Document OzmQZKqnzRbjqEbR1K63vk251

AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DIVISION OF CHEMICAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 182nd ACS National Meeting New York, New York August 33-28,1981 U. Doemeny, Chairman D.B. Walter*, Secretary A HONDAY HORNING AW AFTERNOON - SYMPOSIUM ON THE LITERATURE Of LAB SAFETY AND HEALTH - M.t. GREEN, Presiding I. health am> rafktv uukaivw -- who maliy caws? Swira . p,-,i-cou, .nt<-u Consultations, 17920 Matey Road, Wheaton, HD 209o6 health end safety literature will be reviewed with respect tv thcec cypee ef merit 1. the pruphylatle user -- who wondcra how accidents end health riaha nay be controlled or prevented before the faett 2. the postmortem uarr -- who wente to know whet happened pfter the fact* 5, the optlaletlc oner -- who, in spite of numerous "horror stories" etlll believe, chenicel and other material* can be synthesized, handled, tranaported. reacted, and dlapoied of safely, for the benefit ef mankind. the above review will be aeen In the context of ''cosi-effective*' or benefit-risk" analyaca, dictated by the current economic eonaldrrattnna. 2. HHAT SHOULD A LAB SAfSTY BOOK ACCOMPLISH? L. drsthsrlok a P Mesaareft Centor lunhity an thauaes Middlesex Idl6 7Ut England Cheateal safety book* naad tliraa attribute* to ba of roal use to ohenleto and their aanagers. Pirat. they auet persuade all levela of anageaent and laboratory workers that sound aafety praetioee are an essential and integral part of affeotlve teohnloal operatlene. geeond. They auet provide well-preaented lnforamtlon relevant to the vide range of ehenloale and sxperlaental techniques now onoountered in the laboratory. Third, they auet provide referenoee to further eouroee of wore detailed information nooeaaary to develop this general attitude into a higher level ef understanding wherever possible. User response to previews editions has played s part in shaping the new third edition of the Soya! society of Cheaiatrys MAAAftus IN * CHEMICAL LABOJtATOflY, and the author looks forward to suggestions fer further laproveaonte. S. PRUDENT PRACTICES TCT. HANDLING HA7.AADCUS CHEMICAL* IN URORATORTES. |lalne C. NcKualck. Meekcll Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Hcdlclnc, Du Pom Co.. Wilmington, DR 19898. A National Reacarch Council (NRC) Owltto* recently issued a report ef the above title. The report waa prepared In roeponae to chemist*' concern about long term toxldtlee of aany chemleela seed in roeeerch laboratories. It provide* guideline* for aafe handling and disposal of haterdous chcmlcale In laboratories. It discusses the full rang* of chemical hstsrds. including risks from fire, explo sion, scute toxicity, and chronic toxicity (s.g., carcinogenicity). HONS 002279 CIIAS Ho facilities or procedures can msVs chemical operations totally Ire* of hsuorde. However, the laboratory can be a safe place to work If there Is Insti tutional determination to have strong safety program; active participation In it by the whole staff; good ventilation, Including en ample supply of wel1-deelgned hoods; appropriate protective clothing; end atorage, handling, and diapoeal of all chemicals In ways that recognise that every chemical can be toxic under some cir cumstances, The report's guidelines are a practical alternative to detailed regulations on individual chemicals. 4. PftOBUMS W ACQUIRING AND INTEGRATING CHEMICAL SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION FOR HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY SAFETY AND OTHER REFERENCES. Harman 1. frara. Human V. Steers S Associates, Ino., 1*0 Melbourne Ave.SE, Minneapolis,Nf 99*** Developing useful and readily usable tables of ehomtoel hararo lnforsatton presents two challenging problems: how to acquire hotsrd lnforsatton that to useful BiM how to present the Information in a format that la easy to use. Laboratory scientists as wall aa ohomlesl manufacturers have aoquirod data about the health end safety heserda of ohamloala, but the data is frsooantly not pvallablo in the open literature. Laboratory ohomlesl exposures, spills, splashes, unaxpeoted vacations, fires and explosions sro seldom reported, end manufacturers sro not oblo or wllltRg to publish all the hasare data they have. Pressntlng eheateal health and safety information in convenient tables involves aeieetlon of pertinent date and Integration of the data In a logiesl format. The Tables of Chemical Hssard Information In tho Handbook of Laboratory Safety represent one stop In an ongoing effort to present ohomlesl health end safety information on many ohomloele commonly used in laboratories. Futura tables should add Information on toxicity, shelf life, management of spllla. and waste disposal methods that sro both practicable end acceptable. S. A TEXTBOOK FOR TEACH IRQ CHEMICAL BAKTY. Asm Tut* Dept of Chewietry The City Collegt-CUin HI. II 100)1 pooolte tho inoreaoin* mrsnsM that ohemloal laboratory workers, lnoludlnc atudonto, are aubjeot to varlouo enrlronaentol riobo, oafety Instruction oontlmieo to ho a haphaaard aotivlty, Ofton It it Halted to tho tint InSootrlnatlon hour of tho flrot laboratory period, when tho student lo only diaiy aware of tho oontont of tho oouroo, Furthermore, tho mini enpfcaoia lo on lnaediate dangera, auoh aa flro, mhilm tho hatardo of ohronlo expoauro are relegated , iaplioltly, to o oooondary role. Broader and aoro intonoiwo inotruotion in safe ohcaloal praotloo oan boot be given in a separate oouroo. At tho City Collage, we offor on* etweeter, ono ormdit oouroo that ueee thm text by groan and Turk (afoty In Horbing with Ghewloale, HaoniUan, 0 I ipW and inotruotion by a faoulty asaber and gueet speaker*. The aana taxt ia raooonandad oo o oupplaaant to othar laboratory oouroao. A abort Boob of thia mart, that la naithar superficial nor anoyglo~ wodlo, oan offor far aoro than ooto of oafaty rules. ito Ain ia to itAph tho oubjaot of ohcuioal oafaty in a way that will prorida under lining of tho fundaaontal oonoapto of aafa praotloo. (. CHEMICAL SAFETY LITERATUREi INTRODUCTION TO DISCUSSION. Mlahmal E. green. City University of Now York, city College, Now York, N.Y. 10031 Oteslesl oafaty literature has reoently expanded greatly, with a nunbar of now booka appearing. Soma of these arm rmviowed during thia lyspoaloa. it ia worth considering the reasons for tho rise ia interest in ohosdeel safety which 11m behind this increase In literature, as well as the possibilities of inplananting aonm of thm raoomaandatlone. Bulgestione on thm latter point, aa well aa soma speculations on tho HONS 002280 CHA5 forwwr, will ha wlcowad furlng tho discussion. Joint* of sisdlsrltifc* In approach, *11 dlfferanoas, will b* eonsidarad also, along with tha raaaona for that* sladlarltia* and diffaranoa*. (no authors) Partialpants In this syaposlua and parsons attending this syapaslua will dlsouss both thosa hooka wrlttan by tha authora who have prasantad papars and tha lttaratura of Laboratory tafot.v In aanaral, points that alaht ha diaoussad lnoludai Whioh hooks aro hattar for oartain (roups of raadars, (hat should a laboratory safatv hook aooowpiieh, should s ssfaty hook sat a alnlaua, or an Idaal, (hat sxparlonoo have tha attondaas had with usln* thaao books? dll Intarastad parsons roflstsrsd at tha Matting aro wolooas to partlolpato In thsdlsousslon* proparod ooaaonto* up to ton alnutoa In longth, nay ho prosontod at this ooasion by arrantonont lth tha syaposlua ohalrsan durin( ths aornln* ion. A TUES0AF MORNING - SECTION A - SYMPOSIUM ON FUNDAMENTAL PR INC I PUS OF INDUSTRIAL w HYMEN* AND ANALYSIS - O.C. POSNER. Presiding B. BtsoRfTlON OF ORGANIC ANALYTES FROM ACTIVATED CARBON-PROELKHS AND SOLUTIONS. Judd C. Posner, Ph.p. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4*76 Coluwbls Parkway. Cincinnati, Ohio 45226. Iha vest aajerity of Industrial hygiene aaaple* for organic vapor anatyala are per formed by eoDectlng an air aaaple on activated charcoal, desorbing with Cl. and subsequently analyilni by G.C. Inharent in thla aethodology ia tha eaauaption that all anatytea collected behave independently of one another, larly work aupportad thla hypotheala, but Later etudlee have eaet aowe doubt on thla prewiee. Thla preoentatlan vill eencorn ltaelf with the dowonatTatlon of the effeete of Loading, deaerption volume at constant weight of sorbent, and the presence or ebaenee of other adsorbed species, on desorption efficiency. Suggaatlona are alto wada aa to wethoda for dealing with three factor#. Specifically wethoda ara suggested for linearltlng the loading-desorption efftelency relationship, for increasing desorption efficiency by varying daaorptlan parameter* and for sllalnatlng tha prohlaw of the dependence of desorption afflcisney for certain claoaao of compounds on tha presence or absence of eoedeorbed epeelee t. tTRATECIBS FOR 1VAI.UATING AIRSORNE EXPOSURES TO ACUTII.T-TOXIC CHEMICALS. gJL ksyMworl and i.C. gpear. Dept, or Slowedleal and Invlronwental Health gclencee, gchool of Mile Health. University of California, Derkeley, CA P4720. fhort-terw occupational exposures to chemicals vary considerably In nagnituda over tlwr. It la i^tortant that this short-tern variability bt conaiderad in aatabllehlng strategic criteria which define an acceptable (or unacceptable) situation when the ehrmicaJ ia aeutaly tosJc, Tha arguannt is developed that the traditional etrategy of an ahaoluta calling llwlt la unworkable etnee any environment can be declared unacceptable if a aofflclontly large mnbar of eeaplee la collactad. It la proposed that aewte-espoeure liwlte be defined Inetead aa air concentrations that can be axestded by an explicit frac tion of tha population of exposure*. An *,axcaodanc*,rrate of SX la raeoaawndsd provided that exposure Unite Incorporate appropriate safety factor* which are relatively Largs for potent aeuta toxin* and are swell for irritants. Ths l^Ucetiene of this strategy aro onalysad with sons existing calling Unite proposed by NlOSH. HONS 002281 CHAS 10. NDNITORINC M>L0YIS EXPOSURE TO LOW VAPOR PRESSURE ORGANICS: SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS. C. C. te4nan. SR! International, 333 Ravenevood Avemi*, Menlo Pork. Californio 94025 the collection mj preservation of iiopln of low vapor piMiurt organic materiel# le difficult problem for Industrial hygiene sampling. Materials normally to exist m ooroool tn the workroom may actually have a oltntfleant vapor contribution to tho total eaployee exposure. Unless precautions are taken to collect both aerosol and vapor, tba measurements nay be low, Zf aanplaa are collected on a filter, vepor looses to the cae- aette valla nay occur after sampling, for sampling method evaluation, an assumption la node aa to whether the material will be collected aa a vapor or an aaroaol, ar whether both phaeee will be meaeurad. Thte la baaed either on published vapor preeeure data, or on experimental determinations of vhothar aaroaol la proaent. He have etudied e nunbar of sampling and analytical Method* for low vapor preeeure organic* Ihle paper will dlecuee the techniques for developing and evaluating settled* of thie type, and the problena ef extending reaulte of laboratory testing to field samples. 11. ON THE COMPLEXITIES Of OBTAINING KMESENTATW AEROSOL SAMPLES. C. I. Fairchild Lot Alamet Nations? Laboratory, Industrial Hygiene Group, MS 494, Cos Alamo*, TPT Particulate air suaplet ere often colltctod under snltofclnetlc templing conditions or In crottwlndt. Moreover, tMpilng probes or tr filter inlets are often designed with little consideration of the conditions of swapllng. For particles less then 3 u* aerodynamic dlaeeter representative samples my be obtained with nones 1 cere; however, si particle eixe fncreaetS catf1 design of the tMpHng system become necessary. The laportent system parameters In Most aerosol sampling ere engle of aerosol epproech, sampling and aerosol strewn velocities, Stokes number of the particles, and the well de position in the Mffpler. The theoretical aspects of aerosol sampling. Including recent work by Davies, let* yaev end Levin, end ftajendren, will be reviewed end related to experiments? results from several Investigators, as welt at to recent experiments at the Los Alamos Nations) Lab oratory concerning the sampling efficiencies end wall deposition losses of several sir sampling filter cassettes. The latter tests were performed in e unique chamber In which the samplers were moved through an aerosol to generate a relative wind. Sampling re sults, when corrected for well deposition, agreed with recent theories of sir sampling. This work also shows that, although not amenable to theoretical analysis well deposition losses may be empirically predicted for e particular sampling system. if. imra-sis AND evaluation or new polymeric sorsents for collection and analysis of VAPOR-PHASE ORGANICS IN AMEIENT AIR. B. 0. Pelllttarl, B. Damian aid A. Schindler. Analytical and Physical Sciences Divisions, Research Triangle Institute, P. 0. Sox 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 2770S. Camaercltliy available pelymerle sorbent* are limited as collection media for vapor-phase organics In ambient air. Thus, a synthesis and testing program has hen initiated to develop bettor sorbents, end more than 100 polyimlde polymeric sorbents have been synthesised. Polylnide polymers have been evelueced using a battery of test procedures; the selection of ultimately the bast for application to sir pollution pro blems. In a pern)lei fashion, the new polymers are characterised using a testing proce dure which yields information about the physical and thermodynamic properties of to lute evbent interactions and this information will be used to predict the 'host'' chemical polymeric structure for the collection and analysis ef organics lo air. the testing procedure baa four levels. Level I (screenling) is devised te sort the polymers according to tpeeifie desired properties. Level 11 (testing) selects the nest promising polymers for trapping organics nirf generates the chentcel data base for she rationale and polymer structure property correlations. Level HI (detailed testing) provides dot* on physieo-ehemicsl properties ef the sorbent. Level IV (supplemental testing) provides additional dots on the physical chemical properties of solute-sorbent interactions. The synthesis and testing procedures will ba discussed and example* given, fhl* research was supported by RPA Contract No. 01-02-3440. MOWS 002282 CHAS 11. FUMHM CHARACTERISATION OP SORS&MTB POP AHflRONNhJlTAL lAMPLlW K. T. MtfiC` itt* J. P. Piaoowloa, j. c. N*rrio, end p. L. I#ovin*. Arihur P. LIlttttl;o, Aoorn Park* Oausbridge m 02140 Ibis pmpsr gives result* of an ongoing experimental program to evaluate the brook through oharacteristios of aorbent rooln* for sampling of orgsnio vapor* using an alution analyala chromatographic tsebniquo. Potential intorf*r*nooa likely to exist in typioal industrial workplaces were evaluatod. the offoot of wator vapor at relative huaiditiea of 75-62)1 on retention of polar and nonpolar apeoiea on two ooaaonly wood aorbenta (XAD-2 and T*nex-00) hao been studied To aohelve an aaoeaaaont of possible eoapetitive offsets on adsorption* alxtrues of analytes war# tested for possible decrease in breakthrough voluaes. Iffoots on XAD-2 were eaall* but the volumetric eepeolty of lenax-uc was substantially decreased, other sorbents were Characterised for potential use in vapor sampling* ooooanut based oharooal* petroleum based ohareoal* silica gel* Aabersorb XZ-J40, XS-347* and ZAP-6. Retention voluaes for ZAD-6 and allies gel wore roughly oonparable to those of ZAP-2 and fenax-OCi these of the oherooele and the Anoersorbo were 2 to 4 orders of eegnltude higher* Xeeovery of sorbets froa eharooela is known to bo poor in eoae oeeoo* however* end recovery froa the Aabsrsorbs is ouepoot but under inveetlgetlen* UFLOtf RATE DEPENDENCE STUDIES OF SORBATE RETENTION ANO BREAKTHROUGH VOLUMES ON POROUS POLYMERS BY BAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. J. M. Kino. CPC Internatlonsl. Sumstt-Argo, IL. G0S01, P. L. Levins end J. F. Piecewlci, Arthur D. little* Inc.* Acorn Perfc* Cambridge. MA. 02140. Elution yes chromatographic data has proven of value in ascertaining the breakthrough end capacity characteristics ef sorbent aedla utilised In anvlronmental and work-place sampling methodology. Retention volume deta obtained by the elution BC method are fre quently determined at carrier gas flow rates under 100 ml/mln* a flow rate considerably different from that specified In many NIOSH and EPA sampling procedures. The results presented In this paper will show that tha paak maxima specific retention volume* Ya' and hance the breakthrough volume for sorbates* era flow rate dependent and that con siderable error may be introduced Into sampling methods based on BC-derlvtd alution and breakthrough curves. Retention volume data obtained at flow rates up to one liter per minute for selected solutes on Tenex-CC and XAD-2 will bo presented. A gradual decrease In Va' Is observed for all the sorbates eluting on XAD-2. up to flow rates of 400 ml/mfn. An sedition loss In retention volume (up to 201 of the original ') Is noted upon Increasing the flow rat* to GOO ml/min, before VT approaches a limiting value. Retention volumes for tho same solutes show a linear Increase with Increasing flow rate on Tonex-GC a trend similar to reported results on Porapek supports. The effect of sorbent surface area and port volume* as well ts sorbste type and adsorption coefficient on the results wilt bo discussed. A correlation will bo mad# between the results presented in this paper and similar flow rate effects observed In gas-solid chromatography and diffusions) resistance studies In BC polymer thermodynamics research. 1&A RXTROfttCTlVR LOOK AT TRK RIOtH STANDARDS OMPLBnON ttOCRAH. Pal* X. Cqulson, Ilium C. Cunderuon* end C. Clurlnu Anderson. SRI Internatlonsl* 333 Reoensuood Avenue, Menlo Pork, California 40Z5. A five-year s^ierlmrntal study of smspllns and analytical methods for toxic subatancoa In workplace environments under N10SM sponsorship le summarised. Approximately 400 substances, including gases* liquids and solids* ware studied. Stabilities of eolIsctsd samples rsmged from vsiy stable to so unstable that dsrlvstisatlon use required duriag sampling, lbs camsos type# of samplers used for personal exposures In workplace envlroanents are discussed, Special probisas with individual substances and with classes f confounds are discussed, tfcs-deeign and operation ot-oystens for dynastic-generation of east atmosphere* required at least as much research an tha actual sampling and analy tical methods. The general protocol for development of validated procedures ts discussed. # TUESDAY MORNING - SECTION B - SYMPOSIUM ON CHEMICAL EXPOSURES IN SHALL SCALE INDUSTRIES: SMALL IS DANGEROUS - S.A. BERBER* Presiding HONS 002283 CIIAS 1.TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS USED IN THE JEWELRY AND WATCHMAKING INDUSTRIES, Slimn A. Birtir. City tlnlvereity of Now York, John Joy Col logo of Criminal JueiTee, A45 Voot 59 Stroot, Now York, N.Y. 10019* Tho retail business of merchandising Jewelry and watehoo io often accompanied by their ropair and servicing. In Jewelry ropalring and Manufacturing, a wide variety of chemicals are used in the procoaaee of oloaning, plating and poliehing, Thoae include acide, plating bathe of different metals, abrasives and other polishing materials. In watch restoration, several organic aolvents are used in watch cleaning such as ammoniatod and low boiling organic distillates, bentene, carbon telraohlorlde, as well as cyanide. The partioular aolvents and chemicals will be examined from the prospective of their use and degree of toxicity* The results of a survey will be discussed, relating years of exposure of the workers to these chemicals and any possible adverse health effects that they may have experienced. 17. HEALTH HAZARDS 1H TOR ARTS AND CRAFTS. M NcC.nn.nd M. R...,l. Cjnt.r for Occupational Hsxards, S Beckman Street, now York, New York 10051. Professional artists and craftspeople, art teachers and student*, hobbyists end often even children ere working with toxic arts and crafts materials without proper precautions, and often without even the knowledge that their art materials are hatardous. examples of commonly usod arts and crafts materials containing toxic chemicals include peint removers, lacquer thinners, printing inks, sUics-contelning clays and stones.laed glsses and enamels, dyss end pigments, asbestos and asbestos-contaminated talcs, cadmium-containing silver folders, uranium oxide, etc. The heterd is compounded by the fact that most artists work in the hone, thus poten tially exposing other femily nenbere, especially children. Evidence for Potentially harmful exposures and for health effects comes from many cate istories, epidemiological studies and industrial hygiene studies. IB. Cheatoal Composition of Products w,A in the Irate Rersir Industry. H. Karatadt end k.R. iebel. environmental Cancer Information Canter, environmental Sciences Laboratory, Nt. Sinai School of Medicine, New rork, New fork 10029 Auto repair and auto body shops era. usually, relatively email businesses, In ehlet a lares number of ohami cal products are usad. The Environmental Cancer Information Center conducted a study of over 300 ehemica) products used in auto repair and auto body shops, in order to determine possible health Retards associated with use of tho products. Products were classified as solvents, auto body fillers, underooate/body shields, end miscellaneous. Me wrote to manufacturers and distributors or the products to obtain information on product oowpoaltlon. In addition, Dr. Arthur Aohl of the laboratory staff analysed auto body fillers for mineral content. Our report dlocuesee the composition of auto repair/body products and the difficulties we enoountsrsd In obtaining product composition information. T9.CHEMICAL EXPOSURE IN GENERAL DENTISTRY AND IN TUB PROSTHETICS LABORATORY. Chdrlte W. Tecer 3930 Richmond Avenue, Staten Inland,N.Y. --------------------------10312 An examination of the typical dental office reveele that there la a large number of potentially toxic ehemieala that the practitioner,eteff and patlanta are exposed to on a daily basis. Theea substances include mercury, phenol, nitrous oxide, sodium hypochlorite and eupra*oxyl. In the prosthetics laboratory, the chance for exposure to chemical toxins is even greater due to the use ofi strong acids, potassium cyanide, chloroform. Asbestos, serbo* tetrachloride, berrylium, ether end kerosene. The usee of these substances will be evaluated as to their role in the practice of dentistry. Procedures will be discussed aa a meant of reducing the exposure of personnel to these chemicals. Relevant case studies will also be cited. HONS 004264 CHAS <0. SPECIAL RISKS OP MARGINAL VORK&RS. A. HlfUr ilept of BioohemUtry, Albert SlnaMln Collage of Modloino Bronx, N Y 10461 Trod* union* or* important in dsorosslng work rolotod health hmsards *h# Min bonsfinlmrlss or htiltl rolatod Inter legislation hnvt Lam workoro in lore* plants, beosus* labor and boaith offlolaio deal with teaaarda involeini a lot of workora at ona aita. Million* of vorkara employed In a largo number of anall industrial oonoorns aro oxpoaod to hatarda that would not bo toloratod in tho large woll-organltod indus trial aatabllahnonta. That* haaards aro toloratod booauso thoao workora aro not organist* or aro not aa artioulato as othor groups. Small oca* panlos havo boooao anaotuarioa for dangorous ohaaloal and physios! prooooooa that largo firns farm out". Inforoonont of boaith and ovon wag* oodaa la not pursued In sons snail Industry (benign nogloot). Mio Kollo believes that onforoonont would foroo tho anall onployor to olos*. o workora bollovo that a dangerous job la battor than no Job at all* Booauso Industrial lntoxioation loads to ohronio diaoaao, thoao workoro ofton do not bonsfit fron workar'a compensation. tho ooolal buroauoraoy and sandfoaant bolittl* tho job related hasard*: pretestioa f tho hoalth of this segment of aooiaty la an laportant ooolal and ooononio goal. It oan bo dona without ham to snail buslnoso, If trado aaaooia- m!t p!ln?!.00ntrlbul* * # TUESDAY AFTERNOON - SECTION A - SYMPOSIUM ON CHEMICAL HAZARO CONTROL PROGRAMS: RESOURCES AND INFORMATION D.J. MARSICK. Presiding El .THE tIOCKIMISTRY PROGRAM OP TUB CENTER FOR MVWOIMENTAI. HEALTH. CENTRA POO DISEASE CONTROL. David b. Have. Ph.D., Director, Clinical Chemistry Division, Canter for tnvlrwwfntsl Health. Centers for Dlaaaae Control, Atlanta, GA 50333. A vacant raertaniantlon ol the Cantara for Dlaaaoa Control (CM) craata a mv Cantar for Bavlrowentel Health (CRH), with a nandatt to "plan, direct and coordinate a national progren to prevent or control environmentally related health problems occurring outside the workplace." (The National Institute of Occupations! Safety and Haalth li I DC cantor concerned with occupational health.) The CEN d*lnlC*r* federally cupperted presraea, conduct* epidemiologic atudloa of riaka to tonic exposure, closely aupporta atato awl local effort* in detecting end controlling toxic chonlcel outbreaks and environments! haaarda to hwa* health, and develop# and applies epidemiologic and technologic raaoureaa to thaee problems. The Center'* eantral role in apldeailoleglc Investigation* and admin istration and/or consultative seelatance to national, state, and local pravontlv* health programs 1* eloeely awpportad bp a large laboratory component l haw* btoehalstry. toxicology, and genetic*. Program* in environments) and dlagnoatlc chemistry concentrate on tit* davalepatent and validation of analytical technique*, the Improved standardisation af rafarsne* naterlele, and *pecla)lted laboratory services for key national haalth surveillance. prevalence, and lntarventlon studies. The role of the eheeiletry laboratory in environmental health is dieeuaaad. (2. REMARKS ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF REPORTABLE QUANTITIES UNDER aSUPERFUN0" John t. 8rupper. Oil I ftozardDUt teterlalg Spills Branch, MERl-CI, U.S. Envlrommental Protection Agency, Uoodbrldge Ave., Edison, NJ 08837 Undsr Section 10? (Reportable Quentltles end Addltionel Designation) of Public Law K-S10, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 ("CERCLA* or `Superfund"), the AMelnlstrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Is authorised to designate metarlals as hasardovs substances and to specify the amounts that qualify * "reportable quantities'1 when released Into any medlwa (t.g., air, land, water). The definition or hazardous substances end some bases for deter* mining reportable quantities will be discussed* however, no statements on Agency policy will be made. HONS 002285 CHAS 23. WASTE EXCHANGE: Concept end Roallty, Rolf P. Hill, Office of Solid Vaste (NH SO), U.S. Environmental protection Agency, 401 M street/ *w, Washington* D.C. 204(0 The topic "Waste Exchanges Concept and Reality dlecoeeea the philos ophy of the industrial resource recovery program and the actual implementa tion of the eoncept. Various oase studies of operations are addreaeed and the different types of waste exchangee are discussed. The finaSclal as pect a of both the information exchange (or clearinghouse) and the meteria) exchange are compared. The legal issues affecting waste exchanges are 'raised. A comparison of the recent RPA rules regarding hazardous waste management and the effeot on waste exchanges ia made. ? . or4 computerization materials invwtort tor industrial health purposes. y.C. Claraldl. launch 1 Loob, 1400 N. Goodman 8t., Rochester, NY 14(02. Increased concern for occupational health hatarda haa created a need to know the ohomleal Idem It lea of eatarlala used In the workplace. A computerised eaterlel Inventory ayatea has been creeted to Identify priority toxicants which enables health end eefety resources to be allocated where they are moat needed. KPN-UNE ACCESS TO ALL CHEMICAL REGULATORY MATERIAL. P.R. Eakln and F.Corbin, CAC Systems Inc., 4020TT11 laasburg Court* Fairfax, VA 2TG$2 The Interagency Regulatory liaison Group (1RLG) Identified the need for computerized data bate to provide access toregulitory material by chemical substance. They therefore sponsored the development of the hem1cal Regulations and guidelines System (CRGS) to provide government and Industry with automated access to all regulatory material - statutes* regulations, standards and guidelines - thet oertaln to the control of chemical substances. The development of such a data bast Is designed to cover Federal, state and finally International regulations Ineremtntelly. The first phase, the Federal segment* Is now complete and will be made publicly available by a eoamerclal on-line vendor later In 1961. This paper discusses the need for such a data base In the area ef health and safetyi and discusses the design criteria used to determine Its development. The needs of both government and Industry were considered. The documents covered by the data base will be discussed together with the approech taken to describing their content. The need for a standardlaed vocabulary* to describe both the chemicals and their regulation will be examined and the approaches taken In CRGS discussed. The-conplexltles of substance* Identification.within regulation and the different approaches taken by government agencies will be Illustrated. Examples of the use of CRGS wlllbe given. K.INFORMATION EXCHANGE FOR CHEMICAL HEALTH AND SAFETY. P.J. Marslcfc. 0. Orage and F. Corbin. 0SHA/U.S. Oept. of Labor. 200 Constitution Ave.N.W., Washington,O.C. miO; ersc and U.S. E.P.A. Information forms the pivot for all health and safety activity, it has a roll In early naming about environmental hazards* In consultant support, and In cooperative public awareness ventures. As available resources become more limited, regulatory agencies must rely much morn on Information oxchonge and dissemination os tools with which to fulfill their prlamry mission. I.e., the protection of public heolth and safety. Information exchange, which Includes Interagency sharing ef public Information, Inter agency exchange of regulatory end Inspection Information, and Interagency cooparatlen In new information handling techniques and systems, results In cost savings, Increased regulator productivity* and easier public access to health and safety Information. The results of Interagency Information sharing will ba discussed In relation to positive public health benefits. Present avenues for serving the chemical community through Interagency Information efforts will be addressed. Future Interagency plans, such as a chemical regulations dots base, chemical Information resource sharing, and cooperative public Interchanges will also be presented. HONS 002466 CHAS # TUESDAY AFTERNOON - SECTION B - SYMPOSIUM ON NEN CONTROLS FOR LABORATORY HAZARDS F.N. BOLLINGER, Presiding |7. RESEARCH LABORATORIES SAFETY - A PERSONAL PRIORITY. G. D. Hclndel Eastman Kodak Company. Rochastar, New York 14650 '" A raaaarch mnvironment praaanta unique problems compared to an ordin ary industrial environment for anyone trying to design or implement a safety program because of the high degree of autonomy individual research ers demand and need. This talk comprises one company's approach. Because of their autonomy, researchers make independent decisions daily ragarding materials and procedures used in a project--so the sefety program must be decentralised. In addition, researcher need to understand reaaone for specific safety directives, so the safety program must emphasise training and Information. And finally, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the program, various feedback mechanisms are easentiel. This talk des cribes some spscific approaches used for training/lnformstion and fsedbsck and hopes to stimulate exchanges between individuals with different back grounds and experiences. 18. 0ES1GN OF A HAZARDOUS WTEARIALS LABORATORY COMPLEX, PART 11. Jm- H. Harlan and Kenneth E. Baxter, Radian Corporation, 8601 MoPac Boulevard, Austin, Tana* 78759. Toxicological, biological and physical evidence Is Indicating that an Increasing nuabar of chemicals are highly hazardous to human health and to the environment. Com mensurate with these discoveries la an Incrtaslng demand for laboratory facilities In uhtch haiardous chemicals can be manipulated with a minimus risk of exposure for oper ating personnel and the environment. In April, 1979, Radian Corporation began opera tion of Its first 1400 square foot Hazardous Materials Laboratory (HML). Since that time the facility has boon expanded to a 5000 squire foot complex containing both con trolled and uncontrolled laboratories. The controlled facilities operate at negative pressure and provide Isolated chemical handling rooms, custom-designed glove boxes, analytical Instrumentation, offtee space, chemical storage at fS*C, 5*C, -20*C, and -70*C, vault storage for extremely hatardous materials. Isolated waste storage, end airlocks for moving equipment and materials Into and out of the facility. All effluents are treated to reduce the concentrations of chemicals to the lowest possible levels. All critical systems such as air bandlars, refrigeration units, and lighting are con stantly monitored end are provided with back-up systems In case of failure. It, FOAM RANDUNC TECHNIQUE POt CONTAINERS OP HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. C. >. Behmitt. 1C Corporation, 575 Oak Ridge Turnpike, Suita 200, Oak Ridge, Tannaaaoe 37830. A technique hat been developed for minimising the danger to personnel Involved in handling and dlapoaal of container# of potentially haiardous laboratory nattrlele, oueh aa ethers uhlch have autooxldlaod to fern peroaldee or potaaolun octal whteh hee oxidised to torn peroxide or auperoxlde. The method conslete of placing a protective metal cylinder, open at both ende, around the container and then eeatlng a low-temper ature, porous tlastomer foam In the annulus apace between the cylinder and the container. The metal cylinder containing the elaetomer-bonded container, can then subsequently he moved using ruootc techniques with less baeard to pcreonnel involved. A specific incident using this foam handling and dlapoaal technique la described share a old 1 Kg. brown-glees bottle of Isopropyl ether was found in which the ether had evaporated, leaving same visible white cryetale at the bottom of the bottle and around the area of the top screw cap. Control measures to prevent the occurrence of future Incidents involving euch potentially hasardoue chenleele ere described and discussed. 90. HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE CHEMISTRY FROFSSSIOMl A QUESTION OF ANARSNESS amp PACiutlM. Q. totsat Olin. Prof. M.O,-B*#v*ntiwm Occupation*! Hodleai Unit, Dmpt. of Host Tmehnology, Royal Inatltut# of Technology, HONS 002287 CI1AS Also H*4 of Occupational Health and Safety Dspt., Aatrs, Inc., Sodsrtalje, SW*D*N -- _____ Long-tan* advaraa effect* of expoaure to chsmical substances among worker* in the chemistry profa**ion ha* bean underestimated. Thia state ment, if true, must be of ooncern to members of the chemistry prof***lon a* well a* to those responsible for developing opinion* and creating policy. Tha preeentatien will be subdivided Into four partet Part It latest result* from on-going epidemiology study eonearning mortality pattern among Swedish chemistry graduate*. See previous paper (Environ. Roe* 33, 154-461, 1*60)j Pert XXt Recent Scandinavian observation* concerning the possibility of reproductivity hazards for personnel working in environments contamin ated t such a* in hospitals, chemical laboratories and in Induetryi part XXIi ventilation failure ee a probable cauae of harmful exposure will be presented by e film on transport of particles and gaeee made by Allander and Ljungqvist, Royal institute of Technology! Part XVi Preventive 'fceasure* considered necessary to Insure health safety will be summarised, including preventive etretegy necessary to proteet the fetus of the pregnant woman will be given special consideration. 31 .A SAFES D1A20TSAHSFBR MAGEXT. G*orga G. Hasen, Leonard X. Wslnstoek, Rob*U Connell and Ftoderlok W telllnaar. March Sharp 1 tehee Eeaeareh Laboratories. Division of March A Co., Inc., Solway, X. 3. 07045. The explosive power and Inpact sensitivity of p-toayl aside prompted a search for an equally effective hut more steble diasotransfor rasgont. Themel properties of this reagent were coopered with these of four possible substitutes. Of theae, the leooerlc alxture of p-dodecylbenraneaulfonyl asIdee was safest and beat-suited for large scale operations. Its preparation and use art shown by Illustrative experiments. # WEDNESDAY MOANING - SYMPOSIUM ON EPIDEMIOLOGY: I - DATA ELEMENTS ANO MCTHOOOlOtY S. KAPLAN, Presiding 3?. EPIDEMIOLOGIC USE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RECORDS! DATA ELEMENTS, SYSTEM LINKAGE AMD UTILIZATION. Prank nurlav. Ph.D., Biometric RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 1010 Wisconsin Ave., N.w.. Suits 505, Washington, D. C. 20007 Dsts from occupational health records can be categorised ee identify ing, classifying, confounding, or outcome variables, identifying varia bles ere ehoeen based on uniqueness. permanence, ubiquity, avallability, end indlepenaebillty. Classifying variables define groups of Individuals according to their characteristics, so morbidity and mortality can be compered. Xn occupational epidemiology, exposure parameters art the moat important classifying variables. Outcome variables can be various measures, such ee cause of death, disease incidence, lung function measurements, end blood chemistries. Confounding variables ere those related both to the outcome variables end classifying variables (s.g.. older workers generally have longsr exposure end poorer health then younger workers, eo age le e confounding variable.). If there is signifi cant confounding, adjustments In the design or enelysie must be made to allow valid comparison* among the study group*. The nature of outcome variables dictetss the slae, design, and eubsequent analysis of the study. These dots categories are organised Into three main modules -- personnel, medical, end Industrial bygiene -- which are computer-linked to provide comprehensive data base. Principles will be illustrated with on-going studies of workers exposed to PCB and to noise. 33 4VTHODOLOGY OP AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC 8TUDY IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, lilllt ncmifl6. University of Aritone, 1435 N. Fremont, Tucson, Arisons 15719 An epidemiologic study of esnesr mortality among persons occupationally exposed to bensene (and other agents) is used to discuss methodological HONS 00228a CHAS Ilia** involved In oonduotlng hletorioal cohort study in th industrial Betting. The study group consists of 262 persons who were employed at s single chemical plant anytime between 1947 and 1960. The cohort was fol lowed through December 31, 1977 to observe mortality and specific eeuses of death. Methodological problems Include selection of the plant and oharaoterieation of its different production proeaesea over time ae they Impact on epidemiologic considerations as well as definition of study subjects. Other Issues Involve Identification and retrieval of demo graphic and employment Information for each subject from company records and ths summarisation of these data for analytic purposes. Procedures for trscing individuals who left employment before the close of the etudy using third party record systems are mentioned, along with ways in which unauccassful afforta ara handled in the analyeie. Choice of a compar ison group and elasaifleation of causes of death in study and comparison groups ara conaidared. Limitations in the study such as sampls site and the absence of quantitative data on individual benzene exposure levels are discussed. 34. EPIDBMIOLOOlC PTUDIBS OP OCCUPATIONAL CANCERSt APPROACHES AND DATA SOURCES. Otto Nona. Sc.D., Diametric Research Institute, 1010 Wiscon sin Ave., N.W.. Suite $05, Washington, D.C, 20007. As a practical tool, epidemiology has been successful In idsntlfying etiologic agents or riak factors for chronic diseases such as cancer. All throe major typaa of occupational atudiae -- hietorlcal proepectlve (co hort), proportional, and retroepectlve (caee-eontrol) ere diecueaed with emphasia on cohort atudiae. The major stepe of e cohort study include feeaibility analysis, study daalgn, data collection on site, date reduct ion, vital statue follow-upr death certificatwECquisition, cauas-ofdeath coding, data update, statistical analysis, and lnterpratatlon. A faaslbility analysis with respect to cohort Identification, avail ability of date, end ea;*ple siss is necessary before inpleaanting an ind ustry-wide or nilti-plant etudy. The typo of data needed and their eources fro* existing records are discussed. Procedures, relative coats, end ffi elency of various vital status follow-up methods, such ss local Inquiry, starch through files of the Social Security Administration end state motor vehicle bureau#, are presented,ss well as the procedure of requesting death certificates. The coanon stetiatical technique* and rleli assessment indices are explained. Date from studies on workers exposed to bensene, formaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketonee. bromlnated chemicals, and niekel will be used to illustrate the points. 35.EPIPCMI01061CAL CONSIDERATIONS IN EVALUATING HEALTH SURVEILLANCE DATA. Ruth H. Menatram. H.D., M.P.H., Environments! Health and Safety. Smith Kline Carp., 1600 Spring Garden St.. P.OJox 7929. Philadelphia, PA 19101 Epidemiological studies In Industry traditionally axamlne securenee of disease or deetli In relation to specific chsmlcal, physical, or other potentially hazardous exposures. Similarly, epidemiological methods cen be eppKed In examining health effects dsta collected as pert of routine screening procedures designed to discover pre-disease states. Alterations In health screening dete cen often suggest a need for further examination of exposures and further follow-up of specific groups of workers. Careful selection of control, or comparison, populations of workers Is essential In analyzing health surveillance data. In soma cases, sn (deal control group may not be available, and comparisons must bt made, not between "exposed* and "non-exposed" groups, but between multiple groups of workers with different types of varying levels of xposure. Such groups can laand themselves to valid comparisons only If factors likely to Influence the health affects being measured are controlled. However, emphasis should be on controlling only those rectors, other than exposure, which cen be expected to Influence the outcome measure. The current study examines how htalth screening data may be routinely analyzed In relation to exposures, utilizing Information from health surveillance In e moderate" sin pharmaceutical plant. A. job coding tchsac, developed to facilitate combining data for workers who share similar types of exposure, Is described.Selected 1980 biochemical screening test results ara examined In relation to the job classification schame. HONS 002289 1 CHAS WEDNESDAY HOMING AND AFTERNOON SYMPOSIUM ON CMCMICAt HEALTH ANO SAFETY, ESPECIALLY IN THE ACAOEMIC LABORATORY ORGANIZED BY DIVIStON OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, INC., JOINT WITH DIVISION OF SMALL CHEMICAL BUSINESSES - ABSTRACTS IN SECTION CHCD # WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON - SYMPOSIUM ON EPIDEMIOLOGY: - SPECIFIC STUOIES AND CONCLUSIONS - N.H. FAWCETT, Presiding 36. A Aetroipactlve COHORT STUDY OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AMONG CHEMISTS. Shall< K. Hoar. National Cancer Institute, Landow Building, Room 3CO?, Bethesde, NO 20205. This retrospective cohort study examines morbidity end mortality among 3686 men who were anploytd es chemists In 1959. During 1964*1977, the chemists experienced lower overall mortality than other selorled exployees of the chemical company (196 observed, 241.0 expected, sm*82). A large deficit Is seen In lung cancer end arteriosclerotic heart disease deaths. The chemists appear to be at slightly higher Htk for death frem malignancies of the colon (12 observed, 6.7 expected, SMR178) and cerebrovascular disease (15 observed, 10.8 expected, $MR*138). The low overall mortality resulted In larger than effected proportion of deaths due to cancer. Fewer than expected cases were diagnosed of cancer of all sites combined ($1 observed, 86.5 expected, $IR71| end of the lung (8 observed, 20.0 expected, $!R*4Q). The Incident of melanoma and cancer of the prostate Is slightly higher than expected, relative to the Third National Cancer Survey and the nonchemists, respectively. All disabilities of eight days or more wore also examined. Associations between cause of Illness end department group are presented. Possible explanations for the lack of anticipated excess risks and for tho observod deficits are discussed. 37. Accidental environmental contamination with 2,3,7,g-Tetrachlorodlhento-p-dloaln la tevaao, Italy. Epidemiologic strategy for evaluation of potential adverse effects In the human population. Ruth 1411a. H.D. and Irving J. Scllhofr, M.D.. Bnvlrmmental gclencea Laboratory, Mount gknei HeJIcal Canter, New York, Haw York 10029 Hie manufacture of trleMorophenol (TCP) In a ehanlcal plant In geveeo, Italy vae baaed on the treatment of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenaene with NA ON, and that of the resulting sodium tricMeropheneta with UCL, ridding TCP. An accident (uncontrolled enocharntc process) occurred in July 1976, and resulted in the dlaacailnatton of the contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodlhenso-p-dloxln (TCDO) In the environment. Advarae affects on vege tation and animal Ufa were toon obeerved, followed by the development of chlorecne predominantly in children and y oung adults. The multi-organ toxic effects of TCDO arc known from previous ouch Induotrlol accident# and from extensive experimental studies| the marked toxlelty and the potential carcinogenic and teratogenic affects prompted apodal efforts for multifaceted clinical and laboratory investigations of tho exposed population. Liver function, neurologic atatua, lipid netabollem, laaxinoleglc statue, glucarlc acid excretion (an Indicator of mixed function oxidase system enaymee Induc tion) hove received special attention. Monitoring for congenital malformations, opcuta neous abortions, mortality patterns (including Cancer Registry) was also undertakes sad la in progress. 38. A CASE/CONTROL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE nRBICIDB 2,4-0 nd SPONTANEOUS ABORTION. D. Carmolli 8RI Inter national, 333 Ravenswood Av.,Mmnlo Park, CA Pdols, and R.w.Morgan, Environmental Health Aaaoclataa. Inc., 2150 Shattuck Ave..Berkeley, CA 94703. Tha poaeibla aaaociatlon of tha harblcida 2,4-D with human apontanaoua abortion via axaminodLby moons of a tvouiaga caep-control..atudy. In tha first ataga a baaa population in which approximately half of tho males ara exposed to 2,4-D in tha couraa of thalr work waa Identified via a britf postal questionnaire aant out to membera of agricultural aaaociationa and employees of various induatrlaa. Prom this population,a subaample of 134 eaaaa daflnad aa woman raporting a miscarriage since 1/1/70 and 311 controls (moat rscent live birth) war# aalactad for fur- HONS 002290 CHAS thar Investigations througrh sn extensive telephone Interview eddreseed to both husbend end wife, exposure to the herbicide, at work and at home around conception date and over the whole study poxiod wars each tested for a possible increased risk of spontsneous sbortions during tha study tins pariod. In the couraa of the investigation# we controlled* age and adueatlon of husband and wifa. conception month and source list (type of occupational sxpooure). the association to clgsrstta smoking and the use of legal and lllagal drugs wars considered. No association between spont aneous abortions end husband or wife axpeeure categories for the total sampls was found, but increased rlek was noted in the forest group. 39. UmG TOW STATUS OF WORKERS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO 2,3,7.0-TXmCNUntOPlligtzo-PD10X1N (TCDD) 111 me MANUFACTURE OF 2,4,5-T. MrIon Moses. Ruth LIU* and Irving J. Stllkoff. InvlTenemtsl Sciences Laboratory, Hoimi sfnai ttrJlcal Center, New tort, New York 10029 In 1949 vorkere at a Monssnto (heelcel Coapany plant had cMoreco* end/ox mtIouo systemic lllneee releted to exposure to 2,3,7,0-TCDO free a reactor accident where trlchlorophenol wee being aede for 2,4,5-T production. Chlorecne continued to be a problee at thla plant as long as the herbicide woe eenufectwred there, free 1940 to 1969. In 1979 e health sur vey af active.and retired workers at this plant was conducted. Reelduel ehloraene wee found at the tine of examination In 71 (31X) of the workers surveytd. An additional 43 (20X) had a history of ehloraene In the past. In approximately SOX of the workers with current or paet ehloraene, the condition had persisted for more than 20 years. A relation ship was found between chloreene end elevated trlglyeeridee, ee well ee sbnornelttlee In some liver function teete. Beevy expoeure to 3,4,5-T use found to be esaoclatcd with liver function sbnOTMlltlss. Additions! findings from the continuing snalyele will also be presented! 0 THURSDAY MORNING - SYMPOSIUM OR EPIDEMIOLOGY: 3 - METHODOLOGY - S. KAPLAN. Presiding 40.EPIDEMIOLOGY: IASIC CONCEPTS. Ralph R. Cook. M.D., 0o Chemical U.S.A., Director pf Epidemiology, 1003 lulldlng, Midland, Michigan 40640 Epldmelology is otfologlc research, in the course of obtaining meaningful associations between chemicals and human disease. the epidemiologist mast grapple with five basic concepts: selection, mfselasslflcatlon, confounding, chance, and causation. The validity of spy particular study dopends on how well the Investigator has managed these issues. Improper selection of study subjects or controls. Inconsistent classification af dlsaast state or exposure, failure to adjust for other causes of disease. Inappropriate or xcosslvc reliance on statistical techniques, and Ignorance of the cpfdwtologlc rules of causation eon have profound effects on risk estimates and the resultant Interpre tations. in the pest, the errors Inherent to this observational science were thought to product underestimates of risk. This fallacy has even boon Incorporated Into govern, ment policy. It Is now known that overestimates also can commonly be generated. The five concepts and their Influence on relative risks ere discussed through a series of sligle numerical exea^les. Emphasis Is placed on nondlfferenttel end differential srfsclesslftcotlon. *1-EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS IN INOUSTRVi A COMPARISON. Robert N. Moroan. M.D., 2150 Shattuck Are., Suite 414, lerkelcy, CA 94704 The measurement of health, and health effects due to employment or environmental exposure offers considerable challenge to Industry, which frequently turns to the epidemiologist far a solutlen. The presentation mill nmmarliv tha research methods available, with the strengths and weaknesses of each, especially applied to occupational situations, and Indications and countrafndlcatlons for comnon types of studios. Examples will Illustrate the major pitfalls to avoid. These will be a brief discussion of statistical power and Its ralatlensMp to negative epidemio logic studios, especially as they concern regulatory agencies. HONS 0022S1 CHAS 4?.OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY. C. P. Wen and S. P. Till, Gulf Science and Technology, P.O.Box 2100, Houston, TX X7001 Epidemiology Is the study of the distribution end the determinants of disease or physloloolcal condition In human population. The epidemiologist Is Interested In the occurrence of disease by time, place, and persons. Occupational epidemiology Is a discipline of quantitative health risk assessment of workers by Integrating and statistically treating medical, personnel, safety. Industrial hygiene, toxicology, process engineering and comwnlty Information. five major types of epidemiological orogremt will be described > an example of an occupational epidemiology. They are: 1) prospective epidemiology; 2) retrospective epidemiology; J) clinical epidemiology; 4} reproductive epidemiology; end 5) applied epidemiology. _______ ___________ Retrospective epidemiology on mortality will be described In more detail and statistics such as Standardtxod Mortality Ratio (SNR), Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR), relative end attributable risk will be discussed. aa.wruoy METHODOLOGY IN OCCUPATIONAL EPIDKiIOLOGY . Monsanto, ?jO0 n. Lindbergh Blvd., 8t. Louis, HO u o3"Gb __ ^f* Although tho acute effect* of occupational exposure ehould not b ig nored, chronic affecta following long latant periods tend to be more ser ious, and more difficult to meeeur*. chronic affecta can manifest them selves at any point on the health *poetrum from aeymptomatlc anomalies to death. For reasons of expediency, epidemiologic etudie* of chronic disease in employed populations tend at the present time to study mort ality. The moat co>maon type of mortality study is the cohort followup study, in which s living population exposed several decades sgo is ident ified end followed to the present tiee. The numbers of deaths by esuss which occur srs compared to the numbers which would be expected in s comparable unexpoeed population. A second common methodology ie the proportional mortality study, which looks only at the deaths in an exposed population. The percentages of deaths due to various causes srs compared with the percentages to be expected In a similar sample of death# in the general population. Both study designs present problems of interpretation. Sxemplea of each will be discussed to illustrate these problems, which Include the healthy worker effect, the survivor effect, and others. # THURSDAY MORNING AND AFTERNOON - JOINT SYMPOSIUM ON TRANSPORTATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS - ORGANIZED BY DIVISION OP NUCLEAR CHEMICAL ANO TECNN0L08V - ABSTRACTS tN SECTION NUCl A THURSDAY AFTERNOON SYMPOSIUM ON EPIOENIOLOGY: 4 - PROSPECT AND OUTLOOK H.N. FAKETT, Presiding 44.OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE AWARENESS THE TEACHING OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE IN BRITISH AND IRISH MEDICAL SCHOOLS. Ralph H. Fswcett. M.O.PhO. The Pletlonel University ef Ireland, GeTwey (V.S. Address, 12920 muy Road, Mweton, MD 20906) Since 1775, when the reTetlon between occupational cancer was correlated with expos ures of chimney sweeps, physicians In the British Isles have been actively concerned with the effect of occupational environments on hoelth. Currently, the Interests encoxpess e wide spectra* fra* the blest furnaces end ehemlcel plants to agriculture with corresponding variations in patterns of disease. Both Industrial and toricultural occupational diseases ere taught In all medical school courses, comonly titled "Social end Preventive Medicine", with tone wphesls on locally prevalent diseases end treatment. A brief survey of such courses will be given. A discussion of the requirements for speelellxetlon In occupational medicine will fellow, the role of the occupational physicians end the relation to opldonlology will be briefly discussed. MGNS 002292 CHAS 45. EPIDEMIOLOGY OP REFINERY WORKERS WITH BENZENE EXPOSURES. C.P.Wen and S.P. Tsal.H.D.s. Gulf Science and Technology Company, P.O.Box 2100. Houston. TX 77001. Health effects of workers with chronic benzene exposures In a refinery ere described. A retrospective cohort study examines the mortality experience of benzene workers (IM43) In the period 1052 to 1076 to determine If they experienced unusual death rates for Specific causes Indicative of exposure to benzene In the work environment. Standardized mortality ratios (SNR's) for all causes of death using the colorable US mole populations as a reference population showed that benzene workers In this refinery experienced more favorable mortality than the comparable US population. Any SMR's below 100 Indicate more favorable mortality. The SMR's for all causes of death were 43 for white males and 3$ for non-white males. No deaths from leukemia were observed nor were deaths from any specific caneer site In statistical excess. A medical surveillance system on these benzene workers Is also described with emphasis on the evaluation of 21 years of collection of hematology and blood chemistry data. There were no specific effects observed from chronic exposure to benzene. The relevance of proposed regulatory criteria to monitor blood results Is discussed. 46. THB CONFUSED BPIDBMIOLOQY OF PCBa. 00 N. Lindbergh BLvd., 02WE, St. Louie, MO 63166. Monaanto, Polychlorinated biphenyls ere e claae of eubetences once widely used in epplicetiona requiring thermal stability, low vapor prmeeure end insu lating properties. In 1968. about 1000 people in Japan became acutely ill from eating rice oil heavily contaminated with PCBa. Subsequently it wee found that PCBe were ubiquitous in the environment. Production of PCBe in the United Stetee ceased in the 1970'e, but concern for the long term effects of PCBe continues, ee dose their presence in the environ ment. Because ret feeding etudiea in 1975 suggested that PCBe might cause liver cancer, several epidemiologic studies of exposed populations were carried out. Those which examined morbidity in living populations generally found no effects other than (in some etudiea) some cases of mild liver dysfunction. Three cohort studies of long term mortality in occupationally exposed populations were carried out. Although each of them found some excess mortality from some causes, they have in common the feet that (e) they do not agree with each other end (b) they do not confirm the rat feeding studies. The Interpretation of these mortality etudiea will be discussed in the light of the criteria established by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for establishing occu pational carcinogeneele. 47.HEALTH STATUS OF CAPICIT0R AM TRANSFORMER MANUFACTURING WORKERS WITH LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO KBs. Alf flichbtln. Miry S. Wolff, John Thornton, Ruth Lllls end Irving J. Sollfcoff, EnvIronmsnUl Sciences laboratory, Mount Sinai Nodical Cantor, Now York, Maw York 10029 In order to evaluate the health affects from occupational exposure to PCBa, a clini cal survey was conducted of 326 workers eeploytd In capltor end transformer menufacturIna facility where KBs had been used since the 1940s. Aroclor 1016 and. to a minor degree Aroclor 1221 had raplacad the higher chlorinated KBs for two years prior to this study. Forty percent of the workers, half of whom were females, had been employed for 20 years or longer. Mean plaint concentrations of hlghor (Aroclor 1254) ond lower (Aroc lor 1242) congeners of PCBs wero 124 ppb and 48 ppb respectively. Despite high plasma concentrations of PCBs, which correlated well with Intensity of exposure, there was e pau city of clinical and laboratory abnormalities. However, there was a high prevalence of abnormal dermatological findings. Including chloracne (61) and conjunctival and palpebral abnormalities (161). Association was found between dermatological abnormalities and plas ma levels of higher congeners of PCBs. A similar relationship wes demonstrated between higher congeners ef PCBs end serum triglyceride levels. No evidence of eorphyrlo or peri pheral nerve dysfunction wes found In e subgroup of this populetlon. The absence of s1g nlflcont clinical disease Is of Interest when compered to the clinical syndrome ef human PCB poisoning described es Yvsho. Our findings give credence to the hypothesis that clinical affects ascribed to PCBs, may In part reflect a higher disease Inducing potential of contaminants such as dlbenzofurans. MONS 002293 CHAS 48.THS ISOM CMP Of LA1WC1--CAN IT St UKWBNXDT Irvin. J. gxllknff., M.D., InvlronMntil Science* laboratory, Mount final School of Medicine o# the City University of Mew Yorkf 0nA Quotivo L. Lmvy Place, K.Y., H.Y. 10029 With exogenous eeuses of cancor there la oftan inexorable acquleltloa of rlah that pereiete avan with tha reamul of tha offending agent, until the eWbeequenl clinical appearance of cancer 20 to 40 yeara later. The tiaoua inprlnt way not be evident but the figurative aeoplaetlc curea of Cain la all too real. A year expoeure to brtaeaphthylaalue la a dye plant provides a background for bladder cancor 30 yeara later and vinyl chloride angloaarcoaa usually doaa not appear until 20 year# or nor# after initial employment. Lung cancer end meaetheliome charecterletlcatly occur In the third er fourth decode# after expoeure to eabeetoe. After expoeure are tee doomed to in evitable concer riok after a quiet period of incubation! Thle may not mceeeerlly alweye be ao. While cancer is sot reverelble, cancer rlek can be. Per exeuple, if aebeetoe worker* atop enoking, their rlek of dying of lung cancer goee to about onethird or one-half of thooe who continue to emoke. Current findInge of altered Imeiunn logical status among Individuals at high risk of eancer suggests tha poesJbillty of being able to counter iMsunosuppression In these days of thynosins and interferons. Additional theoretical perspectives art derived fron observations concerning promo tion in the induction of cancer. After initiation (f Imprinting) v* are given eeeond chance, by avoiding expoeure to promoters. The period of clinical latency ean thue be looked at in two ways: an inexorable period of increeeing rlek. or an opportunity to nedlfy that rlek. FRIDAY ROANINt SYNFOSIIM OR GENERAL SAFETY AND HEALYH TOPICS S.H. SNALAOY. Presiding 49. trtUWIMATJOM Of FORMIDCHTK IN AIR AS All ORAZOlIBINC KRIVATIVE Of GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. Eugene R. Kennedy, NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 4M26; Robert H. HUTIdr-i tenters for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 Production of fonealdehyde In tha u.S. was about 2.4 billion pounds In 1979. letMite of this large volume production and reports of adverse health effects attri buted to this chemical, Interest In Improved sampling end analytical methodology for this compound has Dean high. He have developed a new sailing and analytical matnod for formaldehyde utilizing N-benzy1ethano1am1ne(KA)-coated Chromosorb 10? sorbent. Formaldehyde In air reacted with this sorbent coating to produce a derivative of for maldehyde, J-beniyloxacoltdtme. Sorbcnt-tubc samples were desorbed with isooctane and this derivative determined by capillary ges chromatography using the splHIess Injec tion technique. Analysis was accomplished using a ?6-et#r Carbowax 20M fused silica capillary column. Separation of this oxazolldlne of formaldehyde from other lowmolecular-weight aldehyde oxazolldlne derivatives was possible. The range of the method was from 0.59-2.66 mg/m3. gy utilizing the sptHInjectlon technique the range was extended to at least 4.71 mg/m3. Semples were collected et e rate of SO cxr/mln for 4 hours. This volume translated to 6.6-96.9 Mg of fonealdahyda per sample for the range of the method. Overall relative standard deviation for the sampling and analytical method was 9.IS. An adaptation of this sampling methodology to diffusive samplers has undergone preliminary evaluation. Discussion of these results will also be Included in this presentation. Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830. Polynuclear eremitic (PNA) compounds are emitted by e wide variety of sources (synfuel production, urban traffic, residence heating), because some PNA compounds are found to be carcinogenic In animal laboratory tests, there Is considerable interest In monitoring human exposure to these compounds. One Important pathway of exposure Is via Inhalation of PNA vopors and aerosols. Vapors of multi-ring polycyclic emqwwndt, however, ere difficult to detect because of their low vepor pressure. Tradjtlqnel moni toring techniques Involve elabbrltf sampling procedures that pump air through particulate HONS 002294 CHAS filters end solid adsorbents. This piper describes i new devfcT7or the collection and detection of multi-ring PNA compound* in the vapor phase. The device Is a passive dost* meter able to determine time-weighted average concentration using the principle of mole cular diffusion. The PNA pollutants are adsorbed onto a filter paper treated with a heevv-etgm salt. After exposure the filter paper is Inserted Into a spectrometer and the levels of PNA determined directly without requiring extraction. The detection method uses the room temperature phosphorescence technique. The limits of detection for several PNA compounds such as phenanthrona. pyrtne, and quinoline are In the part-per-bllllon range for concentration In air. ^Research sponsored by the Office of Health and Environmental Research, U. S. Department of Energy, under contract W-7405-*ng-26 with the Union Carbide Corporation. 81.NITR06EN DIOXIDE AND SULFUR DIOXIDE MEASUREMENTS IV THE RESPIRATION PONCRED PERSONAL SAMPLER. D.J.Sibbett, R.H. Moyer, and D.J. Moschandreas. MONET Technologies, Inc. 1801 Research Rouleverd, Rockville., M" ary*land* -2-0--0--5--0. Oats were collected on the Indoor levels of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide af three residences In the metropolitan Boston area by utilisation of a novel rasplretlon powered personal sampler. Thirteen subjects. Including two children, used the sampling device at rates between $2 and 410 ml of air par minute. Sampling rates were activity dependant. NOg and SOo were collected by diffusion on coated tubes located In the sampler Inlet. Collected N0 was determined spectrophotometries!ly after dlexotlzatlont SOg was analyzed by a lumlnol chemlluminescence technique. Data ware compered with the results from fixed monitoring Instruments on the basis of tlma-walghtad averages In the monitored spaces. Indoor concentrations of NOg varied from 8.5 to 115 ppb; SOg varied from <0.8 to 5.9 ppb. NOg doses ranged from 10 to 513 vg during the test periods of approximately three hours; SOg from <2 to 62 up. 52. RESPIRATOR TACIT1ICE TIT TMT1WC - A SIM-QUANTITATIVE PROTOCOL. 0. T. Ikrttvadt. J. C. Loschlavo, and R. R. Hemingway. I. 1. du Pont da Nemours 4 Co., Inc., Noaholl Laboratory, llkton Road, Newark, Dataware 19711. A vary simple dotal lad protocol far conducting fit tasting of respirators with leoemyl acatata (IAA) la daacrlbad. The protocol it oultable for any raaplrator program ragardlaaa of Ita alee. Standard Operating Proceduree are Included detailing (1) the selection of a raaplrator for comfort and fit, (2) the construction of a etnpU (U taat chamber, (3) tha generation ef a atabla taat atmoaphare within the teat chamber, (4) eaerclea protocol to be weed for fit tooting, and (5) a unique arthod for preparing a atabla 1 ppm concentration of IAA for chocking odor oonoltfvity. An effort haa bean made to make all of the proceduree aiopla and to utilise inexpensive readily available naterlala. Reapirator wesrere were fle-teatad by the Rent-Quantitative Protocol; thoea that paeoed ware than fit-taatad quantitatively. Comparative tcate on over 300 Indlvldwalo indicated that the Semi-Quantitative Protocol provides high assurance that protection lectors larger thaw 100 can be assured for both half and full facepiece respirators. 93. FACIAL HAIR) ITS RPPRCT ON TNB TACISIAL OP POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PRESSURE RESPIRATORS. 0. T. Ikratvadt, J. fi. Imonhiaua- and R. I. Beninsway. I. 1. du Pont da Honours 4 Co., Inc., Haskell Laboratory, llkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711. The affect of foclal bolr on the foceoeo] of both half and full facepiece respirators was investigated for both positive and negative pressure typos. Beard growth vorlod wldaly in langth, Shape, density, and texture. Over 350 employee#, 100 of when were beerda, ware fit-teeted quantitatively. Facial hair increased the feceseal leakage by two order* of magnitude in half-mask eegatlva-praseura respirators and hy 2 1/3 orders of magnitude In full-fecepfece negatlvo-preeeur* respirator*. Continuous-flow (positive pressure) full-faceplec* reaplratera with air flow wet at 4 cfm resulted in leakage five tinea greeter when facial hair was present. No significant increase in leakage was noted for preeeure demand or SCBA unite although air lose through the fsceeeel with feelol hair prooont increased by 41 to 471. HONS 002295 CHAS $4. RBtPXIMTORS - PROTSCnON FACTORS ACNIXVBfi TO* THE WMPUCE. A^ C. tljw*, 0. T. Ikratvedt, and A. I. Ranlngwey. I. 1. du Pont da Mtwoura 4 Co., Inc., kail Laboratory, Ilktw Road, Newark, Dataware 19711. Quantitative fit taata iadleate eht protection raaplratora eflar In a charter. Evan though taat crltarta nay Involve aoveuenta that aiwulate working unvementa, the actual protection provided in the workplace aay be different. To deteralne a "workplace protection factor" eeverel different Job eecegorlea were aonltored by eontinuoue aaapltni oucelde and lnaida the raeplrator. Job eeteporieo included thoae where reapiratory protection wae aeceeaary for partlculatea and vapora. The workplace protection fectora were eoapared to Quantitative fit teat data that vea taken before and after the job period. Reeulte indicate that properly fitted reeplratore aalntaln high protection fectora even during eetuel work condition*. SS. ASPECTS OF AUTO CRASH SAC 1HFIAT0R COMPOSITION SAFETY !. ACTION OF BATTEftY ACIO. Indu B. Hlshre. Tetley Industries of Arlione, Mesa, Arizona, BS201 Talley Industries of Arizona Is committed to the development of automotive passive restraint systems, popularly known as Air Baps. This paper Is the First In e series of publications dealing with system safety, particularly when spilled battery acid penetrates the Inflator module containing the gas generant. Pellets of sodium azide and copper oxide, used as the nitrogen generant In Air Bags were subjected to reaction of sulfuric acid solutions fftoncentratlons In the range of 20-35 percent for prolonged periods of time. The greeter portion of the sodium azide reacted to produce hydrezolc acid. The partial pressure of hydrezolc acid formed was Insufficient to form copper!!) or copper!11) azides. A minute Quantity ef rtsfAie decoaposlng exothermically between 202-225C was formed, however This materia! conprised of reddish brown and bluish green crystals In hypothesized to consist of Cu(N3)2.3Cu(OH)2 or Cu!N3)2'8Cu07H20. Air bag Inflator modules fired at Intarvalc after addition of the sulfuric acid solution functioned successfully. HONS 002296 I01NT SYMPOSIA DIVISION OF CHEMICAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AND RELATED ABSTRACTS FROM DIVISION OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, INC. # WEONFSOAY MORNING MO AFTERNOON - SECTION B - SYMPOSIUM ON CHEMICAL HEALTH AM SAFETY, ESPECIALLY IN THE ACAOCMIC LABORATORY - ORGANIZED BY DIVISION OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, INC., JOINT WITH DIVISIONS OF CHENICAL HEALTH ANO SAFETY and SMALL CHEMICAL BUSINESSES - J.A. YOUNG, Presiding SB. WHAT YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT TOXICOLOGY, BUT HERE AFRAID TO ASK. C^ Boyd Shaffer. Drill, Fries*, Hays, Loomis I Staffer, Inc. Suite 204, 1901 N. Foff Meyer Drive, Arlington, VA 82209. Students end faculty working in academic laboratories my sustain a high degree of exposure to chemical substances. Exposure to a given substance might occur only once or at most only a few times, or H might occur repeatedly over the course of the academic year. While Information on th health effects of chemical substances Is becoming Increasingly available, It Is Imortant that the Individual have at least a passing familiarity with the methods used In developing such Information and an under standing of the language In which It ts conveyed. The most ctwionly used animal species In routine toxicologic testing are rats, mice, and rabbits. The substance under Investigation may be administered to the test animals by oral Intubation, Inhalation, or skin application, although a variety of more exotic routes are feasible. The toxicologist generally characterizes his test as ''acute", "subacute", "sub chronic", or "chronic", depending upon the number of doses and the period over uhleh they are administered. The results of an acute test usually are expressed in terms of n COSO, l.e., that dosage of the substance most likely to produce the desired effect In SO percent of the test population. The results of subacute or chronic tests usually are expressed In terns of "no observable effect level" (NOtl), l.e., the highest dosage at which no statistically significant differences between test and control groups occur In any of the measured responses. 59. WHAT'S IN THE AIR? HOW MUCH 1$ TOO MUCH? MEASUREMENT OF TOXIC GASES. VAPONS AND PANT1CUIATES; LIMITS Of EXPOSURE. Milton Fretfeld. Chemical Manufacturers Association, 2501 M Street, NW, Washington, Of 20037. Monitoring the concentration of potentially harmful materials In air may be appropriate when e toxic substance Is stored or used regularly In the laboratory. Personal air samplers permit the collection of atmos pheric contaminants during a working day. Workplace concentrations of particulates, organic vapors, and a variety of compounds cen then be determined. Spot checks may be made for specific materials such as formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, organic vapor*, and others. The measurement of comparatively low levels of toxic materials by the methods described permit one to assess chronic Retards. Comparisons can be made with the Permissible Exposure Levels set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or Threshold limit Values Eubltshed by the American Conference of'Governmental-Industrial yglcnlsts. GO. PRESENT CONDITIONS: A RCP0R1 Of SAFETY INSPECTIONS IN NfW TOR* ARIA COUFGfS ANO UNIVERSITIES, Petr let* Ann Redden end Richard J. Urlarle, Saint Paler'* College, Jersey City, N.J. 07306 During the spring of 1900, the safety comltlee ol the Now York section of the A.C.S., Inspected laboratories end chemical storage facilities ol eleven col leges In the New York metropolitan area. The colleges Inspected Included community colleges, private end public undergraduate colleges, end public Institution* with both graduate end undergraduate chemistry programs. During the spring of 1UNI, ten of those collage* war* re-Inspected and an additional nine colleges wee Inspected for the first time. The standards for these Inspections are described In the A.C.8. publication, "Safety In Academic Chomlstry laboratories." HONS 002297 CHAS Ths major problem arses discovered In tt#a Inspections vara found fo b cowmen to a Majority of the Inspected Institution* and ar* tha subject of this paper. Thay can ba divided Into five categories: t. chemical storage. Including eompetablIIty, Inventory control and disposal; 2. safety equipment, Including safety showers, aye washes and Mr* extinguishers; 3. ventilation In storage areas and laboratories; 4. housekeeping; 3. safety education. Details on each of these problems will be discussed, with suggestions for Improvements. H. MET LIABLE? IT COULD EXCEEO YOUR MILDEST DREAMS/M 16HTMARES Arthur L. Llbepsan. International Flavors and Fragrances, Inc. 521 Mest 57th Street, New York, New York 10019 Any person properly charged with responsibilities toward other* who causes ham to ethers through negligence (by omission or commission) may be liable. Mo reasonable person would ever deliberately cause harm to another (except perhaps In a moment of p*ss1on--not germane to this discussion), but many hava. In fact, caused harm by their negligence. According to our system of Jiilllce, negligence Is a failure to do what reasonable person would have done If they were faced with the same situation knowing what you know or what you should hove known. In most suits Involving liability. It Is the Jury that decides whether you were or were not negligent by applying the test of what a reasonable person would have done. After a brief treatment of the above details. Including obligations under federal and local regulatlana, some Interesting examples pf what juries found to be negligent (and the professor or teacher thought at the time, at least, to be acceptable) will be presented. Time will be available for questions. 52. PROJECT TEACH SAFETY H00UU. N. M. Renfrew, Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho t3BO) Uavl?^. brooks and Thomas 0. Tipton, Department of Chem istry, Univarsity of Nebresfca-lfncotn, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588. Project TEACH Introduced a safety module In 1980 to accompany other teaching assist ant training modules made available In 1975. The safety module consists of a video cassette, written materials, slides, and a collection of four references published from other sources. An Instructor's guide Is also Included. About five hours of Instruction Is possible. Two footures uake this module distinctive. First, the videocassette begins with e vignette depicting the aftermath of an accldant In a teaching laboratory and asks the viewer to decide who among the various Implied parties share responsibility for the accldant. Second, the materials stress academic laboratory situations. On* exercise presents participants with a written experimental description very typical of early-1970 laboratory manuals. The task Is to Identify potential safety hazards, and te us* slteretlve cesfclnatlons of chgmlcals and procedures that would ollow Illustration of th* same concepts using the same available laboratory equipment. 61. am* aooncML gransr a pouo cp pmcnoticn is warm a icw or ntouetr. cwvid a. Hpitcno and Donald D. HaAerg, lab Safety Apply Oaipeny, P. 0. Bom IMP, Janesville, Mocassin 92647. ^xcpor dtendcsl storage Invito* a ticking time bcab into the laboratory and storemn, Came* of fixes and/or oxq>lo*icna in laboratories and schools can be traced to moafe storage ccnditicna. Moults of o chemical storage questicmaiie oonpletod by taadxoru and laboratory poracmel Indicate th* need for accurate and prudent information for safe torage practices. Too often, chemicals are kept beyond eviration dates. Diethyl other and potasslvn, for axamplo, are known to form oxqloslv* peroxides ipcn Standing after only three months, let thsoa chemicals are kept for years with no iiamntoiy records or m wrungsa of hasards. Arrangmuont of dicedcals alphabetically presents another prablmx. Still* this typ* of arrangement Is convenient for finding and retrieving an Ham. incompatible dwnicsla n be easily placed newt to each other. HONS 002298 CIIAS Certain clattca Of dtend emit such m acids, flarnnahles, oxidlaers, etc. require *|ictIa1 storage procedures. Cart <uat be taken to establish ocnpatlhlUty information. rivepint bottles of nitric acl<1 (an oxidiser) and aoetic acid (a flamwble liquid) are oomenly stored together. Mixture of these two acids upon spillage, leakage, or treatage of bottles can lead to a dangerous fire sltustlon. this paper will discuss storage of chendcnla by class, special precaution#, and peeper equipment for storing fiamnliif liquids. Simple methods for storing dtend cals safely will be proposed. A diced cal inventory labeling system will be presented. A dtedclist for surveying one's current storage practices will be described. (9. HIGH SCHOOL MBS, msPBCTIVSS CM SAWY AND HBALTH. H. C. NMsI . Avon High Ichool, 510 West Avon Bead, Avon, Comeetleut 06001. Hifti school chaalntry.taaflbtra are reaponalble for the safety of naive, curious adolescents in the laboratory, A teaeher any be held legally liable f6r negligence If a student brings ault after a lab Injury, laboratory safety probleaa increase with the nunber of different students and teachers sharing the sane fact))ties. Short lab period#, in the lockstep scheduling characteristic of high school#, often cause students end teachers to take short cuts that can produce unsafe conditions In even xell aaintalned laboratories. Ohealatry teaeher* are responsible for requisitioning or ordering eoatly and often haaardoue ehealea) supplies, their safe storage and, ultluately, their safe disposal in potpourris that nay desand deeper knowledge of chenioale than is required for teaoher certification, unfortunately. 8ources of lnforaalion and practical suggestions to ainiaiae tha inharent hasards In high school labs will be dleouaaed. 70. RISK ASSESSMENT AND HAZARD ELIMINATION FOR UNDERGRADUATE LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS. Jav A. Youfic. Chemical Consultant, 12916 Alienor Lane, SMvar Spring, NO 2090?^ The price of safety It thorough knowledge applied with constant vigilance. Unless we know and arc aware of the hazardous properties of those chemicals our students use In their laboratory work, unless we apply this awareness diligently. Intelligently, and with vigor at all times our students will have ecddents--and some will cause Injury, or worse. Many of the "experiments" that students perform can be dangerous either In the procedures used or In predictable careless handling of the chemicals and equipment by students. With some attention to reasonably forieeeble built-in hazards and to careless actions, most potential untoward Incidents can be prevented. In this paper a routine set of steps Is described that Identifies forseeable built-in hazards as well as likely careless actions. (The thermal decomposition of ICCT0. with MnO. as a catalyst Is used as an example.) Once the built-in hazards endMIkely careless actions are Identified, steps can be taken to minimize their probable occurrence. These precautions then become part of the routine practice In the execution of the experiment. This procedure for developing specific and appropriate precautions can be applied to familiar, stand-by, cook book "experiments" as well as to the more desirable open-end experimentation In good laboratory Instruction. 71, TOXIC VAPORS AND VENTILATION PARAMCTER5-EVALUATING THE LABORATORY ATMOSPHERE. Richard E~ Saver. Carroll College, 100 North East Avenue. Waukesha, Ml S31S6. It Is Inportent to be able to evaluate the chemical atmospheres of scientific lab oratories In order to avoid unreasonable risk. Academic Institutions recognize that presently a significant amount of laboratory work is done In rooms with limited ven tilation and not in chemical hoods. Available Intonation on the toxicity of chem icals allows for the setting of acceptable levels of chemicals In taachlng laboratories. Eveiuetlon of the atmosphere requires information on the amount and rate of addition of chemical to the environment and the rate of removal from the laboratory. The rate at which chemicals leave a laboratory can be determined empirically by adding a tracer gas to tha atmosphere and measuring the removal rate as a function of ovalleble ventilation. Isobutane was Introduced Into various laboratories end the concentration In various locations In the laboratory was monitored using 6,C. tech- HONS 002299 CHAS nlgues as a function of tine and available ventilation. Constants similar to those used to describe radioactive decay were easily evaluated. Once the available ventila tion is characterized and this Information is combined with estimates of material that will be Introduced into the atmosphere, many Important questions can be answered. Will a new experiment produce a high risk laboratory situation? How is available ventilation related to number of students per leboratory section? Etc. 72.HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA. DOES THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TOWARD THE NEWS MEDIA? 1. J. Wilk. P.0. Box 5006, Stanford. CA *4305. Recent symposia speakers have pointed to problems In the teaching pf chemistry, in student Interest and achievements. end in maintaining excellence, favorable public attitudes toward science, particularly in connection with hazards due to chemicals, seem to have eroded consider ably within the past few years. It Is a major responsibility of the academic community, as part of the education process, to furnish Impar tial data to the public. Benefits, as well as hazards, of chemicals should be presented in an honest fashion, counteracting any possible inaccuracies and sensationalism. A program will be outlined which Should help in achieving these goals. It would include motivation, basic chemical concepts* health and safety considerations, and the science-news medic Interface. HONS 002300 JOINT SYMPOSIA DIVISION OF CHEMICAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AND RELATED ABSTRACTS FROM DIVISION OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY # THURSOAT MORNING - SECTION A - SYMPOSIUM ON TRANSPORTATION Of RA0IOACTIVC MATERIALS: t (CONTINUED) - ORGANIZED BY DIVISION OP NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY, JOINT WITH DIVISION OF CHEMICAL HLALTH AND SAFETY - J. HUDIS, Presiding 63. RISK FACTORS IN THE TRANSPORTATION OF NUCHA* FUtl AND RADWASTt. i<J R. D> Scanlon. Polytechnic Institute of Now York, 333 Jay Street ,~atoehlyn,~ NY* 11101. The tithe Involved in the transportation el nuclear fuel* and radioactive waatae are enerally quite low. They Include the effecta el heet, weight, etfotwre to radiation la transport, radiation rlak fro* accldente, and rleke froa cm--ion esusat. Since aeat tripe era made by aotor truck, the Inherent hetarde of thla mod* el transport ere of primary concern, however, none thlpment# are nade by train, tame berpe ahlpaente mey be made In th* future, and email quantities of medically oriented mteclela are eerrled by air transport. Units on radtatlon level* of ptekagat art controlled by law, and awat be indicated on pechafee. Stowage and aegrefatlon provlelena control thaee aapecta of trsnaportatlon. Safety In the transportation of redloaetlva aster Isle end waste* 1* controlled through design standard* for packaging! notification; and implementation of a quality aaaurance progran. 64. RISK AM) SAFETY IN RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL TRANSPORTATION. R. (. Luna. Sendl* National Laboratorlai, Transportation Technology CenteT7&1?1ilon 45$), Albuquerque, NM B71B5. The rlska of transporting radioactive materials (RAM) have been exeatned In ?ret detail during the last twenLy years. Every analysts he shown that radio* oglcal risks are small compared with most other voluntary, Involuntary and ator#T risks assumed by man In Modem society. Review of these risk evaluations reveals a variety of approaches to the problem of esttmstlng radiological ham resulting frem Incident-Free (normal) transportation and from accidents which could Involve RAM packages. Nhst It common to test Is a tendency toward conservatfsa In the analyses Milch reflects both the technologists bent to evaluate the upper bound fltustlon to see If he cen afford Its consequences and Ms recognition that the experience Involving failure of RAN packages Is so sparse that thresholds for containment failure art poorly known. This rrmuently results In an analysis which exphastxes the spectacular events that Bight occur to the exclusion of the more frequent and lest threatening events which constitute the major component of the risk. The Informed public Is told In detail about the horrors of unlikely events, Is reminded of the inevitability of accidents by the relatively frequent Incidents, and then expresses his doubt of the safety In transporting RAH by restricting transport of rodloactive msterlals near him. Thus, effective use of risk analysis requires development of context for relating risk to safety to assure public acceptance needed for enlightened regulation of the Industry. 66, VEHICULAR TESTING. Li. Jeffersoq. Sendl National Laboratories, Tronsportetlon Technology center, Department 4660, Albuquerque, NH BUBS. One of tho toy factors In the utilisation of the many facets of nuclear energy, In toe modern society. Is the assured ability to transport safely the various radioactive materials Involved, Sine* primary safety during transportation Is provided by the package In which the material Is shipped. It Is Incumbent upon those who design, develop end manufacture such packages to furnish acceptable proof of their adequacy. In n engineering sense, this is relatively straight forward. Existing, widely used and accepted-analytical techniques seeapplied to design to well defined engineering criteria (often set by federal regulations), but, ft Is tlesrly recognised that analytical techniques are sometimes limited in their applicability and that the engineering criteria are, no matter how appropriate. HONS 002301 CHAS itlll approximations of reality. therefore. In order to validate the currently utilized analytical methods-iad to evaluate the envlcoawnt* encountered In oevere vehicular accidents Involving radioactive materials packaging*, It la useful to perform stayed accidents fnvolvlnf components, subsystems and complete transportation systems. Further, such testing allows assessment of alternative evaluation techniques such as the use of wale modeling. Experiences In vehicular testing gained over the past several years involving over200 subscale and full waletests are described to substantiate the conclusion that such a test program Is a useful adjunct to more common design and evaluation techniques. THE FRACTURE, BREAK-UP, AND AEROSOllZATION OF ZIRCONIUM GIAD URANIUM DIOXIDE.* J. l. Alvarez, R. N. Marshall. B. B. Kaiser and V. 0. Novlek. E6AR Idaho, Inc., P. 0. Box 182$, Idaho Falls, ID 83415. L. Isaacson. Geo-Centers, Inc., Newton Upper Falls, m 02184. The break-up of spent (radioactive) nuclear fuel (uranium dioxide, U02) poses a potential health hazard If the particles that are formed are respirable aerosols. This paper presents results froei studies on the Induced fracture of depleted (unlrradlated) and spent zlrconlja clad uranium dioxide. The fractures and break-up were Induced by crushing, tapactlng and explosively loading the pellets of U02. Two typos of studies were conducted. In the first type, the zirconium clodding wss not breeched. The resulting freeture pattern In the U02 wos examined using metallogrepMe end nondestruc tive surface analytical techniques. Differences In loading and stress wave motion with in the samples were used to explain th observed fracture patterns. Particle size end distribution masuraments were also mde. In the second type of study, the clodding wes breeched. The resulting pertlcles were sampled end sized using standsrd sieves end cascade hapactors. The sized fractions were examined and characterized using optical microscopy, scanning alactron microscopy (SOI), and chemical and surface analytical techniques. In the spent fuel experiments, the total radioactivity was measured, es well as Indlvldusl rsdlolsotopt concentrations present on each sieve end Impactor stage. Radioisotope separation from tho bulk matrix was observed. *Work supported by Sandlo Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico and tho U. $. Deportment of Energy under DDE Contract No. DE-AC07-761D01570. ft THURSDAY AF1CRNOON - SECTION A - SYMPOSIUM ON TRANSLATION OF AADIOACTIVE W MATERIALS: 11 (CONCLUDED) - ORGANIZED BY DIVISION OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY AND TECH NOLOGY, MINT KITH DIVISION OF CHEMICAL HEALTH AND SAFETY E. CANTlllI, Presiding 75.TOT TRANSPORTATION SYSTW POX RADIOISOTOPBS. C. Brantley. New England Nuclear, Ml Albany Street, Beaten, MA Oil IB. It haa baen aatlwatad that the retail valua of radioisotopes tn the United States ta above 1200 million per year, (tocti of our health car* ay atm la dependent upon radio isotopes for research and dis|noeie. The raw metarlele, the prodweta and the radioactive weotoo swot oil bo tronoportod veins ground and air methods. The methods and procedures ore control led by the Department of Transportation and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission by regulationa contained tn Titles 49 and 10 of ths Cods of Federal Regulations. In addition, tho ITOP program of the Airline Pilots Association controls some screeta of It transportation. Over two million packages af radioactive materials srt shipped each year - tone ef thoweende of packages containing many curies of radioisotopes os raw materials, millions of packages of products containing a few miero- to a few mllllcurles, and hwndreda of thouaands of drums of radioactive waste with a raw mllliewrlss vp ta a few ewrlaa af radioactivity. Ths major problems feeing the lnduatry ere eeeociated with the multitude of rules, the fadsral-atata-local government conflict over routing or trueks, and the fears of the public concerning radioactivity. The successes and the problone of this system of transportation will be described. 78. SHIPMMT OF BPINT FUBL. W, R, Catty. Brookhaven Netlonal Laboratory, Safely and Bnvlronmento) Protection Division, ZO Technology Street, Upton, Daw York 11913. Baoctora have played a major rolo In the research program at Brookhaven Notional Laboratory for many ytars. Beginning In 1931 with Btookheven Graphite Beoeereh Reactor HONS 002302 CHAS (KMI) anO continuing In 1965 with the High flux Icm Revetor (HfM), tmtifh grogrww* Iron the Uolofft Cheaietry, Nodical, and fhyaico Department* hovo boon conduetod In thtit facilities. Associated with che operation of that# raactora la tha pci Iodic trenepoit of spent fuel to other government facllltlaa for reprocessing. Up to 1916, Irookheven hod Mda 1)0 truck shipments of opant fuel element* via a route which Included passage through New York City. In January 1976, the City enaeted a ban on the trenaport of large quant Itlee of radioactive material which required Irookheven to aeek on alternative which would bypaaa the City. A aecond route woe uned for six eeperete shipment* tn the Spring of 1976. Title route involved a ferry between Long laland end Connecticut and subsequent truck trenaport to South Caroline. Shortly thereafter, new regulation* peeeed by the City ef New Londen aleo prevented the Laboratory from uelng thie route. No ehlpmente of epent fuel have been mede from Brookhaven elnce that time. 77. RAOIOACTJVE MATERIAL TRANSPORTATION REGULATIONS, R.E. Cunningham, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Mall StOfr)K>SS, 1717 K StreetrTfcffr, Vasnlhgton, 0;C.205SO. The Nuclqar Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Department of Transportation (DOT) share responsibility for the safe transport of redloecttve materials, for packages containing large quantities of radioactive materials, the basic division of respon sibility Is for NNC to regulete psekagt safety irfille DOT regulates tha conditions of transport. Although thera has been no known Injury from radiation due to traniprotatlon accidents, the transportation of radioactive materials Is controversial because of public perceptions of risk, particularly with regard to shipment of spent nuclear fuel and nuclear waste. This paper briefly describes the work thot has been coaplplsd to assess transportation risk and the current status of regulations governing transportation of radioactive materials. Sine* understanding safety is an evolutionary process, the paper also covers work underway to lapreve assessment of risk and margins of safoty whort appropriate. 70. REGULATORY AND STORAGE PROBLEMS or NUCLEAR MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION >.D. Scanlon nnd l.J. Cantilli. Pert Authority of NY 6 NJ, 1 World Trade Cantor, NT NY. Nuclear material* and waetea ara the aafeet materials to be transported in the realm of 'basardoue material*' transportation, an shown by data. However, publio attitudes elnoe the use of nuclear wmaponry In World Mar U haws boon biased against the handling of nuclear materials. The true problem of nuclear matsrlals transportation la seen ee being in two major erase i 1) The overabundance of federal ragulatory aganelea Involved, making for a lack of consistency and clarity In eontrole, and a lack of system atisation of approach! and II The stockpiling of waete materials aa a raault of limitations Placed on permits issued for the transport of such materials, with no solution to the dilenma either in development or proposed. HONS 002303 DIVISION or CHEMICAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 1155 16th STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 WwA* O* UX FOUACI MIO iihluw. MA HONS 002304