units coupled to tholr undsrsidsa. The "other" wilts or* usually load stabllisod borlua titanato oersale or aleksl SMgnetoatrictlec devioea. PZT has tbs advantage of higher conversion efficiency or.d higher powor loading par wilt of eurfooe thsa either of tho others. It also tolerates higher operating temperatures than tho barim titanato The dosnlne-soowlnc sssil elfylrg action tokoa ploco at tho faoo of any hard oolld object auspendsd In tho bath, la a nail unit of about 3 bath capacity, about 100 to 200 watto of aound powor at high fre^jsney supplies tho energy for cleaning. Bocouso tho oound waves irplrge on tho ourfaeo at botwosa (typically) 25,000 and A0,000 tines par eecona, tho accoloraticsi of tho bath liquid Is vary high. It pulls away froa tho ourfaoo Isarlng a bubhla of partial neaa and croohso bock on tho rotura woto front with intense foroo. It will norm lip stick froa a drinkii* glass la about 2 to 10 osconds (and doos so at tmsjr betels and restaurants ersry day). Two other characteristics of ultrasonic cleaning are worth noting. First, tbs carltation action describe d above Is "focussed* into enemies and crevices. Thus, ultrasonic cleaning la Moot officiant at precisely the point whore Boot othor down ing aethods fail. Second, the sound energy is so intense under normal operating conditions that it shatters ncct of the sicrosecpie life o.~.~=xrly fo4 on dishes, biological laboratory equipment, or surgical instnaents. It la now standard far clewing surgical instnsants In nany hospitals. It nay one day be a standard in every rail-equipped hene kitchen, too. Today, it is safe to say that PZT is tbs best notarial knows for ouch eerrios. While this doesn't new that better naterlals will not be developed, it doos giro this oareBie an edge in the field of ultrasonics. And even though the cptisdotle visions and clalas of the 1930* e hare not been nearly fulfilled, ultroaonle powor still soesa to have a Bogie and ihterestirg future ahead. EectrlcallT rowered vehicles -- The only thing now about battery powered vehicles it the set of economic facts of the post war boon. Battery powered cars and tracks Mrs serious contenders to the Locomobile and other early gas buggies. They want out of fashion because of their United range and tho problea of obtaining fairly aisoablo wsouata of alectrlc powor to charge thaw. today, with every now bene equipped with 60 or 100 t wiring, high currant drains are the acoepted none, further, electric power lo cooperatively cheap -- especially then the ccopariecn la nods with a higb-oenprejsion, hlgh-porfonssnne, blgb-porared autoooblle or truck engine that epends Boot of Its tins threading through city traffic or stopping for door-to-door dsllveries on a city srilfc routs. As a natter of fact, A to 5 Biles per gallon la the average for Bilk dellrary trucks. And ouch driving also Isode to high suintenenoe for these actors. The cost of this oaintenw.ee has risen, in the post war boon, faster than any othor Jljrmywp gaww-" WpsjUiuiUS'i yep SB Willis Lrt* lock t Usd lnl963 S 1963 cost of operating a car or trod;. finally, tba very track* that ara f<| up Umn high oost* art operating over routes of 30 to 5C alias a da?. von in tbs modest qumrt.it lee they ara being produced In tola?, olactrle trucks ara found to bs far lass expensive to op*rata b7 dairies, bakarlaa, drydavAng and lamdry fins, nl othara tdio must aand trucks through city traffle 0*1r lidtad runs. With amortisation figured as 14 year* (average actual Ufa of a gas truck) and srsraga power and maintenance cost*, tba alactric truck breato vaa with tba gas truck Is tba fourth yiar and pays a dividend In lower coats In aach sucoaading yiar. Tba raal Ufa of an alactric la not vary wall lorown. There aro 70 of thM in opiration for Ohlted Parcel Service In Knhattan -- tba last of tbsaa built aromd 1930. T> utaran 14-tan electric* ara still hauling paper for a pabU^ar In Philadelphia, though tbair tmaplataa boar tba data 19121 Battary poar has become wall srtabliabad for Industrial trucks (lift trucks) bacaasa of this parfcnmnc*. Its oost record la tbs raaaon that alactrica ara now showing up as golf carta >d paaaaagar cars. Sound and ribraticri control -- The control of aoccd Kd vibration has always been of coca importance in apodal cases. The proverbial boilar factory, for erasgile, worrlss industrial hygienists and insurance cayaay actuarias -- mi has worriad them for aooa yaars past. Intens* nolsa such as that free aooa inlist rial opera tions la a hazard to health and wall being. Tod^, however, tw energlng factors have broadened the scope of nolee control as practical undertaking by a factor of porhaps a hundred. One of these la an increasing dependence on Mechanical power and gadgets that Bake noise. Doe* your hen* have a radio, telephone, TT, diahwLabar, washer-drier? 411 of these asks noise whether it is enough to disturb a neighbor or only enough to disturb your reading or deep. The eeoond factor la the eoonoede paring of all sorts of products to the rrtniRn spojnt of net*rial. Typical examples hare are tba use of lighter gauges of natal, the uae of "dry wall" const ruction instead of plaster, etc. 4s our bccaes and cars and even gadgets beocne lass massive, they lose their ablUty to atop noise free reaching our ears. Lead posseaaee precisely tba right properties to atop the trancedalien of scsEd. It has high density. It has low stiffness. Because of its Bass It la very difficult for eomd waves to set a lead diaphra^ In motion. Because it la acoustically "1 lip" the lead diaphrsgo will not resonate or ring. In practice this asns that 1/16 Inch cf lead has the aaaa ecnnd stopping power as 2 inches of ssad plaster. A t*ll-built plastered well 4 inches thick affords no sera privacy thma that achieved by 1/8 inch of lead. With oost par square foot of floor space lncreaairg, these figures Interest architects and dasl^tars. Sheet lead, laminated to other building material* (wood, gypsxm lath, sic.) la being used in critical sound areas like broadcasting studios. Sheet lead la being applied to remedy bad aound tranaciaslon situation* Among the newer aaterials for aowid control ara the leaded plasties. Bara the atese of powdered lead la oaefclned with the Harness of sheet vinyl, for anemia, to achieve excellent aound stopping power in atnlsn 'rolls* and provid* an attreotlve and easily worked osterlal. At the praaaura redaction station of one large gas pipeline hare in New Jersey, upetreaa pressure of 150 pal la cut to 3# 5, 15, rtmrmgmr ifwiMiiiii. j ii I, iliii . II1JJ-II111.J1PUIil|t. U mi . II11" iliWWJ ' LIA15671 .:.i ji ri_inM rcr . iTf ii iTiiini iiiiiilrirtraiMiiiiiaiiiiJiiBirjaf'ii m i MBThijirffl" i n -fir-- ---f-,---------- - Let's took st Lead la 1963 1963 t 23, JO, or 50 pel (depending co service roqulriints) by throttling octroi valve*. Zb effect this arrangsnant 1 scoething Ilk giant f*ctory whistle sdiicfa float op*rat round the clock. Sound levels of over 130 dclbl war recorded nsar th equipnert. Indurtrlal hygienists hav at 120 dcible at th danger aark for any* thing acre than very abort abort tans exposure. By wrapping the pipe and valve with 1 1/2 inch fin filsaect gla wool hat and ooverlng th glas with a lngl layer of leaded vinyl weighing Ice than on pound per square foot, the noiae level had been dropped to about 80 to 100 decibel and far lower in the dangerous high er frequencies. In other word, th* reduction bed had been a place that workers voided before this treataant. Th* noise was literally nerve wracking. Today it la Just on wore building in th plant. A bit noisy, but not o bad that conver sation can't be held without shouting. It is no longer tfllth hazard. Leaded plasties also provide a great deal of for structures that do tend to resonat or ring. Even a light coating of about 2 ounces par square foot of finely powdered lead or load or in a soft plastic can ba applied like paint to sheet steel eo that it's "bolnesg" is deadened. Heavier coatings, trowelled or oast on, or eacanted on like tile, ccoplotaly deaden it. tiers floro intense vibrations are encountered -- Bachinery nounta and building foundations, for Tempi s -- pads aads of layers of asbestos and lead have been serving successfully for half a century. Buildings ueb as the new Philbarflooio Kail at Lincoln Center rest on these pads so that vibration frcai city subways eaanot interfere with performances. Buildings in Canada, Boston, Texas, Buffalo, lew Tork and other cities have been Baking use of the pads and the practice is bsecdng aoro widespread. As this is being written, the V. S. Savannah is voyaging round the world, five hundred and thirty odd tens of lead keep the atonic energr of th* Savannah confined to her boilers and propulsion aystsx. Bids have boon solicited for sicliar vessel for Germany. Recently another 350 tons of load were laid as s lubricating seal for th* concrete walls of two wstor conduits of tbs Niagara Power Project. These conduits, or tunnels, are each ever four dies long. They are sixty feet hlghj forty feet wide. And their nassive cast concrete walls cust seal tightly to th# conerets supporting floor yet be free to "give* or slide slightly under earth shock or set tling. How w=Mld you achieve that sort of seal? Th* deiigner* did by laying a 1/16-inch sheet of lead two feet wide and casting the walls on top of this. Thousands of tons of lead are being used in shipping containers for rsdioiaotopoa and spent fuels. It is ecployed as shielding in "hot" labor*tori* and in Instrument* with radioactive sources used in nany industries. It encases delicate instrvsMote in spaoe rockets. Lead oenpounds are the basis of the best porcelain anaaal* developed for alucinw. This is s now product that is gaining rapid acceptance for building facades, signs, subway car* and use on shipe. Th# trend is also to lower firii^ temperatures in porcelain enameling stool and aany of thos# lower tasperatur* enamel* also oontain lead. .! | ISA If WHJBl - i'. -JHI!. um!rn*wim\'ww.uiii,.i-mfTwmimm*wmmmm**s**amf*mmmmmm9mmmmmmmmmiimm LIA15672 ,arfu -ifc-taaato^i^ainiaa.^ eiSpeAesMeta^^nw^fraiMMIysateMedknaM ifii>iii<ii 11 ut't look >t Uad in 1963 12& -7- Brightly oolnred {luid bride* are baconing popular with architects for Modem decoretire constructions. Lead ecepounde hare boon found to bo important lngredlent* of th* glasee best oultod to this purpose. Other now architectural product* are color-backed glass blocks and flat class wall panels. The color enaael applied to both of these products onntatra a high percentage of lead oorywmnria. lapraised current non-eacrlficial lead anodee are being used on both ooenercial and naval ahipe. Laad'e properties as a superconductor ara bedng filnyeti in sons of the aost aodeni ocqputing devices. Free-oachining leaded steels have been fasiliar to industry for sea* tins but now this nsterial is evaileble for forgings and in sheet, plate and tubular form. More than twenty oanpenles are new Marketing leaded ateels. A lead-base bracing alloy for low teeperature Metal to glass bond* baa recent ly been developed end is finding ocnaerclal applications. A recent patent cover* the use of lead in producing high purity tltaniis. Special pearlescent lead pigments are finding wide and greatly varied ocnMercial application. For sxazple, they are used on theater Movie screens and screens for hoes projection to isprovo the quality of the projected images. Other applications involved reproduction of the effect of pearl or nother-cf-pearl on such itaos as buttons, ccrtuoe jewelry, artificial flowers, cigarette bores, toilet seats, and cuaton finishes for sutODohiles. Keu lead pigaents for general peitAir^g use on both wood and Metal are also recant developments that oaks available the advantages of lead at lower cost. ? A low lose oerasie lnmlator body has been developed and patented Atdi contains a high lead glass phase. High perfemance capacitors for use up to 500 deg. F. include 17 per cent of lead titanate. Lead-bearing glass capacitor* for operation up to 300 dag. C. are said to be suitable for Missiles and aircraft. Many More new develojxMota in lead oould be cited, but these certainly suffice to deecnstrate that lead is e twentieth century engineering Material. These are Just e few araryles of the exciting future possibilities of lead. They ere by no Means ell. Mow to get to the More nundane but e highly Important part of the story of lead, its production, fabrication and uses. Alaost 60 per cant of the lead oonsuaed each year in Aaerlca is used in its Metallic forn, either pure or as a principal alloying ingredient with a variety of other netals. How it le used and tdier* It goes in Industry are described briefly below. mmm LI A15673 ftfifitterfMi rdohlft K' Look at teed In 1963 --6- 1963 Historical Sackrrcmnd -- Because of the ease of reduction froa Its ores, lead mu on* of the first metala uaed by sen. Lead pips esnufsetured by curving abaet load together and soldering the aeaa mj used by the aarly Rociane for conducting drink ing weter. Architecturally, lead served u e roofing matsrlal for public Gildings end churches. The focus done of St. Sophia la Istanbul is lead oovered. The floors of tbs Banging Cardans of Babylon were lead covered to retain the moisture necessary for the vegetation. Lead was used in the construction of the first com mercial sulphuric acid chambers plant built in 1746 in England. Production -- Lead is mined primarily aa the sulphide (galena), the bulk of the dooestlc ore cosing froa southeastern Missouri sad tbs Northwestern States. Laid, sine and silver ores are usually found in tbs sacs deposits. After Mining, the ora Mixture is crushed and ground to flna powder and asperated by the flotation process. Load is recovered by Melting in a blast furnace. A lsad blast furnace la alei Isr to an iron blast furnace but constructed on a seallsr seals and, of course, operates at lover tee^cratures. Ore, coke and limestone constitute the normal furnace charge. Oxygen-enriched blast is ons of the latest developments in lead salting. Lsad bullion or unrefined lead containing other metallic constituents la normally "fire refined,* that Is, it is heated in large kettles under controlled conditions to remove and usually recover silver, gold, copper, tine and some other metals. For exasple, gold and silver art recovered by taking advantage of the fact that these two netala have a greater affinity for tine than for load. By deliber ately adding tine to load bullion containing gold and silver, these two valuable elements form a tlnc-ellver-gold mixture which subsequently floats to the top of the bath and is rmaoved by akimeing. Any tine rmaaining in the lead la removed by creating e vacuus over the molten setal so that the tine v&poritea and condenses aa crystals on the cold top of the vanna dace. The latter technique has been recently perfected and is known as the Vacuus Deainclng Process. Collapsible tubes for toothpaste, shaving cress, oolors-in-oll, ate. art often made of lead. They are formed by a process knovn as impact extrusion in Wiich a button containing enough material for one tube is struck and forced to flow around a tube-shaped die. By using a button having a thin layer of tin on one aide, a lead tube can be produced with one side tin coated. Ibis system is used sdtere bright appearance or oorroalon resistance la required. Because of its low melting point, lead is rslatlvaly easy to Join by welding. For this process, oxyhydrogen is used with a very mail burner tip. Joining lead to iM iiii)'SM ew sapwesawsswMwwwweaMimMmwsewspir-e|niW0siM|W i -i smappesmeuijis. ..u i 'suwijwsuuu4 .mi.aui.ii ^.wyppiajuHipMif>jB.pWB)Pi^B^isglMll-1 J iii Lot'a Look ait Isad ifl 1962 -9 1261 lead la this wanner without solder Is taote In tbs trade as "lead burning." Actual ly * mlsaaaer, tbs 1**4 is not burned hut merely fused together* Soldering is a prooese fmxilisr to st170ns snd soldsrs of ths tin-lead allay systems ocnetltute tbs largest portion of all soldsrs In uss. They ar* used for joining aost Detail, is given In 15IX Specification B-32-58T - Solder Metal,' ths alloys rang* all ths My frost 1 per oent to 70 per oest tin, the balenos lead, each designed for areai of specific applications, in la^iortsnt property of these eoldars is the so-called pasty range useful in amy applications. This pasty rang* is that area between the aoll&ia and liquidia and varies with tha alloy, for erag&s, ths eutectic alloy 62 tin, 38 lead, has no pasty rags Wills the 20 tin, 80 lead has a pasty rag* of roughly 175 dig* * Comm application.* in Wd.cb this pasty rmgs or area la Wiich ths aoldsr mb be worked is ltportsnt ar* in tha application of automobile body solder (10, 15 or 20 per cent tin, balance lead) to fill joints and dents and the Slaking of wiped joint* (35 or per oent tin, balance lead) In cable and In lead pip*. The ternary alloy, tin, mtiaony-lead, la useful In asy applications end may normally be used for tha ease applications as tha binary alloy with the exception that their ties la not recosoended on alidnua or sine or aino--coated metals, each as galvanised iron. Tha addition of antimony up to 6 par cent of the tin contort! Increases the mechanical properties of tha solder with hot alight l^almmt to the soldering characteristics. Ifty Lead i* Peed In the Chemical Indjytnr -- lead has played *1 important sole In the chemical Industry since the ties tSnn chemical engineering waa practiced by the alchemist. The chief reason for Its use is lead's (1) excellent oorroaion resist ance, especially to sulphuric add from dilute up to 96 per cast add. In addltlcm to sulphuric add, lead is noted for Its resistance to phosphoric, chromic and hydrofluoric adds, and salts of most of tbaaa cbmicala as wall as sulphur dioxide and other eorroslv* gases. Another reason for lead'* use in tha chemical industry Is its (2) low east compared to other corrosion reslotant material*. Adding to lta economic advantage la that (3) it can ha salvaged easily and (u) has a high scrap value (as ouch as 75 par cent of tie original oost). too* Installed (5) the ease with Wiich lead may be repaired aleo adds to lta appsal. fey-Lesl ie Pscd A* A Katerlal of Physical Construction -- Lead la nWurally soft and although occasionally used alone, more often It is supported by si sjdemal frmaework of wood or st*l. Frequently, steal or woodsn vessels are lined with loos* sheet lead fastened at Intervals with lead eovsred steal straps. A relatively newer method of joining vessel* with lead is to band ths lead directly to the shall of tha st**l vessel. This Is known as bondsd lead lining or load cladding. Tha bond may be accomplished by Man* of a very thin solder film betMem the lead and the steal, or by bonding the lead directly to tha steel. The direct bond is usually accomplished by first preparing the surface et tha steal vassal by shot blasting or pickling, and than fluxing with molten sino- * jjuijpmiaa' .ililJSW.M'* PWS m H I I lf a t W llM I Dll 'IT If I ' ,llllllf * il~t*a t- ateeShw teM kHMaaiutoMi Main kill kak j& Id >4 k.IS63 -10 - m1 lun dorite, stsmous chlorite or oertain proprietary flux*a, Tha lead la then Halted and bondsd to tha steel by hand using load burning bora and torchaa or it la poured on In largo ahaata at a tins. looses natal may be scraped off or "washed" off with broom-like torchaa. While aoaewhst more expensive aa a reault of tha labor Involved, bonted load lined veaaele are finding wider aooeptanoe In intastry today becauae by tfcia method, the oorroeion raaietanoe of lead ean ba oanbined with tha greater physical atrength of tha steal chall. High vaouua and higher operating temperature a idilch are more prevalent In Intastry today require this type of lining. Zn nany processes, lead pipe ooils lnaite tha vaeael are need for Pooling and occasionally for beating with steam or hot water. For use with steaa pressures exceeding 50 and up to 150 lb. steaa pressure, lead oovered ooppar coils are prefer red. Bare again, aa In a bonted lining, the greater strength and bast transfer characteristics of copper are ocdblntd with tba oorroalcn reaistanoa of lead. lead pipe and conduits are taad widely for contacting corrosive liquids and flams. Where the lead pips is suspended, it la common practice either to 1^ 1* In a trough or use lead lined cast iron or steal pipe. The letter ooneleta of ordinary pipe in tdiich la placed a lead pips arqented by hydraulic pressure to fit snugly. lead in Plicfelna -- Lead for nany years has bean used In household aid Industrial piloting. It is used to conduct teinldng water frou the cast Iron wster nelns in the street to the house. Inside the house. It le used in the font of pipe for metes, lead traps beneath basins, tubs and showers, lead bands on water closets and occasionally aa vent pipe. In practically all cases, the lead pips la gained by wiping. A surprisingly large soots! of lead la alao used In corjmctioo with cast iron water sains and soil pipe ihich are used to contact waste to the sewer or for venting purpose*. Hare It serves as a calling Bata rial to fora a water-tight seal betieen tba sections of pipe. Usually the lead is melted and poured into tha joint and than calked with special tools. Sccrtlass if It is Impractical to use dten lead, as under very soist conditions, lead wool la used Instead. Baranas of its eelf-ieldabllity, lead wol le easily conanil dated or calked into a solid waterproof sees. Architecture lnrllcatlcni -- Architecturally, lead also seas considerable aerrloe, bos* prodnently as a roofing and flashing salerial. Kara, its corrosion realst ance, plaaaing gray color and tha non-ataining feature of nxv-eff waters are the chief advantages. It is also used for gutters, chlmey caps, planting box linings, statuea, spandrels, lasted glass windows and other ornamental devioos. lead oosted copper la occasionally used for roofing and fleahii* purposes. lead la used for anchoring object* to masonry. lead anchor bolts are avail able Oileh have cast lead plugs as m Integral part. When tha bolt la tightened. It expends tha lead lnaite tha masonry and thereby forma a assure anchor. lead Cpatlrj* -- A mariber of objects are oosted with lead containing lass than 3 per cent tin, plus same silver and antimony by tha process know as "hot dipping". This la somewhat similar to hot dip galvanising. Tarns plate la used quits adsaalvely in lntaetry. It la mate In the seas manner aa tin plate except that Instead 'BSBXPBR "maw mm m LIA15676 f mmsm Uvax^. ^w-,.^.;.^ 1 im m m o i. ii raifteHaif MfinaMi new.i.hsrals.i 1 a iN llf lil^ r ii iiH iL A liia iM Ltt Leek at Laad la 1963 - 11 - 12&1 of pan tin, an alloy of laad and 15 to 2$ par oont of tin la uaad. Large qusrititloa of sheet atoel an tarn* plstad and used In oaVIr^ paint cans, gaaolina tanks for autoaebllaa and othar metallic oontalnara requiring oorroalon naiatanoa. Ob>ct suds by deep-drawing sheet ctael usa tama plata because laad'a lubricating charactariatioa facllltata the drawing operetion. In aall watar service, laad and laad-tla alloys an uaad for resistance to both atatio and faat-flowing aaratad aaa watar. In tha lattar case, alloy* contain ing Increasing waste of tin with tha aaxjgm at AO par oant afford astlafectory protaction. for example, aa appllad by hot dipping or wlplrg, load-tin ooatlnga an uaad aa protaction for ooppar In ahlpboard circulating systems. In hot dipping, baeauaa of alloying with ooppar, tha resultant alloy or ooating la cathodle to eoppar and attack by electrochemical and galvanio action any ba encountered at pin holes. In wipad ooatlnga, alloying occun but it involve* only a thin layar which la covered by a denes anodic load-tin layer. load nay also ba applied by plating vfcen Justifiable ooat-wiaa. Vhan large build-up la required, for inatanoa, this technique beocass faaaibla. Electrical Aral!cations -- In tha electrical industry, tha chief use for load d also tha gnataat consumer of laad it tha storage battery. Storage bsttariaa contain on tha average, 25 lb. of recoverable lead. Bill includes both the laad alloy used for Baking grids aa wall as tha laad oxides uaad on tha battery plates. Also in tha top third of tha laad consuming industrial la tha manufacture of cable sheathing. A sheath for cable, whether telephone or power, oust ba (1) oonroaion resistant and impervious to the atmosphere and soil watar, (2) flaxihls enough to ba coiled on reele and drawn through oendaita and 0) it moat ba able to ba extruded to fora a continoua abaath around tba wires in a cable. In oartain applications, ooppar wire is eoetad with laad before being oovwrod with rubber insulation because the sulphur oacpwr.ia in acne rubbers attach ooppar and vice versa, ooppar affects some Insulating materials adversely. The presence - of a laad coating eliadnatea any reaction between the copper and nbbtr. Although by no aeans large, tnheraided electronic features account for lead's uaa in int rinsic aasd-conVictors such aa lead tallurlda. In acne cases, this material la aodiflad by the addition of elemental laad for improved ecndjctioeu Vhr lead la Dd in the flat In* Industry -- In the plating industry, particularly chrcelm, copper and nickel plating, lead is used as a tank lhtlng material, aa an anods, and for heating coils. It is used for two reasons here, (l) because lead is normally relistait to attack fren the acid electrolytes uaad in plating then metala and (2) because any corrosion products that might ba formed do not affect the plating operation or the final appearance of the plate. A more recent development in thia industry is the anodising process in which a cold sulphuric add electrolyte is used. Lead or lead covered copper coil* are used to cool the anodiaing solutions by means of circulating brine or freon and tba tanka themealves ara lead lined. Heat Treating Batha -- Lead la uaad in many steel heat traatlng operation* instead of molten salt* because (1) it can be operated at higher teaparsturaa without fum- . ygmv^^ra^M^^gp-wi llsi jiinu..wraaBVWwni.iiiiiiei'ii imaisw wiweememewmeaes iw-msu -earn in m .i JM .... ---jt. mm* wmmm L IA 15677 - MXfiiaiiiarfia 11mwBteliaMliiHiitf ^iirtf^hi>`ityii^i *f~ tf*--r^- ;i frf^nrr a^g^. ^ nm* w,'tw& it id*i ijuan "7. - 12 - .............................. ........ 122 ing (up to about 1300 teg. f.), (2) It tees not sbeorb noirturo, (3) It tees net rote th natal being treat* d, and (4) It haa good baat transfer characteristics. : Bearing* -- Moat freight cara run cn bearings consisting of a layer of l*a<V-tl^ antinomy alloy aupportad by a brans* shell (80 ooppor- 10 tin- 10 load}* Lead ba*a boaring notala offer high resistance to ocopraaalon yet ara soft enough to prevent wear of the sore eoetly and hard to replace ula> Stay pceeeee tho plasticity neoesvary to abaorb foreign partid* a Wilch nomally would eooro the haft. Whan the bearing* have eerved their useful like, their high ecrap value likti for aoorasdc replaceannt. Lead base bearing actale aleo oonfom and adjust autoHKtically to alight irregularitlee in the Machining and alignment of tha ahaft. Copper-lead bearing! are uaed in autonobilea. Composite bearing* oomdAlag of thin lead babbitt on a uatrlx of copper a.d nickel powders wintered on a ateel backing have been uaed In autoaobila*. An average of 2 to 4 per cent lead powder 1* used In sintered eetal pewter bearing* of the aelf-ldbriectlng type. RaHatlcn Protection -- Lead is uaed universally for protecting patient* and operating personnel iron harmful expo sure to x-ray* and garxaa rays emitted by Coolidg- tubes, betatrons, and radium, as well as oobalt 60, tantalus 182, end other radioisotope*. Lead it self does not becooe radioactive on exposure to theee rays end banco can be used as long as required and aoved to other locations without fear of radioactive i Per very large abode energy installations, particularly those being tealpwd free the grovr.d up, shielding is accomplished by using thick concrete walla often aanteiched with relatively this sheets of lead. Probably tha bulk of the lead uaed for protection against atceic radiation is in the fore of cast lead shipping containers and bricks about the site of ***--'-' building bricks. Using lead bricks, barriers can be constructed in practically any location and to protect against any degree of radiation. Other Ufcs -- Because of ita excel!art theraoAmende properties, lead in the fused stale 1* used in atonic reactor heat exchange systems. In addition, fused lead aid lead alloys ara used as suspension fluids for ultra-sensitive gyros. Bow Much Lead 1 I'eed -- How s^any tons of lead are actually oonstssed by American Industry in a year? In 1959, this figure was Just over 1,000,000 tons, slightly below average. The average consumption for the five years prior to 195? was about 1,150,000 tons. In 1958 we produced frua our owi sines about 260,000 tons and roughly 480,000 tens were recovered free secondary source* such as old storage batteries and cabla sheathing. Fras this it is obvious that this ctxrrtry nersi--* ore lead each year than It preduoes. To account for this, 310,000 tons ware imported frees tha rsrt of tha world with the bulk of these imports ooadng fraa Mexico, Canada and South Amrica, with about a third ooczing froa oversea* source*. The difference between consumption and production is Kate up of charges in Stock and govemasnt stockpiling. Vhre Does It Go -- The biggest consider* are the Ksnufacturere of storage batteries. Mext are the manufacturers of tetraethyl lead. Third and fourth are cabla ahasthlng and construction. - P tens*)1? m y ----- -- -;- - '- L IA15678 --I -1 ri(ria>ififilihffi'triitffffiihTiy-t*-'--~J ifriwiSitmi Miighrrlirt-ini v fc&!> taK rt Ia4in .MM -13- 1963 Start Outlook -- Deaplte prediction* neda twenty years ago that we would haw* o ad today, lead 1* still plentiful and it* continuing supply 1* assured for MC]r year* to doom. Im sin** here bean opened and anst of the old cm* have not *a pit hit bottca. Lead la fortvmate mi the natal* In that the bulk of it* ueaa are recurring that la, after being usad, It can be salvaged and returned to the narkst aa second ary natal ready for rauae. Storage batteries and cable aheathlng, two of tba largar oammri of lead are typical ml<i of reourrlng uses. Aa an angineerlng material, lead's characterletlca are so direree that aa old uata dualah, new ones such aa thoaa described earlier ere developed. In addition, new alloy* haring laprored properties her* enhanced the use of lead for any eld application* and hare foetered the drrelopaezxt of nany new application*. Lead Industries Association la always Milling to oooperata without obligation la the aolutlon of problem Involving load. Inquiries should be addressed to 292 Madison Avenua, New Xork 17, New Xotfc m* n imi idweiiM a ite a im a ia m M fra ia ia a ie M M ile ^ ^ Sifrv -*** -^aiL<ipjP:*a^''"ia iw( m-au.iemnaammf-'