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! Hot H2O--Winter Potion for Thawing Out Pipes 1 The following article has been adapted from a pamphlet entitled Grounding, Locating and Thawing Procedures for Water Mains and Services, published by Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association (Dallas, Texas). In cold climate zones, where tempera tures are below freezing for long periods of time, water in consumer service lines can freeze. If this problem occurs, con sumers will, of course, receive no water. A more serious problem can result, however, if the freezing problem is severe. As water freezes and becomes ice, it expands. The expansion of freez ing water in a pipeline can burst the pipeline, leading to expensive and timeconsuming repairs. To prevent freeze-ups, consumer ser vice lines should be buried at least 6-12 in. (150-300 mm) below the normal frost depth. The type of earth cover placed (backfilled) over the service lines is also important. Frost can usually penetrate sand and loose gravel more easily than heavy clay soils. Therefore, in areas where sand and gravel are the main backfill material, it may be necessary to bury service lines deeper than 6-12 in. (150-300 mm). Electrics! Tr awing Can Be Dangerous Thawing frozen service lines is difficult iegard!ess of the type of pipe in use. For metal service lines, electrical thawing severe, the service line can burst. The hot-water thawing procedure described In this methods are sometimes used. To per article provides an effective and inexpensive method for"unfreezing" frozen service lines. form electrical thawing, a welder or transformer is used to send low voltage thawing procedure is not performed must be competently supervised and t AC and DC current through the service carefully. monitored at all times. line to melt the ice. The welder or When electrical thawing is used, any transformer is connected in two places: elastomeric (elastic-like) materials that Hot-Water Thawing--An Alternative (1) inside the home, and (2) either at a are used to join sections of metal service Since there are some dangers with fire hydrant, the main stop (requiring line can become overheated, disinte electrical thawing and since plastic excavation), the curb stop at the valve grate, or harden, resulting in leakage. In service lines cannot be thawed elec box, or on a valve key. addition, any electrical circuits grounded trically, some utilities prefer to use a Electrical thawing can be dangerous to the distribution system can be technique known as hot-water thawing. because there may be (a) poor con damaged or destroyed. In a few cases, (See Figure 1.) In this technique, hot ductivity at the joints between sections homes have been destroyed by fires as a water is pumped into frozen service lines of pipes, (b) poor conductivity between result of electrical thawing attempts. through a small flexible tube that is fed the electrical grounds to the pipes, or (c) The problems with electrical thawing into the service line. (See Figures 2 and direct contact with other metal pipes, cannot be eliminated, but they may be 3.) The hot-water thawing procedure such as natural-gas pipelines. In addi lessened by using only low-voltage described in this article is intended for tion, electrical thawing can melt any generators or transformers. When these use where the meter is installed inside soldered joints in the service lines if the devices are used, voltage and amperage (continued on page 6) 0149-8029/82/120001-02S01.00 *1982 American Water Works Assoration PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT CAP-974 r.APCO .IFN 0091417 AQpftav-- A monthly publication for members of the American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235, telephone (303)794-7711. Vol. 8 No. 12 December 1982 CONTENTS Hot H2O--Winter Potion for Thawing Out Pipes......................... 1 Certification Corner Questions......... 2 Stopping by a Pipeline on a Snowy Afternoon .................... 3 Checking Pressure Gauges and Thermometers......................... 3 Guidelines for Handling Lab 4 Keep Your Plant Running Like a `Clean Machine*........................ 4 7 8 OpFlow (ISSN 0149-8029j is published monthly by the American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Den ver, CO 80235. Copyright 1982 by the American Waterworks Association. Pub lished in the US. Five dollars per year of each member's dues may be applied to an annual subscription for OpFlow. All other subscriptions are $9.50 per year. Second class postage is paid at Denver, Colo. Postmaster, forward Form 3579 to American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235. Dave Honaker, Editor Mary Kay Cousin, Associate Editor Jim L. Anderson, Art Director Sally A. Broughton, Senior Artist Al Plofsky, Production Manager Sandra Mandell. Production Assistant Jane A. Olivier, Composer David B. Preston. Executive Director Paul A. Schulte, Deputy Executive Director Joseph A. Zullo, DirectoroiPublications John F. Rieman, Senior Technical Editor Notice of Terms for Photocopying OpFlow consents to allow photocopying of all features in this issue for personal or individual use beyond, that permitted by section 107 or 108 of the US Copyright Law to the following conditions: 1. If no code appears at the bottom centerof the first page of a feature, payment is not required. 2. If a code does appear at the bottom center of the first page of a feature, then a fee of $1.00 per article shall be paid to OpFlow AWWA via the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970. A copy of the first page of the article showing the code should accompany the payment. Make checks payable to Copyright Clearance Center. Inc. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, advertising purposes, creating new collective works, or for resale. I Certification Corner (answers on pages) Most of the questions and answers in Certification Corner have been obtained from certification boards throughout the United States and the Association of Boards of Certification (ABC). As much as possible, their wording remains unchanged in order to represent an actual certification exam. Because these brief questions and answers are designed to test an operator's basic knowledge of an existing system, they do not take into account many of the detailed factors that should be considered by an advanced operator or design engineer. Additionally, some of the questions may not apply to every operator's situation because of the varying requirements of certification tests in different states and at different levels. Operators interested in more information should refer to AWWA manuals and handbooks, especially Basic Science Concepts andApplications, Operator Certification Study Guide, and Sale Drinking Water Act Self-Study Training Course. 1. Match the phrase in the left column with the correct item in the right column. a. Bacteriological Incubation Temperature for total coliform test 1. 0.433 psi b. Usual or normal filtration rate for rapid sand filters 2. 35 C c. MCL for Pb in drinking water 3. 62.4 Ib/cu ft d. MCL for NO3 (as N\ in drinking water e. 1 ft of water f. Radiation units for drinking-water standards g. 1 MGD h. Chlorine is as air times as dense i. Density of H2O 4. 694 gpm 5. 0.05 mg/L 6. 10 mg/L 7. pCi/L 8. 2.5 9. 2 gpm/sq ft Ajar-test dosage called for 3.0 mL of 10 g/L stock alum solution in a 1000mL sample. How many pounds per day of alum must be added to 700 gpm to simulate the jar-test dosage? 3. What is the chlorine demand of a water supply if (a) the free available chlorine residual is 0.5 ppm, (b) the dosage is 11 lb of chlorine per day, and (c) the flow rate is 500 gpm? How many pounds are equivalent to 227 grams? If the temperature reads 77 F, what is the temperature reading in degrees Celsius? 6. Identify the common functions of the following reagents in a water works laboratory: a. Sulfuric acid b. EDTA c. SPADNS solution d. Starch indicator e. Phenolphthalein 7. Which one of the following mineral constituents of drinking water is a major public health concern? a. Boron b. Iron c. Sulfates d. Nitrates e. Chlorides CORRECTION "There was an error in the October 1982 issue of OpFlow in the article entitled "Breakpoint Chlorination--the Chemistry of Chlorine." In Eq 3 of Table 1 (page 6), Na(OH) was incorrectly labelled as sodium hypochlorite. The correct chemical name for Na(OH) is sodium hydroxide. Ralph Leidholdt, author of the article, was not responsible for the error. The correct equation for the chemical reaction that occurs when sodium hypo chlorite (NaOCI) is added to water is as follows: NaOCI sodium hypochlorite . H2O water "nT HOCI hypochlorous acid Na(OH) sodium hydroxide Eq 3 0149-8029/82/120002-01 $<M .00 C1982 American Water Works Association OpFlow CAPCO JEN 0021418 Stopping by a Pipeline on a Snowy Afternoon A note on page 2 of the March 1982 issue of OpFlow requested readers to send in any interesting or unusual work- related photos. Lorna Kremer of Roches ter Water Works (Rochester, N.Y.) sent in the photo shown here of a rather unusual "consultant" on one of RWW's jobs. Lorna reports that while one of RWW's crews was inspecting conduit lines in a pasture last winter, three horses decided to provide some technical assis tance (i.e., horse sense). The photo shows one of the crew members, Rick Croft, taking notes on the condition of one of the valves. While Rick was busy "making a list and checking it twice," a very concerned four-footed friend came up to help out with the project. As the photo shows, Rick and the horse got along very well together. When one of AWWA's freelance pho tographers, Artie Stubbs, saw the photo, he was reminded of the old TV show Mr. Ed, which featured a talking horse. Artie provided the caption for the photo, which, he assured us, came "straight from the horse's mouth" (not shown in the photo). "Looks like somebody left that gate valve open, Wilbur. Want me to give it a little kick?" Checking Pressure Gauges and Thermometers R.B. Klausegger Chief Operator Grandwood Park Treatment Plant Gurnee, III. Pressure gauges and thermometers help operators test the performance of water treatment equipment and are important instruments in every inspec tion and maintenance program. To be sure that pressure gauges and thermom eters are measuring accurately, they should be inspected and tested on a regular basis. Pressure Gauges Although a new pressure gauge may be guaranteed to be accurate and free from damage during shipment, it should be checked when it is received to ensure that it is operating properly. A dead weight indicator (also called a dead weight pressure-gauge tester), can be used to check the accuracy of pressure gauges. (See the photograph accom panying this article.) To keep pressure gauges in good operating condition, they should be calibrated on a yearly basis, using a dead-weight indicator. Frequently, calibrating pressure gau ges is difficult because of the expense of the dead-weight indicator. One solution to this problem is for a treatment plant or AWWA section to buy a dead-weight indicator and make it available to local December 1982 A dead-weight Indicator can be used to check the accuracy of pressure gauges. operators. Operators can bring their pressure gauges to the treatment plant or section headquarters both to receive instructions and to calibrate their gauges free of charge. Thermometers There are several ways to check the accuracy of a thermometer. One method is to fill a container with cracked ice. As the ice starts to melt, insert the ther mometer bulb into the ice-and-water mixture. The thermometer should read 32 F (0C). If it does not show this temperature, it is inaccurate and should 0149-8029/82/120003-01 $01.00 ct9Q2 American Water Works Association V ' be discarded. To check thermometers for accuracy at high temperatures, insert the bulb into boiling water. At sea level the thermometer should read 212 F (100C). If it does not, it is inaccurate and should be discarded. The most common method used to test the accuracy of thermometers is to compare thermometers to a compara tor--a thermometer known to be ac curate. Since comparators can become inaccurate due to handling and vibra tions, their accuracy should be checked occasionally using the ice and boiling- water tests described above. 3 CAPCO JEN 0021419 Guidelines for Handling Lab Chemicals Safely The following article has been adapted from Basic Laboratory Skills for Water and Wastewater Analysts, by Douglas W. Clark (pub lished by the New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute). Workers in water treatment laboratories are exposed to many chemicals. Some of these chemicals can cause serious injury when taken into the body through skin contact, eye .contact, breathing, or swal lowing. As such, lab workers should be safety-conscious whenever working with chemicals. Table 1 lists several safety precautions lab workers should follow to prevent serious injury. Labelling Chemicals Labelling chemicals properly is not only a safe practice to follow, it is required by law. In general, any time a chemical is put into a new container, a duplicate of the original label should be firmly attached to the new container. When making labels, avoid wax-pencil and water-soluble-ink markings, abbreviations, formulas with out names, codes, and numbers. Each label should include (1) the name of the chemical; (2) a word to indicate the severity of the hazards (if any), such as Caution, Warning, or Danger, (3) a sum mary of the hazards, beginning with the most serious; (4) precautions to take when using, storing, or handling the chemical; and (5) instructions to follow in case of accidental exposure or contact. The date a chemical is opened or pre pared should also appear on the label so that out-of-date chemicals can be thrown away. Finally, a label should include the name or initials of the person who pre pared the contents. Many water treatment labs use special stick-on safety labels provided by chemi cal suppliers. Each label is marked with a picture and a phrase that describes the danger of the chemical. For example, the label for a poisonous chemical, such as chlorine, shows a drawing of a skull and cross bones and is marked with the word POISON. Table 2 shows several exam ples of chemical safety labels. Storing Chemicals A good rule for storing chemicals is to keep only the necessary types and amounts of chemicals on hand. Throw away excess, out-of-date, or unused chemicals. In addition, check storage containers to be sure they are in good condition. Replace damaged containers immediately. Storage areas should be designed to handle both the quantities and types of chemicals stored. They should be cool, well-lighted, and well-ventilated rooms that are separated from the laboratory by fire walls. Automatic sprinkler systems 4 Lab personnel should observe safety rules when working with chemicals. should be installed in areas where chemi cals that will not react with water are stored. Chemicals should not be crowded together on shelves, and chemicals that could react together should not be stored together. Storing chemicals by a simple alphabetical arrangement is a dangerous practice. Handling Liquid Corrosive Irritants Corrosive irritants are chemicals that will dissolve or damage substances with which they come in contact. Corrosive irritants may be in the form of liquids, solids, or gases. Some examples of cor rosive irritants are hydrochloric acid, caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), and anhydrous ammonia. Corrosive irritants in liquid form require special care in handling. Liquid corrosive irritants can cause ser ious injuries to eyes and skin. To protect against injury from liquid corrosive irri tants, lab workers should wear appropri ate protective clothing--rubber gloves, safety goggles, face shields, and rubber aprons. If a corrosive liquid is accidentally spilled on the skin orsplashed in the eyes, the part of the body contacted should be immediately rinsed with large amounts of water. Large bottles of corrosive liquids should be stored below head level. They should be placed in pans or similar con tainers that will not be damaged if the bottles break or leak. The pans should be made of corrosion-resistant materials, such as stainless steel, lead, or rubber. Trays or buckets also made of corrosionresistant materials should be used when moving bottles of corrosive liquids to or from storage areas. Lab Safety Equipment Lab safety equipment includes first aid kits, safety shields, fire extinguishers, containers for carrying flammable or cor rosive liquids, emergency showers, eye washes, and fume hoods Several of these items deserve special attention. Emergency showers should be visible and easy to reach from any work area. They should be located away from elec trical or other hazardous equipment. Their location should be clearly marked on the floor to help injured personnel find them. For More Information For additional data about the features in this issue, consult the following AWWA publications: Title Handling Lab Chemicals Safely AWWA Manual M3, Safety Practice for Water Utilities Cat. No. 30003 Plant Equipment Maintenance AWWA Manual M8, Water Distribution Training Course 30008 0149-8029/82/120004-02$01.00 *1982 American Water Works Association -' V' . ` OpFlow CAPCO JEN 0021420 Stall showers or multiple-head showers or face shields. During very dangerous fumes, gases, or dust will be in the air, a are best if space permits. The pull ring to work, face shields should be worn with self-contained breathing apparatus (air turn the shower on should not be higher goggles or safety ,, ses for more com pack) should be used. (For a detailed than 6 ft 8 in. (2 m) from the floor. plete protection. Contact lenses should discussion of air packs, see the Oct. Eyewashes are often installed together never be worn in the laboratory--chemi 1982 issue of OpFlow, page 4.) with emergency showers but may be cals can become trapped between the installed separately at sinks or other lens and the surface of the eye and are Fire Extinguishers areas. The water from an eyewash should extremely difficult to remove. All laboratories should be equipped be at a moderate temperature, aerated Hand protection. Cotton, leather, or with fire extinguishers. Extinguishers (mixed with air), and in soft streams that leather-faced gloves should be worn should be placed in obvious locations in will wash the eyes without damaging when handling abrasives (substances hallways and near the doorways of work f1 delicate eye tissues. that scratch or scrape) or sharp objects. rooms. In addition, the extinguishers Fume hoods should be located in low- Rubber or plastic-coated gloves should used should be the proper type and size traffic areas away from doorways, venti be worn when handling strong chemi to handle the type of fire that could i lation outlets, or other sources of air cals. Lightweight, surgical gloves should occur in the lab. AWWA Manual M3 disturbance. They should be made of be worn when working with weaker includes a chart that shows the appro tough, chemical-resistant materials, such chemicals or unsafe bacteriological sam priate type and size of fire extinguisher as cast epoxy or epoxy-coated asbestos ples. Heavy-duty gloves should be worn to use. cement. The exhaust system should when working with strong acids and If there is more than one extinguisher provide an air flow of at least 100 lin fpm other corrosive chemicals. Asbestos in a particular workroom, all extinguish (0.5 m/s i across the face of the hood. The gloves should be used for handling hot ers should be easy to reach from all parts exhaust system should be able to run 24 equipment or materials. The palm sur of the room. Lights, signs, and arrows hours a day. All interior electrical fixtures, face of gloves used for lab work should should indicate where the extinguishers including the exhaust fan, should be be "roughened" so that lab personnel are. Portable fire extinguishers should explosion-proof. All switches, electrical can hold wet glassware securely. be recharged after every use, inspected outlets, water controls, and gas controls Foot protection. Leather shoes are periodically, and maintained in accor should be located outside the hood. adequate lor general laboratory work. dance with National Fire Protection Bodily Protection However, rubber safety shoes should be Association standard NFPA 10 (1981), worn if water, acid, or other liquids are Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. Protective equipment for the body is likely to be spilled on the floor. Shoes To obtain a copy of this standard, readers very important. The following equipment with built-in steel-toe caps are needed may contact: should be available in all laboratories. only when heavy objects are being Eye protection. A lab worker's eyes moved. Tennis shoes or open-weave National Fire Protection Association should be protected at all times. Such footwear should never be worn in the Batterymarch Park protection should include safety glasses laboratory. Quincy, MA 02269 (preferably with side shields), goggles, Respiratory protection. If chemical (617)328-9290 Table 1 r Safety Precautions for Chemicals Table 2 Chemical Safety Labels 1. Laboratory work is a serious and potentially dangerous activity, and a lab worker should act accordingly. 2. Anyone working in the laboratory should be familiar with the safety procedures for each operation and the locations of all safety equipment. 3. Smoking, eating, and drinking should never be permitted in the ft laboratory. Laboratory vessels A should never be used to hold food or beverages. 4. Pipetting (the process of drawing chemicals into a long, narrow tube) should be done with a rubber suc tion bulb--never by mouth. 5. When mixing acid and water, always add acid to water: never add water to acid. 6. Any work involving toxic or flam mable gases should be done under a fume hood. Lab workers should wearappropriate protective clothing when working with toxic or flam mable gases. The potential hazard of each chemical It is a good practice to attach labels to used in a water treatment laboratory chemicals as soon as they come into the should be stated on the chemical con lab. It is also a good practice to attach tainer. A good way to do this is to attach labels to any solutions made from chemi a label to the container. Labels such as cals that pose safety hazards. the ones shown here can be read easily Labelling chemicals (1) alerts lab and draw attention immediately to the personnel to the potential dangers of the potential danger of the chemical. Each chemicals they work with, and (2) serves label is a different color. The color helps as a warning for dishwashers and other the label stand out and be easily noticed nontechnical workers, who may not be by lab personnel. Printed labels are avail aware of the dangers associated with able from many chemical suppliers. many chemicals. December 1982 5 CAPCO JEN 0021421 Hot H2Q (continued Irom page 1) the home. Variations on the procedure can be used successfully if the meter is installed outside of the home. The procedures for performing the hot-water thawing process are: 1. Check the electrical ground in the home. If electrical service is grounded to the plumbing system, a jumper wire must be installed to maintain the ground circuit from the plumbing system to the service line before the service line is disconnected. 2. Disconnect the consumer's service line from the meter. Use extreme caution wherever metal service lines are used-- defective electrical equipment in the home can allow dangerously high elec trical current to flow through the house hold plumbing system into the service line. After the line is disconnected, touching one hand to the service line and the other hand to the plumbing system could cause a fatal electric shock if the jumper wire (mentioned in pro cedure 1) has not been properly installed. 3. On the service pipe, install the valve-and-drain assembly (shown in Figure 3). 4. Insert a flexible tube through the compression fitting of the valve-anddrain assembly into the service line. 5. Push the flexible tube forward into the service line. If necessary, manipulate the tube to fit through any irregularities in the service line. Continue pushing the tube forward until it is stopped by the ice in the service line. 6. Connect a hand pump containing hot water to the end of the flexible tube. (Note: If a garden-spray air-pressure tank is used for the hand pump, the tank must either be new or never used before to prevent the possibility of contami nating the potable water supply.) 7. Have a bucket or other container ready to receive water that is discharged from the service line back through the drain side of the valve-and-drain assembly. 8. Pump hot water through the flex ible tube while pushing the tube forward in the service line. Continue pushing the flexible tube forward (while pumping hot water into the tube) until all ice blocking the service line is melted. The drain in the valve-and-drain assembly will allow the hot water to drain back out of the service line into the bucket or container. 9. When water from the distribution main runs freely through the service line, begin pulling the flexible tube out of the service line. Do not pull the tube all the way out of the service line. Leave just 6 enough flexible tube in the valve-anddrain assembly to stop water from flowing out of the compression fitting. 10. Shut off the valve on the valveand-drain assembly. 11. Shutoff water service to the home at the curb stop. 12. Remove the valve-and-drain assem bly from the service line. 13. Turnonthewateratthecurbstop. Flush the service line by letting water run through the disconnected line into a basement drain (or suitable container) for at least 5 min. 14. Shut off the water at the curb stop and reconnect the service line. 15. Restore water service to the home. Since the hot-water thawing process forms a cross connection with the pota ble water system, all equipment used in the process should be kept sanitary at all times. In addition, the hot water used to melt the ice in the service line must be of potable quality. The hot water method of thawing frozen service lines has many advan tages: (a) it is inexpensive; (b) in the hands of an experienced user, it is effec tive; (c) no special crews are required as with electrical thawing methods; (d) one operator can easily thaw a frozen service line; and (e) the method can be used for both plastic and metal service line installations. (Note: Tests have shown that the length of the service line does not seem to affect thawing action.) Q Service Line To House Test results of the hot-water thawing pro cedure showed that the besttip for the flexible tube was formed by cutting one end of the tube at a 45 - 30 angle and feathering the cut edge. (Note: If a garden-spray air-pressure tank is used forthe hand pump, the tank must either be new or never used before to prevent the possibility ot contaminating the potable water supply.) Figure 2 Diagram of the hot-water method for thawing frozen service lines. CAPCO JEN 0021422 Keep Your Plant Running Like a `Clean Machine' D.H. Hart, Jr. Water Division Chief City of Aurora Aurora, Colo. In order for a water treatment plant to operate efficiently, the plant's pipes, valves, motors, and pumps must be in good working order. On a regular basis, each piece of equipment should be inspected for damage or improper opera tion. In addition, maintenance work should be performed on a regular basis both to keep plant equipment operating at top efficiency and to prevent major breakdowns that can result from a lack of maintenance. If inspection and main tenance procedures indicate that repairs are needed, repairs should be made immediately. The inspection and maintenance pro cedures listed below are intended to help operators keep plant equipment in good condition and to prevent major repair problems from occurring. (Note: Inspection and maintenance of filters is also an important part of plant opera tions. Fora list of inspection and main tenance procedures for filters, see the Feb. 1982 issue of OpFlow, page 6.) Checklist for Plant Equipment Maintenance Pipes and Joints 1. Check for corrosion in pipes. 2. Where coatings are in poor condi tion, apply a compatible coating. 3. Inspect the joints between sections of pipe and repair any damaged or defective joints. 5. Check the accuracy of all meters and check the recorded hours of operation. 6. Check pumps during operation to be sure they are working properly. 7. Check the alignment of the pump and motor. 8. Check bearing clearances to see that they meet manufacturers' recom mendations. 9. Lubricate motor bearings according to manufacturers' recommenda tions. 10. Clean any hardened grease from bearings. 11. Open bearing relief holes. 12. Check bearings with a stethoscope to detect any whining, grating, or other unusual noises. 4. Be sure the operating mechanism on each valve is in good working order. Electric Motors and Pumps 1. Be sure that motors are free of dirt, dust, and moisture. 2. Check for unusual conditions, such as noises, sluggish operation, unus ual odors, sparks, dust under motor covers and couplings, knocking, and vibrations. 3. Checkforproperalignmentofcouplings. Improper alignment can break the couplings and cause excessive wear to the pump and motor. 4. Check the packing on all pumps. Be sure the grease cups are full and loaded. Valves 1. Check valves, strainers, heaters, and ejectors for leaks. 2. Check the packing and seals of all valves and make repairs as needed. 3. Grease and oil valves as needed. Record Keeping 1. Keep records for all inspection and maintenance activities performed on plant equipment. A card file pro vides a good means of keeping upto-date records. When using a card file, keep a separate card (or cards) foreach piece of equipment. On the card, record any problems expe rienced with the piece ot equipment and include the names, addresses, and phone numbers of supply out lets where repair parts can be obtained. 2. When lubricating parts, record the type of lubricant used and the date of lubrication. 3. Depending on the type of equip ment, record how often the piece of equipment is inspected--daily, monthly, or yearly. December 1982 0149-8029/82/120007-01$01.00 c1982 American Water Works Association < V' 7 CAPCO JEN 0021423 Attention: Consultants Maragers Operators ORDER FORM Send me copies of AUTOMATING WATER SYSTEMS, a new library set, at $37.95 for each set. (90070Y) Payment enclosed. (Make check payable to AWWA in U. S. or Canadian funds, if Canadian funds, add 15% to total. If this orderis to be shipped outside of North America, please add 50% to total price.) Q Personal check Company check _____________ Check no. Visa Mastercard Exp. date Card no. Bill me. (AWWA members only) Name Address ----------------------------------------------------City StateZip Automating Water Systems is a new six-publication library set from AWWA. This new library set features these AWWA publications: Water Plant Instrumentation and Automation Water Customer Information Computer-Based Automation in Water Systems Data Processing/Automation in Water Systems Automation and Instrumentation -- M2 Increasing Employee Security and Productivity with Computers If your old system is being renovated or if your system is small and is being enlarged, this library set is particularly suited to your needs. You can locate the detailed infor mation you need to have by obtaining AUTOMATING WATER SYSTEMS library set Whether or not you're a member of AWWA, you can order this library set for one low price: $37.95. That's a savings of $15.25. Mail the order form today to: AWWA Data Processing Dept. 6666 Wfest Quincy Ave. Denver, CO 80235 Certification Corner,Answers 1. a--2; b--9; c--5; d--6; e--1: f--7; g--4; h--8; i--3 2. Each millilitre of stock solution = a dosage of 10 mg/L in the 1-L sample. Therefore. 3 mL of stock solution = 30 mg/L dosage in the sample. (700 gpm) x (60 min/hour) x (24 hr/day) = 1 008 000 gpd (1 008 000 gpd) v(i.0X 106) = 1.008 mgd (30 mg/L) x (8.34 Ib/gal) x (1.008 mgd) = 252 Ib/day pounds of alum (rounded) = 250 Ib/day 3. chlorine demand = (chlorine dosage) (lb H2O treated per day) lb H2O treated per day = (500 gpm) x (8.34 Ib/gal) x (1440 min/day) = 6 004 800 lb H20/day = fi IVM V in6 lh Win/rtau chlorine demand = (11 lb Cl2/day) * (6.004 X 106 lb H20/day) chlorine demand = 1.83 ppm 4. pounds = (grams) (455 grams per pound--constant) = (227 g) -T- (455 g/lb) = 0.5 lb 227 g = 0.5 lb 5. FtoC = (F-32)X0.56 = (77F- 32) X 0.56 = 45 X 0.56 = 25.2 C 6. a--alkalinity titrant, pH adjustment, sample preservative: b--hardness titrant; c--fluoride color indicator: d--indicator for iodometric dissolved-oxygen test; e--pH indicator 7. d American Water Works Association 6666 W. Quincy Ave.. Denver. CO 80235 (303) 794-7711 l CAPCO JEN 0021424