Document OzjRkM32g8aLyeZgvgb2rb3ej

PFAS alternatives for batteries EU Workshop in Brussels 30. January 2024 AAALedanch Energy Storage Solutions Ref. Ares(2024)6205129 - 02/09/2024 e 66 LeclanchSA2024 - Slide 1 Leclanch at a Glance Ledanch Energy Storage Solutions Leclanch is a vertically integrated manufacturer of energy storage solution for heavy mobility & energy Swiss Quality & German Manufacturing 114 years of existence Al H 350 people, including 50+in R&D European manufacturer, HQ. in Switzerland, production in Germany & Switzerland Proven sustainable technology Over 160 patents covering key IP Very low environmental impact Existing track records 170 customers including blue chip customers ALSTOM CP CANADIAN Pacific KONCR D11MEN "'Scandlines WRTSIL Leclanch SA 2024 - Slide 2 Why are PFAS used in the batteries ? Battery cell composition Cathode Anode Separator Pouch foil PFAS are mainly used as binders for the coating of positive electrode, since they resist to heat, oil, water and grease Cathode Ledanch Energy Storage Solutions Anode Already water based and PFAS free LeclanchSA2024 - Slide 3 Water based electrode manufacturing without toxic solvents since 2011 2010-2013 : De-Lion German funded project (7.5M) to demonstrate the ability to replace toxic organic solvent NMP by water at large scale. Project partners: ZSW (Ulm) and Clariant (Mnchen). 2013 Patent US2013/0034651 Al 2023 Patent WO2023/166174 Al Water based + PVDF as lamination agent k From 2023 Water based & PFAS free 2013 EPFL (CH): 750 kW / 500 kWh 2016 Graciosa (PT) : 7.4 MW / 3.2 MWh 2019 E-ferry (DK) : 3.2 MWh WE ARE IN CHARGE IMLedanch Ledanch Energy Storage Solutions LeclanchSA2024 - Slide 4 Leclanch water based binder-process Standard battery cell Production using toxic NMP solvent & PFAS Leclanch battery cell Production NMP & PFAS FREE Organic solvent-based Process Water-based Process Safety risk for employees ATEX protection needed Solvent recovery system NMP needed High drying temperature in coating Humidity control space for most of the nn manufacturing process - - . 9 9 9 I Safer working environment for employees No explosive environment No solvent recycling Low drying temperature in coating Reduction in humidity control space in the manufacturing process Ledanch Energy Storage Solutions Leclanch SA 2024 - Slide 5 Comparison with and without PFAS Performance of PFAS free cell is similar or better to PFASbased cell Energy Efficiency is improved Ledanch Energy Storage Solutions 100 90 PFAS Free Water-based electrode i80 . Cell using PvDF binder o 70 60 200 400 600 800 1000 Cycle number Water based G/NMC622_standard PFAS free G/NMC622 Example with the Leclanch 60Ah GNMC622 cell in production at industrial scale with 1C cycling at 100 % Deep of Discharge, compared with a cell using electrodes which contains PvDF binder. Leclanch SA 2024 - Slide 6 Impact on existing and future Gigafactories Existing equipment can be used with Water-based PFAS free chemistry Existing Gigafactories: is reduced by: Reducing heating temperature by 50-60C Working in standard environment instead of humidity controlled No need of expensive PFAS New Gigafactories: CAPEX is reduced by: Removing NMP recovery equipment Removing ATEX protection Reducing dry room size NMP recovery system from airprotech Health and safety of workers is improved since they are not in contact with PFAS or NMP Ledanch Energy Storage Solutions LeclanchSA2024 - Slide 7 Synthesis and next steps PFAS-free battery using water based Remove toxic solvent and associated emission ^1 Reduce CO2 footprint for battery production in Europe Protect investment in existing equipment - no change needed Next steps for Leda nch License the technology to assist the battery industry in shifting towards more environmentally friendly batteries H Find investor to scale up production Ledanch Energy Storage Solutions LeclanchSA2024 - Slide 8 Energy Storage Solutions @leclanche.com STATIONARY SOLUTIONS e-TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS SPECIALTY BATTERY SYSTEMS Appendix AAALedanch Energy Storage Solutions `iel LeclanchSA2024 - Slide 10 PFAS free alternative available for Li-ion (wet-process) -4-- 100% Mn-rich NMC 622 NMC 811 NMC HiNi/NMCA NCA Hi-Ni LFP/LMFP 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 NMC 111 NMC 622 NMC Hi-Ni/NMCA NCA Hi-Ni Na-ion1) NMCHi-Mn NMC 811 E NCA LFP/LMFP Other (LMO/LCO/LTO/...) 1) Na-ion share consists of the two cell chemistries nickel-based and Prussian white Battery cell demand by cathode chemistry, 2020-2030, base-case scenario [GWh/a] Source: Batteriemonitor 2023 Roland Berger, RWTH Aachen, PEM Na-ion') Other Ledanch Energy Storage Solutions NMC chemistry Anode already water based Cathode using PFAS in general, technology exists to move to PFAS free LFP chemistry PFAS free alternative already available LeclanchSA2024 - Slide 11 Availability of water-based binder suppliers Water based binders for Leclanch cathodes are coming from large and well-known material suppliers manufacturing binders for water-based process for Li-ion electrodes for several years and available in Europe. There are multiple suppliers for each type of binder, making availability and scaling not a problem. Ledanch Energy Storage Solutions Leclanch SA 2024 - Slide 12 Ledanch Energy Storage Solutions @leclanche.com @leclanche.com STATIONARY SOLUTIONS e-TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS SPECIALTY BATTERY SYSTEMS