Document OzdYGpVE6G9MBBYEy8RDq8Jee

FILE NAME: LoneStar Industries (LS) DATE:K DOC#: LS OCUMENT DESCRIPTION:dZZEZ^Z EZ^Z I 26th National Safety Congxess N A T I O N A L S A F E T Y C O U N C I L , Inc. K A N S A S CITY, M I S S O U R I O C T O B E R 11 lo O C T O B E R 1 5 , 1937 Municipal Auditorium Copvrif M. 1937, Nttiofial Sfcty CoimciiJ ne. II ( Foreivord T UK TransactionlrTTKhc Twentv-sixlh National Safety Congress, 1937, are published by the National Safety Clouncil in two volumes. This, the first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the sessions of the Child Education, Hoine Safety, Street and Highway Traffic, Commercial Vehicle and Transit Sections, All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume L Volume I I is sent to members believed to be interested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council members, however, may obtain it upon request. Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The following quantity prices are quoted on extra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume (Volume I ) , $2 each; 11 copies or more, $1.75 each; copies of the smaller volume (Volume I I ) , 75 cents each. T H K Transactions are published as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Thus the material herein presented is not a verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council's Bureau of Information, where they are available for additional reference. Where illustrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also are on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discu.ssion matters which ^re not pertinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility for the views expressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions based upon the papers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, I n c . 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago 38- 4 ; u f )|| Contents Council OfBcers and Directors Council Purposes and Policies Annual Meeting of Members Annual Banquet , Subject Sessions-- After Work Accidents,.... , Agricultural Safety , Community Safety Organization Fire Prevention Health Service in Industry, Industrial Dusts : Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors Industrial Safety Lectures *.., Maintaining Interest in Safety Pressure Vessels Safety Fundamentals Safety Inspectors Safety Training , Safe Use of Acids Aeronautical Section , A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section Automotive and Machine Shop--Power Press Sections Cement and Quarry Sections Chemical Section Construction Section , Food Section Industrial Nursing Marine Section , Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section Metals Section Mining Section Paper and Pulp Section Petroleum Section Power Press Section Public Utilities Section Quarry Section Refrigeration Section Rubber Section \ Safety Equipment Section. Steam Railroad Meeting Textile Section Wood Products Section Index 4 9 11 31 33 41 51 59 71 85 99 109 141 157 173 183 193 201 211 221 225 249 271 285 307 323 341 371 381 401 429 489 535 537 557 .559 577 581 .587 601 611 621 II I National Safety C o u n d l , Inc HONORARY MEMBERS XssociMioN O F I r o n a n o KonKRT W. CAMPm-M. L e w K. Pai-MKU Stef.i. Engineers O F F I C E R S (1937-1938) I ) . I ) . F e n n e i x , President C. W . U e m p e s y , Vice-President f o r Finance and Treasurer H a r r y G u i l b e r t , Vice-President for Membership F r a n k H . H a r r i s o n , Vice-President for Industrial Safety H o n . H a r o l d G . H o f f m a n , Vice-President f o r Public Safety W a l t e r S . P a i n e , Vice-President for Engineering A. V . R o h w e d e r , Vice-President for Local Safety Councils A. W , W h i t n e y , Vice-President for Education W, H . C a m e r o n . Secretary and Managing Director E X E C U T I V E C O M M I T T E E (i937-i938) H , W . A n d e r s o n , General Motors Corporation J. I , B a n a s h , Past President C . W . H e r g q u i s t , Past President H e n r y W^ R o g o e s s , Petroleum Section C B. BouLET, ASSE-Engineering Section H . W . BouLTON, Automotive and Machine Sliop Section H a r o l d S . B u t t e n h e i m , The American City Magazipe W. H . C a m e r o n , National Safety Council. Inc. R o b e r t W . C a m p b e i j , , Past President R o b e r t I . C a t l i n , Aetna Casualty & Surety Company R . A , C h a f f i n , Metals Section L e w i s A, D e B l o i s , l*ast I^rcsident C. W . D e m p e s y , The Liquid Carhonic Corporation MARCt;s A . Dow, Past President D, D, F e n n e l l , Consulting Engineer J o h n B . G i b s o n , Western Electric Company H a r r y G u i l b e r t , The Pullman Company F r a n k H . H a r r i s o n , International Harvester Company P. L , G. H a s s k a r l , Lehigh Valley Safety Council H o n . H a r o l d G . H o f f m a n , Governor, State of New Jersey S. B. H o r r e l l , Food Section W a l t e r G . K i n o , Pa*^t President 4 9 F F I C E R S A N D DIRECTORS, Continued W m . C . K n o k l k . Milwaukee Safety Connnission J o h n K. LoNr., Past President T h o s . H . M a c D o n a l d , U . S , Department of Agriculture W a l t e r B . M a r t i n , Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council L W . M i l l a r d , Industrial Gloves Company H a r o l d L . M i n e r , E . I du Pont de Nemours & Co, P r o f . R o g e r L . M o r r i s o n . Street & Highway Traffic Section E, J. O ' B r i e n . J r . , Uuiisvillc Safety Ccmnril W a l t e r S . P a i ^ f . , Aetna L i f e & Affiliated Cos. L e w H , P a l m e r . Past President C E. P e t t i b o n k . Past President A l b e r t S. R k g u l a . Industrial Relaticuj^ Ccnmsclors, Inc. L t , C o l . H e n r y A. R e n i n c e r , Past Pre'iidrnt A . V. R o h w e d e r . Duluth. Missahe tHi Iron Range Railway Co. ( J e o r g e E , S a n f o r d , General Electric Co. C h a r l e s B . S c o t t , Past President (iEN. J o h n H . . S h e r b u r n e , MassacluLsetts Safety Council J u i k ; e L e e E , S k e e l . Cleveland Safety Council C. W. S m i t h . Standard O i l Company (hid.) W a l t e r D e n t S m i t h , Delaware Safety Council R. T . S o l e n s t e n , Elliott Service Company C:. P , ToLMAN. Past President ( ; e o r g e G . T r a v e r , Greater Chicago Safety Council, Inc. D r . C . H . W a t s o n . Past President A. W . W h i t n e y , National Conscrvati<n Bureau T . A . WiLs^JN. Textile Section W. E. W o r t h . International Harvester Co. A r t h u r H . Y o u n g , Past President D I R E C T O R S (1937-1938) ( I k o r g e J . A d a m s , Paper and Pulp .Section H . W . A n d e r s o n . General Motors Corp. A. L. A r m s t r o n g ; , Eastman Kodak Company H . H . B a i l k y . Chattanooga Safety Council J, 1. B a n a s h . Consulting Engineer C a r l B a r k e r . St. Louis Safety Council G. J. B a r r e t t . Mining Section E r n e s t W . B e c k . United States Ruhher Products. Inc. C. W . B e r g q u i s t , Western Electric Co, K . F , B l a n k . Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. H e n r y W . B o g g e s s , Petroleum Section I I . H. B o l t , .^outh Bend Civic .Safety Cotmdl 5 { OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued C B. BouKKT, ASSE-Enginccring Section H . W. BouLTON, Automotive & Machine Shop Section F . S, B r o w n , Standard Accident Insurance Co. W. A. B r o w n , Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Commerce W. T , BucKERincE, Employees* Publication Section S. W . B u r c h i e l , Safety Department, Automobile Club of Rhode Island H a r o l d S . B u t t e n h e i m , The American City Magazine B. J. C a l l a g h a n , Contra Costa County Safety Council W. H . C a m e r o n , National Safety Council. Inc. R a y C a r n e y , Kenosha Safety Council R o b e r t I C a t l i n . Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. R. A. C h a f f i n . Metals Section K e n n e t h B . C o l m a n . Seattle Traffic & Safety Council J . E. C o l l i N E Y , Bethlehem Steel Co. L e w i s A. D e B l o l s , Consulting Engineer J a y E . D e c k e r , Mason City Safety Council C. W . D e m p e s y . The Liquid Carbonic Corp. J a m e s B , D o u g l a s . The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. D r . Louis L D u b l i n . Metropolitan L i f e Insurance Co. O . M . E d w a r d s , J r . . Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce W. P. EusTUN, Public Utilities Section D. D . F e n n e l l , Consulting Engineer D. L . F e n n e l l . Kansas City Safety Council D o n a l d A , F i n k b e i n e r . Toledo Safety Council D r . H a r t E . F i s h e r , Chicago Rapid Transit Co. C h e s t e r C , F i s k , Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission H o w a r d B . F o n d a , Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. A l e x a n d e r F o s t e r , J r . , Quarry Section J o h n B . G i b s o n , Western Electric Co. H o w a r d F . G i l b e r t . Elizabeth Safety Council O t h o M . G r a v e s , The General Crushed Stone Co. W. A . G r i f h n , American Telephone & Telegraph Co. H a r r y G u i l b e r t . The Pullman Co. I s a i a h H a l e , The Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. C H . H a r p e r , Refrigeration Section D. T . H a r r i n g t o n , U . S . Bureau of Mines F r a n k H . H a r r i s o n , International Harvester Co. P . L . G . H a s s k a r l , Lehigh Valley Safety Council R. C. H a v e n , Commercial Vehicle Section G . T . H e l l m u t h , Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee RR. Co. C h a s . E . H i l l , New York Central Lines H o n . H a r o l d G . H o f f m a n , Governor, State of New Jersey E . C HoLDEN, J r . , Marine Section 6 OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued E v e r e t t H o r d , Maclison County Safety Couticil S. B. H o r r e l l Food S<ction H . C H o w . S A M . Power Press Section F r e d B . H u n t , Cement Section M a j o r N o r m a n A. L m r i e . Columbus Safety Council R. D. J e w e t t . Springfield Safety Council T h o m a s P. K f . a r n s , Industrial Commission of Ohio T h o s , L . K e l l e y , Paterson Safety Council J . M , K e r r i g a n , Rjibbcr Section W m . C . K n o e l k , Milwaukee Safety Commission W m . S. K n u d s e n , Detroit Industrial Safety Council C L . L a F o u n t a i n f . , Great Northern Railway Co, M i l l a r d C . L e f l e r , Child Education Section B a r n e y L e v y , J r . , Rochester Safety Council A . A u g u s t u s L o w , Brooklyn Safety Council T h o s . H . M a c D o n a l d , U . S . Department of Agriculture W a l t e r B . M a r t i n , Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council F . W . M a t s o n , Minnesota Safety Council R. A . M c A r t h u r , Transit Section M i l l e r M c C l i n t o c k , Harvard University L W . M i l l a r d , Industrial Ciloves Co. J a m e s K . M i l l e r , Gran<l Rapids Safety Council / H a r o l d L . M i n e r , E . L du Pont de Nemours & Co, R. B. MoRLEY. Industrial Accident Prevention Assns. P r o p . R o g e r L . M o r r l s o n . Street & Highway Traffic Section E r n e s t M u r p h y , Alfmny Safety Council E. J . O ' B r i e n . J r . , Louisville Safety Council G e o r g e C . A . O p p , The Detroit Edison Co. W a l t e r S . P a i n e . Aetna L i f e & Affiliated Cos. L e w R . P a l m e r . The Equitable L i f e Assurance Society of the U . S. D a v i d A. P a t t o n , Newark Safety Council M r s . G . M . P e l t o n , Evanston Safety Council C h a r l e s W . P e n d o c k , Safety D i v . Milwaukee Association of Com^ merce C. E . P e t t i b o n f ^ American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. G e n . G e o r g e B . P i l l s b u r y , United States Engineer Office A r t h u r P o t t e r t o n , Hudson County Safety Council A l b e r t S . R e g u l a , Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. L t . C o l . H e n r y A , R e n i n g e r , Lehigh Portland Cement Co. B e s t o r R o b i n s o n , Eastbay Safety Council A. V . R o h w e d e r , Duluth. MLssabe Si Iron Range Ry. Co. W a l t e r R o s e n b a u m , Western Pennsylvania Safety Council G. E . S a n f o r d . General Electric Co. 7 OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued Uknry Kari, ScHAFFNER, Eric Safety Council ScnoEFFi.ER, Kabway Safety Council H a r r y A . S c h u l t z . United States Steel Corp. H , E . S e e i . y , Wood Products Section K a r ! . S . S h a k t z e r . Utica Safety Council (iEN, J o h n H . S h e r b u r n e , Massachusetts Safety Council D r . L . a. S h o u d y , Bethlehem Steel Co. F r n f s t L , S i m o n d s , New Haven Safety Council A . E . S i n c l a i r , Meat Packing. Tanning & Leather Industries Scciioti J u d g e L e e E . S k e e l , Cleveland Safety Council C. W . S m i t h . Standard Oil Company (Ind,) E d w i n C S m i t h . Blackstone Valley Safety Council W a l t e r D e n t S m i t h , Delaware Safety Council W . A . S n o w , Construction Section R. T . S o l e n s t e n , Elliott Service Co. K , C. S p r i w . , Lansdale, Pa. (iEoRGE R, S t e p h e n s . .Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber o f C<muiH-rcc J o h n S t h . w e l l , Greater New Y o r k Safety Council A r t h u r M . T o d e , Consulting Marine Engineer ( ; k o r ( ; e G T r a v e r , Greater Chicago Safety Council Inc. M a j o r R . D. T r i m b l e , Richmond Safety Council Frank Dk. C Harry V i t z . Superior Safety Council H . W a t s o n , American Telephone M . W e b b e r , Wilmettc. 111. & Telegraph Co, D r . D a v i d F:, W e g l e i n , Baltimore Safety Council S. E . W h i t i n g , Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W , W h i t n e y , National Conservation Bureau H o w a r d R. W h i t n e y . Worcester Safety Council T . A . W i l s o n . Textile Section W . H , WiNANS, Union Carbide & Carlwn Corp. F. B. WiNSLOW, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce W . E. W o r t h , International Harvester Co. K . J. Z a u f t , Safety Bureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce ( i . L . ZwiCK, St, Joseph Safety Council X Council P u r p o s e s a n d Policies The conservation of human life is the basic purpose of the National Safety Council. The Council works toward this end through a continuous campaign o f accident prevention that is nation-wi<le in scope, ap- plies to all types of ha/ardous activity, and directly or indirectly reaches the entire |>opu- lation. ' Recognizing that improvement of health c<mditions and the prevention of vocational diseases in industry arc closely allied with accident prevention, the Council is also active i n these fields. The National Safety Council is a nonprofit, non-sectarian, non-political organization. It has approximately 5,000 members, representing every state in tlie Union and many of the Canadian provinces. There are about -100 foreign members. Included in the memliership are industrial corporations, firms, individuals, public ofiicials, schools, chambers of commerce, clubs and civic organizations. About 70 per cent are industrial conrcrns, including the large steel companies, tl)c o i l companies, most of the railroads in llic United States, the automotive industry, and others of outstanding imjjortancc. Origin and Growth The history of the Council begins with the first cooperative Safety Congress held under the auspices o f the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers in M i l waukee in 1912. As an aftermath o f this Congress the National Safety Council was organized in New York in 1913 with 14 members. During the first year the membership increased to 971. These safety pioneers babied their program on the assumption that accidents arc unnecessary and avoidable, They began to develop the principles and the materials to make accident prevention possible. The continuous growth of the Council and expansion o f its activities fittest the soundness of these principles. Every field in which a coordinate*! program has been applied o f - fers striking examples of the possibilities of accident reduction. Results of Organized Safety Since the National Safety Council was <irganized in 1913. the national accident death rate in all fields except motor vehicle has been reduced 50 per cent. Because the traffic field docs not ofTer the possibilities of control that are found in the industrial field, the motor vehicle accident probiem continues to be a serious one. While there was a slight decline in fatalities in 1932--the first decrease that had occurred since the advent o f the automobile--increases have occurred in succeeding years, with an all time high in 19.V). Better-than-average results in motor vehicle safety have been achieved among school children, in commercial vehicle fleets, in states with properly administered drivers* license laws, and in cities with an elTectivc community safety organization. These cases indicate that the national problem can be solved by a careful study and application of the methods which have already pro<luccd results. The National Safety Council was started as an industrial safety organizatiotL The results o f safety work ni this field have often been phenomenal. F^or example, the steam railroads have re<luced the accident rate among employees 74 per cent since 1923. A group of the largest steel industries has cut its accidents 90 per cent since 1913. It is not uncommon for an industrial establishment to complete an entire year without a single disabling injury among its employees. In the face of such reductions the psychol>gy of accidents is changing. Accidents are becoming out of date both from the viewpoint o f the employer and the employee. They arc being recognized as a reflection on the efficiency o f the plant. Looking Ahead The universal character o f the safety problem makes it natural that the idea which 9 ^ruly-sixth Xational Safety Cofujress has been fostered in the United States should reach into other countries of the world. Organizations similar in purpose and activity to the National Safety Council have been formed in many countries. Council posters have been widely copied for foreign ijse, and several National Safety (ouncil publications have been translated into other tongues. The National Safety Council is still young, but it has made amazing progress during its short lifetime. These achievements offer inspiration and incentive for continuing its humanitarian efforts. * Objectives The purposes and policies of tlie National Safety Council are not always understood those who are not in close totich with iht CounciVs work. As a concise presentation of the Council's objectives, the followinjj has been approved by the Executive Committee as an official statement of policy: 'The National Safety Council's objective is the elimination of accidents to men, women and children, as being deplorable, unnecessary and wasteful. It seeks memI)crships, cooperation and contacts to insure that its services may provide for instrumenlalities and finances to accomplish this obicctivc. 'Through education it seeks to demonstrate that the safe way is the right way and the best way, from the standpoint not only f)f human satisfaction but of social effi- ciency and economy. I t seeks those ways and means f o r safety that satisfactorily fit into the practical affairs of life. "Its financial policy is to return in service all moneys received, so operating without profit, and to undertake only those activities which can be assured of reasonable permanence. Much of its administrative personnel consists of volunteer workers. "The National Safety Council holds itself open to give fullest and most cordial cooperation to all individuals, industries, organizations, communities, states and nations that are in accord with the principles and objectives of the organization, and the National Safety Council likewise asks and seeks cooperation f r o m all these in carrying out its purposes." A n n u a l Meeting of M e m b e r s MONDAY MORNING SESSION October 11, 1937 The Annual Meeting of Members o f the National Safety Council at the Twentysixth National Safety Congress, assembling in Kansas City, Mo., was called to .order by Dr. C. H . Watson, President, who presided. The invocation was delivered by the Rev. Walter H . North, Pastor, the Country Club Congregational Church of Kansas City. The secretary reported that a quorum of members entitled to vote was present in person or by proxy, and the formal roll call was dispensed with. The chairman then introduced D. L . Fennell. President of the Kansas City Safety Council, who welcomed the delegates in behalf of the Kansas City Congress Committee. Address of Welcome for Kansas City Safety Council By D. L, FENNELL President, Kansas City Safety Council The Kansas City Safety Council in the Heart of America, welcomes you. This is a welcome in which every phase of Kansas City's varied interests sincerely joins. Our schools, churches, women's organizations, civic clubs, fraternal societies--in fact, I feel I can speak f o r every citizen o f this community--bid you welcome, because we realize that the ideals o f the National Safety Council tend to make a happier life f o r all of us. The Kansas City Safety Council, in welcoming you this morning, is realizing a hope of which we have long dreamed, ami wishes to express appreciation to you for bringing your twenty-sixth Congress here, not because it is merely another large Convention, but because it presents a splendid opportunity for Kansas City and this Mid-West area to learn from the assembled delegates things that will make possible better safety records. We are aware that the eyes, cars and minds of the entire nation are focused upon this Congress in Kansas City, with prayers for the success of its accident prevention program. Our Country wants this Congress to succeed in its purpose. Why? Because America today realizes, as never before, the terrible significance of its huge accident losses. Because America knows today, as i t has never known before, that its homes and its dear ones are threatened with their very lives. This wonderful Safety Congress has the power, organization and unity to accomplish great things. The American people expect and have the right to expect that f r o m this Congress w i l l come a program adequate f o r their protection against death and tragedy by accidents. Kansas City, on the evening of October 6, completed a year in which we had no fatalities to children 15 years of age and under, from motor vehicle accidents. This is a record of which we are extremely proud. The record as to motor vehicle fatalides to persons above this age is not such as we desire, but our record f o r 1937 shows an improvement in this respect over the same period f o r 1936. With all public officials and civic organizations cooperating with the Kansas City Safety Council, we have made plans to the best of our ability to see that your visit with us is an enjoyable one. Industrial Dusts WEDNESDAY MORNING October 13. 1937 SESSION The mcetiuK was called to order by Chairman A. S. Regnla, Executive Secretary, Intlustrial HcIationi Counselors, Inc., New York City, and Vice-President f o r Enginetjring. National Safety Council, who introdticed the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Arc Harmful? Why? By SENIOR SURGEON R, R. SAYERS Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, U . S. Public Health Service While dusts exist everywhere in the atmosphere, it has been recognized f o r centuries that workers in certain dusty occupations are less healthy than those not so exposed. The number o f persons exposed in dusty occupations comprises one of the largest industrial groups. The occupational diseases of workers in dusty atmospheres have been found to be due to mtrance of du^st into the system by inhalation, by ingestion, by direct absorption through the skin, by irritation of the skin, or by a combination o f the foregoing. The suspensions of particulate matter in air have been broadly termed dusts, fumes, and smokes. Such a classification is necessarily arbitrary, since the line o f demarcatkm between them is not very sharp, and the chief differcnriation is based on the size of the particles. Investigations by the Public Health Service in dusty industries* remlcd that about 70 per cent of the dust particles examined were between 1 and 3 microns in size, only about 20 per cent were less than 1 micron, and the median size was U microns. Industrial dusts are mainly less than 10 microns in size. However, fibrous &sts in the air, such as asbestos, have been found to contain particles as large as 200[ OO mircons in the greatest diameter. While, generally speaking, according to [Cbllis, dusts are more injurious as their [themical composition differs f r o m that o I Ac human body, or frorn the elements o f [Which the body is normally composed.' i t is difficult to establish a comprehensive definition f o r toxic dusts. Sollmann,' after analysis o f various definitions f o r poison, felt that it is very difficult to give a definition which w i l l not be ambiguous in some cases, but believed that the following covers most of the points which must be considered in classing a substance as such: " A poison is any substance which, acting directly through its inherent chemic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when i t is applied to the body, externally, or in moderate doses (to 50 Gm.) internally." Some dusts are known to be poisonous, while others, in the concentrations usually encounterecl, are comparatively harmless. However, it may be stated that breathing dust in high concentration is not desirable. According to Fairhall, the damage arising f r o m the inhalation of toxic dust may be either local or remote, and depends upon whether the material is a protoplasmic poison, whether it is caustic in reaction, o r whether it is absorbed into the blood stream and carried to other centers which arc i n turn affected.* It is now well established that exposure to certain kinds of dusts, such as those containing considerable quantities of free silica, has increased the morbidity and mortality rate f r o m respiratory diseases; while metallic dusts, such as lead and its compounds, 85 86 [ TwrHty'Sixih Saiioual Safety Congress have been associated with Kcneral systemic poisoning.* Dusts may he swallowed with saliva, water, or food, and direct poi'ioning has l>ccn traced to absorption by this method; other dusts may act as irritants and produce affections of the skin, irritate mucous membranes of nose, eyes and throat, often causing inflammatory diseases of these organs.* Some inorganic dusts are able to penetrate the deep lung tissues and arc sufficiently insoluble to be retained there. Some of these may be active in the human tissues, causing definite and permanent injury, while others arc inert and may he retained for years, apparently without serious damage; some are gradually absorbed without causing pathological changes.' All inhaled particles are soluble, at least to a small extent. I f harmless, cell activity is stimulated so that phagocytes remove the dust. I f the solute is toxic, the viability of the phagocyte is affected and an inefTcctivc accumulation results. A t the same time, further solute may difTuse into neighboring tissues. ;etting up an irritation and subsequent fibrosis. The nature as well as the pulmonary tuberculosis. The second type of reaction is caused by toxic dusts like lead, cadmium, and radium. A third type of malady follows the inhalation of finely divided metallic fume particles such as zinc oxide, and is known as metal fume fever. The fourth reaction, allergic in character, is caused by breathing organic dusts such as pollen and certain types o f pulverized wood and flour. In all four cases the sole cause of the disability may be dust inhalation, but the reactions from toxic dusts result from swallowing as well as f r o m inhalation/* For various reasons i t is dilficult to set up an absolute classification for dusts. Opinion is rapidly changing regarding .socalled inert or harmless dusts and further investigation may prove some of them to be injurious. Some dusts may have lioth a toxic and an irritant action; while on the other hand, the poisoning resulting from exposure to a dust may be the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into the body. However, the following classification of dusts, according to physical characteristics and physiological effect, is used for convenience. solubility of the solute is an important factor, but of two Substances of approximately equal toxicity, the more "Soluble form causes the greater damage. However, substances of such low solubility as silica may ultimately produce extensive injury,* Kettle has stated that harmful dusts, i f inhale<l into the lungs, may activate a latent tuberculous infection; they may exaggerate an active tuberculous lc;ion or a coincident infection. I f sufficient quantities of a harmless dust are inhaled, some o f it remains in the lungs and causes a mild degree of fibrosis merely through mechanical irritation, but such fibrosis is never sufficient to interfere with the function o f the lung.* Some writers state that while the influence of nonpoisonous dusts on health is a debatable subject, abnormally high death rates from bronchitis and pneumonia are .sometimes attributed to chronic exposure to nontoxic dusts. Large amounts of dust are occasionally found in supposedly normal I. Organic Dusts Organic dusts arc those which contain carbon, and were originally stipposed to come f r o m prganize<l substances derived from animal or plant life. Living dusts come under this classification, and arc thought to be of the same order of size as industrial dusts, with which they are frequently associated. Bacteria are usually between 0.5 and 3 microns, except in a few cases, such as the anthrax bacillus, which ranges f r o m 1 to 1,25 micron in breadth and 4.5 to 10 rpicrons in length and 10 or 12 microns in diameter. However, it is possible that the larger and heavier varieties like the larger and heavier dust particles settle due to gravity, and do not remain suspended in the air. Many thousands of organic substances carbon-containing, arc made synthetically by chemical processt-. such as dyestuffs explosives, c^c. lungs, at autopsy.* 1. NONLIVING ORGANIC DUSTS, M According to Drinker, there are four dif- ferent types of reaction produced in man by the inhalation of dust. The first and most important are the pneumoconioses, such as silicosis and asbestosis, which cau-^e specific lung pathology and often arc followed by the name implies, these arc comprised of nonviable particles, which may or may not be inherently toxic or irritant, but which nevertheless produce untoward effects in tltf human organism. "Allergic" dusts, or tho'^f to which only certain persons arc or may Imhtstrial Dusts I S7 become hypersensitive, with resulting .asthma, rhinitis, or other disturbances, are included in this classification. a. Toxic and/or Irritant, Toxic or irritant dusts are all organic dusts which produce imtoward symptoms, either systemic or local. Those producing local symptoms are usually described as irritant; those producing general or systemic symptoms are termed toxic. A dust may he both toxic and irritant. In reported cases of injury or <lealh f o l lowing inhalation of dust from organic compounds, among the chief offenders are ^arani^^aniline, the dinitrobenzenes. chloro, dinitrobenzenes, trinitrophenol, and nitronaphthalene. Eye damage due to inflammalion of the cornea has occurred among workers exposed to methyl violet dust. The dust f r o m paraphenylene diamine derivatives IS particularly irritating and dangerous, causing not only a severe f o r m of dermatitis where the dust comes in contact with the skin, but also proaucing acute inflammation of the mucous membrane o f the respiratory passages.* Toxic dusts may be generated during the handling o f powdered dyes and in preliminary dyeing operations, particularly the hydro-extractor process, where particles are disseminated in all d i rections." Coal tar and indigo dyes are substances most frequently used. Cases of amblyopia have been reported from exposure to inhalation of tobacco dust." I t has been found that inhaled tokcco dust exerts a nicotine action on the organism fifteen times greater than that produced by the same qu?intity of smoked tobacco with an equal nicotine content." Severe dermatitis is experienced by many workers handling powder containing T.N.T., which is used in making high explosives. Picric acid, which is also u.sed f o r this purpose, requires drying, and in this latter state has been found to produce a dermatitis, ncric acid is also the oldest svnthetic orjtanic dyestuff." Dermatitis occurs among handlers of silk with varying frequency. >all.s determined that a rash occurring among workers in a silk factory was due to du5t from silk cocoons imported from Africa." Persons engaged in the manufacture o f mmnt and quinine preparations sulfer f r o m *kin phenomena, which occur for the most part on exposed parts of the Imdv. and nwy he caused by ingestion or bv quinine dust, or powder form of the preparation, exerting a direct irritating effect on the skin.** Dermatitis due to other vegetable dusts such as vanilla, powdered arnica, pyrethrum, etc., have been reported." Dental lesions, o f occupational origin, have been reported among workers in sugar. The gingivitis caused by sugar dust is classified as purely mechanical, with laterdeveloping caries. Digestive disorders, respiratory conditions, and cutaneous contlitions (especially o f the face) were also found." Dock workers, transporters of grain, workers in grain and flour mills, etc. are expose<l to dusts during their work. Dusts from cereals may contain many impurities, which may cause an irritating action on the respiratory passages, as well as inflammation of the skin. Digestive disturbances, dental defects, diminution in hearing, and conjunctivitis have been observed among millers, and have been attributed to the dusts to which such workers are exposed." b. Allergic, Many apparently innocuous substances may produce reactions in persons of peculiar personal susceptibility. The term "allergy" is used to describe this condition of hypersensitiveness or susceptibility, and allergic phenomena most frequently manifest themselves in skin reactions. H o w ever, they may cause acute reactions elsewhere in the body. When the respiratory tract is involved we have such well known diseases as hay fever or asthma. These diseases may develop as a result of hypersensitiveness to such substances as pollens from plants, horsehair, rabbit's fur, furs, feathers, etc. For instance, furriers, workers in clothing industries who are exposed to wool dust, etc.. may suffer from hay fever or asthma.** It is unnecessary f o r the offending dust to reach the depths of the lungs---giant pollens for example are reported to produce their effect after being caught in the upper respiratory passages. Should such an offending substance be finely ground it could reach the alveoli and as a result probably all physiologic reactions would be accelerated.** In a survey of a plant where resin is mixed, ground, and molded, it was found that 80 per cent of the occupational dermatitis there was due to hypersensitivity to hcxamethylenetetramine and formaldehyde ctmtained in the <Iust to which the workers were exposed.'^ During the first processes Turniy'suxih Natwwl Safety Compress { of cotton spinning, cotton-strippers are exposed to dust arising from cotton husks and <l^hris. which produces a typical form of asthma." Ordinary wood dust has been of interest due to its purely mechanical action, but still greater care is required in handling certain kinds, especially woods coming from abroad. I>ccausc o f the essential oils impregnating them, which when freed in the dust may affect the health of the workers concerned. Some of the woods capable of causing skin lesions are Brazil wood, satinwood, teakwood. cumaru or tonka wood, black elK>ny wood. West Indian mahogany. Japanese tagayasan. coccoloba, chestnulwood, olivewood. California sequoia, etc A l l persons who handle these woods are not injured, only those particularly susceptible to the substances they contain becoming affected." 2. LIVING ORGANIC DUSTS. Thtf^t contain particles capable of exhibiting the phenomena of l i f e ' (especially the property of reproduction or multiplication), such as bacteria atid fungi. They are usually found in low concentrations and are associated with nonliving dusts in the air. a. Bacteria. One of the most important among these is the anthrax bacillus, which is contained in the <Iust f r o m skins, furs, wool, and animal hair, horns, hoofs, bones, etc. This disease may occur in two forms: cutaneous (in which the organism affects the skin), and pulmouary (when it is inhaled, as in the form of anthrax known as woolsorters' disease)." Cases of tetanus, reported in connection with jute manufacture, were traced to the raw material, the bacillus having been found in the factory dust." Diphtheria, tuberculosis, smallpox, typhoid, or other bacillusproduced diseases, may result from exposure to infected dusts. Bacterial sensitization can be the cause of any of the allergic diseases, namely, asthma, perennial, hay fever, urticaria, angioneurotic e<lema, eczema, or migraine headaches.** b. Fuugi Dusts containing the mycelia and spores of parasitic ftmgi give rise to annoyance and discomfort. "Maltster's" itch f r o m the dust alone has been reported. I n Provence, reeds used for ceilings are stacked while still wet and undergo fermentation; they become covered with a white powder (a dry ftmgus of the Mucor family: Sporo- trichum dermatodes), which is scattered when the bark is stripped off. This pow<lcr is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Mycelia and spores of moulds arc commonly found to cause rashes: for instance, the black powder coming from macerated sugarcane stalks. Among basketmakers, the mycelium and spores, in the form of a white mould (hyphomycetc) from the rhattan canes used, get shaken out wlicn the canes are split, hammered, and cut, causing painful fissures to develop on the skin where they alight." A form of asthma or spa5mo<iic cough, suffered by cotton weavers and known as aspergillosis, has been considered due to inhalation of spores of a mildew which sometimes occurs on the threads." In a study of .silicosis among miners, made by the Public Health Service, a number of cases of typical miliary calcification were encountered. Unstained smears o f those cases examined were positive for fungus, two types of Aspergillus fungi being identified. All of the subjects but one were farmers, teamsters, feedmill workers, or residents of small agricultural towns where grain is marketed. Farmers are exposed to fungi in threshing wheat, baling hay, or handling various small grains." Some other fungus diseases such as actinomycosis an<l blastomycosis are associated with occupational exposure to dust. The former occurs among workers handling straw, hay. grass, vegetable debris contaminated with mould, etc. Actinomycosis is likely to affect people engaged in commercial handling, storing, and cleansing of grain (grain distilleries, flour mills, grain crushing, breweries, and malting houses, etc.).** I I . Inorganic Dusts Inorganic compounds are o l mineral origin, not requiring a living organism to produce them." A number of dusts not usually classed as toxic may, under some conditions, produce untoward effects on the human organism. Classified under inorganic are toxic and/or irritant, fibrosis-producing, and nonfibrosis-pioducing dusts. a. Toxic and/or Irritant. 1*oxtc dusts are those which are inherently toxic when inhaled, ingested, or otherwise absorbed. Among those which produce systemic poisoning, some of which are also irritant, arc the dusts from heavy metals atid their salts, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, industrial Dusts 89 zinc, etc. Irritant dusts arc injurious by reason of their strong irritative or corrosive properties. As a rule, inhaled irritant substances immediately cause a reaction in the upper respiratory tract of such severity that they are prevented from reaching the lungs, although they may cause lung damage by extension of inflammation i f the mucous membrane is corroded.* Lime, calcium oxide, and the di-chromates are examples of i r r i tant dusts. A n inorganic dqst may possess both toxic and irritant properties, and the poisoning produced may be the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into 'the body. Of the directly poisonous dusts, the most widely prevalent are those o f certain lead compounds, particularly the oxide, carbonate and the chromate. The dust is readily absorbed by the mucous membrane; some dust passes into the stomach and is dissolved by the gastric juice.* According to Fairhall, perforated nasal septum is a common occurrence among workers with bi-chroniate dusts.* I n a study made by the U . S. Public Health Service it was found that continuous daily exposure to concentrations of chromic acid mist greater than 1 milligram in 10 cubic meters is likely to cause definite injury to the nasal tissues." I t is believed that a similar concentration of the dust would be equally toxic. In the case of poisoning f r o m some heavy metals, exposure may be to both dust and vapor. For instance, investigations have shown the safe limit of total exposure to lead oxide dust and fumes to be less than 1.5 mg. per 10 cubic meters of air, except for prolonged exposure." I n exposure to mercury dust and vapor, it was shown that the incidence of chronic ni^rcurialism increases rapidly with increasing mercury concentration, after such concentration exceeds 2.0 mg. per 10 cubic meters." Alkalis and metallic oxides are common ttuses of dermatoses. Lye, potash and Hmc are known to cause irritation to plasterers, cement-makers, bricklayers, masons, stonecutters, modellers, and ?netal platers." Ulceration and perforation of the nasal scp- occur among workers exposed to the dust of soda ash; systemic poisoning also occurs from inhalation of calcium cyanimide dust." Cases of dermatitis, scleroderma and can- cer are reported to have been caused by exposure to dust of arsenic compounds. Certain aluminum salts are skin irritants and aluminum dusts may contribute to the infection of skin and mucous membranes, through mechanical action," b. PihrosiS'Producing Dusts, The most imiKjrtant of these are the inorganic, slightly soluble dusts which cause fibrous changes in the lung tissues, some of which are serious, and some of which cause little or no disability.* So far as is known, no inorganic substances other than silicon derivatives cause more than a very moderate degree of fibrosis of the lung. Moreover, there seems to be no evidence that any other constituent of ordinary dusts can influence so unfavorably a pulmonary infection.* Although other dusts, when inlialed in sufficient concentrations over a long period of time, have been shown capable of producing a pulmonary fibrosis, nevertheless, the pneumoconiosis characterized by nodular fibrosis has to date been shown clinically and experimentally to be associated only with the inhalation of dusts containing free silica. Since this dust, to exert its harmful action, must enter the finer divisions o f the lung, the particle size of the atmospheric dust may l>ear a definite relationship to the injurious effect produced. The silica must be present in the air in particles small enough to enter the finer air spaces and of such dimensions that the phagocytic cells may engulf them. The greater majority of particles found upon microscopic examination of the lung fall within the limits o f from 1 to 3 microns.** Examples of siliceous dusts are granite, quartz, sand, pumice, slate, etc. In a recent study among anthracite miners, the correlations between exposure to dust (which contained silica) and the evidence of constitutional changes left little doubt as to the etiological significance o f the dust in the air breathed. Like correlations were found between the silica exposure and the extent of pulmonary changes.** When the inhaled dust consists of silica combined with bases, silicates, some degree o f change in the pulmonary tissue may result. I n this respect asbestos dust seems to be unique among silicates in the prevalence and severity of the disease it causes." The chief distinction between silicosis and conditions due to simple reactions caused by other dusts is the active proliferative ( Twojiy-sixlh Xatinnal Safety Co)igress reaction in the tissues wliich results in progressive nodulation. Silicosi'i, when once established, strongly prcilisposes the lungs to infection, especially with the tubercle bacillus. Chronic interstitial pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema are frequent complications of advanced degrees of silicosis. The relation of the acute respiratory in- fections to the reaction due to dusts other than free silica has never been established, though a heightened incidence has often ken shown statistically in workers in dusty trades. I t is fairly certain that a dust damaged lung, whatever the cause, fares much worse i f an acute infection does supervene ujK>n i t . ' In a study conducted by the U . .S. Public Health Service among marble finishers in Vermont, it was found that marble dust wlien inhaled in the concentrations found in the examined plants produced a mild, bilateral, linear fibrosis in some cases, but no 'serious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to the dust, even after years of exposure.** c. Nonfihrosis-Producing Dusts, These are inert, that is. they do not cause fibrous tissue to be produced, but may liecome encapsulated or lie free in the tissues; or they are absorbed without production of fibrous tissue. Inchuled among them are alundum. coal, corundum, emery, limestone, Dust may be entrapped at its source by suction devices and thus removed and collected. Familiar examples arc exhaust hoods in grinding operations, and the devices used in rock drilling. Generally speaking, the exhaust ventila- tion method, where applicable, is to 1>e Preferred in controlling a dust hazard. Water may be used to entrap dust and prevent its dispersal, and under certain circumstances it may be of advantage to combine the use of water and the use of suction. Sometimes a dusty process can be completely enclosed in a sealed room or compartment. I t must be remembered, however, that any mechanical device of this kind offers adequate protection only i f it is properly designed, installed, and maintained. A great deal of attention has l>een given the subject of individual protection from dust, and there are many types of respiratory protective devices now available. These are generally of two types: those which provide fresh air f r o m an uncontaminated source and those which rely upon a filtering medium f o r removing dust from the air breathed. Where the use o f such a <levicc is indicated, only one of the types approved by the U . S. Hureau of Mines shouhl be used. As a rule, it may be said that masks, respirators, or other such protective device should be used only where exposure to the dust is intermittent and brief, or where some unusual condition makes a^more ade- magncsite. marble, plaster of paris (gyp- quate dust control impracticable.'* sum), and polisher's rouge. Where bacteria or other living <lusts in Dust Control the air are associated with a process, sterilization methods such as increased tempera- fuiginecring and medical control are the ture, ultraviolet radiation, and chemicals two most important factors in cond)ating like chlorine or other bactericidal substances, the industrial dust hazard, and are to a large may be o f use. Pasteurization temperature extent complementary. (about F.) will kill most organisms Engitteering Control As Lan7a''' has stated in a recent paper, "It is a basic principle in dealing with a dust ha7ard that the dust should be attacked at its point of origin and thus prevented from lioing tlisscminated into the atmosphere," A f t e r tlic <lust has been spread throughottt the air it is difficult to deal with it. and reliance must be placed on individual protection, which is never wholly satisfactory. Lanza further cites various methods used in controlling dust. These will be reviewed but briefiy, since a paper dealing with the subject of dust control in detail, will followon this program. except those bearing spores. Steam disinfection is used f o r horsehair, and t>roves to be practicable i f the temperature does not exceed 230' F. Wool fibres, however, lose their elasticity by steam disinfection, and the "Duckering" process now used in England includes soaking of the wool in a formaldehyde solution, and drying in a current of air at a temperature of 160" F . " There are few occupations in which there would be a sufficient concentration of dead bacteria to cause untoward effects in man. I n the case of dusts producing external irritation, auxiliary protective measures may include the use o f protective clothing, hidustrial Pusts 91 iovcs. goggles and aprons; as well as proIcctive salves, ointments, or other compounds to delay or diminish the irritant arti^Mi. General rules f o r hygiene and good iiousekeeping should also be observed. Medical Control. Equally important, and closely interrelated with the engineering Rhaso. is medical control of occupational hazards. I n addition to directing the proper placement of new workers, and guarding the health of all employees, medical control is check on the efficacy of the engineering control methods already instituted, or a measure of the need f o r new protective devices,. of <lisease." Since some occupational diseases tend to clear up and recur, records of previous occupations should be included in the physical examinations. The frequency of examinations should be determined by the medical director, unless otherwise specified by lavv. Those exposed to known occupational disease hazards may have weekly or monthly examinations.** " I t should always be kept in mind that the basic principle of physical examinations in industry is to keep men on the job and not allow the physical examination to be merely a weeding out process."** It has been stated that ^'Imlustry has found that the best way to treat imiustrial injuries and illness is to prevent them.**** and medical control, through precmployment and periodic physical examinations, is one of the most important factors in such prevention. References 'Bloorofield, J . J . and DallaVallc, J . M. "TIic Determinatton and Control of Industriil Dust." U. Puhhc Health Bulletin No. 217, April, 193S. J Collis, Edgar U 'andustrtar PneumcionW-j, r4te^,rte.*5..%doT^ ^"^^^ ; Sollmanrt,^ Torald. "A Manual of Pharma- The preemployment examination is made to <letermine the employee's physical and mental fitness f o r work. I t serves to disclose the presence o f any contagious disease, reveals any minor physical defects which might later become seriou.s, or whether the examinee's condition precludes his emHoyment in certain or in all types of work. It should be remembered that such preemployment examinations are not to be made for the purpose o f eliminating an employee, but rather f o r allocating him to the type o f work for which he is physically suited. A worker should be given employment unless totally unfit, or unless his disability, even though slight, would cause him to be a hazard to himself or his associates. Furthermore, the practice of preemployment mminations should be extended to include executives and officials o f industrial organiations. ' Air Hygiene Foundation of America. Inc. "Sili- V . J - S'"/,^"?]?!?/ April 1S.IQ36. T*Py<7K..W- ' J h c Action of harmful Dusts." , Inst, of Mining and Metallurgy, London, June 14, ' HHe^aJlitSh"S?c-;r-ie^s,"?In*tfe'rnationSaml oUkebso."ur OOcfcfuicpea, tGioenneavnad, " Drinker. Philip. "Causation of Pneumoconi- ?oi:;vy,te^ -"^-1- InJrna(UM S-^- nOJxffio5r*d^Uffn'-iversityTfPc>r'e"sas.%J^n"dInodnu, s1t9ri3a4l. Maladies." lemhtr 1927 Industrial Hygiene. De- "The purpose of periocjic phvsical fxaminations is to secure and maintain physical fitness and thereby lengthen work \pans.'"* Reexamination of emplovecs sometimes results in the discovery of defects and Iisabihties which were not observed at the time of employment. I n such cases, an ocaipational adjustment should be made to provide continued employment, but remove tnc risk of permanent injury. " , Occupational F-esions in Workers in Swear" cKtf^^.^^h^';5^',?'*' ; t ^mcncan'Mellical Isso. Tnltrn^'' ?^["\ ' "Mayers, May R vil 11? no 2 ^^^^ " " h h ScricS. "Susceptibil ty to Dermatitis" "^^^'"^^ "957^ Reexamination o f employees is required law in certain occupations in which the wndhng of poisonous or otherwise deleterisubstances may result in the contraction 92 ( Tu'cniysixth National Safety Hope. E, W.. Hanna. W..^ and Stallybraw. C, O " f f i i t r i a !fctedicineand Hygiene." BaiUiere. Congress UHl Toidcoloo.'' W. B. S.under. Compny, PhiUService Reprint No. 1245.^ WiaWngton. 1930. Riiin; Tonet. Bloomficid, Britten and Thom^; wn. n^ai t o i l i n g in a Storage Battery Plant." O. S. Public Health BuUctin No. ^OS. June. 1^933.^ Neal. Jonei, Bloomfield. DallaValle and Edward*. VstuJy of Chronfc Mercurialism in the Hatteri' Fur Cutting Indyitry. 1 U. S. Pubhc Health Bulletin No, 2^4, May. 1937. ease due to the Inhalation of Dust. The Lancet. ^"l?^rLn: W a l W C. . "Effect of Inh^t^d MSS^ers!?'%.\%^^^^^^^^ ^ ^-Lanta. A. J. "Control and Prevention of SiUcosi.." Symposium on SiHco-i. California Tuber. cSlotis Association. San Francisco. 1937. -Newpiist.M.N, "Medical ScrWcem^m^^^^^ and Workmen's Compensation S^^ Amencan College of Surgeons. Chicago. 1934. -Medical Care of Industrial Worker^ ' National Industrial Conference Board. Inc. New York, 1926. The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards By A R T H U R S. J O H N S O N Assistant to Manager. Engineering Department American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass, When one realizes that control of the dust hazard depends u|)on the combined contributions of the physician and the engineer, he appreciates that the solution requires scientific treatment. By scientific treatment I mean the technical analysis of the hazard to discover the causes which contribute to injury or i l l health, and the development of control methods which obey physical law and physiology, and which will l>e directed at causes that admit of most immediate and economical treatment. That goes for'handling the dust hazard in a given plant I t goes double f o r acquirmg knowledge to the end that the whole problem may reach ultimate solution. Right now our knowle<lge of the problem is in big chunks, loosely put together and largely cmpincal There are estimates only to judge the magnitude of the dust health problem, and it is so closely associated with other health pn;blems that a clean-cut estimate of it alone is imtMssible. We do know that it is great in the aggregate, and for the individual plant it may be very bothersome and expensive. What actually makes quartz dust cause silicosis is not known. I t does, so the air breathed by workmen must not contain harmful quantities of respirable quartz dust. Inex- pensive methods for making the air clean are still in the realm of dreams. Much work must be done to know more about silicosis and more how to make atmospheres safe inexpen^ sivcly. As an 'accident prevention job, dust control lies almost entirely within the administrative responsibility. The control measures are capital expenditures of considerable size. A plant with a dust hazard is sick, it needs an expert diagnosis and scientific treatment, which may include expensive major operations. Home remedies are seldom much good, and supervision and employee safety amsciousness alone cannot accomplish anything. There may be observed in countless shops installations for exhausting dust which arc <lerisivelv called "tin knocker" jobs m which the horsepower dissipated is out of all proportion to the air-borne dust move<l. Tonnage efficiency of material moved may be the proper yardstick for pneumatic conveyors but if tiw material to be moved is air, contaminated with nearly weightless particles of dust, the enUre health hazard can lie in the half of one per cent of material not moved. I do not mean that unless a dust supressiw job was engineere<l i t can be no good. There arc many good installations that were never figured at all hut grew like Topsy. The r^ Industrial Ousts ') 93 suiting freedom from du.stincss was so satisfactory that efllciency held little interest h me owner, rhis is exceptional, however, and I offer the opinion that dust suppression jobs slunikl be engineered. A dust-stippression installation is a safety device, designed and operated to pnvi(lc pro", tcction against possible disease and provi<le a sense of security which must be absolute. Its safety IS not rushuig air and rattling chips but a mmima! residual dustiness. There is no more Patfietic defeat f o r a dust control job than to find faith in its eflfcctiveness so low I want to go so far in ray opinion as to state that the engineer should not attempt to. define the quality of health hazard in a given plant or industry, nor should he establish threshold limits of safe or permissible dustiness. This may Ije del)atable, but I shall contend that the engineer who writes the specifications of hazard and dust tolerance is really an industrial hygienist, and is using a very much broader knowledge than engineering alone. In the first case the quality of the health that workers must wear respirators to find hazard is an opinion arrived at after studying the reasonable safety that was expected from all the environmental conditions including the the hoods, ducts and fans. , general sanitation, occupational analysis and a scientific analysis of the dust exposures. Diagnosis and Control In the exploration of dust exposures, the Let us examine some of the features by which we recognize this dust hazard problem leavmg out the socto-legal aspects. In order to develop more fully the engineers place m this dust control program, it seems desirable to separate as sharply as we can the diagnostic considerations f r o m those which deal with control. In the first compartment wc can place all the analytical components which describe the hazanl and its exposure, the probability of its [producing i l l health and all the rest of the me<lical and mdustnal hygiene facts which make out a case against the existing dust. I n the second compartment place the knowledge of physics tnd engineering necessary to plan the dust control program and so design it that when installed its performance follows prediction that the probability of indu$trial disease is fcfliiced to insignificance. nature of dusty operations must be viewed from physical, chemical and mechanical aspects, the determinations of dustiness must I m ! not only counted and classified by particu- late sizes, but chemically and mineralogically analyzed. The plant layout must be studied with respect to dust production and distribu- tion, and the housekeeping and existing dust control equipment evaluated. The presence of specific hazards, such as toxic gases, abnor- mal temperature and humidity conditions, etc. must be explored for their complicating effect upon the whole picture. This is distinctly an mdustnal hygiene job, and some of the most critical data requires only medical viewpoint. This I S absolute in the case of tuberculosis study and the qualifying of men for employ- ment. *^ So far, not one atom of engineering to suppress dust is involved. I t is entirely analysis of hazard. The diagnosis must be that The Industrial Hygienist the dustiness is hazardous to health or that it Our first feature of interest would naturally k the specific and relative toxicity of silica, nlica-bearing and other dusts which make up fee dust health hazard. Much might be said to advantage about the quality and quantity hazard in many dusts. The acquiring of 8us knowledge has been, and must remain a waical problem. I t involves gross and microwjpic pathology and x-rays, and experimental jmmals. Engineers do not talk that language. Industrial hygiem'sts do; they are a happy combination, half doctor and half engineer. Many of them are quite capable of handling w dust health hazard in all its phases of IS safe. I f it is hazardous, it must be brought down to a specified residue. I f it isn't. leave It alone. On the second point, i f the hygienists can not specify threshold limits graduated upward for relatively less hazardous dusts let the engineer not worry about i t The diagnosis is dust which is harmful and too much of It. The remedy is control of the dust The engineer designs controls which will produce the lowest practical residual dustiness. He should not attempt to write his own specifications of threshold limits or permissible dustiness. This may be an important goal in the study of dust health hazards. westjgation and control. For the pur|Kse of Safe Limits ins discussion I throw their interest in with Ac doctors. A t the pre.sent time the medical men and hygienists believe that quartz dust is safe 94 Twcutv-sixdi National I k ' I o w five miUion particles. They seem willing to graduate upward to 20 million for metlium silica and 50 million for low silica l)ercentages. I m v c million i^articles is virtually <lust free, and is very <lifficuU and expensive to achieve and nwintain. The declaration of s;ifety of the installations must remain in the h^nds of the medical and hygiene groups in whose hands now lies the resjwnsibiltty for determining the hazard. We now enter the chapter of our discussion intended to demonstrate that dust control is an engineering job, that it must be given sccntific treatment, not guess work, applying engineering methods which are based upon a knowledge of physical law, the behavior of dust, the i>crformancc of air-moving machinery, etc. Prerequisite Knowledge J.ct me recite briefly, a few of the things which, in my opinion, the engineer should know to do this job correctly. He must know how to make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, and sampling is not a catch-ascatch-can proposition. I t involves the place, the time, the fre<juency. the amount in a sample, and the number of .samples so that maximum, minimum and average data mean something, so that credibility can be given them. Safety Congress trical phenomena which bear upon dust be- havior. Those are all principles of physics which explain the behavior of dust and u i h ^ u winch engineering practice must be based. Ihey must be understood and be taken into account. Dust control is not a matter only of general ventilation; the engineer must study the production as well as the dispersion. The problem should he analyzed to determine the appluability of segregation, enclosure, welling, local exhaust and general ventilation. In some instances, substitution of non-hazardous material, or non-dust-producing operations may have specific application, and they should be explored first. This implies plant engineering, i am convinced that many bad installations are bad because plant engineering was not used. I n the designing of exhaust systems installctl to capture the dust at the l>oints of generation, the physical behavior of air moving toward hoods and in ducts must be known, and that knowledge tised. l^ach system must consist of collection hmnls, piping, air-cleaning plant and a source of suction. Before selecting a hood for a job the engineer must know dust dispersion by dynamic projection as well as dust dispersion by air currents, aiwl design the hood accordingly. Knowledge Needed nutusthal system. Loss at the I k k h I s , loss at the l>cnds, and loss in the ducts must not be guessed at. Pipe design must take into account the gage of . the metal and reinforcing to withstand pressures and erosion. The selection of a fan and its motive pcjwer is a matter of calculation, not guess work. Power consumption in the system is calculable, fans follow certain laws, so the engineer must know the behavior of axial flow, propeller type, radial flow, paddle wheel and Jther fan performance. Moi;c physics and engineering calculation goes into the air-cleaning apparatus. The selection of gravitation, inertial or filtration method depends upon what the,dust is, the calculation for any methods requires knowledge of discharge through stacks, the determination of sizes of settling chambers; the behavior of cyclones. The use or non-use of a filter, and if so. what type, how it should perform, how big it should be. what kind of jrcsistance and how much each kind offers, to ay nothing of their proper location with relation to cleaning, acccssibiljty. etc., are all litems for accurate engineering determination. Apparatus to check the behavior of installa- Pits Is 9,^ tions must be known and used. Performance cannot he left t^) guess work. Supplying sulTi' ctent air to be exliatisted is part of the prol)lem. The same may be said of heating. Do I give the problem too severe a buildup? 1 think not. Remember these two things: 1. You arc dealing with hazard<ms malerial so small in size and so little of i t by weight that it is as invisible as the air that l>ears it. 2. Physical laws involved in the behavior of dust and air do not permit inexpensive methods of control. I am acquainted with budgets set up for this purpose which amounjt to more than a quarter of a million dollars, and I know of many where 60 to 80 thousand dollars is involved. The need for this much engineering is recognized by men who know. Already much has been done toward getting the knowledge into handlKwk shape. Perhaps the best job of this sort to date is "Fundamentals Relating to the Design and Operation of Exhaust Systems" developed under American Standards Association procedure. For the type of sample involved he must know how to weigh or count respirable dust, as distinguished from large mas.ses of nonrespirable dust which complicate the picture. He must know how to observe the sources of dust floods as distinguished from conditions <if normal dustiness. He must know the sources of dust and the principles involved in the dispersion of dust. He must determine how nnich dtist enters the problem because it is part of the material, and what dust is created in the process by the fracturing of the material. Any less survey cannot tell the engineer what his task of dust control is. To visualize that task intelligently he should know the physics of Brownian motion, laws of resistance to the motion of particles moving in air, l>oth when the air is in turbulence and for stream-line motion. He should know terminal velocities, movements due to centrifugal motion ; flocculation and the effects of air motion and the effects of humidification on it. He nmst know all alwut the difiictdties of wetting ami what is known alwut overcoming these difficulties. He should kn(w tiie several elec- The aero-dynamic characteristics of suction hoods appear to be little known because little The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards thought was given to them in designing thousands of hoods which can be found every By A. a L A Z E N B Y , M.D., F.A.C.S. where in industry. A l l the possibility fori Chief Surgeon, Maryland Casualty Co., Baltimore. Maryland entrapping dust and much of the efficiency ofj Considerable confusion has existed in the the system lies in this factor. Air velocity as to just what is the physician's funcstatic suction, and rate of air flow are au (,,, ^ i j ^ prevention o f dust diseases and related, and they must be known. I t is essen- ,st what is the engineer's. I t is very obtial to use high velocity of air m certain type k ^ u s upon even casual thought that the of exhaust sy.stems to entrap dust projects sciences must work hand in hand in at high velocities as in the case of a gram^ efforts to solve the problem recognize the disease when it is fully developed. I t is not necessarily the physician's function to analyze dust. That is a task f o r the chemist and the petrographer. I t is not the physician's function to count the particles of dust in a given industrial atmosphere. That, in reality, is the function of the engineer. It asbestos fibre of dust to prevent wastin, ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ I S not the physician's function to devise material. Quantity of air and its velocity must b determined, then the piping should be de signed to take into account the behavior c air-flow through pipes at low and high vcloc ities. Where the problem is complicated y the large sized particles which go along witl the fine dust, how these behave must be tako into account! Pressure losses arc very unpor tant elements in the design of an exhaw how those dusts enter the body and e manner in which they do their harm. H e 5^ trained in the examination of per^ho are to be employed to work i n ^nd to discover those who are already ceased, or are peculiarly susceptible to disease. He must be able to detect the ,t signs of disease in workers who are posed to dust, and must be prepared to ventilating equipment f o r the removal of dust, nor even to be more than an adviser as to the means tliat must be adopted to render the atmosphere safe. The physician nevertheless must correlate with his medical knowledge and with his studies o f the industrial worker the findings of the engineer, A diagnosis of silicosis, for example, requires not merely characteristic occupational history and characteristic physi- l i^'cnly-siYth iXatiofial Safety Comjress cal findings, but the knowledge as well that the patient has been exposed to hazardous dusts in dangerous concentrations. A l l dusts when inhaled in excessive quantities may be considered as harmful, but (mly a few can he reganled as dangerous. I'Vom the standpoint of their dangerous lropcrtics they may he divide<l into three We have no real knowledge as to true figures, but as a simple rule, we can adopt for practical purposes the thought that the human body can withstand succe-^sfully a concentration of dust containing 100 per cent silica dioxide in a particulate size less than 10 microns, in a concentration not m excess of 5,000.000 particles per cubic foot. U we decrease the percentage of silica dioxide general groups. present in the dust, we can correspondingly 1. Those which are dangerous because of their poisonous acti<m. such as lead, arsenic, mercury, and similar substances. 2. Those which cause only irritation in the respiratory tract, resulting in such conditions as bronchitis or local inflammation; such substances as vegetable fibre, cork dust, Hour, starch, and other relatively innocuous organic or inorganic materials. 3. Those which tend to produce fibrosis of the lungs, thereby predisposing to respiratory infections, especially tuberculosis, such dusts as asbestos, silica dioxide or magnesium silicate. I shall confine my remarks chiefly to dusts occurring in the latter category. increase the concentration with comparative safety. We must, of course, take into account the portion of the worker's time spent in the dusty atmosphere. T o arrive at a rough conception of a safe atmosphere, we multiply the percentage of free silica in 5i given dust by the total number of particles per cubic foot. I f the result is under 5.000.000 the condition may be considered relatively safe. I f the result is over 5.000,000 the condition must be regarded as unsafe. Bear in mind too that silicosis is essentially a disease of great clironicity. Except in a few exceptional instances it will require f r o m seven to thirty years for a worker to develop advanced silicosis. I t is evident too It has been generally believed that the that coincident dusts may either retard the harmful effects of dusts inhaled into the development of silicosis or hasten it. Recent lungs depended more upon their physical research seems to indicate that tne admix- structure than upon their chemical. I t was ture of aluminum dust to a silicious dust believed, for example, that silica dioxide, or will greatly inhibit the reaction of the latter; quartz, was particularly harmful because o f whereas a silicious dust combined with some its crystalline structure, and the hardness alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the de- and sharpness of its particles. This conception is now known to be faulty. The dusts which cause their damage by mechanical i n terference with function are the dusts which are relatively innocuous, whose symptoms are transitory, and which subside upon removal f r o m exposure to the dust. velopment of silkosis. Much research is now under way in problems such as this. We have never learned how to cure silicosis, but we are learning rapid^ how to prevent it. Our knowledge m tms respect seenns to be limited to the removal of dust f r o m the breathing zone of the worker. Chemical Effect I s H a r m f u l Later discoveries may show us how to The disease of particular interest to us today, silicosis, owes its harmful effects very largely to a harmful chemical reaction occurring between silica dioxide and the body tissues. I t so happens that silica dioxide is decidedly a tissue irritant to the body, regardless of the part of the body it invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement of that tissue by scars. Thus, given a dust containing silica dioxide in sufficient concentration, in sizes small enough to permit its entrance to the ultimate air spaces in the lungs, we have a situation which offers danger to the worker. modify existing dusts with contaminant dusts that w i l l render silica dioxide innocuous. Owing to its very great clironicity, it i only the rare case who actually develop*^ disabling silicosis during his industrial ll^^. time. I t is realized, of course, that excc^ tional instances take place, but the coincid*^ ravages of age usually keep pace with tMj efects of dust, so that much the dif | ability usually attributed to silicosis is o f t | in fact, actually attributable to other dn-j eases or incapacities which advancing yA bring in their wake. T o me the great pcriloP silicosis, the peril not only to the mdusimfl Industrial Pusts worker himself, but his family, co-w*)rkcrs and the public generally, is the accompanvmg susceptibility to tuberculosis. Complicated by Tuberculosis Silicosis per se does not kill. Tuberculosis as a complicating factor of silicosis rarelv recovers despite treatment, and the indi*vidual so afflicted is not only totally disabled himself, but a definite menace'to all with whom he comes in contact, particularly the fellow worker who may have silicosis. So perhaps the most important places in which the services of the physician in a dusty .trade are necessary are^first. along lines of discovering and barring from exposure to a silicious dust those persons who may already have arrested tuberculosis; and secondly, discovering those persons already exposed to dust, possibly already silicotic, in whom tuberculous infections may have developed. It is well recognized that no individual should be exposed to dust containing silica dioxide until he has undergone a thorough physical examination, including carefully made and interpreted x-ray films of his chest. I t is likewise obvious to anyone f a miliar with silicosis that no person who is exposed to silicious dust should be denied the privilege o f frequent physical examinations and x-rays of the chest, not entirely to discover the existence o f possible silicosis, but to discover a coincident tuberculosis i f such exists. A man so diseased should, in protection to himself and to all with whom he comes m contact, be removed f r o m industry. Let me emphasize the uselessness of a physical examination, unless it be accompanied by properly taken x-ray films, except in cases ot gross tuberculosis. It is the function of the physician, therefore, to conduct in a thorough and an intelligent manner the pre-employment examination of all persons who are to be engaged m a dusty trade. The purpose of this examination should be threefold. First, to discover and bar f r o m employment i n du.st. any person who is suffering f r o m tuberculosis in an active, a quiescent or an arrested state. A pos.sible exception might be made in individuals suffering from a so called healed primary complex, or a healed childhood infection. I t IS well known that exposure to silica dioxide is very likely to excite into activity a turbcrculous lesicm which may be quiescent or arrested, and once such a lesion is reactivated, the chances of recovery are remote. The second problem which confronts the physician at the pre-employment physical examination is whether a given individual is, by reas(m o f secondary physical defects, more susceptible to the development of .silicosis than a normal. Is he suffering f r o m diseases of the nose or upper respiratory tract, such as chronic sinusitis, disease of the lungs or air passages, or obstructions which produce mouth breathing? We must remember that silica dioxide is not dangerous until it reaches the lungs, and that the normal individual retains in the nose and the upper air passages a large quantity of the dust inhaled f r o m the atmosphere. In instances where this nasal retention is disturbed, exposure to silica dioxide dust may be dangerous to that individual, where it would not be to another. I t is believed that certain disea'^es of the heart and circulation, of the kidneys, possibly syphilis, chronic coincident diseases o f the lungs, all may render a man more susceptible to silicosis than normal. The physician at his pre-employment examination roust follow certain established criteria in this respect, and bar f r o m exposure to dangerous dusts those persons who through existing disease may be more ready prey to silicosis or tuberculosis. Re-Examination Needed After the applicant f o r employment has successfully passed his physical examination and is engaged in a dusty trade, the duty of the physician is not yet ended. This workman must be periodically re-examined, first to discover the early appearances of pulmonary fibrosis, but what is even more i m portant, to detect the early evidences o f complicating tuberculous infection. A man should not be dismissed from employment in a dusty trade merely because he has evidences of non-disabling silicosis. Workers in dusty trades, especially stone cutters, moulders, pottery workers, and similar craftsmen, are usually highly skilled, and i t seems unfortunate f r o m a social and economic point of view to deny them employment so long as they are physically able to carry on, especially since the actual disabling qualities of silicosis are in doubt. n.rmy sixth Xiitiiwal Safrty ( mujrrss ( Thev slunild iKi (leitied employment m a dusty'trade i f that condition is found at urc-cmploymcnt examination, but tney should not be barred from continuing an employment in which they arc already engaged. Of course, in such instances you as engineer., must realize that you have failed, because if you \m\ kept the breathing zone of the worker free from dangerous dusts silicosis would iK.t be present on physical irxaminatton. In this work of preventing dust diseases in industry, it should be evident that the closest and most intelligent cooperation between the physician and tlve engineer is necessary. The physician mn^t. through his knowledge and research, tell the engineer what dusts, or for that matter, what other substances used in indu.trv are harmful. Me must tell the engineer liow ;uch dusts or other materials enter the lM)dy. how they leave the body and what thev do in their passages through or their re^^idence in the body. intervals, conferring with the ph>sician in an effort to discover whether, in the light ol their joint knowledge, working conditi^^ are dangerous. He must ^^^-elop amU^^^^^^^^ carefully designed ventilating equipment. I K m'^t arrange f o r modification of chemica and other industrial processes. ^v;cre uc modification is possible, and "^"^^ bend Im efforts toward removing from the danger ztme of the worker the offending substance, whatever it may be. Too many engineers construe this ftinctiou loosely They pass on to the physician as r r l U s i b i l i t ; certain functions which e^^ sentialIv are theirs; such functions as dus a n a l S s clu^^ counts, and similar technical duties. A l l too often it is consi<lered adequate merely to install a fan. Ventilating devices in dusty work room, must be constructed only after carefuj^^j gineering study has given a knowledge o fhe physical properties of the air and of Substances polluting it. I t is POS^Ut calculate to a v^ry fine point the volume o Must Make Analyses air that must be removed from a given spot The engineer mu^t in turn tell the physician of the harmful dusts and other substance"; surrounding his workers. He must make chemical and petrographic analyses ot the du'^t';. and other indicated analyses of the atmo-^phere in the wcrk;hop. He must make dust r<nnt^ and check hU count"; at regular to remove the dust originating at that place^ and the engineer must approach his tasK from just as scientific an angle as the ph>si cian approaches his. There is no room in industry for hap- hazard methods on the part of either the physician or the engineer. Industrial F u m e s , Gases a n d Vapors THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 14, 1937 The meeting was called to order by Voyta o f Wisconsin. Madison, who presided ami 'rabetz. Chairman, Industrial Commission introdticed the speakers. Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent T h e m By R O Y R. JONES, M.D. Division of Labor Standards, U . S. Department of Labor, Washington, D . C . The inhalation of metal fumes is a common cause of illness among certain occupational groups. Two very different systemic reactions may result f r o m breathing air containing particulate metal or metal comwunds: (a) metal fume fever, an acute, transitory, non-fatal disease causing slight or temporary disability; (b) .systemic metal poisoning, mild, severe, or even fatal in its tffcct. The same occupational exposure may produce both reactions, metal fume fever developing following the worker's early exposure, chronic systemic poisoning developing later as a result of prolonged exjxjsure. We may consider metal fumes as solid particles generated by condensation f r o m metal in a gaseous state. Condensation is u'sually accompanied by oxidation. There are two chief physical characteristics of metal fumes which bear a direct relationship to the ease with which they may k absorbed: (a) The solid particles are much finer than atmospheric du.st. probably averaging less than .5 micron in diameter; rt>) they tend to flocculate and settle out of the air as dust. The finer the solid fiarticles 'u-ipended in the air, the longer the time fequired for them to settle out. Many of the coarser dust particles in the air are 'rapped in the upper respiratory tract and by the ciliated cells lining the trachea aiul l^ronchi, while the finer particles may be tarried to the terminal air spaces of the 'mijais. Here they are taken tip by the phago- cytic cells and arc eliminated chiefly by way o f the blood and lymph. Sayers and his associates* found that only about \S per cent of inhaled particulate matter, such as lead dust f r o m automobile exhaust gas, was retained in the lungs, the remainder passing out with the exhaled air. I )rinkcr and his associates' and Brown' made ciuantitative measurements of fumes retained! in the lungs. They found a direct relation.ship between the percentage of fumes retainc<l and the size of the particle and the density of the fumes breatlied. They alsoi showed that slow deep breathing increased the reaction resulting from inhaling zinc fumes. Such breathing should increase thei percentage of particulate matter retained. Hazardous Processes For convenience we may place the more common occupational environments which are likely to afford a harmful exposure to metal fumes in three large groups: 1. Smelting of ores and refining of metals. 2. Emphiyment at processes handHng molten metal such as molding, cutting, and welding opcratitms. X Salvage and cleaning operation.s. including the burning of metals or metal covered objects, especially by means of ' acetylene torch or electric arc. In the firt class, the ores or metals proce*ised provide the source for the generation 99 /..v.,/y sixth Salioxol Safely Cn,,!,r,-ss 156 with a quti<.n nvark; "Pcrso,,. m i m c l w.th safely at home lliat counts. i Pressure Vessels WEDNESDAY MORNING October 13, 1937 SESSION The session was called to order hy Chairman Dan L . Royer, Chief Kiiginecr, Ocean Accident and (uiarantee C>rp.. New York Q j v a n d (lenenil Chairman, ASSK ICngi neering .Section, National Safety Council. Mr. Rover introduced the speakers. The athlress prepare<l hy Mr. (lihhs was read ly Ralph M. Moon, tif the same firm. What the Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers and Steam Lines By E . R. F I S H Chief Engineer, Boiler Division, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co. With respect to steam hoilcrs and steam Hnes. the safety man should he familiar with those factors that prodttce weaknesses resulting in faihires--factors that are prejudicial to the safety o f personnel and property. The safety man is not necessarily concerned with efiiciency of operation, hut he is concerned with how the equipment should he operated in the interest of safety. The term steam boilers ami steam piping covers a great variety of e(iuipment ranging horn the inconspiciums steel or cast iron heating boiler, the pressure of which rarely exceeds 10 or KS lbs. per square inch, up to * mammoth steam generating units capaWeof evaporating over a millioti pounds of ntcr per hour at a pressure of l,4(>0 lbs. fer square inch and delivering steam at a imiperature of 9i)0 to 950 degrees l\ Obviously, such a wide range makes it imfo^sihle to discuss the various factors that rfect each of them. However, there arc Tlain fumlamcntals applicable to l>oiIers of high and low degree. Internal Deposits deposits or accumulations on the internal wfaccs of parts of boilers exposed to high Pfnature gases interfere with the rai>id *wrption of heat When directly in contact with the metal, water absorbs heat at a sutficicntly rapi<l rate to prevent the metal from hec<miing overheated. However, interfere with this onlerly process and the metal very rapi<lly overheats to the point where it loses practically all its strength. Internal pressure then pushes the metal out and causes the socalled "bulge." In water tube boilers bulges on tubes not infrequently break through, and while they do not often cause any serious consequences to the attendants, sometimes steam or flame are driven out through openings in the settings and some one is injured. In liorizontal return tubular boilers the result is likely to be much more serious both from a personal injury and expense point o f view. Ihdgcs in boilers of this type very frequently break throitgh and, being directly over the fire, flame and live coals are very likely to be driven out of the furnace. Many state laws now require fire doors to be ccpiipped with automatic latches that prevent them from being blown open when they are closed. Bulges in H.R.T. boilers have fre(Iticntly opened to such an extent that a true lK>iler explosion has happened and great property loss as well as personal injuries and death have resulted. A seriotis explosion of this kind happened 157 / u r / v .vi.r//i Xali""l Safely Coiinrrss Steam gSKC'; .niclinip<' ttivo wrong r<>a<l- Construction and Repairs inK-i ami need to l.r t.-M.-.l friM,.,cntly. B I o n v - Safety men probably <l" " " I '"'^''^ olT connection., particularly on honzonia any part in the selection of equipment or return tulmlar Loilcrs nu.'^l I k - of st.ir<l> methods of constructi<m or re|iair. but U is construction an.l i.ropcrly |.rotcctc.l from well for them to know that a great deal ol high tcmporatuio K'-<"'- Hl"olT vahe's must also I.C of l..avv c n ^ l n u l m n an.l arranged that tl.oy cannot he .|M>ck y <.i'<-'-' or closed. There l.avc l.ecti a multitude of accidents to persons <lue lo failure of some part of the hlowolT connection resulting from improper ntaterials, improper operation ami insiidicicnt protection. Attendance welded boiler work is now Iveing done ami inaiiv l>i|)e lines are being fabricated hy welding instca<l of the usual threaded awl flanged const riictif.n. Iwery possible assurance must be taken to determine that the wehling process will give sound welds with the proiier physical characteristics. Also that only welding operators are permitted to do the work who have demonstrated their ability to produce sound welds under the The proper and safe operation of as im- prescribed (irocedure. portant ami potentially .langermis a p.ccH? " apparatus as a steam boiler, l.c it c.tlicr h.gl ,, H ,, w pressure, large or small, .s depcmlent on intelligent atlemlants and should be en- There have been so many instances of improperly welded johUs. both in pressure vessels and piping, that every precaution should l>e taken to assure welds of an accept, trusted only to the care of those who are able and safe nature. There need be no thoroughly competent. This is a point that great concern about welded boilers, because i , by no means universally a.mpl.cd w th. that work is invariably done in shops that even, oftentimes, in power r'lants of moder- are property equipped and supervised. This, ate size. however, is not necessarily true with pres- The value of the c<|uipnient in a very large sure vessels of various kinds. plant is such that the management cannot There is a great temjitation to effect re- '\o otbervvise than i-rovi.lo it with the best pairs of boilers and other pressure, vessels possihie care an.l atlcntion. However. ther( hy wchling. Kepairs of this kind should b^ are many l.ilcr plants that arc but very permitted only after tlvorough a"aly'^"' inadcMuaicly attended and in thousands of the conditions and then only by proved, com- small beating plants the attendant is wholly petent welding operators. Rules bave been uninformed and ignorant. adopted bv tlic National Hoard of Boiler Piping ami Pressure Vessel liisj-ectors respecting Steam piping is not a source of very maiiy acci<lents. The failures that do take place are usually in connection wi<h cast iron the application o f welding to boiler repairs that are highly restrictive. The American Welding Society has pr^ fittings, such as tees, ellnnvs and the valves, pared rules for thf Qualification of Welding and usually in the i)rcssurc line. Processes and Testing of Welding tJpera- Water hammer not infrenuently occurs in tors. steam lines especially when starting up cold Both the rules for repairs and the quali- A .;hig of water traveling at a high rate of ficati<m of weUlcrs should be fam.bar to spee<l can deliver a sledge hammer blow at those concerned with equipment to whitt. an abrupt change in <lirection or dead emi. an.l inaiiv cast iron fittings are broken m this wav.'Kxpansion and contraction stresses that are not properly provide.l for, not mfrernientlv result in cracked fittings or valves that permit the .lischargc of steam. Kven low pressure steam is at a temperature such that serious injury results from coming in contact with i t . Most piping is covercl witl. insulation so that it is not easily examined, but the liolts and flanges and the provision for l>roi>er expansion can lie checked. welding may be applicable. Less than six nouths ago the weldcd-in patch in the bottom of a lion'-ontal '"etun tubular boiler ii? a saw null failed. 1 patch measured 24" x 36" and was suffi- ciently large to cause ' ^ man was killed and the boiler house w demolished. A n examination showed tW it was a miserable job of welding eviden* done by one entirely ignorant o f the danpf of that kin<l of repair as well as liemg inexpert welder. f'rrssurr / ',\fsrls 161 Personal Injuries Afany porsonal injurios caused I>v exp... Mire tc, steam or high temfierafure u i t e r . Hie jlischarKc of vvliidi may I k - due to a rela- tively nimor accident, are constantly liappen- Many of these occur lccans<. <f carelessness or iRnorance on the pari of the injured person l>ut many o f tlu.,n are throuRh no fault of the injured man. Metictilous attenticm to small <lelails is necessary to avoid the minor accidents. 1. numerable injnrics have heen due to men workmg on. or attemptiuR to make repair^; ^ parts under pressure. It should he an mvanahle rule that the tiRhtetn'oK up of holts m an attempt to .slop gasket leaks^ or making other repairs involving hammering or possiWy weldmg should be positively prohibited winle the equipment is under pressure. Furnace Explosions Furnace explosions are of rather frequent occurrence, particularly where gas. oil or pulverized coal is used as the fuel, (;rcat care and an orderly method of both lighting oir and operating furnaces using these fuels i'^ very necessary. The lighting means should be introduce<I only after a furnace has heen well ventilated an<l before the supply o f fuel is started. Sonir very disastrous explosions have happened ni huge boilers fired with pulverized coal, gas an<l to some extent with oil. Small atilomatically oil fired heating boilers very rre(|ucntly have furnace explosions, but they are not usually of a .serious nature. This kind of accident is worthy of careful consKleration by th(se concerned with boiler iperation. f)nly a very few years ago a furnace explosion o natural gas occurred under a new KW poumI boiler in a city electric light plant in Colorado. One man was killed and four ' " ^ r , .^J^*^ property loss was approxi^ "lately $25 (XK). The boiler was inXng prepared or service by men who were familiar with the use of natural gas fuel. Apparently the mismanipulation of valves aiKl failure to take the necessary preliminary prn-autions by ventilating the furnace before liRhtmg off was the cause What the Safety Man Should Know About Ccmpressed Air Systems By CHARLES W. GIBBS Compressor Engineer Department, Ingersoll-Rand C o . New York City fower. to most pwple. including engicrs. means electricity or steam. T o a few rt means water power. r,css frc<,uently is n|.re.ssed a.r thought o f as ,.ower. I t is ^1 ^ '"^ "'"^'<'<^'-ed a convenience, impressed air ,s probably actually ban<lle<l ^ m .re workmen ,n the average rdant than W er seeam or electricity. (o,nprcsse<l aii^ " a w r s o n a l i . t i l i i y . h u , j , js a k o , h h u t . rS'- "^ ^''""'''"Xv will, com- K^' ed air and because of its generation and W in .so many small shops (practically wry gasoline .sf.ition has its compressed air nt) the que-stum of safe installation and ^ration is important. This paper will not -tempt to coyer the actual ,, s c o f c<m,- Jtssed air. but will ! limital to the inslal- i*m and maintenance o f the stationary (wpressor plant and system. A l l of the equipment should be designed tor the maximum pressures which might be encountered. A l l reputable manufacturers of compressed air equipment can oflTer units for practically any service which will provide an ample factor of .safety. For the type o f plant which the safety man w. I generally I k - called upon to c o a s i d e r X "Perating pressure will seldom be above ISO mmmls. and the compressors will be ettl er the a r will be compressed to discharge oressure .,, one stroke o f a piston ( s i n g K g e ) . or It may I k : compressed part way in one cyhmer and then transferred to another & T ^ ' ^ ^ ^ "-e rest o f the way (two stage). In general, machines above 100 borsepower will he two stage, the power rJ^ qmrements for 100 p ,, ,, ,, d units being about I A m e r i c a n Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section Officers 1936-37 Iliciicral Chairman--I). I * . K o y k r , Ocean Accident and (Inarantee Corp., New York, N , Y . {iV<vC/i<nVwi<i--C. B. I?oui.KT, Wisconsin PnUlic Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. Y\ce'Chairmmi--\i, E . D o n o v a n , Standard Oil Com|any <f C'alifornia. San l*rancisco. Calif. pfrr/<iry--W. D k a n R k k f k k , National Safety Council, Chicago, 111 ^^ em hers at Large-- CvRU. AiNswoRTii, Amcricjin Standards Ass<ciation, New York, N . Y . *C, B . AuKi, Westinghouse Electric and ilanufacturittg Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. J. I . B a n a s h , Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. E . W , B e c k , United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N . Y . H . R , BtXLKK, Ihiion Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N . Y . (Metropolitan Chapter) K. W . Buui.Aun, E . 1). lUdlard Co., San l^Vancisco, Calif, (San I'Vancisco Chapter) \\. V. CrU.uKKT, American Cyananiid Co., Linden, N . J, (New Jersey Chapter) R o y M . (ioowiN, Philadelphia l^lectric C<., Philadelphia, Pa. (I*hiladelphia Chapter) W , M . G r a f f , National Bureau o f Casualty Si Surety Underwriters, New York, N . Y . H. J. CiHiFFmf. Jones iKr Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter) R. M r A , K k o w n , Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. j . M . K e r r i c a n . United States Rubber Reclaiming C<,. Inc., Buffalo. N . Y . (Niagara Frontier C'hapter) KvKRKTT V. Ktmi, Lever Brothers Cti., Cambri<lge, Mass. (Bostim Chapter) T h o m a s E . LtfarrrooT, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M. Ci. L l o y d , Naticmal Bureau of Standards, Washington, I ) . C. H. L . MiNt:R, E. 1. du Pont de Nemours Ik Co., Wilmington, Del. W, S. P a i n k , Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. G e o . F . P r u . s s o n c , Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. C. E. R a l s t o n , Pittsburgh Plate CUass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. RwujLA, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N . Y . (i. E. S a n f o r d , Cicncral Electric Co., Schenectady, N . Y . C. W . S m i t h , Standard O i l Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. H. S. S m i t h , Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N . Y . U, C. S t r a t t o n , The Travelers Insurance Co., H a r t f o r d , Conn. R. F. T h a l n k r , Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. E. W h i t i n o , Liberty Mutual insurance Co., Boston, Ma<s. W f r . U A M P. Y a n t , Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Officers Elected for 1937-38 rro/ Chairman--C. B. B o u r . K T , Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. fif/-C7mtrwflw--R. E. D o n o v a n ^ Stan<lard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. ^^'Chairman--C, E. R a l s t o n , T>ittsburgh Plate Olass Co., I'ittsburgh, Pa. Deceased. 221 222 'nvnity-sixth Natiomil Safety Cofujrcss limjinccrbuj Section 223 Sfcrrtary--^W. D k a n K k f f k r , National Safety Council, Inc. Chicago, 111. Engineering and Industrial Accident Prevention Mfmhers at Ijiroe - . . x t v i xi v C y r u . A i n s w o r t h M, American Standards Association, New York, N , Y I . 1. B a n a s h , Con' sul..t.ing E1-ngi:neer. Cr-hUilc^a^g^or., TU . xt ! By E. A. H O L B R O O K Dean. Schools of Engineering tk Mines. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Pa. K. W, H f . c k , United States Ruhher Prodticts, Inc., New York, N . Y , . . F W IUn.i,ARn, K. D . Hullard Co., SSaann IP'rraanncciissccoo,, CL.:aailiirf.. (^Soaann Frrai*nnc^is-co Chapter) C ,, A R , : ^ i D. I ' A R M N , Consolidated Kdi.on Co. of N . Y., New York, N . Y, (Metropolitan F^'crBFRT American Cyanamid Co., Linden, N . J. (New Jersey Chapter) R o y M S S t N Thiladelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Fa^ (^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ H . J. G r i f f i t h . Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania The essence of early .safety work was the J^afcty education of the worker. J*:ducation has ever been one of the two legs supporting I-safety. We did not go far in our safety program until we discovered that safe materials, .safeKuards. .safety standards and safe equipment only into every corner of our industrial worhl. but into our individual daily life. Certainly as regards industry. I am ready to admit that Safety Engineering has arrived; that in its historical development, in its penetration of organization and management, in its influence on production, eco- Safety Council Chapter) were equally potent with worker education nomics and design, and by its high standards R McA K f o w n , Tndu'^trial Commission of Wisconsin. Madison, Wis. m reducing accidents. These material things of research and practice, Safety Engineer- FvFRF.rr' V. K i n o , Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston C hapter) constitute the second leg of our safety body. mg is on a plane where it demands a place T h o m a s E , L i c h t f o o t . The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1 notice with pleasure a wi<le diversity of in our engineering college curriculum. M G I i^Yi), National Bureau o Standards, Washington^ D. C. J. E . L o n g . The Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corp Albany, N .. Y^ .. use of the term "engineering" in the world of safety. There is nothing to tell you that The curious fact remains that in general the engineering colleges o f this country have N B. M a c H o s e . Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N . Y, (Niagara l^rontier Chapter) a man must go to college to be a safety en- not yet assigned to safety engineering any H . L . MiNKR, E . L du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington. Del. peer. Nevertheless, an engineering college definite recognition. W S P a i n e , Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co.. Hartford, Conn G f o , F . PRHSsiNr.. Union Oil Company of California, L o s Angeles,, CCalif. A S. REGtn.A. Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc., New York, N . Y a ' V . RoHWKDKR, Duluth. Mis,sabe and Iron Range Railway Co.. Duluth, A . v . KOHwiMmK, I ' u i u m , a t i i . i , ^ w s . New York. N . Y. D. L. RoYFR, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp.. New ( ; E. S a n f o r d . (;eneral Electric Co.. Schenectady. N . Y . J-, S- . S h a w , Hercul'es- Pow-cdLe.r Co.., Wilmington, Del. Minn. w perhaps the place where a man may learn easiest how to design a safe boiler or building or of the thousand and one material factors of safety that we associate with engineering. He learns there also how to draw conclusions from his facts, and we trust he may later in practice act with professional wisdom. C W . S m i t h , Standard O i l Co. (Ind.). Chicago, 1.1.1.. }l S, S m i t h , Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. F; T h a i . n k r , Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. S F WiiiTiNd. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. When we remember the efforts of the Red Cross thirty years ago, or we read again the iifst mine inspection act in Pennsylvania, mt was little to indicate that safety ever W i u ' i a m p . Y a n t , Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh. Pa, m\d be of professional engineering intcr- Today when you consider the enormous Jaumulated data on the material side of 'ajety, engineering of its writings, its myr- la standards, its exacting practice, you WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION nastl admit that to ab.sorb, interpret and apiy this world of material requires a mind rained to the college or equivalent level. As October 13. 1937 parallel example, electrical engjheering was nheard of before 1880, yet in the past 50- 'id years, it has through research and prac- The annual meeting of the A S S I v iMigineering Section of the National Safety Council followed a luncheon ami convened with I ) . L . Royer, Ocean Accident and (iuarantee Corporation, Npw York City, general chairman, presiding. AU reports had been mimeographed, and copies were distributed at the luncheon. A report of the address delivered at the meeting by Elmer A. Holbrook. dean of the Schools of Engineering and Mines, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburRh, Pa., w i l l be found elsewhere in this record. The report of the nominating commitle'^*Jc.; ^a^c^c"ummuui?la^tce<dl data, writings and stand- was nrrsr^^^^^ C. W. Smith, chairman f of sitch importance and vj^riely that the o t h e r ^ ' X ^ of the committee were K J , , ^ , ^ - - - " - t - a lifetime span S. Regida, S. E. Whiting, Dr. M. G. LlofJ **hole field, and R. F. Tlu^lner. The committee s list ol Think again of tho.se modest beginnings of officers, as fleeted, will be found m m ifcty, mostly in the minds o f men in the section of the Congress Transactions. mmg, metallurgical and railroad industries. Other sessions sponsored by the ASSR M y it felt its way, largely with a humani- Engineering Section included those on "Si wn background. Then cam^ workman's Use of Acids,"''Industrial Dusts," " P r IVf essel\^s.*"* ""ITnd^u..sctfrri;faili FKuiimmeps,. Gases a Vapors," "Safety Training, and "Saf Inspectors/* wpcnsation. giving the work a definite omtc background. Finally, ^nd with inlawing acceleration, the methmis and prac of safety have penetrated today not Several years ago it seemed that the time had come where in a great industrial center like Pittsburgh we should o/Ter a course in Safety Etigineering on a college level. We determined in this course not to deal with safety as applied to any specific industry, f o r we believe t h a t t h e s e industries themselves, the special application of safety principles best can be mastered. Rather we tried to uncover the basic principles or essence of safety engineering, common to and of interest in all industries. Thus our year's outline f o r the subject covered purposes, o r i gin, growth, agencies, and organization f o r safety w o r k ; industrial hazards, management responsibility, and safety education. 1 hen came individual accidents, their causes, costs and prevention; accident classification, machinery and the human factor, design as affecting safety; safeguarding the working place, inspection, and materials handling. Finally, we studied safety codes and standards, workman's compensation (origin and rate making), and methods and results of safety work in typical industries. This class has gone on for some seven years; first under its founder, the late Dr. J. W. Hallock, and for the past two years under Irvin I^rinkman, safety director of the Mcintosh-Hemphill Company, The classes have varied between 20 and 70 men enrolled. A curious difiiculty has been the absence o f a satisfactory text book. Is it not noteworthy that although there arc hundreds of college text books covering almost every conceivable engineering subject, I know today of TtK^rnfy sixth Natiinial Safety Congress no tf xt suitallc for a college ccnirsc in safely engineering. The Armour Itistitute of Teclumlogy han lulinirahle courses in lire preventioti engineering, ami Harvard University has tmdertaken extensive work in traflic ami highway engineering and recently has ottered 15 fellowships to nien wishing training in this fiehl. These exceptions hring out hy contrast how little attention most en gineering colleges give to safety, Perhaps it will take another generation of engineering teachers to recognize that today safety is a part of every engineering pr<hlem and as essential as the items of cost, good design, prohahlc life, and general usefulness. You of the National Safety Council have done a great work in educatinj^ employees ami employers, insurance companies, standardization agencies, the child in the school, the man on the street, and the woman in the home. Btit for some reason you have not made the engineering colleges safety conscious. You have arcnmnlated writings and data so vast that no single mind can ahsorh them. You know that ynm continued success depir^nds upon diffusing safely knowledge this year and next, yes even from generation to generation. You should have at work men trying to explore for that essence in safety problems which 1 sometimes think cannot wholly be expressed--it can <mly be felt. May I call attention here to the fact that, so far as we know, a college or a imiversity is likely, next to the church, to be the most enduring agency of civilization. Kven in this young country, Harvard Ihnversity has celclirated its three hundredth aimiversary, reminding us that it has outlived changes in g<vernment, in religion, an<l in peoples. Ksscntially it has been the repository of great ideals and truths, equipped to pass the torch dov\n frcnn generation to generation, undinnncfl and often refneled. lMr this reason ahme. I say to the National Safety Council that ytKi ought to form an alliance with (me or more American engineering schools, trusting in this way to insure the perpetuation, without fear <r fav<r of all that is at the heart of safety. I believe also that within a college, and away from the stress of economic struggle, where research in safety principles can best be carried on. you would find, through support of a chair of safety engineering, that out of it would come a sifting of wheat from chafT, an extraction of the essence from the mass of material tilings. Of a more practical nature, an engineering college department interested in safety should he able to put out text Imoks on safety, more valuable therefore to the student than the general references we now have to use. On this foundation must come courses in the principles of safety engineering offered to the undergraduate engineering student. Whether you like it or not, the truth is that the bright young lKys of t(Klay go to college, most often Ui an engineering school, whereas the similar boy of 30 years ago generally entered industry after high school. This means tbat the future safety engineers and iuilustrial leaders arc largely going to he products of a four year college engineering course. Safety engineering can't just be discussed like politics. U must be felt, it must be lived, it must be instilled into these young engineers firmly. Then and then cmly will they react instinctively to safety in engineering. 1 do invite, most earnestly, the attention of the Executive Committee of this Council lo the need, through cooperation with the engineering colleges, of e<lucating our futnre engineers in ^ifety. P o w e r Press Sections Automotive and Machine Shop Officers 1936-37 M - r . CWp.. Oc.o.-, M a ,, ,, r a c . ,, H ,, . I . v . . Genera. HoSfTH'Tn.?::? '-^I Mich. t.T.W..K.,.,,.c,..,s,erCorp..,,e,r,,i,;Mj;: ADJOURN hi liNT iV^.-a,>,mm~i. It' Officers Elected for 1937-38 ^^'"'^y^'"n>. of An,crirH. I V.roi,. M i d , 225 Coniircss . lutowotiTi' and Mai liiiir SHiof' Power Prcxs 227 226 ,S-,a<i C o m . i " C'-^;'-"''''' Co.. Ea-'t Pittsburgh. 1 a. M,mh<r.. fl< 5^,,;,,a Co.. Detroit. M i c k IX..VK. WATVKF.M"-u'-O. w^Koi-'y^''. : r . ; P ^ d.u. .c.t. .s . winc.. DDeettrrooiitt., M Div..' 'rHM.N.H;Bkk Motor Co. Flint. Mich. Detroit. Mich. ( V r . W i n e ^ ; a . Cbry^lcr Corp., Ohio. the company will not tolerate accident-prone employce.i. for they are <lislinct hazards to themselves, their fellow workers, and to company property. The employment man should he thoroughly familiar with conditions surrounding the joh for which he is .selecting a man. He should know the fatigue elements and the types of workers required for the job, remembering that upon his ability to select men depends the functioning of a .smoothly running organization. The employment office itself can be an important factor in creating the correct impression on the new employee--neatness and orderliness of the offjce and surnnmdings can indicate the type of good housekeeping in the plant, so essential to proiwr safety conditions. The prospective employee is undoubtedly anxious to obtain the job and make.good, .Since he has his mind set on conforming to the requirements of a new job, new as.sociates and new environment, lie will un'^mbtedly react to new ideas on safety, especially when the benefits he will derive are explained. AFTERNOON TUESDAY October 12, 1937 SESSION AntomcUive ana Machine SesMon'i of the Press Sections were hehl Shop an(l V<y^<'r Jointly. Section will he Uy\\w\ 1*^*^^ ' volume. speakers. called lo order No man will deliberately cause injury to himself or another, nor do I like to charge an injury to carelessness on the j)art of the person injured. Carelessness might be the under-lying cause of an injury--but whose (areles.sness? Did the employment man do duty, or simply provide a book of Qfety rules containing a hundred or more IWts? I recall an incident where ^ new man was ing "written up" in one o f our plants. He I S handed a book of rules on safety and . ' lold to read them carefully. A f t e r going er them slowly he laid the book down indicated that he understood their leaning. When asked to sign his name to employment card he ma<le an X . What were written rules in this ca.se? The in could neither write nor read, and yet could not be denied the right to work. personnel Dtrector. R e . , s Theen,pioyn,ent-nU^ ble position to mstiU * a ' f y j the ^ ' t h e minds "^^.'^Jl'fSpany to con- first representative j^P'^^espon^^^^y ,act the new emp oyee^ re P^^ ^^^^^^ meets the new receptive frame <.fm,nd_ While he may " ^ m a certain operati man's ability f perform y e n a ^.^^.^ emciently f"^ r<liments of i^^r, a r e S ^ s ^ . c o - - ^ ^ ^ ^ Experience has taught us that a little ;tra time spent by the employment man departmental foreman with a new emyce before he actually start*? work will only pay dividends in the form of ility and quantity of workmanship, but greatly reduce human .sqiTering and lent costs. I n early years, an attempt on part of anyone to encourage selective iloyment was often frowned upon by the iloyment man who considerc<i it an en- cnmchmcnt ufion his authority. However, the introiluctitm of com|>ensation laws and labor legislation in many states, the tremendous labcr turn-over costs in industry, and the increases in insurance premiums helped to bring to the attention o f managements the idea that .some medium of control had to be exercised. Consequently, the safety engineer, thought of in terms of a necessary evil or disease, slowly found his way into the spotlight and his job f r o m then on was definitely outlined. The plant physician can also take a place among those responsible for the development of safe workers in industry. The final selection of any man is subject to the approval of the medical .staff. While the employment man concentrates on the mental and experience cjualifications of the new man, the physician decides on the physical fitness angle. The plant phy.sician, in other words, acts as a double check on the proper selection of a new employee. The railroads were among the forerunners of the safety movement and soon realized the value of educating the workers iin accident prevention and accepted as an integral part o f their program the selective training of engineers, firemen, brakemen, and round house employees. Their program designated special training periods for each employee and the employee was advanced accordingly. The metal working industry finally took a leaf f r o m the railroad manual and u.sed it as a pattern to organize and develop safe workers. I t was a good experiment indeed, for a review of the industry's accident experience shows the success in the reduction of industrial tragedies that plagued the industry in the early years. Taking General Motors* record, our frequency rate in 1937 is only one-sixth of that hi 1925 and the .severity rate only one-third. I'm sure other units of the automotive industry can show a similar improvement. A t one of our plants a very effective plan was recently adoited and has been successful in developing safety consciousness among new as well as older employees. This plant held regularly scheduled ^'executive training" meetings f o r the purpo.se of developing the best possible kind of leadership. Company policies and their effect upon good workmanship and production schedules were discussed. Accident prevention methods were suggested or at least discussed in an 1 Cement and Quarry Sections Cement Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--VHVM ]\, H u n t , Nazarctli Portlan<l Cxnicnt Co., Nazareth, I'a. yire-Chairman--y^, ]. W o k t h v , Medusa PortUuul Cement Co., Toledo, Ohio, Secretary--A. J. K , ( ' u r t i s , Pcjrtland Cement Assn., Chicago, III. Mews Letter Editor--} M'K D f . m p s t k r , Canada Cement Co.. Ltd., Montreal, P. Q . , Can., Eu(jinecrin(j Committee Chairman--Wii.i.iam M o k i . i . k r , Kone Star Centent Co., I )allas. Texas. Uif/hvay Committee Chairman--M. A. K o f f m a n , Sonihwcstcrn I^ortland Cement Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Kfemlicrship Committee Allentown, Pa. Chairman--Uv.my A, R k n i n < : k r , Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Vostcr Committee Chairman--J. W . K k n n I ' : i v , Huron Portland Cement Cf>., Detroit, Mich. Vrotjram Committee Chairman--A. H. . S u n d k r l a n o , Ash drove Lime & i*ortland Cement Co., Kansas City, Mo. Members at Large-- I). H. CofKMAN, Missouri Portland Cement Co.. St. Louis, Mo. K. H. FoRTUiN, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa, CiOKUON C. HuTif, Universal Atlas C'cmcnt Co.. (Chicago. III. K. P(ssKr.T, Lone Star Cement Corporation* New York, N . Y. J. H. ZooK, Circat Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, N . Y . Officers Elected for 1937-38 Cirnrral Chairman--\*HKI) H. HtrNT. Nazareth Portland Cement C<., Nazareth, Pa. Vice-Chairman--^A. H. SiiNOicRt.ANt), Ash (irove Lime Ik Portland Cement (?o., Kan.sas City, Mo.i S>rrc/</rv--A. J. R. CiiKTts, Portland (Vmenl Assn., Chicag<i, III. VViCf Letter Editor--}AVK I)KMf,sTF:H, Canada Oment Co,, Ltd., Montreal, } \ Q. Canada, fyuiineerinf/ Committee Chairman--\NI\.UAM M o k u , k r , Lone Star Cement C'orp., Dallas, Texas. ^liflhiKuty Committee Angeles, Calif. Chairman--M, A. K o f f m a n , Southwestern Portlatid Cement Co., Los \lmbershil> Committee town. Pa. Chairman--U. A. RKNiNt;i:R, Lehigh ]\irtland Cement Co., Allen- ^osier Committee Chairman--). W. K e n n k d v , Huron Portland Cetnent Co., Detroit, Mich. kmhers at Large-- P. N . BusHNKiJ.. Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Uo. R. n. h'oRTum, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa. CiOKDON C. H u t u , Universal Atlas Cement Co., Chicago, 111. K. PossKi.T, Lone Star Cement Corporation, New York, N . Y. F. K. T o w n . Medusa Portland Cement Co., Manitowoc, Wis. J. 11 ZooK, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Piuffalo, N . Y. 249 Twcilix sixlh Saliomil Safely Congress SI. I lielicve \\vM itr ficiicral safety meetings will mean more to, tlie men i f . instea<l of having (nHsi<fe speakers all of the Inne. we should make the programs more our cwn organization; using our own men as speakers and possihly working up considerable disctissi(m in taking cases from the Round Table that is ptit out by the Assoctatioh; also devoting a part of the time m the study of our safety regulations. S. That is an idea, and I would suggest that you work up next month's program along that line. Has anybody else got an idea? 1 have one. I suggest that we have a rule requiring any fatilty ladder or other tool to be taken to the storeroom; and let it be the safety inspector's responsibility to see that such a tool <loes not gf) back in the tool rcom until proi^erly checked and repaired by sonic craftsman. S. That's a good o i h \ and we u i l l give it immediate consideration. In addition, I suggest that we pick out a man from each department and bring him in to our safety ccmimitlee meetings, rotating these men .so that we can eventnally have tlieni all meet with us, thus giving these men a closer insight as to our safety work and permit us to get their ideas. Also, 1 will, until further notice, hold weekly meetings with all the foremen wherein we can make clear the additional duties that you men must assume, one of which will be to see that your men arc acquainted with our safety rules and the training of new employees. We can also discuss various individuals who do not seem to he cooperating one hundred per cent. Cemeni and Ouarry Serlions J 257 Cfuirse, .sfmie similarity of pnK'edure in d i recting the work of any man on anv j o b ; but djfferent imlnsfries employ such different 'pes <tf people, under such a wide variety f circmnstances, and place stich a diveri'nce of retpiirenients ttpon them that the roblem of .supervisory training in its more miprehensive aspects is peculiar to each tyiie of industry. The general treatises on leadership give le groundwork, but the subject matter for any supervisory training course for any particular indnstry lies withhi that industry. We must go out and sec how our job is being supervised now; analyze the procedure of every foreman and supervisor; compare thein and .select the best; bxik uinm .supervision as a priMTs.s in itself, and see how best to direct the work of the pciiple. I t is a long, tedious, and costly process, but one which, carried through to completion, will pay dividends in the end. WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON October 13. 1937 SESSION Is Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Work?* By F . M. P E P P E R General Plant Employment Supervisor. Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Chicago Much of the elTort spent in safely work has been more or less inspirational in character, with considerable stress placed on sell- ing the i<lea f>f safety. Too much timr an<l effort have been spent in stimnlating our pc<ple to do something tj prevent arcicUMits and in inspiring them, and too little time an<l effort in teaching them how. The job is essentially vm of ade(|uate training, both fr the suivcrvisor and man. The essential considerations in those management functions which are concerned with doing the job safely are n) different from those management functions which are concerned with .securing a pro<Uict for which the industry is organized. Effective sui>ervisory training means securing effective supervision for the job as a whole. When a job is well d<me, preventable accidents will be at a minimum. There should be a teiwlency to set up procedures which are apart fnmi the usual supervisory functions. Preventi<)n f)f injuries <n the job is a nmtter which lies almost entirely in the hands of the direct supervisicni of the job. Editor's Not**: This is a 1>rief abstract of Mr. Prpprr's address. One (jf the most difficult problems facing us today is to return to the foreman his rc.s|M)nsibility for the safe doing of the job which, by various measures, we have taken away fnmi him. He must feel that the safe doing of the job h his responsibility and feel that he is the man to <lo something aliout it. Rarely, if ever, is ther- an accident on a joh which is c(nsidered tmrticularly haiardous. We must not assume that the foreman of supervisor knows how to conduct the W(rk safely. We must be sure that he does ainJ assi.st him through a proper training pnv gram. I t is safe to assume that a majority of fatal and serious accidents are directly <* indirectly attril)Utahlc to the failure of supervision at some level to function properlr. It is quite evident that supervisory trairnK as a means of avoiding accidents is necesW The development of a .supervisory trainwt course is a much more difficult procc<WP than the development of a technical or vorttional training course. Apart from the tcAnical features inv^dved. there does mX sttm to he any general formula. There is, The Wednesday I^unchcon .session of the Cement and Quarry Sections was addressed ny I.*^iah Hale, Superintendent of Safety, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad,' who spoke on "The Qmimon Sen.se o f Safety." The address was substantially the same as another address by M r . Hale before the Steam Railroad Meeting. The complete paiier will be found in the Steam Railroad section of this volume. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON October 13, 1937 SESSION Work of the National Silicosis Conference By R. C A M P B E L L STARR Assistant Safety Engineer, U. Depar^^^^^^^^ o^ L^abor, Division of Labor Standards, Silicosis is strictly an occupational disea.se. Medical .science has not reported silica du.st w atfectingany individuals except those who, over relatively long periods of time, have worked in an atmosphere where the air hich they breathe contained excessive concentrations of free silica. The interest o f the U . S. Department of {^K)r in a broad .social and economic prob*msucb as this has its origin in the Organic Act. effective March 4, \9h\ which createil the Department. This act, among other things, gives the Department of Labor the duty Mo foster, promote, and develop the welfare o f the wage earners of the United States, to improve their working conditions and to advance their opportunities f o r profitable employment/' With this in mind, and believing that through joint effort o f all concerned, much could be done to eliminate the hazard, the Secretary of Labor called together in Wash- Tu'rnlV uxth .\att<nial Safely Coui/rrss CemeiU and Ouarry Srrlinns 250 ingttm i>n l'Vl.ruar> 2f, I'M/, a i^nnip of visors, tnie on lalMr trobletns an<l <me on f alKMit 75 nn-n rcpn-si-nting leaders in nidus- mining matters. tries having a silica problem, labor leaders These committee members served without and outstanding re|>resentatives of the medi- compensaticm and gave freely of their time cal, legal, and engineering profcssi(ms, as and effort in studying the problem from their well as insurance carriers and State adminis- respective viewpoints. After nine months of trators. careful and .searching study, these commit- After considering various phases of the silicosis problem, this group generally agreed that through a pooling of knowledge and a frank discussion through the conference method important advances could be made toward, first, overcoming the hysterical attitude on the part of employers, labor, and others; second, after careful investigation, to consolidate in one place all known data with regard to the preventive engincenng metlKids; third, analysis and recommendations in c<ninection with adequate standards tees advised the Secretary of Labor that they were ready to rei>ort. Consecinently. on I'ebruary 3, I W the Second National Silicosis Conference was caMcd in Washington. At this time summary committee reports were presented to the Secretary and considerable discussicm was given them. Shortly after this seconti national conference the Department published,'as lUillctm No. 13 of the Division of Labor Standards, the summary reports of the four committees referred to above, together with an abstract of compensation for those workers disabled version contaitiing the principal findings and as a result of the disease. recommendations written in non-technical As an outgrowth of this initial meeting, another group, similar in composition to the first c<mference, but expanded to include some m individuals, was invite<l to come to Washington on April 14. I W ) to outline ways and means of attacking the problem. A f t e r hearing silicosis liscnsscd from the stand- language. The full reports of the committees, comprising severa,! thousand typewritten pages, are now being edited and will go to the printer very shortly. I t is expected that thev will be issued in four separate volumes scmietime during the fall or early winter. point <f the employer, labor, and the medical profession, by outstanding experts m the tield, this large gnmp end(rsed the confer- Nature and Extent of Silicosis ence method as proposed, and as a result four mahi working committees were appointed by the Secretary of Labor with the advice antl consent of the group to investigate and report upon the outstanding phases of the silicosis problem. These committees were: Physicians generally agree that silicosis, in the layman's language, is a disease of the lungs, caused bv breathing air containing silica dust, in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by fibrous or scar tissue. Silica dust is found in many industrial operations, but the ha/.ard is acute only m (1) Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through Medical C(mtrol, <2) Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through Kngineering Control, (3) Committee <n the F.conomic, Legal and Insurance 1 liases of the Silicosis Problem, (4) Committee on the Regulatory and Administrative 1liases of the Silicosis Problem. such industries as metal mining; anthracite mining; (juarrying. drilling, and tunneling m granite, ganister. and sandstone; smeltinf and refining; foundries; potteries; glas* works; stone-products industries; grinding; bufilng; and s?indblasling. Of the 49,000.000 workers in the United States, (mly 1,000,000, or 2 per cent, uit is cc*.iimated. are ip any way exposed to the haiard of silicosis. About half of this number, or 1 per cent of the total number of workcn A fifth committee, known as the Correlating Committee, was named. It was under the chairmanship of W. I L Cameron, Managmg Director of t,hc National Safety Council, and consisted of the chairman of the four technical committees just mentioned and two ad- in the country, are exposed to a serious lard andapproximately 110.000 of these ha silicosis in some degree Medical examine tion <jf men actually at work indicates thU lietween 4,0(K) and 5.000 workers are senonslv affected by the disease, in addition it | lliose already permanently detached from lliVir eniploymcnt by reason of disabling silicosi.s. The slattis of the 1,000,(KK) workers exposed to the hazard of silicosis was analyzed 'bus by the committees making (he survey: A percentage of the 4.000 to 5 , o } m ) workers having silicosis are completely or .partially disabled because of this disease and have their diOiculties further complicated with tubercidosis. The remainder of the 4.000 to 5,000 have sdicosis and disability in s<mie degree, but np tuberculosis. Approximately 105,000 bave silicosis, but no disability and tio tuberculosis. Approximately 900,000 arc exposed to sihca dust, but have not contracted the disease. Contrary to popular belief, silicosis is slow to develop. Usually it takes seven years or more of exposure to silica dust f o r a worker to contract the disease. A few cases that have been known to <ievelop in as short a period as one and one-half years occurrc<l under extreme and unusual conditions. On ihe other hand, many workers have labored "nder ordinary exposures to silica for more than 30 years without (lenumstrating any trouble whatever that cot^ld be diagnosed as iilicosis. Silicosis Prevention Silicosis can be prevented in three general ays: First, by preventing the creation of wica dust; second, by preventing the disKrslon of du.st into the atmosphere of a orknig area; and third, i f it is impossible ^ apply the first two methods, by the u.se *f personal protective ecpiipmcnt such as ft^pirators, to prevent the inhalation o f the *i^t. In carrying out a prevention program, ny agencies must cooperate, i n the view the committees studying the problem, the ,^er is called on to do most o f the work Jo spend most of the money. But his w and money will never accomplish the wmum results unless the worker is w i l l - I L ! l ^ ' " ^ ^^^^y J^^^are of the 27'St>lity f o r helping to control dust *^OT using the personal protective equip- Miihn, physicians can pl.iy a definite ^ preventing silicosis, as can also en- gineers, insurance comiianies, legislators, administrators, and others. The reports of the conference conunittecs on engineering control and medical control recommend specific procedures f o r attacking the firoblem through those two avenues of prevenlirm. A partial list o f these recommendations follows: Survey the working conditions to determine the severity of the hazard and indicate what needs to be done to decrease it. Secure information on best procedure. Design plant for dust control. Provide building ventilation. Store dusty materials in dusttight bins. Enclose material-handling equipment Isolate dusty processes. Provide wet methods o f operation.-- Water, o i l . and other liquids may be used effectively-- L To suppress dust at the point o f origin m such operations as rock-drilling; handling, pulverizing, and milling rock and ore; grinding metal on grind.stones; abrasive-wheel cutting of granite and sandstone 2. To prevent the redispersion of dust that has .settled on the floor.s, walls, and (Jthcr surfaces such as in the granite industry and in foundries. Design equipment to control dust. ]:stablish good maintenance and housckeefing procedure Provide respirators. Instruct the workers. Responsibility of Workers The cooperation of the workers is neces.sary i f the hazard of silicosis is to be reduced to the minimum. The worker should realize that the safe practices recommended and the equipment provided are designed to prevent injury to him.self and to his fellow employees. The equipment should be used as directed and every effort should be made to maintain it in good working order. Furthertnore, the worker is frequently in a position to observe faulty equipment and unsafe practices, and he should make it a point to report all such conditions to his supervisor. Statutory Regulation While the primary approach to the probJem must be the prevention and diminution 2 6 0 T7KU')}{\ sixth Xalinml Safrly CoUijrcss Ccmmt ami Ouarry Scctinus -^ ) 261 of the hazard, the fact rmist he recognizee that until silicosis has heen wipe<l out workers who now have the disease, as wwerl'l aass tthhoossee who may c<ntracl it. must receeiive workmen's ccnnpensation jnst as do those workers who are injured in accidents. Accordingly, the committees of the silico- sis conference were unanimous in presenting the following recommendations: Coverage for silicosis in the compensa- for the conversirm of known facts m the medical and engineering fields workmi? towanl prevention, and in the legal, insurance and regulatory phases looking toward adc' (|uate workmen's compensation, into a practical, readily understood program which will adecpialely take care of the silicosis proli- lem. In its program of c(H>perati(m with the 48 States, the l)e|iartment of l.abor has ineluded a section covering silicosis and simi- THURSDAY AFTERNOON October 14, 1937 SESSION Methods Used by a Sand and Gravel Company to Win the National Safety Award By H. A. K O O P tion acts of all Stales. lar dust diseases. This breaks down into Safety Director, Lyman-Richey Sand & Gravel Corporation, Omaha, Neb. This coverage should he compulsory. Hecausc of competition between the same or similar indu.stries in various States, the laws, rules, and regulations of the several States should be as luiiform as practicable. Should Be Insured The employer should insure his obligation for compensation either through selfinsurance subject to the posting of adequate funds, or with an authorized insurance institution. Insurance should not be denied any employer, provided the State authorities certify that he complies with the State requirements as to proper safe working conditions, and pays the premiums involved. Workers having active pulmonary tuberculosis and silicosis should be removed from employment. Such workers should be granted suitable compensati<m payments and medical care. Workers disabled from silicosis (but with no tuberculosis) should ultimately he granted the same amount of compensation as those disabled by accidental in^ jury. Two years is a reasonable minimum limitation period for filing claims subsequent to the date of the last exposure. three main sub-headings: ( I ) Assistance m the preparation of reasonable and adeciuatc codes, rules, and regulations prescribing methods of prevention; (2) assistance m the establishment of equitable standards ol workmen's compensation for those ctnployees disabled as a result of the disease; (3) a general educational program among State officials, factory inspectors, etc. so that they will be equipped with adequate knowledge concerning the disease, its method of prevention, and its proper treatment under the workmen's compensation law. The Lyman-Kichcy Saml ^ {;ravel Corpo^ mtjop operates 22 plant.s, located throughout the state. Kach plant is operated as an imhividual unit, normally employing one loreman and from three to six men on each Total annual employees number 200 to 250, with an average o f 275,000 to 325,000 inan hours. AH proclucti(m operations are by lake type arcdges, involving such hazards as usually Milt in electrocution, falling, burning, and drowning. Although our safety problems were the Follows Two Lines me as those of most small operators, our wcord in the year prior to the .safety pro- This application program, which is juj* pam was 79 lost-time accidents in 163,275 now getting under way has been commenced, an hours* exposure. I n fact, there were along two principal lines: (1) The compilinf, many accidents reported that we received of practical information concerning actuaiii Jtry unfavorable comment from the State dust control installations in typical silica VofniKinsation Commission, and some insur- hazardous plants, together with approxiiM- wcc firms flatly refused to insure us. tions as to cost, not only of installation, Iwl It was evident that the system o f each also of maintenance of dust control equipj; Jont looking out for its own safety was all mcnt in such plants; (2) a program of visia^ Ty\vire .so a .safety program for all plants education supplementing the summary decided upon and put into operation in ecoommmmintiteeee rrcejpouirit.>s woif. t"h."ve- Nationa N- h- *e following manner. cosis_ Confrerence.. TTft lies /cTo^nMtefmiimpnlalatteedd tthhataAt A ^ b / , an old employee, well versed in all this field such media as film strips, lantem^ pnt operations was .selected as safety d i .slides, posters, illustrated bulletins, etc w i i p.Wor. devoting his f u l l time to safety work. be utilized. Further, in connection with l. various exhibits of the department, shownr ^tcond, all employees were recjuired to various large e?cpositions trade associaticw*^^ a pnhysiccaall examination. Most o f the Further Activities of the Department of Labor In carrying out its duty as stated in the basic law, the U . S. Department of Labor has conceived that there is immediate need meetings, labqt and technical organizatiojmjj^loyces pa.ssed this examination, but a mmeeectiimnggss,. ecutc:..,, iivt is contemplated ^vm....... that nwdlW^tber were found to be physically unfit. ffa,,c.*tu..a.tl ;i,n,ffoorrmmaattiiooini wwiillll bbee uusseedd,, ppooiinntt^rn^fM Uxrd, all machinery and ecjuipment were toward wavs an<l means of correcting rfe as mechanically .safe as possible; hazard and of establishing adecpiate sti^ ^ls placed on gears and nnmnd open ards of workmen's coinpcnsalion. .*"ng parLs, ladders carefully inspected f Kuards built over them, h.md rails and t>|>ards placc<l around platf<?rms and on *^ays, electric equipment checked for Koper size switches and fa^ilty wiring. Following the address by M r . .Starr a round table discussi(n of outstanding hazards in quarry operaticm took place. Till concluflcd theOVednesday program. ^ ^^nh: An annual meetitig o f all forc was decided ui<in to discu.ss safety Pw. atid plant operations. This prf)ve<l very profitable, since f r o m experience we had observed that the attitude of the foreman is refiected in the workman. Pifth: In addition to the trophy to be won m a safety contest, substantial cash awards were given the foremen having the best plant safety record; and we honestly believe these cold, round dollars did more than anything else in keeping up interest in safety and plant competition. Sixth: A l l plants were provided with bulletin board.s, posters and first aid kits. Seventh: The policy was adopted o f holding each foreman directly responsible f o r his plant and each operator responsible f o r the condition of that particular part o f the equipment he was operating. It was the duty o f the safety director to go from plant to plant, making routine inspections, observing, and instructing when necessary in methods of safe operation, and conducting plant safety meetings. A t these meetings all plant safety problems were di.scussed, and the men encouraged to make any suggestions in regard to ecimpment or its operation that would tend to eliminate future accidents. Manv good ideas, successfully executed, originated from this source. One o f our greatest prof>Iems has been in getting men to use their heads f o r something other than hat r a c k s -- t h i n k . This is especially true of new men. New men are prone to apply safety measures to other than themselves, and the alert foreman proves bis worth in directing and cautioning until unconsciously the men become .safety minded. f n 1934. as a member o f the National Safety Cotmcil, we entered the National Safety Contest and although we did not win an awanl several o f our plants had no losttime accidents in an average of 30,000 man hours expo.surc at each plant. ( 7'ro-"'.v ,,,,,, Salinml Safety Onnircss 284 Imt the even more real ' ' ^ r n ^ o . t n , ; t : : . : ; y s a v e o,. ever compe""'"'*^- jIllOllh'NMI'-^''!' (^,,,,, Coiistriiclioii Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--W, A. S n o w , Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Washington, I ) . C, Vice-Chairman for Heavy Construclion--]<, Haven, (*omi. J. HKir.F.urrri, C . W . Tilakeslee & Sons, New I'ice-Chairman for lliglnvay Wicksville, Oltio. Cnnsiruetion--!*\ I . R o w k , W . L , Johnscm Constrtiction C<>.i Vice-Chairman for U, ,V. Hm/xneer Department--hi\A}m OITicc of the Chief of Engineers, \Vashingt<m. D. C. lu.i.iorr V a k o k v a n t k r , C . of E,, Vice-Chairman for Ihiildimi Construetion--Cnvs-xvM, W . W r h j h t , Wright & Kremers, Inc., Niagara Falls, N . Y . .Vrfrr/ary~RonF.RT M c K i N r . K V , General Accident, Fire h L i f e Assurance Corp., Detroit, Mich, l^ms Letter Editor--G, O. ( ; r i k f i n , Dravo Corp,, Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. humeerincj Committee bVancisco, Calif. Chairman- - T h o m a s .Soin.K, Industrial Indemnity Exchange, San Membership Committee Chairman Mass. 1 V. J. C u a n o f i . ! . , Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Poster Committee ton, I). C . Chairman . S. M . LAtnuatOAi K. Civilian C<)nservati(m Corps, Washing-^i ' 1 ! Propram Committee\ Chairman-' W, \h C . V. I*. A h k a h . n . National Satul Ik Gravel Assn., Washing-' ' , VMcity Committee Chairman--W, P. C o n n , "The Constructor,*' Wa.shington, D . C * Skiistics Committee Mass. Chairman--C. H . P m . a c k , Stone iSc Webster Engineering Corp., Ro.ston, Past General Chairmen-- W. F. AisTiN. W. E.,Woo<l Co., Detroit, Mich. K n r . A R N., Goi.nsTiNi:, Consulting Safety Engineer, San b^ancisco, Calif. J o h n HifssKi.i., J r . , Public Service Electric ik (las Co., Newark, N . J . Officers Elected for 1937-38 Mineral Chairman-A. ington, I). C . . S n o w , Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Wash- fve'Chairman for lleai'y ( onstruetionHaven, Conn. H. J. RKniKi.inn, C, W . Blakeslee & Sons, New f^t^hairman for lliglway Towson, Md. Construetion --}\, G. C a m p h k u . , Harry T . Campbell Scms Co., TKKIuiirman for ^^ ,V. Jinoineer Pepartment Engineers, War Dept.. Washington. D, C , MAjcHt 11. H. V a i h u i a n , J r . , Corps of 285 2gr, ^- 'nvruly-sixlh Nalioiial Safely Comjrcss Construe linn See linn 2?7 rire-Chain,,,.,, for Huim,,, Co,,.Unu,i.u^ C. H , H- .- k . S...no .K- VNVlMor l-nKiuocrin^ , v X ! : r ; - ' ' T u . K , . u v . . . - . K . . . A.-..i.U.,... . - i n . . . i f . A ^ m u - C..,., i M . - i . . N ^ ) . . , u r IMor- U. K. .<MN,,.^,,,.,. ......Mvial Acci.lon, (,..nn.issi..n. San .Ta.u-isco. / . , ; X ' n - , u ; (..".....V^-.- (/,.,.>,.,... . T n , . M . s S . h h . . . . Industrial ..x.c.nni.y .:x<-...no. San Arlw:'::'; r : ' ! . . . . - </.<,.- j . C - - . . . . . . ..i.K-rt>. .ns,,rancc Co.. . . . t o n . c-,..,,.,,.-,,..,. (/,...> Newark. N . J . -j...- <--.... .'..l-lic service .-iccnc & (ias Co., (;,,, ..srmi- .^;2 I-tmston Ave.. San I-rancisoo, Calif. Wasliington. I >. t . TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12. 1937 . 1,. ..r.Icr \n l-iancisco, wliQ acted as cliairman In llie ; it; . ' .. ' " Awards for No Lost Time Accident Record I By R. J . R E I G E L U T H Vice President, C . W . Blakeslee & Sons, Neyr Haven, Conn. Our company has always maintained the policy of trying to make its employees mto one large family. W e have al)ont forty men who have been in our organization over twenty-five years, and a large number who have been with us over fifteen years, some of these men growing u|) from water boys to superintendents. As all contractors today arc seeking means to check the increasing costs of material and labor, we were concerned about a further increase in the cost of our compensation insurance. While the insurance costs arc only a part of the cost of a high accident record, they arc an indication of how those costs are running. Most of us construction men do not record all of the costs of an accident in our cost books and do not know the cost involved in time lost by the associated workers of the injured man, the cost involved in replacing the injured man with another \>'orkman, the cost involved in replacing a broken machine or damaged piece of work; still we all know these cost* exist and when our insurance rates increase, we get an idea of how those otiier costs are mounting up. W e made a thorough study of what wa^ involved in ouf accident records and \M conferences with two insurance companie* who carry our compensation insurance. There were several jobs in our record whirt had operated without a lost time accident, including various typical kinds of constHjotion work from operating a crushed sto quarry to reconstructing a bridge on whiO a pier had failed. W e dctermitvcd what the saving in insurance costs w-nild have been on the joWJ which had a record o f no lost time accidcH | II we iiad been eariyinj. the Kelro^peeltve Plan of insurance on those jclis. This stmlv "^iH'wed that a job op<'niting for a peiioc'l "f one year witli no lost lime accidents re iults^m a saving tf belwecn %ZS[) ami $5 per $1(X) f,f imyroll, the savin?: I k m i i ^ <|eier mnied by the type of work. Sis men f o r k ing with one fcn-eman AO honrs per ueek f o r 40 weeks anunmt a|>proximatcIy to lO.tKK) hours. If these men averaged ,SOc per horn fvCr""^^ P-'^yrolI for this crew would be WWO. I f this crew operated Ihrough the year with no lost time accident, the saving at $2.50 per $100 of payroll w<iuld result in a Raving of $125 in the insurance for that I^criod of time. I t is obvious" that with a i vNani \u make lha! pidm plain. All c o H Miuclion ^^wn ;ne laced uith a prf)blem knpmg (heir key in<>n w.irking all the time, and horn hme lo lime demote key men from I'ositions as foremen to jobs in a gang whc" Ihrre I S no( uork for the men as foremen. v\e have carried on work sometimes in periods o f depression when almost every man on I be job was o f foremanship material. .So that in an effort to avoid imposing any hanlships our men we classify those men as foremen and available for the awards who have been in our employ for a |enod of 40 weeks in a calendar year and used by m as foremen any time during that loreman having a larger crew of men the ^vmg would be considerably more, aiuUlso \ \ ^ classify as a lost time accident any that tlie saving wciuld be considerably more accident where the injured man is unable to fin a hazanbnis piece of work where the return to ^york (m Ihe shift following the compensation rate was higlu We decided to shift in which he was injured. A n injured we that saving with <ur men. man may receive firs! ai<l treatment on the We .set up for this first year the folb.wing Plan of awards for a No f.ost Timet, Acci'Icnt Record: We offer cash prizes of %S0 and $25 to fach foreman attaining the recpiirements for ihe award. The $50 prize is awanle<l to anv Jorcn^an who carries his gang through the ralendarycar with no hst time accident:, and Jot VV^*/* Pbysician's ofiice and may be off the job the larger part o f the day in which the mjury occurs, but if he is able to return <> vvork on the next shift, we do not classify timt accideni as a lost time accident. We put this plan into operation at one of he meetings of (,,,r superintendents and l'rcmen. Onr plan f o r meetings of this 525 prize is awarded to anv foreman *Ho carries his gang through the calendar with no more than one lost time acciat resulting in no more than one week o f lo^t tmie., We established the second prize ^} to meet the possible situation o f a reman almost making the gra<le o f a no JfCKlent record only t<, have it shot the i^t week by one accident. We wanted the en to feel that their honest efforts at safety d recognition even though they did no't vc a perfect score. To qualify for these awarls a foreman OM be a man regularly employed on <mr l^roll at least 40 weeks in one year. We ce no rccniirement for a mipinmm amount tune that a foreman mu*it work as a feman m any one year. We figure each |remans record on the same basis that the eball leagues figure a player's batting K> best hotel m our city to which we call the supenntendents and first-class foremen from Ihcir ;obs, wherever they may be located. In eases of jol,s remote from our city d I S necessary for these key men to leave a job in the middle of the day to get to the meeting; but we nmsider these meetings of sulTicient importance to warrant the effort and cost about once a inontln It has always been dirticult to induce the foreman on a job t) consider .safety from a humanitarian poi,,t of view, and it is also ddhcnlt to gel him to realize fully the costs mvfdve<I in accidents to the companv. Hut I I S ccnnparalively easy with a foreman, as vvilb anybody .dse ni the world, to point out the value of safely when it means $50 in his own pocket. The foremen are showing a keeiTcr interest in safety than they ever have before, and have nmie to look upon ^'^'^ who an accident as a direct loss to them.selves. ^ to hat only once makes a "hit," he aperfect score. If a foreman has a job J only one month or less and has a no Went record he has done the best that wuld for the time we called upon him 'performance. Througlumt the competition for these awards we have not abated our efforts to assist otir foremen and superintendents to .secure as^afc conditions as possible on our work We have had meetings, not only o f the foremen and suiK-rintendents, but also /;.vHf V sixlh Xahiwal Safety Couffress 201 By Hours of xhv I >ay By Body !>arl lnjuit'<l By Nature (if Uijury By General Can^e By major suh-clav'^ifications under Gen- eral Cause By Primary Ba^ic Causes By Secondary ContriluitiuR Cause*; Bv ForcmetJ in Charge burgh, has expressed the considered opinion Bv Manner of Performance of A body of ouistan<ling dust experts as By Agetu*y (Machine, Material, etc.) follows: By Part of Ageney i "There is no satisfactory medical answer By Method of Ccmtact I at present to this <|uestion, but the engineer The figures may he mimmarized using | is making a bad mistake if he lets men days of time lost, medical expense, compen hrealbc heavy <lust concentrations of any sation awards, or other associated data. material. If no other reason for dust control ran be found, then one should read tran- scripts of some of the recent suits at com- mon law in which fantastic <Iamages f o r WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION alleged silicosis were granted to men who jjreathed dust containing little or no .silica. October 13, 1937 The courts and compensation boards are not impressed with subtle dislinc(ioi,is between (lusts with 10 per cent and 40 per cent quartz, Methods fcr Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified ^ f*ipccially when medical experts are reluctant to make definite statements as to the comparative significance of such differences. By DANIEL HARRINGTON "It would be well to realize that men J^orking in dusty trades suffer far more Chief, Health and Safety Branch, U . S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D . C. from respiratory troubles o f all kinds than While the hysteria with regard to silicosis and other occupational diseases has largely snhsided and ihi*; snhject is being more carefnllv considered and soberly judged, it w(mld be por policy for any employer to maintain that the storm has ended and that he can relax and revert to conditions as they were some years ago. The fact is that the plan of paying ocrnt>ational-discase compensati(m is now in its infancy and can be expected to grow ratridly. \t. present while all the States of the Union, including the District of Columbia aiul excepting only Arkansas and Mississippi, have compensation acts, only the following make provision for occupati(mal chseases to some extent: California, Delaware, ( onnecticut, District of (*olumbia, Illinois, Imliana, Kentucky. Massaclun;etts, Michigan, .Minnesota. Missouri, Nebraska. New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota. Ohio. Pennsylvania, Rhode Island. Washington, West Virginia, ami Wisconsin. Silicosis is compensable in one way or another in 1 alifornia. Connecticut. District of Ccdumbia, lUtnois. Kentucky. Massachusetts. Missouri. New York. North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio. Pennsylvania. West Virginia, and Wisconsin, and possibly in other States, It will l>e surprising i f cfunparatively comprehensive occupational-disease legislation is 1 Puhlishetl hv prrniission of the Director, U, S. BuffAU of Mine*. (Not Mihjrrt to copyriRht.) not on the statute books of nearly every state in the Union within the next five years. With this situation confronting him, the no men who work in clean air. The evidence tIJat excessive dustiness of any kind is harmm is beyond argument." farsighted industrialist who has the interest f)f his organization at heart will immediately start to "put Ids lumse in order** by studying possible, occupational disease hazards to hi* employees and jiroinptly applying known remedial measures or attempting to devise It should also be remembered that the inhaling of dust is by no means its onlv azard m industrial work th^t may requir'e compensation payment; an<l even here the armful effect o f breathing dust is not nee^^n\y confined to the lungs, as some kinds such measures if none exist. Umjuestionably. ol<lust are known to have detrimental health one of the most important of the surveys to ect on the nose, throat, and bronchial be made relates to tlust occurrence. 5sages as well as fimlirectly) tui the heart, While the state dust laws and regulation* Jomach, and possibly other internal organs, apply primarily to silica dust and resultant internally, dust may cause ii^jury to the silicosis insofar as the health hazard is con- fcw. ears, and skin; and some dusts, in con- cerned, those mf>st familiar with dust occur- Ijrt with the perspiration, are absorbed with rence and its possible hazar<ls recognize Pffinitc harm to the health o f the victim only that the breathing of large (piantities of <lust of free silica (SiO) is probably the Dust Cuts Visibility greatest hazard to liealth likely to be founl where dust is involved, but that not cvm silica dust is harmful t( health unless occurs in very Iniely <livi(led form ami breathed in relatively large (|uantities iwKt or less continncHisly f<n- a c<msiderabte length of time. Moreover, many thoughlli experts on dust harmfulness are now ber ing convinced if is to be expected that h will be harmed when human beings obliged to breathe high concentrations of kind of dust more (r less continuously, fessor Philip Drinker, of Harvard, asc! man of the Preventive Rngineernig C mittee of the A i r Hygiene P'^oundation. Pi Moreover, heavy concentrations o f dust in >e air reduce visibility materially. Obvi"y. m industrial occupations in ubich but ntcd amounts of natural light are avatl^ or in which artificial light is nse<l ftrcly, any decrease in visibility <luc to f^ust concentrations (ami the decrease in '*tlJty may, under some circumstances, Jnt to 75 per cent or more) is likely to It in materially reducing efficiency and in the more frequent occurrence o f .ic^ts accompanied by an increase in comion commitments. Some dusts (coal, aluminum, and scores o f others, minirol nonmineral) are explosive and' manv are subject to spdntanetnis ccnnbustion witli consequent hazards to health, .safety, and property. Many dusts have detrimental efects of various kinds on property as distin- guished from persons. Machinery, growiiiif vegetation, animal.s. dwelling houses, and other types o f property arc damaged by dust.s, and compensation of some kind often is obtaine<l f r o m industrial concerns through damage suits or otherwise. Krom the viewpoint of respiratory harmfulness, It is generally stated (though actually knowledge on this point is by no means certain) that the particle sizes of dust (such as that of free silica) that affect health ad- versely upon entering the lungs are those that are less than 10 microns in size, different IHjrsons having different ideas as to what the maximum may be--10 microns or 8 or 6, and some .say that the harm really is done by particles less than 2 microns in size. As against this, it is stated that fibers of as-, bestos dust as long as 200 microns have been found in the lungs of men, and that undoubtedly these long asbestos fibers exerted at least some detrimental effect. Since a micron is only about one twentyfivc-thousandth of an inch, or much .smaller than the naked eye can see. it is usually assumed that the larger dust particles that can ' be seen floating in air, and wliich settle out relatively fast are not harmful to health. Certainly, this is not so, as the larger particles that float in the air (some of them 100 or more microns in size), i f present in considerable quantities clog the air passages to the lung.s, some of which have agencies that under ordinary conditions intercept dust particles before they can reach the lungs and this clogging then allows the smaller and probably most dangerous <lnst to enter the lungs unimpcfled. A common-sense opinion as to what constitutes an atmosphere so dusty that dustIirevcntion action shouhl be taken is that any atmosfdiere in which dust can be seen by the naked eye is too dusty, not only f o r health but als(. at least in many cases, f o r safety and eOiciency. I f the visible dust is eliminated, much of the invisible or probably most dangerous dust will unquestionably have also been removed and very likely the health as well as other hazards much minimized or even removed. After the visible dust has been removed, it may be necessary, under some conditions or with some types o f dust, to make more i n - rwntix sixtit Naliomtl Safely Coiif/rrss Consfnu'luf)! Sir linn 293 tricatc investigations as to the occurrence of invisihie dust, using tlie impinger. konimeter. or other instruments; hut tndess htigation is in effect or tlireatened, tiiose intricate studies arc relatively unimportant if the visible dust is eliminated fr<mi the air of working places. stead of dry drilling, wet crushing instead of dry crushing, wetting or wa^^hmg down floors, walls, and rock faces. In general the nsc of water in industrial t>rocesscs ami otherwise is one of the most cfTecttve available aids in the prevention of air dustiness, even though hi some cases wet drilling does Kivc olT some dust. Notwithstanding a Prevention Is Best Manifestly, if dust is not produced, it can't growing tendency in some quarters to decry the efTectivencss of wet methods, up to now the use of water is probably our best defetisc get into the air or become harmful other- against dust dissemination, especially in min- wise; and some relief from dust troubles ing and tunneling. in industry can be achieved by using construction, practices, processes, or equipment that tend to eliminate dust formation. Dust-exhaust devices, such as hoods, traps for drilling, etc. have a definite place m du<^ control, partictdarly in surface plants and In designing and Ciiuijiping the places in which employees must work, the forward- operations. Under .some conditions exhaust systems, when well installed and kept in re- looking industrialist will be wise to prevent pair and operation, m>t only remove dust but the making of dust tr to control t also more than pay for themselves m dollars must be made, by tising machinery, methods, and cents value of recovered dust. It coMs processes and ccmstructton with dust-elimi- ai)proximately $7,(>00 to install such a device nating characteristics rather than those that in a surface plant processing one of tne produce or spread <lust, even tlnmgh s<mie metals, and the. value of the dust recovered additional exiense in construction or opera- daily averaged about ^2^. h\ addition, the tion mav attach to the dust-prevention fea- device kept the air of the plant as well i i tures. The emphasis now being placed on the surrounding walls and other surface* dust in its various phases and the expense practically free of dust. which dust may cause make it almost im- On the other hand, the use of dust t n | perative that in the future much more in dry drilling, while definitely applicable t* thought be given to dtist prevention and certain types of surface or near-surfijj handling than has been given in the past rock-excavation work, has not been founf Vot instance, processes or practices that produce excessive <lust should be discarded for others that produce less dust, or they should be isolated somehow, such as by housing them tightly in a separate part of the idant or using them at times when the least number of persons wcmld be exposed to them or wheii there is ample time to remove the dust from the atmosphere o f the working places. Such installations or practices must he operated elliciently at all times, however. Common sense should be used in handlmg a dust control device or nicthod; certainly it is foolish to use an elaborate exhaust system to take the dust out of part of an establishment and then exhaust the dust-laden air at such point or in such m?uiner that it will be taken into the same or some other part of the establishment or into an adjacent one applicable to general rock-drilling practice underground \York. There are .several retsons for this, S(nne of which may be OYtr* come in time. Some types of rock cannot be drilled diy with any degree of cfTectiveness, and as yet the availably types of rock-drilling traps*]^ not workable with wet drilling; i f dry dnling can be done, the traps ordinarily wili a a good job of removing the dust from ding. but tbjs will leave the rock surf (top, sides, and fioor in many cases) dry, subsequent operations (blasting, muc timbering, hauling, etc.) will throw into air dust certain to be created in large q " ties by the other processes. The dust thrown into the air will settle on dry faces, ready to be thrown into susf' subsequently by any or all activities, through doors and windows. traps are .somewhat cumbersome, es I f dust must be formed, several effective methods arc available to prevent the dissemination of dust into the air or mto places where it mav cause trouble. Among these are wet methods, such as wet drilling in- when used in the more or less places in mining and tunneling. However, dust traps with dry drilling definite applicability f o r use in surface near-surface operations where dry d can be <hne, and have numerous advantages bvcr wet drilling, especiallv in very ccdd weather. Good Ventilation Needed Ventilation is probably the most elTectivc dust-control practice available for many industries, though it ranks secoiul to wet methods in others. Where ventilation can be applied elTcctively, dust can be removed from the air or its concentration can be Kcpt so diluted as to render it practically harmless to workers; ventilation can miniTnize dust hazards of almost,all kinds, i n cluding spcmtanecuis combusticm, thougih it may enhance hazanls o f dust explosibility in some instances. In .some cases ventilation should be induced by exhaust metluxls, but m others forced or blowing systems are the more efTcctive, this being particularly true m underground work in jdaces having hightcmperaturc air due to rock or dripping water or other condition, such as rapid o x i dation of surrounding rock or timber. large <|uantities of dust even though the ma< teriai floating in the air u.sually is wet; some of this criticism is undeserved but, some o f It is legitimate. The trouble is due largely to the fact that the holes are collared or slartctl dry and, in some cases at least, arc drilled <lry for several inches after starting. an<l the dust created by this dry starting impregnates the usually stagnant air of the ordinary underground-tunnel or metal-mine working place for much i f not most of the working shift. In .some cases the driller drastically limits the amotmt o f water sent through the drill steal and. while nominally drilling wet, the actual practice is clo,sely analogous to dry drilling with compressed air. which flows tbrougli the drill steel and forces out of the drill lude and into the air of the working place undue quantities o f water-entrained < tist or iiarticles. I n some cases when the lrill IS onl o f repair, the driller allows far too mtich c(miprcssed air to flow through the <lrill steel. To obtain really cfTective ventilation in s^h work as tunneling and metal mining is difficult usually because ordinarilv but one fPcnmg is driven instead o f having workings "pairs as in coal mining, where fresh air ows m one opening and return or ccmlamitcd air in the other. Conditions brought Kxmt by dust may force the use o f parallel fPenings in many timncling and tnetal-min- operations of the future, and, notwithrtanding the violent objections this Kgesfioii will raise, there are good reasons u j i ' * ^ ' ^ ' " ^ fhat in many cases there would le definite dollars and cents savings i f the larallel-opening system, with its numerous itntilation, health, drainage, and other advantages, were used instead of the present c-opening system, with numerous di.sadwntages and hazards and with alK>ut its only ' fttl advantage the fact that its use is and has \m customary. Dt>'drilling is unquestionably the dustiest wkin mining, tunneling apd quarrying, and continues to be used far too much in the ted States; certainly, i f dry drilling is cd at all. it shouhl b? done only with twist drills or with the simidfaneous of up-to-date dust traps. Wet drilling as practiced in the Vnitcd with water forced or drawn thrmigh e drill steel by means o f compressed air. ow under fire as producing relatively When present types o f wet drills are used properly, the dust f r o m drilling can be kept within reascmable limits, and this is actually being done by numerous alert and conscientious mining and tunneling companies. Some companies in the United States and Canada are experimenting with rock drills that do not allow compressed air to go through the drill steel but require the water to be forced through the steel by its own pressure; such drills are said to produce less dust than the usual types in which water is .sent through the steel by compressed air, but the practicability of^ the newer type o f drill is question^ ahle and it has been u.sed relatively little in the United States or Canada. Must Use Judgment However, air dustiness can be kept well within .safe limits i f modern types o f wet drills are operated with care and judgment in collaring wet with plentv of dean dirtfree water; i f the drills are kept in good repair; i f the proportion of water and compressed air flowing through the drill steel are atlequately regulated; i f the exhaust from the drill is prevented f r o m impinging <m nearby dusty surfaces of muck pdcs, floors, walls, or timbers thereby throwing dust into the a i r ; and, i f . insofar as feasible, the drilling of upper holes is reduced to a minimum, as upper holes, whether Iwriily sixll, Xiilinal Siifdy CoiKjrcss 2<)4 Cniislnu lioii StrliiDi 295 drilled dry or wet. are relatively heavy pr(. duccrs of dust in the air of working tdaces. l,, general the larger the quantity o explosive used, the more finely divided the blasted material, the more heavily the air is Next to dry drilling, hlasting causes more impregnated with dust and smoke, and the finely divided dust to he thrown into work- greater the quantity of poisonous gases IcU ing places than anything else; and. ni addi- at the places; hen^e, methods should be used tion to throwing vicdently into the Mirround- which will tend to reduce the quantity ol ing air immense (luantities of finely divided explosives used and of gases and dust pro- dust, blasting with the heavy charges of ex- duced. In this it will be found that the use plosive required in many mining and tunnel- of stemming or of some types of b astmg ing operations also impregnates the plugs now available will more definitely con- surrounding air as well as the mucK tnles fine the exidosive; hence, increase its efli- with ctmsiderable <piantitie'; of twJisonous^ ciencv and reduce the ciuuntity of explosive gases, such as carbon mincxide, oxides f)f used'and also reduce the amount of poison- nitrogen and. in some kimls of rock hydro- ous gas produced and p..ssibly reduce the gen sulphate and thc.r dangerous sull>l,mrous violence of the blast ami its tendency to fumes, nractically all of wlbich occur m produce dust and disseminate it into the such cpiantities ami percentages mider s(mte surrounding air. circumstances as to asphyxiate persons who may breathe them cr to cause serious illness, often of a more or less permanent character. Many persons who have studied the incidence of dust disease are of the opinion that the breathing of even small quantities or percentages of extraneous or hamful gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, etc., inflames or otherwise adverselv alTects the respiratory organs, especiallv the lungs, and make^ them much more easily and readily susceptible to harm from the breathing of dust particles. Past blasting practice most certainly must be modified and reformed i f the empl<|yer is to avoid heavy penalties in compensation and other charges due to the mclusum of And it would be well for users of explosives to investigate types of explosives that are known to give ofl" minimum quantities *,f harmful gases on detonation and to use them; also the elimination / l ^ * ^ / ; ^ ^ . ^ ; fuse and the substitution of electric blasting would aid in reducing the amount of potsonous gases f r o m blasting, hxplosives tha have been held in storage too long or that have been stored under unfavorable conditions as to moisture and temperature, are likelv to give off maximum (|uantittcs ol harmful gases i f they detonate at a l l ; hence, utmost care should be taken m the storage of explosives apd to see that they are not held in storagf too long before bemg usea legislation on occui>ational diseases (one !)eing dust disease) in the laws of the various Respirators Available States. I f at all feasible, blasting shcmld he Dust respirators of variotis types are now done at the end of the working shift or on available for use in excessively dusty atmo^ an olT shift, and the dust- and gas-laden air phcres, and while they are cumbersome and should be reiiioved or thoroughly diluted have numerous features that make thm before the men return to work. undesirable f o r constant wear throughout i Ventilation is, of course, an essential working shift Xthough they can he^^';^ agency in cleansing the air where blasting readily f o r several minutes at a time), im has been done, but in addition to ventilating do give adequate protecti(m to wearert the place it should be thoroughly wetted against dust but give essentially no protec- (walls, floors, roof or top, timbers, etc.) be- tion against either poisomnis or asphyxiatij fore blasting is done, and a water blast gases. Dust respirators should be reganW should be kept in eiTect <luring and after llie as being temporarily useful for emergeno* blasting; the regicm should be thoroughly only, whereas protection f o r workers agaii^ wetted upon return to the face regicm after dust should be more substantial. blasting, and the muck pile should be kept well wetted at all times while loading it <nit, as the water not only tends to allay the dust but also either absorbs (r otherwise aids in die diluticm or elimination of harmful or poisonous gases f n m i blasting, which usually cling to the blasted material. What might be designated "good h< keeping" has a definite iilacc m <l"'^t . vention. Dusty materials shcmld be stored! dust-tight containers or bins; dusty esses, including the handling of dusty tcrial. should be carried on, as far feasible, m dust-tight nnnpartments or st^ructures, the tightness of which shonld be naintamed; ledges or surfaces on which (ust may lodge and accumulate, to be thrown into the air by some slmck or movenient, .should be changed to prevent opp<rtunity for such accumulation, or. i f this cannot be done, such surfaces should be cleaned periodically by vacuum process by washmg down, or by sweeping (the latter >enig a relatively poor method, and should be employed only when as few of other workers as possible are present); floors should be Kept as free of dust as p(,ssible preferably by washing them with waler; ami, certainly air for the working places shoilld not c<me irom dusty .sources. Physical examinations shouhl play an i m portant part in the drive to minimize health harm from dust in industry, but so much ZJ^ZVK !'^^^^^" ^'o"^^^! hccause o f r f i ! ^ i ^ ' ' '^''^^'^r^^^^ ^as been largely o l i ^ ^^"^".^^!""^^>Jy- every person em- K ' " i ^ ^ ' r " " ' f ^ ^ ' '"'^^^''^ considerable dust may be found in the air should be rig- : dly exan^ne,! by a competent doctor pre- I l ! i .f"'^^''^'"'""*' ^"^^ ^ examination I cveals the presence of respiratory trouble, the person should not be employed; this is specially true i f tuberculosis is indicated At six- or twelve-month intervals every per*on in dusty indnstry shcmld submit in a ngKlphysical cxamiiiati<,n; and i f disease is ^hown to be devclo,>ing. the victim should be S i n ^^"'^Ve^^^y employment i f such available. Handling physical examinations I I I a manner fair to the worker as well as to the employer should be worked out, and it must be admitted that to date this has not heen done at all a<lequately. TVevention of dust di.sca.se is chiefly an empl(>yer responsibility he should shoulder willingly, not only to .safeguard the health of persons m his employ but also to relieve his irin o f the heavy financial burden likely to be ihrtist uptm it by compensation or legal authorities, should employees become afflicted with dust disease; and when one takes into account I h i w little is known as to the cause o f the <lisease and how to relieve it if It IS incurred, it would seem to be the acme f common sense to do anything practicable to reduce the dust content of the air of places where employees must work. This does not mean that the employee should not help himself, as it is manifestly as much to the interest of the employee to avoid dust or any other occupational <lisease as to avoid having accidents. However, information as to occupatumal disease (including dust disease) IS not readily available to the worker in understandable form, and the employer should carry on an educational campaign to inform his safety ami operating ofljcials about occupational disease matters and to have them transmit the information to the workers so the latter can cooperate whole- heartedly in trying to era<licate these dread diseases fr<m industry or at least control them to a far greater extent than has been done. Safe Practices i n Use o f H e a v y Construction E q u i p m e n t By E . A. B L A N P I E D Safety Engineer of Kansas City Bridge Co.. Kansas City. Mo. My personal experience I.as In-en confined n,ly to work of r.ver in,proven,ent and Wge bii.ldin,r. Our records are divided these two classes. KRiver work consists of driving pile dikes I np-rappniK rwcr banks. Rcnerally f o r u. .\ liovernnienl. Wigc elassif,ca(i,,n covers railroa,! and M.Hay bndges of ,|.e heavier type inclu.l- r foundations. iK.tli 'Vncnmatic" and '"rcdged. Kvtr work l>einK mainly done I>v (loalinK W nd with a larse perccntaKV ,,f ,, ,, - skilled lalH.r <l,(Ters Rreatly from the more coinphcatefl hridse work which nses mostly hazards"" lal'or under Rrcatcr The bridge classification is sub-divided into erection and foundation as each has its own special hazards and treatment. River work has been the subject of extensive research along accident prevention lines by ihc U . .S. Corps o f EngineerTand due to^rownfng bS to lessen thh li.i/.ird bave Iwen compulsory by being I /;,v/v.W.r//i/V<./i..m//.V/'-'v(^''".'/'''' 1 1 l.r ,,,eas:d to talk ... tl-c . n M . ! - - - <>" ' ' T r e f ; l locatcl ..uUCin l.-anK . i . L timolv l.oalH. t o p i " "'''"f"'- '^"^''j''^ l ^ i ^ i . l l X ^ w aiM-,,..in l.eal.l. t o p i c l.avc pn.vc.n.n.cf.oial. Marine Section .inJOURNMHNT 1 Of?icers 1936-37 tiicneral Chairman--h\. C. Hoi.riKN, J k . . United States P. 1. AKeney. lnc,, New York, N . Y. VicC'Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Htm-MV \'. H a n d , Standar<l Oil Co, oi N. J., Marine Dept.. New York. N . Y. IViec'Chairman (In Charqe of Puhliciiy)^ \V. K, . S t k w a h o s o n , (.'ohnnhian Steamship Co., New York, N . Y. ' ' iVice'Chairmnn (For the Paeifie Coast)--Ai.mnr Wilmington, Calif. (). Pm-d, Union Oil Company of Calif., l^ecrctary--CAW, V. V a n d k h Cf.UTK. Admiralty Attorney, New York, N . Y. ' hcxvs Letter liditor--UEHUY I Cisco, Calif. H l a c f c s t o n k , United States P . & T. Ageticy, Inc., San Fran- pigiiieering Committee Chairman--[I. ship Co., New York, N . Y. C. E d w a r d s , Atlantic ( i u l f and West Indies Steam- pml^ership Committee Chairman--K, York, N . Y. \V. F i s k k , I r . , Soconv-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New " ^ ^hoffram Committee Chairman--WYHON Francisco, Calif. P u k a k d , Pacific Coast Marine Association, San |'lh'5/tr.r Committee Chairman--WENJASUK York, N . Y . H . S k i . k , Travelers Insurance Company, New. l^tmdoring Committee Francisco, Calif. fimliers at Large-- Chairman--V. C. (iRKcoRV, Waterfr(fU Kmployers Association, San F r a n k K . A m k s , Lykes Hros.-kipley Steamship Co., New Orleans, !.a, W. P. ni(;(;s, Navy Department Safety Kngineer, Washingtcm, 1). C. C. F . B r . A C K T O N , Erie Railroad Co., Jersey, City, N . J. ' F r a n k H . C o c . a n , The Delaware, Lackawanna aiul W^estern Kailroad C'o., New York, N. Y. J. M . (^RisER, Alahama Dry Dock and Shiphuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. H e n r y J . H k i i k i r n , Standard Oil Co. of N . J . . Marine Department, New York, N . Y. J o h n S. H u n t k r . The Atlantic Kefinhig Co., IMnladelphia, Pa, WnxARi) F . J o n k s , ( i u l f Oil Corp,, New York, N , Y. T. F . K a v a n a c . u , (Irace IJne. Inc., New York, N . Y. F r a n k C . L a i i r i k , Lago Petroleum Corp., Maracaiho, X'enczuela. j , I . . LiK KENnACii, American Bureau of .Shipping, New York, N . Y. J o h n McfiRATit, John W . McOrath Corp., New York, N , Y . C a r l E . P k t k r s k n , Newport News Shipbuihling iSr Dry Dock Co., New York. N . Y . H. W. P r o o m , 1 Broadway, New York, N . Y. J. K. Roms(N, Sinclair Navigation Co., New York, N . Y. J. A. KiMSKV. .Staiulanl Oil Co, of Calif., Richmond, (*alif. S. A. SciRAM-M. Black Diamon<l Stcamshit) Co.. Pier K. Weehawken, N . J. 341 342 ^ 1 willy sixth Naliomil Safety Coiuirc.ss 11 I . . S i WAKi.. Yalo Tnivcrsity. New llavon. Cotiii. A. I . S m i t h . Ma,.no OlT.co o( America. New York. N. Y. AKTiutu M. -l-.M-K, (-..nsiiHinK Marine KiiKinoer. New York. N . v. C. K. T M I . O M . 1-V.lcral Harge l/.nes, New Orleans La. J , 1. ToMH. K . . . York S,a... Merchant Marine ' ^ ' ^ - ' - " y - ^ ' ' ^ k - NK,.ioi-r V a n i . , x a n i . . k . ( . ( V k c . . f the Chief of KnKincers. Mnnit.on. H I . I k . . WashinR.on. I ' l ' / w K s r . . . M i i . Dollar Steamship Lines. San 1-rancisco Calif A () Wo,.,., (l-ncral I'Croleu.n Corp. ,,f Calif.. Terminal Islan.l. ( al.f. J o h n Wminn. Aim rican l-:x,K.rt Lines Now York, N . Y. Officers Elected f o r 1937-38 Miirhu' Scctiim .1. I - . Li-(K...NA,,,. Amcricai. l?,,,oau of Sl.ippinj,. N<- York N Y .loHN M ( ( ; , n i i i . John W. Mctiratl, Corp.. Neu York N Y .T1. pI '.kKoonN|,..!v.' T1 ,In"- Tlex"a"s" Cr "o.,' "Nm e" w' "Y"o'rk" ,^ NA. Yss.ociatio,;, Sau hVancisco, Calif. .1. A. R,,MSKv. Stamlar.l Oil Co. ,,f Calif,. Uid,,,,,.,,,!. Calif A. S.nA.M.M. ltla..k ,, i a ,, ,, ,, . , , Sl..a,nsUI,,, o.. Pier K. Woehauke... N . J . I I . L..S,..WA.,. Yulcl'.ilversity, Ne Haven. Comi. A. .1. S.\,mi, Marine Oliice of A n u r i . a . New York N Y W K V n w Z . ' ^ T ' ' ; ' ' ' ,^''-^^:\-"^""!'"''"" '"-v >'.Hk.C,.,. N . . , . . ,, . , N . . , . , va. v\. I . . S,i.\sAi(i.M..N, { oloml.ian Steamship C,,.. New York N Y . A r t i k . i , M. r..,.,.- C,.,,s,,I,i,,,, Marine Kngineer. N e York" N y " 1 lo, i r n ' ' ' r ''!'" A-'l'...v.'Neu Yo,k. N. V. I - , V\ f.HinAiii, Dollar Steamship Li,,,.s. Sai, l-Vancisco. ( a l i f A. O. \ \ . H . , . . (ieneral IVtroletnn C.rp. <,f Calif., Terminal lslnn,l .'MIM Wuumr. An,erica,, Export Lines New York. N . Y. Calif Wilmington, (alif. x t v ..u vr v . S > r r c M r . v - C A K . . V . . n i . , K ( Y . - t k . A ' ^ - ^ ' ^ ' ^ ^ f ' ' " - ^ f ' ^ ' ^ t ^ ' r A^^^^^^ I - . News Letter FJilnr-Wv.ms H i . a c k s t o n k . United States 1 . & I . ARcno, San Fran- Cisco. Calif. . ,.-,,,,,K- I I CocAN The Delaware. Lackawanna and V.nqmeerin,, Committee ( / ,, r m , - ^ K A N K H . U x . a n . i n c ^Z^^::lu:; W. K I S K . Socony-Vacnnm Oil Co.. Inc.. New TUESDAY AFTERNOON October 12, 1937 SESSION The oiK-mnp session xvas called to order ^Ityronl O; I'ickard. Pacific American Mtamship A S . S 1 1 . , San Francisco, Calif., ,,r,,!ram chairman of the section. Captain K ( . Moldeii, ![r., Unitp< USiate.sl P. ^ d ! L Agency, nc.' New Yorl^ City, general chairman <,f the .section, suhmilted a review of tlie year s activities. o L . , . c c C 7 . . V . . . , . - W . .>. N a w Department Safety En... Washinto. sl^Utics Committee C - / . . . . V . . n . - U K K 3 A M , . H . S e , . f . Travelers Insurance Company, Nc , V , w ' ; I / r o , - . / ' - C / . . n > . , < n . - l - - K A N K K. A m k s . Lykes Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co, New Orleans, La. Memt'ers at Larue-- C. 1-. Ili A C KioN. Krie Kailroa.l Co.. .lersey. Cily, N . J. T h o m a s H i . M ' . <;racc Line. New York, N . Y . 1 nr%H C k i s m - , Isthmian Steamship Co.. New York. N . Y. W C C.Arn.,., r. I'ittslnirKl. Steamsl.ip Co.. C.IcvelaiuI. OliK'. 1.- C ( ; r k . ; o k v . Waterfront Kmployers Assn.. San I-ranc.sco. Cal. . r M ( ; k . s . . : h , Alabama Dry D . H - k and ShiplmildinR C o . Moln e. Ala. M k n k v 1 IlKUK.RN, Standard f ) i l Co.. of N . .L, New York N . Y . I . , ,, N S' H t ^ N T K H . The Atlantic Refining Co.. I'lnladelphia, I a. I ( i loiiNsoN. Sinclair Navigation Co.. New York. N . Y. w>l.l.^Kn loN'.S < ^"If ^ t " ^ ! ' 1 . K ^ N K C. L . u . u , K , Lago I'etrolcum Corp., Maracaiho. Venro.da. I H LovK, I-cdcral Shiplniilding & Drydock ( o., Kearny, N . .1. The Advancement of Safety in the American I Steamship Industry By R. J. B A K E R President, American Steamship Owners' Association, New York City The advancement of safety at sea is the '^Wt of an endless process of (rial and for It IS amiismg i,, compare the present r attitude toward safety with the one of W eighty years ago, as in.licated in an cle piibhshed ,n the "Nautical Magazine Naval Chronicle" <,f I,,m<hm in 1R.V,. liKli It was declare.1 that (he chief "5 lor loss of ships at sea are: ' Tccfotalism .(In- serving of colTee in"tcad of r u m ; JThc prtseiice of the captain's wife ami "Iner women; ' Insanity; 4. Drunkenness and revelry; 5. Mutiny and insulmrdinalion ; ft. Di.scord and dis.scnsion; 7. No devil hcing on hoard; . 1 he devil having heen let loose. Today our reliance .m safely at sea is placed ,,, the results . . f the navigation law.s of the country; the ice patrol; .study o f ice and current conditi.ms; loa.I line and stowage regulations; removal r>f derelicts; installation o f safety .levices which provide he hest availahle fire detection ami extinction apparatus; coastnictive requirements which will enahic an endangered ship lo {. Metals Section Officers 1936-37 (ieneral Chairmau--C. M . A\js.u, The American Rolling Mill C'o., MithUetovvn, (), Vice-Cltairmaa--\<, A. CiiAn iN, Continental Steel Corp,, Koktmio, Iml. Secretary and News J,etter lidifor--MKi.u K. T r a m m k i j . , (Inlf States Steel Co,, Alahama City, Ala. , ipitest Committee Chairman-Honmr I., S c i i m i t t , I.ouisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co,, Louisville, Ky. Engineering Committee Chairman--U. H. r^-KWJusoN, Repuhlic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. hnndry Committee hurgh, Pa. Chairman--A. JiRfNK.\fAN, Alackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pitts- Hc(dth Committee Chairman--\)H, R . C. K n ( ; k i . , Repnhlic Steel Corp., Cleveland. (), Membership Committer burgh, I'a. Chainnan- H . J. (iinrnTH. Jones ik Latighlin Steel Corp.. Pitts- Poster Committee Chairman--]}. I I , H k n k v . Otis Steel Co.. Cievehunl. ^ Publicity Committee Chairman--C. K. R a i . s t o n , Pittshingh Plate (Jlass Co., Pittshnrgh, Pa. Mhmy Car Builders Committee Chairman--\\ ). facturing C<>rp., Pullman. Chicago. Glides aftd Safety Kinks Committee Cluuyman--]. Pittsburgh,- Pa. ' H r a n o , Pnllman Standard Car ManuA. O a r t k i . , Carnegie-Illinois Steel Co., [Slo/{i/iV,f Committee Chairman--V^, T . I m l m k r , The Yomigstown Sheet and Tuhe Co., Youngs town, Ohio. [ hmhers at Large-- R G. ]?ENNETT, The lUickeye Steel Castings C<>., Cohmihns, O. R. A. B e y e r , Central Tube Co., Amhridgo, Pa. C A. B i a n c i u . H . I { . Robertson Co., Amhridge, Pa. E. F. B l a n k , Jones Si T-aughlin Steel Corp., Pittshurgh, Pa. J. A. Coi.TRiN, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. C. S. CRAmMU-E, Uehlen Manufacturing Co., (Iiicago. 111. 11 M, C r o c . i i a n , Inland Steel Co., ICast Chicago, Ind. i, R. CuM.iNEV, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. 11. W. D a r k , Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa, M. W. DuNDORK. Bel<it Iron W^>rks Co., Beloit, Wis. R/r. 1)VK. Reinhhc Steel C<Mp.. Warren. (>. J o h n ] \ Kiu, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp,, Joliet, I I I E.A.EM.1S, Wheeling Steel Corp.. Wheeling, W . Va. I P. GATHKRtixf, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Kcorsc, Mich. O.R H a r v e y , American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N , Y. S.E. H a w k e s , Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, W^is. H.G. H e n s i : ! . , The Youngstown Sheet and Tuhe (\., Chicago, 111. W.A. J a r v i s , Chase Brass i(f Copper Co.. Waterhnry, Comu 381 /r.v//v sixth Willonal Safrly Ownnss i.- .\ I.MM inns-. i<.-,Mii.ru- st,-c-i r . . , i . . . c i i K i w . . m. T , , M. K. .SN. V (.. iir.-.!). < Hn,.-K.c Illinois S.<-<-l t . . . . < Lu-go. I l l j ) \ . M n . M I I . li.l<-.l=>k.- I n . . . I on... n...".Ko. 111. ,;.,,N O-KorMK. lio,l.U-l.o,n Su-d Co.. S,.u..o^^s I o..,l M.I. s 1 ..-s H . v m - CoiMH-r Brass. I , . . - . . Kon.f. N . Vl.-KANK Kowl . \Vl..li.. Stod Cor,... I'or.s.nonth. < >. A C Srin.i.T/. Iincyr..s-l-.ri<- (-o.. So. MiUvank.-v, W is H I S i - I L k k . r i . . . Yonn.s,ow,, .mu-.-. an.l TnLc Co.. Ka^t ( Incago. I...1. K.' i . SrKHNK... UctUl.-l.o.n Steel Co.. Uetl.lel.em. f a . 1, A. Voss Kei.nl.lic Steel Corp., Clevelaiul. O. , . . . ,. Offifcers Elected for 1937-38: A CiiAFi iN Continental Steel Corp.. Kokomo, 1ml. HErlH-- * ,,'z:-<>,, <,,...>-..- "" Mi'lal.\- .S'cction J. I ' . (lAri.KKi.M. Creat Lakes .St.-c-l Corp., Kcorse, Mich O. K AKVKV. American Car and l-onndry Co.. New York N Y S. h. I I a w k k s . MaeWhyio (.,,,,,,:,,,,.. Kenosha, Wis I I . (.. M k n . s k , . . The YonngMown .Sheet and Tuhe Co.. Chicago 111 K A I A . , K M A N . Kepnhlic Steel Corp.. Chicago. Ill N . . M a c I I o s , . : . Ilelhlehem Steel Co.. I-ackawanna. N . Y. 1 M ' - K k n m . : v . 2542 H. 7.rd Street. Chicago. 111. (Retired) I), y . M , . : , ,, U K , Interlake Iron Corp.. C:hicago. 111. C. S. ,,,,.,.,,. Revere G.pper & l{ra.s.s. Inc., Rome. N . Y C. E. R a l s t o n . Pittshurgh Plate (;ias.s Co.. Pittshurgh. I>a F r a n k RowK. Wheeling Steel Corp.. l>ortsmo..th, O A. C. Sc.un.rz. Ilucyrus-Hrie Co, So. Milwaukee. Wis. J. A. Voss, Repuhlic Steel Corp.. Cleveland, (). TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION O c t o b e r 12, 1937 . , ,, ,, r l-Nr,vx KepuWic Steel Corp., Clcvelan<1.0. C,o,,,,,.7t.;,. I H Ilso^^^ rr.,,nm Co.n.mtlrc ( Itn.nmn, -U. ' ' " , ^ ' , steel Corp.. Cleveland. Ol.ia ,S,ecl Co.. Sparrows I'oint. M-l /'.W.Vi/.v ( ..."<< (V...rm.n.-JoHN,() l ^ " " " * ; ; ^ i S l i n a i Sla.Klard Car Mam- K.,it,.nv Car Kuihicrs Committee ( ha,rma,,-V. I. H h a n . . . 1 uUman facturing Co.. ^^^^^i;-;^;^ , ^,.0 Youngstown Slieet Tnh^ Co,.].>. CliicaRo. I n d A u I ' m ' T h e American K..l,ling MUl Co.. Middletown. Ol.io. C r. The IVuckeye Steel Castings Co.. Coln.nln.s. Oh.o K A nF.YKH.< e..tralTul.eC<... A..>I.r.dge. Pa. l A C O I . 1 . . . N . National Kadiator Corp.. Johnstown, l a "( S C r a u ^ m i l k , Ud.len Manufacturing Co.. t lxcag". HI- ,, ' m C k o , - . m . n n , l..la..d Steel Co.. l-:asl ChM ln<1. , l.- Cin...iN..v, lU-thlehe... Steel C<. lU-thlel.e,., 1 a. J- A B.ANnn. 11. H . Kol.ertson C o., Ambridge. a. l i W D a u h . lU-tl.lehem Steel Co.. .lolmsU.wn, l a. m ' W D i ^ N . H . K K , Meloil Iron Works Co., Hcloit, Wis. i ^ T UVK. Kepul.lic Steel Cor,.., Warren. O. ]' A Ki I I S Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. F a k i . 1--V..KK. Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago. Ill E. F. n..ANK. Jones & LangWin Steel Corp.. I'.ttsburgh. 1 a. Safety as a Morale Builder By ROY W. KELLY Jir,ri!"'*"''"''''rf readily con- wled to be one of the major ohjectives o f r?]*;'-''" cxecutiverre- l ""'^ '^comotives. making witresses. managing a Government bureau ^commanding an Army <livision. his Zcl ^morale of his ass<iriales. wHL*'! ''^ " ' " " " " f e d hy. and to ^up.set an<i kept in a mosf unsatisfactory ne ot mind by imsati.sfaclory living or ^rk,ngconditions. If wc want high morale *rch Z r ' ' " ' " ^ ^"""rucfive attention sch matters as wages, hours, workins """I tions, basic causes for grievances a d ^Pfemts. improvement o f sani.a.fon. d i n " ^K. lighting, and ventilation of (he work Perhaps no other causes contribute * 0 lowered morale than a feeling of in*nly m one's occupation, fear a.s to the future of onc;s earning power and doubt as to opportunities for advancement and for safisfytng adiievement. These are all recogmzcd as matters prop. 2 i i ' " " " ' ' " ' . ' ^ ^'^'^ P " - ' " " e ' I - Trl 1TM.-'" '"anagement. They arc mentioned merely f o r the .sake of point- ' I I T , ' ' r ' ' u ' * ^ J ' ' ^ " ""*^Kral part of thi.s functional field. Organization f o r acddenf prevention and the maintenance of the safety program, if they arc to contribute to improved mora e. must be planned and carried wi' 1.'';; ' ' relationships with these other essential human factors in maimgemen . This i.s a point on which there liractre ^ Nevertheless, the cxiK^rience o f many ,, r . ganizations ten<Is to indicate that a .safety program cannot hope to succeed, no matter I><>w well planne.1, unless conducted in an .,,,f, ' -n.-rnly .uxlh N"lwiutl Safety Onujycss On tl<e basis " f Imma" tU'"<i''" ''" the major problem in the eliminalioii " f < - cidents ami their atlemlant injuries tl>c safety program nuisl be dosignea to emiUia- si7.c to the snpervisjoii and workers the ne- cessity of being safety-min<le<l at all limes. The most elTcflive inlluence in selling any proposition is an apin-al to the seU-mteresl of the indivi<Uial. If be becomes coiiviiucd that he can personally iK-'w-f"'* ' c'"""'"tion of accidents, he is apt to ac-pt the safety program an.l become a safety booster. The hazards incident to maintenance work can lie minimized by melho.ls which anticipate and reduce the inimber of breakdown jobs. This reduces the amount of work and corresponding man hour exposure, and alU.ws most of the work to he done on a ,.lanne<l basis. The most essential practice in such a program is syslemal c, thonu.gh an.l frequent inspecti-.n of all e<|u.i>ment. with a foUow-np system which will msure that unsatisfactory conditions arc correcte.l that it res)M.i.d lo the .-ontrols, an.l httle or ,,,, responsibility for keeping the unit m ..peratiiig condition-hence the necessary, fullv organized maintenanrc crew to laKt care of such c<|uipment. The only exception to this is the craneman wb.> may have limiteil responsibilities as to the inspectio.J. lubrication an.l a.ljuslmenl of bis madime. ami certain other niadiine ..pcrators. Overhead traveling cranes, gantry cranes, repair trolleys and various types of hoists comprise a class of e.piipment which rcpure special iitlcnti.m from the standpoint of inspection and preventive maintenance. I Uic to the hazards of falling material, wlie(her casual material, broken (.arts of ihc eciuipment, or loads droi)ped due to failure of medianisms, every precaution must be taken to keep this class of e.iuipm<.;iit in g.m.1 repair It lias been fotmd .lesirablc to supi.lcment the w<.rk of the f..reinan an.l repairmen charged with the proi>er maintenance of such elpi-innent by Ibe itse of Crane Inspectors. as promptly as pro.l.iction allows or eco- The crailc i.ispedor goes .iver all e.piip- nomic consiilcrations dictate. ment in detail, r e c r d i n g all items of a nic- If the maintenance foreman's territory chanical or electrical iialnrc which need ad- is small this inspection can be made personallv However, the usual division of a steel mill maintenance foreman is t . K ) extensive and too many other demands i^re ina.lc upon his time to allow pcrs.mal attention to all items of e<|uipment. It is then necessary to delegate this important function to operators, oilers, engineers an.l electricians wll<> are in a position to observe the condition " f each piece of apparatus. justment or re,.lacement Ibis survey provides a double check and does not lessen m any degree the responsibility of the alwvcmentione.1 foremen and repairmen. (opie> of tlicse reiwrts arc forwarded to the superintendent and foreman involved, a s j c U as to the Plant Safety Department hea.l. A l l recommended repairs or alterations must be disposed of, either by being carried to c..inpleti..n, ..r by being rejecte.l for cau^e. In power houses, boiler houses, pnmi.ing The ini<pecti<?n covers cleanliness ami or- stations an.l similar Station jobs tlje engi- derliness of the equipment in the intcrcs " I .loers, oilers, pump tenders and lOectr.cal minimizcl fire liazar.l and increased sa c operaf.rs are primarily ocoupie<l will, opera- of o,K-.rators and repairmen. Safety e.m.- tion of the e<|uii.ment and cb.se and contmtial me.it .such as sanders, fire extmg.nslie s observation is aiit.miatically obtained. .Such band lines, safety belts, g<.ngs. ^varning Iighl. dose observation is accepted as necessary jluc liKbt extension cor.ls, gear gnanls eIc. ^ to the imiH.rtance to production and the fact checked. Loose or scrap materi.il on tw that little spare capacity is provi<le.l. Like- cranes, approaches or runways is not tol- wise the stan.lard of maintenance is high, erated. Loose, worn or broken part.s are iM-ing kept as far as possible <m a preventive itemized an.l recommended f o r correction. basis. The jobs are usually well planne. the crews experienced and eiricicnt. and all to<ils and special equipment at band, resulting in efTicicnt and safe performance. The majority of mill auxiliary eriuipment does not get the same degree of attention and maintenance. Here the operator, in general, has no interest in the apparatus, except Inspections at intervals of one to t*t. months have leen found suniciei.t for average conditions, with more attenti.m given particularly har.l-worked cranes Ununtf operating conditions, or fa. ures of parts t W make it dcsirahlc f o r the inspector o note special checks and reports when requested. AnJOURNMIiNT Mining Section (^.rai a.airmo., Officers 1936-37 C. W . Cn.i.s. Harwick Ctoal and Coke Co.. Pii.shurgh, Pa. ^?at:ri':;,^r " j- . S. .S.ed ' c o l o r a t i o n .Sub- j ; . V . - a / r , ,, ,, ,, ,,, (7,rc . / / / c ,, / / / , - L k k L o n , , C|i,,,hridd Coal Corp Dante Va .:...Mcint;.prupl:Mi,,es. ' wSXtt;:T- ' > A - - "AM.N..TO.V. U n i t c l states Hureau of Mitie... X^'l-a'''"'' .' Uni,e<I .States Bureau of Mines. Pitts- Members at Lart/e-- T w l i ' ^ ' r"; ""'"I 'ir' P M A T"' '"^""""' "enver ^'>"-'"'' ^".-Per Co, C-alum t. M i d i Lo / P r . E. Mascot. Ten,,. k i , a , . k . Consoli.Ia.ion C oal Co.. I.airmont, W . Va Colo ii. T. H A R . . K R , lennessee Copper Co., Copperhill. Ten,,. H. C. flKNR.K. rbelps Dodge Corp.. Hisbe.-. Ariz ( y. K k . k , Jamison Coal Corp.. (ireensbiirg.- Pa nrnvAs K. L . . . ,, T , . ,, O T . The Koppers C.ial Co.. Pittsburgh. P,,. W m . (.. M c t z < ; | . : r , Hmls,,,, c'oal Co., Scr.-nlon Pa I). I ) . M o , . T A T . I'tab C opper Co., Salt LakeCilv- Utah R n p a o ! " M * '"'T '^"^'^ h. 15. t AO,., New Jersey / i n c cr.... New York N Y . J o h n T . kvAN, Mine .S.nfcy Appliances Co., Pittshurgh P-i L. r. SicKA, St. Joseph Lea<l Co.. Bonne Terre. Mo .bliiN T k k w k k k . Homestake Mining Co., Lead S I ) ^Vv... Officers Elected for 1937-38 W a,.,.>m.,-(; J. H a k u k t t , Oliver Iron Mining O.., Dulu.h. Minn f^'-Clmrman-Lm L.mn, Clindif.eld C'oal ( orp.. I )ante. Va a : " ' " " - ^ " " ^ 1 , c V m h i k , . , , Mc.ntyre Porcupine Mbies. Ltd.. .Sdu.macher. Out., 401 402 /,\'.->//v sixth i\'iiliiiiial Safely Coiiiircsx MitiVKj See I ion 4 0 3 Vice-Chmrmmt 1- C < a m i m i i u . . Thr Kom-crs ( "al ( ".. I'itld.i.rKl.. I'a. Ze,nn- all Ncu-< I rUcr H.tor M a h h i n - . t o n . I n i t o . i S.a.o. Unroau - f Mu.os , ^ 2 l e L . , n , , . t ,,.,ir,, ...... I ' n i . . . S.aU. Uurca.. ..f M i . . . Statistics fommi,,.:ington, I). C Chninnon-W. W . A i > a m s , U..ilcd Slates lU.reau of Mn.es. Wash T h o m a . A i . k k , Chief Coal Mine Inspector, State of Colorado, Denver. ( oU>. J W. A i . T . ('Rl'umet .Sc Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. V M A k t m u r , Anjcrican Zinc Co. of Tennessee. Mascot, Tenn. Vy,vM V,. UF.nAi.K. Consolidation Coal Co.. Inc., Fairmont, W . Va. loiiN L. n(>A.Kt>MAN. Anaconda Copper MinitiK Co., lUitte.'Mcmt. M a i . k i c f C m ; f , T F . Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp.. Indiana. Pa, W. (ifims Uarwirk C<.al ^ Coke Co.. Pittshurgh. Pa. H, T. llARPFR. Trnne^see Copper Co.. Copperhill, Tenn. H . C. H f . n k i k . IMK'lt>s Dodjfc Corp.. Pi^hee, Ari7, Rt-sFi N . HosiF.R. Coal Mine Section. IVnnsylvania Compensation Hatmjj S, tion Htireau, 1 larri.'^lmrK. Pa. C V K f c k . Janii'^on Coal Corp.. Cireenshurg, Pa. T h o m a s K L i c h t f o o t , The Koppers Coal Co.. PittsburRh. Pa W i ! I lAM G, M f . t 7 . g e r , Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. I). I). M o f f a t . Utah ( opper Co.. Salt T.ake City, XUah. V, (). Mi^RRAY. The ITnicm Pacific c:oal C^)-. Kock Springs. Wyo. R P P a i m . Nciv Ier;ey Zinc Co.. New York. N . Y . | louN T. P y a n . Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. L. T. Sn KA, St. Joset^h Lead Co.. Bonne Terre. Mo. lonN TkFWftiK, Ilomc^takc Mining C<,, Lead. S. D. Inspecj TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 The <^v^<\o\\ wa<; called to order by Ctcn- and Coke Co., Pittsburgh. Ta.. who introeral Chairman C. \ V . C.ibbs Harwick Coal duced the speakers. The Relationship of Safety to Efficiency in Mining By JAMES K, RICHARDSON Safety Director, Climax Molybdenum Company, CUmax, Colorado No person will deny that there can be but two ways of doing work--a right way and a wrong way. The whole scheme of mining methods is basically a question of safety an(l cfiicicncy. H the ore cannot be extracted economically the *;ystem is abandoned. I f the ore cannot be exlracte<l withcmt cndangermg the lives of the employees the system abandoned. Ihiqucstionably the latter thoMjJ; has often been overlooked. We camioj,] however, overlook the fact that anytlnng t W j kills or maims n^en is morally wrong, Fr^ thermorc, i f our process or method tear* machines it is siirely not efficietit. Low cost productlcm i ^ the trne basi^ of H ) k lency. The major item on any cost sheet i'^ lalM>r, A property that achieve^ a hw tmit c<st due to a cheapness accpiired bv low wages with the consequent low type" personnel will m>t hmg exist! The reascm is l>vious-~.although the daily labor cost is low the ultimate job cost is high. These poor workers are the men that eflicient organizations refuse to tolerate--the "cream of the crop* are hired in their place. When a mine gets a reputation f o r unsafe workmg conditions you will notice an influx of poox workers. The good men Icave--the tH)or <mes stay. The reason is that the poor worker realizes he cannot get work in an organization that demands emcicncy and a nhty. Kach of us has talked to various employees coming from other properties. You hear that "such and such" a company kills men daily, or that someone is always getting hurt. These reports may or may not be exaggerated--but where there is smoke there B fire! li your property gets such a reputation among the laboring men L O O K O U T . The basic principles o f accident prevention are: Supervision, education, and disciiPime. I t is_ not necessary to discuss these principles. However, it is true that too mucli tf each day*s work is lost by the working m, due to unsafe conditions. I f the workman must spend half his day remedying taulty conditions, replacing staging left by a jevious shift, "blowing out" bis working Hace, or any one o f a thousand similar cirm.stances. you know production costs are Tlie efTictcnt mining organization is today 'an(lardizing every task. These standards ttclmilt up from the study of the task and e adopted i f efficient and safe. Such jobs easily supervised and it is easy to educate V employee in the manner of working. %n an employee knows how to do a job '^seldom is injured! From my personal standpoint J believe that standardizing of jobs is the biggest an organization can make toward i m 'ing underground or surface efficiency. I believe that on the standard tasks the tent risk has been lessened 50 per cent. 1 task is done the same way yet there [toJugh variation of conditions in mining so that it does not tolerate a man "ling mechanical. When a workman he must keep a definite standard re.s of the work being done, he attempts to meet those re<iuiremcnts. He knows that the prece<liiig shifts must meet (he same recjuiroments and therefore he is able to take up his work safely, exactly where it was left by his predecessor. He can thus devote his full lime to w<M'k without fear of slipshod melhcKls applied previous to his arrival. I believe that a task well done, regardless of the job. is more easily maintained than a haphazard piece of construction. When a job is safe, all components of that job are m first class condition. We can, then, surely count on lower maintenance costs on first class jobs and when the operator looks over Ins cost sheets, rei>air costs arc the major items. All of us have seen timbcrmen tearing oiit old timber and replacing with new. Had this limber been proj)erly placed and properly considered at first, the new job would not have been necessary. Unquestionably we have all had experience with faulty ventilation. I recall certain underground fires that could have been controlled and loss of life averted had ventilation been considered a major problem in the original layout. The major portion of our small metal mines are notoriously poorly ventilated. Many men are "gassed,*' causing them to fall from high raises to death or certain injury; others contract pulmonary diseases more readily and are disabled. Some are injured because of their inability to see their work clearly. These things are all due to a faulty ventilating condition, and any injury catises certain losses in production regardless of its seriousness; nor can it be denied that unless breathable air is available the normal efiiciency of employees is decreased. Tti one particular property J recall certain additional work obtained merely by establishing proper ventilatitm. A total of 150 machine shifts was being put in each day in a stopmg area and prior to correct ventilation the average amount of hole drilled per machine was 86 feet. A f t e r the ventilation was improved the average was increased to 118 feet. Loaders who had originally pulled approximately 76 cars consistently passed the 200 mark. Footages in development work rose f r o m 2.6 per machine to 3.8 feet. Loss ' of time from pulmonary disorders dropped to a negligible figure, and the accident frequency fell 28 per cent. Another important factor in accident prevention is correct ilhimination. Those mines which have done away with the old carbide { TTK'i'Hty sivlh Nalinmtl Safely Coiujrcss 42K mine supcrintrmlcttl and beads of the emidoymont and safety dcpartnienls. Facb accident is analyzed and entered on the'workman's safely record which shoxvs at a glance, not cmly the accidents that he has sustained and the action taken, but also Ihe educational training he has received and the protective equipment with winch he has been provided snch as goggles, gloves, safety hats, lamps, safely belts and other snnilar articles which are furnished by the comjmny free of charge, ami <'xchanged without cost to the workmen uhen rcmlered unlit hy normal wear. The safety work of the miinng depart- Separate meetings ff the cimtraclors working in the two main <livisions of the mine arc held cmce each month, and the accident record of the preceding month is discussed with them in detail, adopting all possible measures for the prevention of similar recurrences. Two meetings of the general safety committee c<miprising the management, operating executives, technicians ami principal assistants: one for the surface departments and the other t< cover mining operations are held once each month for a review of the record of the previous month, and for the discussion (f matters of general nature. ment is under the direction of a safety engi- neer. whi has nndcr him a corps of trainee Fire Prevention inspectors who make an inspection of all working places on each shift, and supervise general blasting operations. Dangerous condtti<ms are reported immediately to the hoss in charge of the work, and in urgent situatitms the inspectors have authority to stop the work until the place has been inspected by the boss, who then assumes all further resp<msibility. Typewritten reports are distribnted daily by the safety department.to all the l)Osscs ccmcerned. and at the weekly meetings of sut>ervisors a check is made on the action taken on the recommendations that have been submitted. As a stimulus to greater interest and co^ operation in the prevention of accidents, a scale <f mcmthly safety bonuses, payahle to all lK>sses and inspectors has been estahlished This scale is based on the total rate of accidents per tlumsand shifts supcrvisedj and takes into account the interest displayed during the m<mth by each supervisor in the elimination of hazards, enforcement of safety rules, and good housekeeping. Once each month all the working places of the mhie are inst>ected by sectional safety e<mmitlces, who make a detailed re|)ort of the condititins and ecpiipment considered to be unsafe. Type%%ritten copies of these reiM.rts are distributed to all the foremen and bosses concerned for their investigation aiu written c<miments, and the discussion of fincstionable renmmiendaticms is taken up at a monthly meeting (f the committees hosses, foremen and mine officials. Fvery possible elTort is made to minimize the danger of a fire underground. In preparation for such a contingency a large number of carefully selected men have been trained in the use of oxygen breathtng apparatus, and five crews of five men each are kept in continued training, A smoke room has been provided to make the training more CfTective. and fire-drills are held undergroimd in various sections of the mine once a month. An up-to-date first-aid an<l minerescue station is maintaine<l on the main patio of the mine, completely e(piim>ed with 12 McCaa oxygen breathing api>aratuses; 10 all-service gas masks; 5i) self-rescuers: oxygen pump; carbon monoxnle detector; safely lamps; stretchers of various types; life line, and <ither miscellaneous equip- ment. ; ' A fire-car fully equipped with hoses, axes pipe fittings, fire extinguishers, first-aid supplies, and other tools and material is al'u* available on the main mine patio at a moment's notice. Provisions for an abundant supply if water in all |arts of the muic thnmgh both aip and waler lines have hceij made, and water connections, hydrants.; and fire extinguisher.s have been placed m convenient parts cjf the mine. An injector installed cm the main air line at the portal of the mine is available to spread, by mean* of a stench signal, the warning of a tire underground. ADJOURNMENT Paper and Pulp Section Officers 1936-37 'ZS.'^l!''"'''''"' X-r'-MuTsSiTdS^ '"">"""' Kin.l,,.rly-C-Iark C.rp.. ^ HK..rx. Maru.lu.n S m r r I ),,w.,. The l ' a , K T I.ulus.rv, Chica..,. IH "'^l^::'u:: ''T'''i!(T,::r W. Umn,..:nU & Whi,,,cy G... " C-..n.,li<.HU.<I ,.apcr c:orp.. L,d.. Crand'Morc. K h n k s t Aw,;,,snts, The Moad C.rporali,,,,. Chillicoll.c. O. VV. J ^ K N N A N . Maine D o p a r f f l c t of l ^ l . o r and Indns.ry. Augusta. Me M. W. I ) . . N i k , r k ; IJeL.ii Iron Works. lieloil. Wis. K. r. I - - A . S T . The (Lampion Paper and I-iI,re Co.. Hamilton. <). VV. A. (.t.rcAsoN. Ilannnermill I'.iper Co.. KHe T'a 'K. C m , Ti,eCry.frtI Tissue Co.. Nfi.ldletown! <>. I. J. HAST.N.is, Fori Huron Snlphi.c & Paper Co.. Por, Hnnm. M i d , . ). H o , . M , . : . M i ,, ,, , s . ,, a and On.ario Paper Co.. Minneapolis. Minn' 1- '-. nniN. .S,. Croix Paper Co:. Woodland. Me 1) A . M . A , -|,,v. I-raser Com,.anie.s iuln.nnds.on. N . I!.. Ca,,a,la. . ^ H m ,, R M . - H M . ( on.ainer ( or,.r.n.io,, o f An.eriea. C-hieaR,, (II, II. <.. NovKs. ()xf,M<I I'aper Company. K.nnford. Me J. J. P . X . K . Consoli.lated Waler Power I>.-iper Co., Wisconsin Rapids Wis S a m . , h . . I ' u v n . I.-ineh-I>rnyn Co.. I,,e.. (lU-ns l-alN N Y . I). K o < : i : h . s liird ,-<t .Son, Inc.. Kasi Walpole. Mass K 11. i<os,.;,,usn. Nekoo,sa.|.;,hv;.r,Is Paper Co.. F>ort K.Kvards. Wis .icJ^^id'pnip':;^^^^^^^^^^ Wis.. Kepresen,a,ive. The American I., k. SiMPSo.^, The Urown Paper .Mill Co.. Ine.. We.sf Monn.e. I.a. Officers Elected for 1937-38 (7,.,,>,,,,, (;,,,,.,..: .1. A m a m s , International F'aper Co.. (ilc-ns Lalls N Y ':r::::"r,e:;i',,s^^^ ^- ^ v - . w . . . o n i l i s ^ o ' i . ! , w h i t . 429 430 l\;-iily-sixlli Nanomtl Safely Comircss Se,re,.,r, ,aul Pr,,,ro,,, CnnnKcc CUainnan-V. A . H . . . n s . . n . KindK-rly-C'lark C:..r,.., f^rt^^'lKlilor //./.V.7,. Co . . . v auun - r . . . v T . . N .^K.vr.. Mara.h.n, Tancr M i l l s KolhschiUl, Wis. . C- Cmmillee CI,.nr,,,a,,-^. S c o t . 1)..w.>. T I . o I'a.uT " ' ' ^ ^ S , ' " X 'Makers' A,;i<..r/,,; (V,,,,m./r.v (/..nVm..,.-!). H- ( ^ - a n t . The Ontar.o !'!,. & 1 aper Makers Safety AssiK. T<r<)nt(), C)nt,, C anada. x^ruw^^,. r*n / / i . , ' / , / , (-.m,.7/.v ( /m,>,.,,.-I). K O W A K . . XV. F > a . n k . l.olhnRsworth & \Mu.nev (o.. ; w T ; : ! ! : : n t C/.... H . T u N K . C <..i..a.c.l Paper Corp.. I . U . . . Crand More. .V,l?i:/o:l^^^ r / , ,, . n . . - . - H P . . W . ^ A U K . I.:mp.oycrs MuH.aW. Wausau. Wis. Members at I Mr tjc - K r n f s t AiMa-sTirs, The Mead Corporation, Clnlhcotlie. , M W DtiNiKiKK, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, W i s K . L . F a i s t . The Champion Paper and Fihre Co.,^Hamilton. O, W A. (ii.KAsoN, Hammermill Paper Co.. Erie, Pa, F E G r a n t . The Crystal Tissue Co.. Middletown, O. r J H a s t , n < ; s , Port Huron Sulphite ^ T>aper Co.. Port Huron. Mich. C. O. Hoi,MF.R. Minnesota and Ontario Paper Co,. Minneapolis Mmn. F I iRViN St, Croix Paper Co.. Woodland. Me. n' A MCA..AKV. hVaser Companies t t d . . Edmundston. N , B Canada, D o n E MrDowKii.. Kalanmoo Vegetable Parehment Co., Kalama.oo. Mich. ARTHtiR Mt.KRAV. Container Corporation of America. C hicago. 111. H <; NoYi-; O x f o r d Paper Company, Rumford. Me. . F ' W P a t t o n , The Lawrence Paper Co.. Lawrence. Kansas, j / * J r , . 7 A K . C onsoli<lated Water Power & Paper Co.. Wisconsm Rapids \ Wis SAMirn. PRtJYN. iMnch-Pruyn Co.. Inc.. Cdens Falls N . \ . H 1), Kor.KH,s Pird Son. Inc.. East Walimle, Mass V H KosF Uisn. Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co.. Port Edwards. W i s I ; S: R ^ A T T i K K . Kimberly.(:iark Corp.. Neenah, Wis.. Ret>resentat,ve. The Amencan Paper and Ptiilp Association. L . R. S i m p s o n . The l^rown Paper Mill Co., Inc.. West Monroe. La. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 11, 1937 The opening session of the Pajier and Pulp Section was calle<l to order by George I Xdams. International Paper C<imi>any. (ilens Falls. New York, who presided. C h a i r m a n A u a m s : I'ollowing the usual practice, it is my duty as (ieneral Chairman to review briefly the activities and progress of the Paper and Pulp Section during this past year. There were two meetings of the exectitive committee during the year, the first at Chicago on January 19 and the second in New York City on April 15. At the ChicJigo meeting, the principal topic of discussion was the program for thi* Kansas City C*>nvenli(in. The New York meeting was conceriwl with a discussion relative to the correlation Palmer ami Pulp Srciinu 431 *f efforts of this Section with other aKcncies nr associations of the Industry in their aims Id promote accident f)revention in pulp and paper mills. Also included in the New York meeting was an extensive discussion (;n accident statistics. It was proposed that the Section take .some means of fierfecting and nmtinutng tlicse statistics becau.se of the very pronounced interest being shown by a number of mills. Accordingly, a committee was apfKnnted at the New York meeting consisting of hVod Hraun. Chairman. Ernest Augustus Arthur Winslow, (ieorge Burns and iny.self to act as a sub-commiitee to the regular statistics committee, of which M r Hraun is also our Chairman, to amsider the inllowing : 1. Improvement of the i)re.scnt f<rm of report of accident. 2. Perfecting a plan for future tabulation. 3 Perfecting a plan for the presentation "1 the statistics to the Secticip. I have asked Mr. Braun to include in his statistical rei>ort also the report of this committee. There has been <|uite an increase in the membership of our Section the pa.st yean Ahout per cent of the industry as a whole are now members of (he National Safety Council. Tbrougli the g<KKl will of Fred Robinson and the Kimberly-CIark Corporation we liave the services of a stenotypist to take thscussion notes at our meetings here Wc certainly are all appreciative to I'red and his corporation for this. J. J. P t . Z A K (Consolidated Water Power ^ Paper Co.. Wisconsin Rapids. Wis.) : I would like to ask that the membership give the Secretary permission to record a unanimous vote of ai>preciation for the .splendid leaclership that this Section has had under our Chairman. George Adams. (The motion was carried.) Report of Accident Experience Exchange By F R E D W. BRAUN Manager, Safety Engineering. Employers Mutuals. Wausau. Wis. StatKstics shtmld be used in vour accitlent mention work for fact-finding interest <m mr program. These can be shifted in any nanncr. Stmie very interesting things arc ^mghi out in this year's report. Members of the Section are to l)c comJ^mented on their res,Kmse in sending in *tr reports. We received 678 reports this as compare^l to 108 last year. This year August, with 77 accirlents. was e high accident month; July, with 2<>. low. In Tabulation 2. which indicates the day ^ the week in which these accidents were ed, you will n,,d that Wednesday was JhjWith 119. and Sunday was h>w. In *3r> Jlay was low and Thursday was luRh "crc t.s apparently an in<liration there that % niHldle f>f the week is high, Yr>u should check with your own plant ^eridice and see whether accidents as ^ arc reported ti) your plant check with ^ Do you have the high rtTording in the of the week? Tabulation 3 shows the day or shift The day worker is low and the .shift worker high ntes that mean that the day worker, workmg eight hours a day. during the day every day in the year, has more natural rest, and that the shift worker who goes on at eleven to three or from three to eleven and so on one week, and next week some other hours.' has his rest broken up? When a man comes home at seven o'clock in the morning from a night shift, or three o'clock, does he go to bed and get his rest? I f so. does he get natural rest? Those arc .some of the things y<.u shouhl check with your own plant. Tabulation 4. time of accidents, is very rlo.se. There is very little difTerence I k tween afternor,,, and morning accidents in recirdmg. Tabulation 5 .shows that for the three years. 35. and M7. the highest peak in he morning occurred anywhere from eight to twelve o clock. Here is your first .somewhat consistent fact. I,, the afternoon you Petroleum Section Officers 1936^37 General Chairmat^A, W . B r e e l a n d , Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. Viee-Chainnan--A. J, M a r t i n . s o n , Union Oil Co. o f California, Los Angeles, Calif, Mews Letter lidiior--J. H . B r o w n , Tide Water O i l Company, New York, N . Y, Engineering Committee Chairman--E. D . M u r p h e y , Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp., Tulsa OkIa, Health Committee Chairman--Dr. V . C. B a i r u ^ Humble Oil and Refining Co., Hou.ston, Texas. , Poster Committee Chairman--U, T . M a r k e r , Phillips Petroleum Co., Rartlesville, Okla. Program Committee Texas. I Puhticiiy Committee msiics Committee Chairman--K. B . R o a f e r , Humble O i l and Refining Co,, Houston, C / t < i t > w a -- G l e n n B y e r s , Sliell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. Chairmaft--J. W , M y e r s , Standard Oil Co. ( N , J.), New York, N . Y . Mlantic Division Chairman--L. S i m p s o n , The Texas Company, New York, N . Y , dreat Lakes Division Chairman--1\ R . M c L e a n . Socony-Vacuum O i l Co.. Inc., White Star Div., Detroit, Mich. [&*// Division Chairman--W B . H i a t t . Texas Pacific Coal & O i l Company, Fort Worth, Texas. Hld'Continent Division Chainnan--KHAViy E a r h a r t , The Texas Company, Tulsa, Okla. Mfic Ditfision Chairman--K. B i m . E R . Unicm O i l Company of Calif. ihcky Mountain Division Chairman--K hst General Chairmen-- R. W . B l a c k . Standard Oil Co. of V. O s r o r n , Standard Oil Co. N . J.. Elizabeth. N . J. Calif., (Ind,), Los Angeles. Casper. Wyo. R. S. BoNsiB. Standard Oil Co. ( N . J.), New York, N . Y. V. R . CuRRiE. The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. D o n o v a n . Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, CaliL C. L , HiGHTowER. United (ias System, Houston, Texas. G. 0. LocKWOOD. The Empire Companies. Bartlesville, Okla. G e o . F . P r u . s s i n ( ; . Union O i l Co. of Calif., Los Angeles. Calif. R. B . R o a p e r . Humble Oil ?ind Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. S e n n e . Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N . Y . C W . S m i t h , Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago. III. I). J. W a l l a c e , Sinclair Pr?^irie O i l Co.. Tulsa, Okla. velary--U. N . I ^ l a k k s l k e , American Petroleum Institiite, New York, N , Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 trol Chairman--Ih W , B o ( k ; f ; s s , Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Chairman--J, H . B r o w n , Tide Water Associated O i l Co.. New York. N . Y. I Letter Editor--F, R. M c L e a n , Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., White Star IStlToit, Mich. Div., 489 Pt'lrolcum Section 491 490 Jimiiiiffrinil Okla. Twnty-slxlh NaliomiLSafcty Co.ujrcss F 1) MuR.M.KV.Mia-ContmcntVctroleum Corp.. Tulsa. Comm Hire ( hmrimin--.. 1>. MURiiif.^. n../ C;o...n-,.. [''^^-^^^^^^^^^^ o n C<>.. m c New York. .,v... c - ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^^ OVni/ iMk-n nivisioHCh,nrman-R. ()liio. 1- HKNi Texas, ulsa, Okla. ^' 7 7 ' ; ^ /N,.i/i./m..K7.."nmn.-C Korfcy Mtmntain Ptvisum (/"'"" WyomiMR. s i c S o i l Co;. San ^ > TM u ; r j^^.^aard O . l Co. (Ind K W. Bi.At K, Calif. ( (). 1.HKW..O... C. .0^ ^ " cal f.. Angeles. Calif. C k , . v . P r s s i w : . Union O ' l <" " ^ V ^ . * " ' H o u s t o n , Texa<<. N. Y. That there is a close relationship between accident causes classed as fniblic and those classed as industrial is recognized by all students of the subject. That rclation.ship causes one to poiulcr over the right and the wning nf arbitrarily segregating indttstrial anil public accidents. Safety men have long realized that the fundamental causes of iiuhistrial accidents differ not at all from tho.se that kill iveople in (he h<nne, on the street or at the seashore. If hazardous etiuiiMuent leads to injury in the plant, it will lead to the same thing on the highway or in the home, From the standpiiint f)f s<jciety at large there can be no basic difTerence between giving a green and wholly untrained industrial worker a well guarded jointer to operate and giving a green and wholly untrained citizen a mwlern, safe motor vehicle to operate. Trouble is potential in cither instance; irretrievable loss is imminent in cither ca.sc. The question should not he, "Who is respcnsible?** ~^he question should be, "Why are such focdish things done?" It does seem that a united front should be brought to bear upon the fundamental causes of accidents as a whole; not entirely in lieu of, but at least in connection with, the imny piecemeal thrusts and parries at comtributing jrauses that are now flying in all directions. It is altogether probable that a closely knit and well organized (me-front safety movement will appear on the horiz<m eventually. .SVfri-mry--H. N . MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION, T,.e. session - - " ^ r f oral C hairman A . October 11, 1937 Texas, who introduced tb St"; s^ai;"; ind diVocted tl.e discussion, Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety By HENRY W. BOGGESS Sinclair Prairie O i l Co.pany. Tulsa. Okla, Superintendent of Safety l<).U.lU.(H)0Anu-rir.u,citi7cns^^^^^^^^ DurinK katb The ratio of l"t>l'<- t " i " ' ! " * * * " * ' ithin tlie ranks of industry. Whether or m wr so are < were non-nccupational. IS are broadly rethey them, is the question. It is readily granted that certain necessary Ifgislation must come if safety is to grow more efficient. The Uniform Vehicle O k I c is an outstanding example of the right kind of legislation. Much necessary legislation will indeed be sponsored and foug|it for by safety iwn. But all such legislatifm must be sound wd based upon scientific knowledge of the wbjcct. Aside from industrial safety men devotedly wtcring the so-called public accident field, iwiwhatel.se can industry do to help minimize accidents (mtside its gates? Just what are i*iiistry* resiwHisibilities which it has not yet *tcognized and accepted? One critical view is that the so-called tech*l(gtcal development in this comitry, in * h so many of mir ills have Iweti chargetl. the result cf research amj development by Wican industry. I t is s^id that thnmgh research and development, the entire .sotone of America has I>eeh changed from Beethoven sonata to a Duke l%liington swing. To attempt to free industry fnmt responsibility in even the more remote reactions <lue to this increa.sed national tempo would be dilficult--if i t ccnihl be shown that industry had both the antid(te and the atithority to administer it. The thought seems to be that, having changed the environment in which men liv^*, it wt>uld foHow as a logical se(|uence that industry .shouhl .so train men that they can Ijve .securely in that changed environment. The an.swer to stich a charge is not difficult: The limits tf> which industry may go in training humans to .safely u.se its pnKlucts are very vfcll dcfinecl by the liberties that society grants to its citizens, hactual information, detailed i n structi(ms and |K)inted warnings just about exhaust industrial limits. Persuasion is possible but coercix)n is impossible. Mandatory. re(|uircments must be left to .society. But there are criticisms that are more practical and less idealistic. I t has been suggested that the individual consuming the prcxhict of industry is entitled to as much protection in its use as is the workman in its making. Unless industrial .safety is a mere mimetary gesture, unless it was devisefl and is being maintained for purely economic rea.scnis, this tlumght must be accepted as true. What right has industry to sell a farmer a water pump with unguarded gears that will .s<HMier fir later mangle his hand ? What right lias industry to .sell a Innisiewifc a iM)rcelain bathnK>ni fixture that is known to frequently break and .sever arteries ? What right lias inditstry to sell a road commission an asphalt road that will be slick in wet weather and result in broken necks and broken hearts? If the water pump can be guarded; if the bathroom fixture can be made of non-breakable material; if the asphalt road can be built .so that it will not be slick in wet weather, then industry shonld not be permitted to plead economic or c<mii>etitive i>ressure. n<r even the value of replacement business. It will n(t even attempt to do s<i when the time comes that the accident problem is looked upon as one problem and the .safety efff^rts of America are united in a one-front, efficient drive tn stop fireventable accidents without regard to where they occur. In a few quarters, indtistry yet covers up behiml the old F.nglish Common I.^w principle ktK>wn as "caveat emptor" which meaiij?, "Let the buyer beware." But this is rapidly being recognizcfl as poor morals, poor ethics 576 [ T-.vaily-sirlh Naliofwl Safrly Cotu/rcss hospitals where air con.lit.on.ng ,s .nstalled. the doctors an,l n.irscs arc fomfortabc which tends to promote nerves The freedom f r o m perspiration avoids the possibility of a wound infection from that source. Since some types ot prostrations and hence benefited the health and increased the comfort of the employees. Another important application is the removal of dust and small particles of irritant chemicals, such as arc found in unconditional match factories, some departincnts ot chemical, paints and pharmaceutical plants. anesthetics arc definitely known to 'ave explosive characteristics, it is important to Jrevent the generation of a ^ f ! ' ^ ihat may prove disastrous This is accomplished by maintaining a relative humidtty ot 50 per cent at which condition static is entirely eliminated. In mines, air conditioning has been beneficial to the health and well being of the men working. In deep mines, vji^hout air conditioning, temperatures and hum.dit.es are excessive, which frequently cause prostrations. I n shallow mines the roof and wal s arc at a temperature of approx.mately 50 degrees the year round and in the summer, then moist air is induced for vent.lat.on Tapid condensation occurs and accumulates o.. the shale rock which increases !> due to falls. By supplymg dehumidified a.r with a dewpoint equal to or below the shale rock temperature, moisture condensation will not occur, disintegration and falls are minimized. Many air conditioning installations have been made in industrial plants where excessive process heat is generated, such as enamelitig rooms where materials to be enameled are at intensive temperatures Air conditioning has reduced the number of In the manufacturing of rayon, an acid solvent is required in the process. Unless an exhaust system is tied into the air conditioning system, the acid fumes contaminate the air, producing urhealthful working conditions. The fumes affect the throat and eyes in particular. Fuse loading departments in ammunition plants is another application where air conditioning produces safety f o r employees. The humidity is kept high enough to prevent a static spark. Cooling and dehumid.fymg m summer eliminate perspirat.on f r o m the worker's hands, which prevents the powder f r o m adhering to the steel dies. Some lacquering processes require a solvent having explosive properties. S.nee in some plants doing this type of work the solvent has explosive properties, and deimmidifying is required, an exhaust system is installed and sufficient outside air supplied to prohibit an explosive mixture. Humidification in tobacco plants keeps down dust, which otherwise would be hazardous to employees. In the drying proce^' of manufacturing matches, uniform drying, which requires air conditioning, prcvenfi flaring or sparking when ignited. ADJOURNMENT Rubber Section Officers 1936-37 Rapids, Mich. ^ ^''ooram-K. A. B u . . . . o c k . Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Health Committee--' Me^r r N K w x r i'M^Zu^^^^^^^^ ""'f'' ''f'*' ' Mich. ~ ; Watertown, Mass. S^Sri^l' Hewitt Rubber Corp.. Buffalo, N . Y. j J 5> OHN r LL. VZ Gride " r. AAm"er"ic^an' 'H^a r^d Rubber Co.. Hutler N I Mich. J o h n J . L o c b , The General T i r e & Rubln^r Co Akron Ohio J o h n E I . o v a s . U . S . Rubber i-roducts. Inc.. PIJ^TH J U r b a n L . M o , . e h Inland Div.. Genera. Motors C^l Ha Ion Ohio CW ^ r ^ ^ ^ " " ' , ^ ' " " - n "arc! Rubber ( ,, . . Akron. <,,,),, ' A U New York, N Y A. M. Pennsylvaiua Rubier Co., Jeannette. Pa. C. r . H O R A N . Hood Rubber Company. Watertown. Mass. H j"^: V"" <'""<>year Tire and Rubber Co., Akron Ohio H . W. Low, Miller Rubber Products Co.. Inc.. A k on. O i l W. L. ScHNKiDRR. The n . F. {Joodrich Co.. Akron. Ohio C H A R , . . s F. SMtTH, U . S. Rubber Reclaiming Co.,' Tnc!, Buffalo. N . Y . .., Mid,. Officers Elected for 1937-38 " ' ' " W ' - H - A. 11,,,.,,,K. (-....i,,TM, K,,|,|.or Co, Cr.nJ ^^th Committee-- rNf;f J. N P . W T O W c S,,,R,.v. Arrow I " ^ - ' "etroit. Mich Mutual Uability Fns'urance Co.. Watertown, Ma.s.s. 577 578 MMn, nvoilysixlh ., ^""'""''^''^^^^^^^^ Nalioiial Safety Comjrcss n ... V a n C i f f f Van Clocf Brothers. ChicaRO. 111. & Rubber Corp.. Buffalo. ^;^dcs Committee C,,airman-lX G . W . . C H . Hewitt Rubber Corp.. Buffalo. N . Y . " " t Z H ' ^ V ^ ^ . U . S. Rubber Products. Inc.. Detroit Mich. J o h n L G k h . k k . American Hard Rubber Co.. Butler N . J. J O H N : Locv, The (ieneral Tire & Rubber Co.. Akron. Oh.o. roHN E I ovAS U . S. Rubber Pro<lucts. Inc.. Passa.c. N . J. u T a n L. Mo. K R . Inland Div.. General Motors Corp. Dayton. Oh.o. W P S p a n t o n , American Hard Rubber C a . Akron. Oh.o. C. W . U f f o r d . Ohio Rubber Co.. Willoughby. Oh.o. Past Gentraf Chairmen-- v t . ,, Vork N Y F. W B e c k . U . S . Rubber Products. Tnc. New York. N . y . A M DiKTZ. Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette. f^a. c" F HoRAN. Hood Rubber Company. Watertown, Mass. j : t : K , d n f . v The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co Akron Oh.o. H W Low, Miller Rubber Products Ca. Inc Akro,. Oh.o. W L ScHNPrnKR, The B. F . Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohm. rHAR.Fs F . S m . t . U . S . Rubber Reclaiming Co.. Inc.. Buffalo. N . Y . h'lihher Srclian first place; two certificates were awarded to Winners of .sccf>i.d and third place. Awards were presented by I,ew R ^'almer. conservation engineer. Equitable Life Assurance Society. New York City, an.l past prcsKlci.t. National Safety Council Flaques were aw.ardcxl t<. first place winners as follows: Groups A and n~\\. R. Rubber Products, Inc.. Saugatuck F-ootwear Plant, Saugatuck, ( onii. Grnufs C and 1) (under 12S.000 average monthly man-hour exposure)--Four tied f o r first place with perfect records--Van Gleef Brothers. Chicago; Providence lasulated Wire Co.. Pawtucket. R. L ; The LobI Manufacturing Co.. Middleboro. Mass.; U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Fabric Fire Hose Co., Sandy Hook, Conn. "Rublier Industry Problems" was the snb- 3. How can hand tool injuries be prevented ? hou.se'^e'pU^ 2. What are the <.utstandi.,K fire Iwzards? now can they be minimized ? for th^'workersT''"^ "*^*^^'"'*'"J' 5. What types of mill and calendar safeties are most .satisfactory.? Why? f>. What hazanls are involved in molding small rubber parts? How can they be overcome ? THURSDAY AFTERNOON October 14, 1937 SESSION J t. I The session was called to order by J. M . Kerrigan. V. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co.. Inc.. H.fffalo N Y . General Chairman o{ the Buffalo. N. t . , v sect.on. Rubber Section Safety Contest ( liairman Kerrigan briefly reviewed the o..ts,andinR facts in the 19.17 Rt.bber Sect.o.. Safely Contest. Thirty-seven participating plants worked (^.<m,m man-hours duri..R the six mo..tl,s period of competition in <l'eK"bber Sect.on Contest a..d experienced 642 disabling in- juries for an accident f ' ; e i " f ^ y 10 079 The 37 plants employed 67,874 men. Both the accident frequency rate and manhours of exposure were higher than for all previous contests. Plants averaging n$.m\ Or more manhours per month, composing Groups A ann B, made the best records in the contest w.th an average fre<|uency rate of 10.05. Groups C and D, composed of plants with 125.000 or les.s man-hours of exposure per month, had an average frequency rateot 10424. Two-thirds of the plants m brt divisions had frequency rates below t l * averages. Perfect records for the entire conteit period were made by four plants. Seven of the 22 large plants in Groups A and H ! frequency rates below 2.00 for the conttH period. _ , Five plaques were awarded to winners o4 Safety Device forHorizontal Heater B y K. c.L O O M I S Manager, Runningboard Div,, The Ohio Rubber Co., Willouehby, Ohio nn^fll* T""^ ^ T . " "^^^'y '^v'^e for locks Coi hori^-ontal vulcanizers. com- mon y called open steam heaters, was im- ressd upou us last year when a door u- ^ ''eaters. The 'hrough the a.r l.ke a paper plate. Luckily, onne was injured. ^ bf*ened He was ihi,,ki,,K almut the ^.led job ,n the vulcanizer. We were tliink^ m different terms-how much more S S r r c & e T " ' ""'^-^^ of steam. As the pressure built up to thi.s point, the door lug slipped back and the door blew ojien and off. Positive Device Sought The cngiiieering division was instructed to correct this hazard, and i f we were unable to buy a safety device, to make one. We found that there was no positive safety niechaimm available which would make it impossible to fur., on tl.e steam i f the door were not properly cIo.sed nor to open the door before the steam had been completelj exhausted f r o m the heater after the cure. Not Fully Clo<d ^amijmtion of the door and the door as the reason for the acci- m l ^ T \ ''"'^ 1''*^ ''^en closed * enough to withstand nearly a full head been developed and is now in use on all heaters m our plant at Willoughby, Ohio. (Illustrating witl. a large copy of the d ^ w n g shown here, M r . Loomis gave the following explanation of the device ) 7V.-H(y-.vi.r//< NiUiomU Safely Co<,ress Safety E q u i p m e n t Section Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Exhibited at the Twenty-Sixth National Safety Congress and Exposition Kansas City, Mo.. October 11-15, 1937 Exhibition Hall^Municipal Auditorium P 3 , j ,. ,)o<,r is moved into Position n Part H i . When cure time is up. t l ' ^ f ^ y p ' : reiuTatir (9) turns air pressure r j o Jne ^ ^ ^ ^ riire time on tmie cycle rcKUiaior :iKU>ator automatically sl.uts ^-/Jf^ sure on line ( H ) ^ " ' ' ^ ^ 'S'!,e air "n valve (7) to open. Shuttmg off '^e air on W nV) also operates three-way valve (K) ,lia,.hragm valve (4) opemng same, and al lowing steam to enter heater. Part I I . When heater is in operation lK.lt {(>) down behind door lug. can be opened. /i-7^ranb Note, (a) Tension on spr.ng (12) n w a d j u r e d either to raise or to lower the 12 oz. factor. ,,.rIo. (b) Steam line has two valves, one clo ing with air pressure and the other clos.. with air ofT, ADJOURNMENT Acme Protection Eqnipment Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Gas Masks. Advertising Displays, Inc., Covington, Ky. Safety ducation Materials in Display b'orm With Moving Messages, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. Safe Driving Tests, Safety Educational Films. A. S. Aloe Co., S t Louis, Mo. First Aid and Hospital Equipment, j American Abrasive Metals Co., Irvington, N . J. Safety Treads f o r Walkways and Safety (jratings. Amcrican-LaFrance and Foamite Industries, Inc., Elmira, N . Y. Fire Protection Eqtiipment. .American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. I Insurance, Workmen's Compensation, Property Damage and General American Optical Co., Southbridge, Mass. Head and Eye Protection Products. American Safety Tank Co., Kansas City, Mo. Automotive Fuel Supply Tanks. Amtzcn, Inc., Chicago, 111, Auxiliary & Emergency Stretcher Mrst Aid Equipment. 1 Automatic Trartic Control Corp., St. Paul. Minn, Traflic Actuated Control Efiuipment Automobile. Bear Manufacturing Co., Rock Island, 111. Safety Inspection and (Correction Equipment, ilendix Products Corp.. South Beml, Ind. j Automotive E<iuipment, '.fcck-Sivalls & Hrystm, Inc, Kansas City, Mo, Safety Heads, Tanks and Pressure Ve.<isels. ifcadley Washfountain Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Group Washing Equipment, Irown Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Men's and Women's Safety Shoes, 'fcwart R. Browne Manufacturing Co., New York City. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. 581 ( 5H2 Twrnly-sixlh Nal'wmil Safety CoHi/n\ss R. U. Huhrke i'o., OncaK**. Hi. Safety Ivjuipment fur ('(instruction and ManUenance. E. I ) . Hullard Co.. San Francisco, Calif. Personal Protective Equipment, BurrouKhs Wellcome Co.. (U.S.A.), Inc., New \ o r k City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. Champion Brake Corp., ChicaKO, III. Hand Brakes for Freight Cars. Chicago Eye Shield Co., Chicago, III. _ Head, Eye and Respiratory Protective h<|uipinent. Columhus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonawanda, N . Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. H . S. Cover, Scmth Bend, Ind. Respirators and Safety (loggles. Crousc-Hinds Co.. Syracuse, N . Y. Trartic Signals and IHoodlights. M . E. Cunningliam Co.. Pitt.shurgh. Pa. Safety Steel Stamps and Type Holders. I-lavis Emergency Equipment Co., I n c . New York City. First Aid and Industrial Safety Equqiment. C. H . i W k s o n Co.. Detroit. Mich. Head and Eye Protection. DoMore Chair Co.. Inc. Elkhart, Ind. Posture-Health Chairs for Oftice.and l*actory. Dual Parking Meter Co., Oklahoma City. Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald F. Duncan. Inc., Chicago, 111. Parking Meter Equipment. , j Eagle Eignal (^>rp.. Moline, I I I Traffic Signals. Electronic Control Corp.. Detroit, Mich, , Electronic and Photo-Electric E(|uipment. Elliott Service Co., New York City. Promoti<m of Etliciency and Safety, Emerson Drug Co., Baltimore Md. Bromo-Seltzer. Kmployers Mutuals. Wausau, Wi^. ' | Fire and Casualty Insurance, Workmen s C <mipcnsatiun. Enameled Steel Sign Co.. Chicago, 111. Day and Night Steel Reflecting Signs. Fairway Lahoratories, I n c . Belleville 111. Anti-Fatigue and Heal Exhaustion Antidote 1 ahlclN and Dispc Harley-Davidson Motor Co.. Milwaukee. Wis. Police Motorcycles and Accessory Equipment. Hercules Friction Crip Co., Kansas City, Mo. Brake Dressing. Hild Floor Machine Co.. Chicago. III. Electric Floor Scrubbing Machines and Vacuum Holcomb Safety Carment Co., Chicago, 111. InduMrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Pndncts Co., Chicago. III. Motor Vehicle Speed C(ntrol (.vcrn<r^. Cleaners, Safety liqtiipmcni Section .W3 tHuntmgton Laboratories. Inc, Huntington, Ind, Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Hynson. Wcstcolt & Dunning, Inc. Baltimore. Md. Mcrcurochrome First A i d Antiseptic, Thantis Lozenges. Indian Motocyclc Co., Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment, Industrial Gloves Co., Danville. III. Industrial Safety Clothing. Industrial Safety Equipment Assn.. New York City. Association of Manufacturers of Industrial Safety International Shoe Co.. St. Louis. Mo. Safety Shoes. Equipment. Junkin Safety Appliance Co., Louisville. Ky. Power Press Ciuards. juvenile Wood Products. Inc.. Fort Wayne. Ind. Automobile Safety Seats f o r Children. The Karpark Corp.. New York City. Parking Meters, Keystone View Co.. Meadville, Pa. Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kiddc & Co.. Inc, New York City, Fire Protection Equipment. Kimball Safety Products Co,, Cleveland. Ohio. Industrial Safety Clothing and Supplies. Uhigh Safety Shoe Co.. I n c . Allentown. Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes, uberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston, Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co.. Lima. Ohio. Non-Slip Soles and Heels. Umbcrmens Mutual Casualty Co.. Chicago. 111. Automobile. Compensation and (Jencral Casualty Insurance. Hacwhyte Co.. Kenosha, Wis, Wire Rope and Braided Wire Rope Slings. Ihc Martindale Electric Co., Cleveland. Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highwav Safety Signals. JicCloskey Torch Co.. Toledo, Ohio. Bomb Shell Torches and Truck h'lares. McDonald Co., Los Angeles. Calif. Safety Hats and Respirators, wopolitan Life Insurance Co.. New York Citv. Life Insurance, Industrial, etc higan Malleable Iron Co., Detroit, Mich, Traflic Stop Signs. Co., Detroit, Mich. Protective Creams f o r Prevention of Occupational *ic Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. 5afc^ Appliances and First A i d Materials, wfcm Engineering Co.. St. Louis. Mo. Weldmg Torches and Safety Goggles. *Tay Safety Sling Co.. Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa. Plated Wire Rcqie Slings. Skin Diseases, ( 5H4 TiK'cnfy'sixfli Nai'ufnal Safely Contjress National Hureau of ( aMialty ^ Surety Underwriters. New York City. Safety Service, Casualty Insurance. National .Safety Council, Inc.. Chicago, 111. Posters, Hureau of Information, Research and Education Division. (i. H . Packwood Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. Soaps and Cleaning Compounds. Panther-Panco Ruhher Co., Inc., Chelsea, Mas.s. Safety Soles and Heels. The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. The Phistcr Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Fire Protection Equipment. IVotcctoscal Co., Chicago, III. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pulmosan Safety Eqnipment (Corp., Brooklyn, N . Y. Respiratory Protection and Cicneral Safety Etpiipment. Railway and Tn<lustrial Engineering Co., Greenshurg. Pa. Interlock System.s, Potential and Pha.se I )etectors, Insulator Recce Wooden Sole Shoe Co., Columhus, Ne!r. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rich Signs Corp., Wichita, Kans. Highway Reflecting Traffic Markers. Rockwood Sprinkler Co., Worcester, Mass, Fire Protection Equipment. Rose Manufacturing Co., Denver, Colo. industrial Safety Equipment. Testers. Safeguard Electric Co.. Inc.. Brooklyn, N . Y . ! ; Shockproof IN>rtable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering, A l f r e d M . Best Co., Inc.. New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. The Safety Equipment Service Co., Cleveland. Ohio. (rt)ggles and A l l Types of Accident Preventi<m Equipment. Safety First Shoe Co.. Holliston. Mas.s. .Safety Shoes. W. H . Salisbury & Co., Inc., Chicago, 111. Linemen's-Rubber Protective Devices. Shepherd Safety Shoe Corp., Chicago, III. Safety Shoes. The Spencer Turbine Co., Hartford, Conn. Industrial Vacimm Cleaners and Dust Collection Ftiuipmefil. Standard Safety F:quipment Co., Chicago, 111. Industrial Safety Equipment. Stonehousc Signs, Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. The Strauss Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts. .Safety Hats, and Foot fhiards. .Sugar Beet Products Co.. .Saginaw. Mich. Industrial Soaps. The Surety Rubber Co.. Carrollton. Ohio. Linemen's .Safety Flquipment and .Synthetic Rubber Industrial The Surty Manufacturing Co.. Inc.. Chicago, III. Dust Counters. Exhau.st Units, Safety Guards and Shields, S-W Supply Co., Girard, Kans. Highway Railroad Signals. i Equipment, Safc'fy iufifil^iiicnl Section rran,r Hoy /,,o.. ( ar.t,,,,. School / ,, ,, c Traflic. Warning .Si,,.. Wahlert Iro<h.cts Corp.. Hr,.,,kly,. N Y T..c^w:t;;:(;^i:^^^^^^^^ C:o,,,,,,,,,,i,a,i,.,, < Ka,,sas.( ler-sonal Prolcctivc Devices. M... I ) 585 620 Tn'oUy-sixth Natural Safety Cofujrcss The session closcfl with a panel discussion on wood products mill safety. Among the points mentioned were the following: The need of educating the worker in simple terms; the necessity of personal contact in safety education; giving reasons instead of simply orders; the seriousness of minor injuries; safety meetings of supervisors and employees. ADJOURNMIiNT INDEX A AhHcntrctAiu: Fact.i Kevcalecl from SludyiitK the C!au.HCH of Ati.irntcci.ini <<'nrti.H), 76-HO. Accident l*rone Kmployccjir See Personal Facton. Accident Statistics: Analy.si.5 of Accidenl.i* 22. The Function of the IJ, S. Bureau of Labor Statisttics in the Field of Accident .Stalisitcs, 46.V46'i. (iraphic Method of Portraying Accidents (Snitzer). 264.266. How to Make Statistics Interesting and Useful (Filmer), 396^39H. Keening a Record of Accident Cost.<; (Gold.stme), 288-290. Report of Accident Experience Exchange (Braun), 4.^t-43,'. What arc the Best Way to Keep and Use Accident Records? 176-180. Acids: Protective Entiipment in the Handling of Acids hy the Consumer (Ebcrhardt). 207-209. Safe Handlinff of Jortable Acid Containers Such as Carboys, Drums, Jugs, Flasks (.Stratton), 201-204. .Safe Storage and Distrihution of Acids Within Industrial Plants (Turgeon), 204-206. See also Chemicals. Aeronautical Section: Minutes. 211-219. Officers, 211. Aeronautics: Cleveland Airport Radio Traffic Con- trol (Berry), 21K.2I9. The hntiortance of IHight Dispatching in Air Transportation (Fritz), 2 I I - 2 U . Planning for .Safety (tiazlcy). 2I,V217. Rating of Instructors (Cole), 217-218. After Work Accidents Session: .^,^.40. After Work Accidents: See als;o Iul>lic Safety. Ajfricultitral Safety Session: 41-49. Amsworlh, C . : Interesting Phases of (-onstruc' tion Safety Cotle Work. 300 302. Air ('onditiontng; S.tfety Control in Air Condition- ing (Hillen),: S7^'S76. Aldrich, I L J . : Safety Kinks in the Food Industry, 322. Allen, T . : Safety Program for the Reditclion of 1i Acci<lcnts in Coal Mines in Colorado, 404.40l Ames, F . E . : The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Prevention, 357-3.';9. Ammonia; Protective f|uipi^ent in the Handling of Acids by the Con.sltmer (Ebcrhardt). 209. Anderson, A. L . : Can the f^afcty Engineer Make Effective Motion Picture.^? What One Company Has Done, 497. Annual Meeting of Members: 11-30. A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section: Minutes, 221-224. Officers, 221-222. AuRu.stus, E . : How Can the Industrial Nurse Ilelf* Maintain Employee Interest in the Safety Program? 328-332, ' Automotive and Machine Shop .Section: Officer.s, 22.S.226, Automotive and Machine Shop Power Press Sections: Minutes. 225-247, Awards; See Contests; Rewards. B Btbb, h. v.: The Nursc'.s Part In Getting Injurcd Men Back on the Job, 323-326. Badger, O. B.: Habit Formation Through Supervision, 526-527. Baker, R. J . : The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry, 343.345. Ilakerini: See FiHd Industry. Banash, J . I. and Relnhard, II. F . : Welding aid Cunuig Fires arc Preventable. 38.5-387. Banquet: 31-32. Barren, il I . : Iron Ore Mining. 411.412, Beil.^^P.: VVIiy the Worker is Not Responsible, Berry, L : Cleveland Airport Radio Traffic Control. 218-219. Bigter. H. C . : Dcveloning .Safe Workers Through the Employment (Jffice and Job Training, 226229, Blakeslee, H . N.: A Statistical Review and Forecast of the Petroleum Industry, 519-520. Blannied, E . A.: Safe Practices in U.se of Heavy Construction Equipment, 295-297. Boggess, H . W.: Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safctv. 490-493. Boilers: What the Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers and Steam Lines (Fish), 157- ^ 161. Bonus Plans: See Reward.s, Bowen, Capt. W. C : Training of Officer.s, 368- 370. Boxboard Mills: See Paper Industry. Braun, F . W.: Report of Accident Experience Kx- chauKe. 431-435. Bridges: .Safe Practices in XUe of Heavy Con- struction Equipment (Blanpicd). 295-297. Brooks. Dr. A. L . : What the Indanrial Nur.se Should Know Ahout Occupational l)i.seaes. Brown, P.: The Nurse's Part in the .Sickness l*reveintion Program, 337-34|0. Buckle, P. F . : Adequate Accident Investigation and the Need for Suitable Discipline Before the Accident Occurs, 597-599. Bulletin Boards: The U-ir of Bidletin Boards in the Safety Program. 198-199. Bungenstock, A. G.: (etting Facts and Keeping Records on After Work Accidents, 33-35. Burden, O. R.: The HandHng of Pije as it Applies to Oil and Gas Pipe Line Work. .504-511. Burns: Industrial Burns and Their Treatment (Mudd). 81-83. c Calenders: See Paper Industry. Carbon Dioxide; Accident.s Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their 564-566. Carboys: .See Acids. Prevention (floosman), Cement and Quarry .Sections: Minutes, 249-270. Cement Indu.stry: Analy.sis of Accidents in the Cement Industrv ((*urtls), 250-2.52. Facts Revealed from .Studying the Causes of Absenteeism (Curli.s), 76-80. Cement Section: Officer.*?. 249. Chemical Industry: Safety In Chemical Laboratories (Ritter), 272-274. Safety tn Chemical Pilot Plants (Tilden), 275- Safety in the Chemical (Zoerb). 280-284, Chemical Section: Contest, 275. Minutes, 271-284. Officers. 271 272. Production Plant TK'rnfv-Sixlh Naiimuil Safety Couf/ress Chemicals: Proirciivr Kf|uipincnt in the HadlmK o( AciiU hy the ConMimrr (Kherhanlt). 207- S.irifan.irmK of Portable ^vhl Containrrs Stic^^ as Carboys, DnimH, Jugs, Masks (Stratton). Safe*Storage ami Distribution of AcMs Within Imlustrial Plants (Turgron), 20t-20fi. See alio Acids. ... CoUhan. K. A.: How to Inspect a l actory Klevalor for Safely, 1H.M87. Cole, K. B.: Bating of Instructors, 217-218. , Color*: Painting Machines on VVhich Repetitive Oi>eration8 are Performed, 246. _ Committees: How Can Unsafe ( ondtttons Be Un- Dusts: Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (.Sissman). ^ \ } ' ^ ' } \ , , The Doctor's Part in i'onirolling Dust Harards The Em!fn?ir'rPan in Eliminating Dust Harard (Johnson). 92-95. . . , Methods for Protection.^ARainst Silicosis, and When They Are Ju.stified (Harrington), 290- Whit' Industrial Dusts are Harmful? Why? Work^*^of^'the National Stlico.sis Conference Dye.^ a * T ^ ^pfanrdng Your Safety Program, 394- 39>. StaSdlrd Safety Committee Procedure. 348-340. What Part, if Any.. Does the V?"""'"*' Have in the Traming Program, 196-P)7. Community .Safety Organization Session: 51.58. Community Safety: Sec also Jublic Safety. Compretsed Air: What the Safety Man .Should Know About Compressed Air Systems, j 161- Conitruction Industry: Interesting Phases of Con^ .truction Safety Code Work (Ainsworth), Met*i?odi^*Utcd to Present Safety Movement to Emnloyces (Jessup). 302..J04. e f. Practical Engineering as Apid'cd to Safety in Construction (Crandell), 304-306. Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment (Blanpied), 295-297. , Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis). 297-300, Construction Section: Minutes, 285-306. Officers. 285-286. Conteati: Chemical Section. 275. Contest* (Mve Results. 317-318, Marine .Section. 370. Mrthodi U d ' b y A .Sand and (travel Company to Win the National Safety Award (Koop). Pa^r ^nd Pulp Section .Safety Contest, 471-473. Petroleum Section. 520. ,ei tec Place of Contests in the Safety Program. 153-155, Public Utilities Section, 549. Rubber Section. 578-579. ,,, ^ , Cooner, J . D,: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Anthracite Mining. 409- Cost^and Money Savings: The Dollars and Cents Side of Safety (HalV). S89..590. Craig. J . D.: Whit the .Safety Man Should Know Aliut Processing Kettles. 166-172. Crandell, F. J . : Practical Engineering as Applied to Safety in Construction. 304-306. . Curtis. A. J . R.: Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry, 250-252 . , , Facts Revealed from Studying the (auses of Absenteeism, 76-80, , , , ^ . Curtis. M. U : Safety Training for the Constrtic- tion Foreman. 297-300. E Eherhardt, E . Q.: Protective J-autpment in the Handling of Acids by the (.onsuiner. 207-209. Economics of Safety: See Costs and Money Sav- E d u c X n of Workmen: The Art of Giving Com- plcte Instruction (Martin). 521-526. Employee Training and It* Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroads (Hale), 590-592 Five Steps Necessary to Instruction^ 619. Habit Formation Through .Supervi.sion (Badger). Inat^ructional Methods in Accident Prevention in Pulp and Paper Industry. 451-455 ^ . . , Is There any Relation Between Safety Training and Safety Rules? 195-196.. . J Training a Vital Factor in Effective .Safety Work (Pepper). 256-257. Safety Training for the tlonstruction Foreman ShouUr'vlu*r^Methods be Employed in the Training Program? 197-199 . What are the Objectives of Safety Training. 193-194. What is-Safety Education? 180-181, What Part. If Any, Does the Safety ( ommittee Have in the Training Program. 196.197. What Training Methods are Most Effective? 196 What Types of Training Are the Most Beneficial ,to Industry? 194-19.5. Vj^ho Shall be Trained. 194. c * Tn Electrical Industrv: How to Make a Safety In- .spcction of Electrical Equipment (Hasskarl), Saf?ty7n Connection With Flood. Emergencies as it Relates to Electric Operation (Sal.shury). Elccfrtcityf'Following the Plant Electrician (Wick- How"to Make a Safety Inspection of Electrical Equipment (Ha.sskarl). 187-191. ^^Sec also^ Static ^l*=^['^[f^'^y- D Deadman. W. W.: I ^ f s Go Into This Accident, Permatltl*: See Health Ha/ard. j I)tblale. S. S.: Point of 0|r;ton Metal Working Machines. 236.237 Dickinson, S. C : Typical Public Utility Accidents and the Lesson* Learned I'rpiii/Them, 554.5.5S. Diacioline: Disctpli^nary Measure* for Violation of PenaWe** ^or^V^i^U^^^^^ of Rules (Simp.son). 455- Dowd?'A. S.: Data on 1936-37 Paper Industry Safety Contest. 472-473, Driver* and Driving: See Traffic. Drum* for Acids: .See Acids. , "Dry Ice": Accident* Involving Carboii Dioxide and Their Prcyenlion ((^oosmin). 564-566. Eleva\?rsV*So'w' to Inspect* a Factory Elevator for .Saftey (Colahan). 183-187. Employees' Meetings: Compulsory Attendance at Safety Meetings. 142-14.3. Executive Training Meetings. 227-228. Employees Training: See Education of Workmen. Safely Training Session. , ^ ^ . . . * i j Engineering: Engineering and Industrial Accident Prevention (Holbrook). 223-224 Practical Engineering as Applied to Safety w Construction (Crandell). 304-306. Engincerin|^Remion: Designing for Safety (Rock- DevcToping^Safe Worker.^ in Metal Working Industries Through the Regular Supervisory Force (Hunter). 233-234. Executives: See Management, Exhibits: Exhibitors at the 26th National .Safeijf Congress and Exposition. 581-58.5, Explosions: Explosion Hazards of Common rli* mable Liquid* (Miller). 67-70. 0 liulcx G Farm Safety: Farm Fires and Their Prevention (James). 46-47. A ^Program for Farm Safety (Seagraves). 47- Urgcnt Need for Program on Agricultural Acci,,.ft IVeveniion (Price). 41-42. What Are the Out.standing Causes of Agricul. tural Accidents? (Mohler). 42-45. .See also^ Agricultural .Safety Se.s.sion. Fatigue: Fatigue tn Us Relation to Accident Pre- veiuion (GarnerL 569-57,1. (Thoi!?aV^2^f2^^^^^ Operations z'r* ^' '^'""'^ E<lurlion Mfil,<i,ls. 229- Fire Prevention: Causes Prevention and Control of Petroleum Fire.5 (Howell). 514-518. ^ Pr^lPJ i^A ^^''^l^J'roMcm in the Wood ir^nw"'^** Industry (Sissman). 612.614, Farm Fires and Their Prevention (James), 46- ^^aJ)"63"66^'^"'*'" Prevention (Nuck- ^*fr^ ^i^^*n<^**y \r*^<^ "azard and Its ConiirHS! (Turkmgton). 59-63, ?Ri2f..*r^M H i n 8 , / i r e s arc Preventable (Banash and Reinhard), 385-387. ^ Prevention Ses.sion: .59-70. fish, E . R.: What the S.ifcty Man .Should Know About Steam Boilers aiiTl Steam Lines. I S t ! Flammable Liquids: Explosion Hazards of Common Flammable Liquids (Miller). 67-70. Flk*: Sec Acids. ^'***Fl??w^*^*'"*''"'. ^""^^^y i" Connection With i lllL^'^T'lT .^Vith Vlood.lJmer^enci'es aj. 542-54.5 t'-'ectnc Ojwation (.Salsbury). "TrfinJ^I^if"*'"? SHplt^ry Flpors. 321. 4?6.4f7. ' Hour Mills': See Food Industry. R""*"*' Pi.in'^y^S*- Reduction With a d'lj?a"t?d^.1roT3*"^^ System-Bakeries (Hil- 322! Industry (Aldrich). (;arner. Dr. J, R.: Fatigue in Its Relation to Ac, cident Prevention, 569-573. (iases: Accidents Involving Carlion Dioxide and Their Prevention ((ioojiman), 564-566. JniuriouM KlTects of Metal Fumes and flow to Prevent I hem (Jones), 99-104. (.asojinc: Cau.ses, Prevention and Control of Petroleum Fires (Howell), 514-517. ^""Pytr't- ^V^*r^Jl,N='*"''^ Gawllne Plants (McCullough). 528-533. .Sec also Flammable Liquids. };f\l^yV'K-.<:^; i;ianning /or Safety. 213^17, <'>4 W,: What the Safety Min Should Know About Comnrcsaed Air System*. 161-166. Giessin^. H. VVf j Specific Accidents and H a w d s 4?.5-4l7 2nc Mining. (Joldsti'ne. E N : Keeping a Record of Accident V osts, 288-290. (ioosman. Dr. J . C . : Accidents Involving Carbon CnJ 'r'i'' V'''''' ^*^Yf*^!^". 564-566. Oore, O L . : Accident/i tn Delivering Refrigerated .Products and Their Prevention. 566-569. (.ram Elevators: Sec Food Industry. (,rtffin. Dr. L M.: Coal Mine Ibjurics from a Doctor's Viewpoint, 422-423. Guards: Point of. Operation Guards for Metal Working Machines (DIbsdalc). 236-237. What Consututes a Good Safeguarding Program? H " ^ ' ^ a J L V i ^J^^i^y*^ Training and Its Relation to 590.592" American Railroads. "*"'589:.^90 ^'^^ J^ollars and Cents Side of Safety, Handling Materials: The Handling of Pipe as it den)!*504!.5n '"'^ ^'^'^ ^^^'^ <^"" Recent Developments in the Safety of Internal Transportation Equipment (McAuIey), 239. ^2^6, ^^'^ Psychology of Safety, 266- J . : How I Made .Safety EflFcctive in My Department, 388-389. ^ " c c u v e in Harrington, D.: Methods for Protection Against Sd^icosis. and When They Are Justified. 290- H7l,li* g^Safety, 602-603. 424?42,5^' ' ^^^^ Hasskarl /l> I G.: How to Make a Safety In- H..l?E*H^" Electrical F^uipment. 1I7.19L " l i ? . w**!?'''^ Combating^ the Dust Problem in Uie Wood Products Indu.stry (Sissman), 612- ^MMHilllini^g^'Ifned?.u!str'*y''*^(TW^Pa.*r'k7'enMli"n)'.31t3o-3t1h6e. Flour ' ^ T h ' i ; k L ^ r f ^ ' ^ A^<^ii,"t and Hazards and S^i* H W"lnK From the View- 41M22. f Mines. SLS."**^ ^"rns and Their Treatment (Mudd), ';i^n^i^^^' ^-vention ^"^"^ 'je^^^^^^^^ - d H o . eo WI.'"'* 'r?'' J'TM'J''n,Amln, Silicosis, and When Tlify are Ju.,tifie<f (Ilarrinittin). 290- '*Wn?wj^*'?^!?'*'"*f ^%f^^y Workers in Metal ^liye't"8"'32 """""" i : See Gaie*. r24 Twiily-Sixlh iXalionul Safrly Cofij/rrss the Worker's Urnltli in \Uv IVtroU-um IncUiMry (KasM'Imunn, l'*.* 107. Ilralili Service .Soisjim: 7|.K.\. Ileitman, A, W.: S;tfety I'rnctice of the Inland Linie and Stone Company. 2r2-264. HemlprHon, H, W: I'nu^iial Relinery Accidents 501-504. Ilenderjton, T. <I.J M c i I w m U of (HtaininK Kmployee IntercHt and'< oopnaiion iti S:if'ty, 435 41.'. Ilillen, A, (.: .Sufrty 1 nirtl in Air Condilion. niK. 57.VS7A. . . ,. . Uolltrook, K. A.: Kntnerritij< and lulnstrtal A c ciilrol Ir-eventiin U \ Hotden. Cant. K. C.: What Iii'inrance Carrier Can J>o to Prevent Accidents in Maritime TrAtle.s 346.,! 49. Holilmg, J . If.: The Industrial Nur.se as an Aid to the Safety Department, 332-334. HousekeeiiinR: Good Hou.sekecjuuR in Wooilwork- ini? Plants (Wilson), 6l4.fil(i. Howell, J . T . : Causes, Prevention and (*ontrol of Petroleum Fires 514 5I. Human Klement: See Personal Factors. Hunter, V. B.: Dcveloptiig Safe Workers in Metal Working Imlustries ThroURh the Regular Su-i pervisory Force, 232-234. Hy<lrocyanic Acid: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids hy the (. on.sunier (Eher- hardt). 20H, Hydrofluoric Acid: Protective F<|iiipment in the HandHng of Acids hv the ( onsumer (Eherhardt), 20H. I Industrial Dusts Session: 85.98. Industrial F'umes, (iases and Vapors .Session: 9<). lOH. Industrial Nursing Session: 323-340. Industri.il Relation.s: Safety^ Pl.ice in an Indus- trial Relations Program (Shattuck), 448 4^1. Industrial .Safety Lectures (Lee), 109-l.W. Injured Workers: Discussions on Acciilent Report- ing hy Injured Employee, 469. The Nurse's Part in Getting Injured Men Back on the Job .{B.ihh). 3>3-.Ur.. Inspection: How Can Unsnfe ('onditfons he Un- covered. 173 17 S. Ins|)ectors Session: See Safety Inspectors .Session. InvesfiKaiion of Accidents: Adc<|Uafe Accident In- vestigation and the Need for .Suitable Di.scipline Before tbe Acciilent Occurs (Buckle), 597-599. Demonstration of Accident Investigation, 45], 455. Let's (;o Into This Accident (Dtwlman). 253-256. J Tames. W. D.: Farm Fires and Their Prevention, 46 47. JamicsoM, F. R,: Activities of Public Ufiliiies in the Prevention of Afrlttj to the Ptd>lic, 54'). 5*^2. Jesnuii. fJ. P.: Melboils INed to Present .Safety Movement to Kniplovees. 30J-3()l. Johnson, A. .S.; The F.ngineer's Part in TCliminating Dust Ha7.nrds, 'Ji-O'i, Johnson, G. R.: InvesiiKation of Personal Injuries Involving Seamen, 3'i9.3r,l, Johnston, C. : Stream Lining for Safety. 594597. Jones. Dr. R. R.; Injurious F^lTects of Metal F'umes and How to Prevent Thrm, 'J>-104. K Kamne. R. R.: Safety and Sanitation and Its Relation lo Fooil Products, 317.319. Kassehaum. Dr. G. F:.: The Worker's Health in the Petroleum Industry. 493-497. Keller, C. C,; Why the Kmplovcr is Not Re.sponsihle. 374-375. Kelly. R. W.: .Safety as a Mor.ile Builder, 38.V 381. Knoi'lk, W. C . : The <.)fiirjals* Part n an Organiznl Community Progrnm, ^4.5f>. Koffman, M. A.: What a Plant Can Do to Prevent After Work Accidents 3*; 38. Koop. H. A.: Methods I I h o i I by a .Sand ami tit-avel Company to Win the National Safely Award, JM. 2^J. L Lahoralorles: Safety in Chemical Laboratories (Hitter). 272-274. Laxenby. Dr. A. D.: The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards, 95 98. I*cathcr Indu.stries Section: See Meat Packing. Tanning and Leather Industries Section. Ledwith. T. D.: Safety in Connection With Flood Flmergcncics as it Affects Telephone and Telegraph, 547-548. I^e, 1. J . ; Jndu.strial .Safety lectures (How to Make the .Safety Speech), 109-139. I^e, R. L . : Highway Safety in Industry. 38.40. Lighting: Influence of Lighting, 244. Lincoln, H. L . : The Human Element in Accident JVeveiition, 562-564. Linstroth, L. W.: Safety in the Needle Trade, 606- 608. Loomi.s, K. C : Safety Device for Hori7:ontal Heater. 579-.580. Lounsbury. W. C ; Typical Public Utility Accidents and the l-e.ssons Learned From Them, 553554. LiimJier Industry? See Wood Products Industry. Lyons, J . : Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Btiumtiious Coal MinioK. 408-109. McArdlc, T. M.: Who is Responsible for Indu.stril Accidents? 378 379. McAuley, B, F . ; Recent Develo^nnents tn the Safety of Infernal Transportation Kquipment, 2.V;-242. McCann, E . J . : Personal Protective Kquipinent in Meat Packing Plants, 372-374. McClintock, M.: Safety Today and Tomorri^w, 22 26. i McCullough. G. W.: Resum^ of Safety in Natrl (Jasoline Plant.s 528-533. McKeon, F3. D.: Kliniinating Accitlents Peculiar to Women in the Food Indu.stry. 319-322. McLean, F . R.: Lessons from Marketing Depart incut Accidents, 511-514. Maintaining Interest: How Can the Industrial Nur.se Help Maintain FTtnployee Interest in the Safety Program? (Augustus), .328-332. Methods of Oluainitig Kmidoyee Interest am! Cooperation in .Safety (Henderson), 4.^5-442. .See also C'onte.st.s. M.iintaining Intefcst in ..Safety Session: Hl-156. Maintenance and Repair: Accident Keduction VVitfc a Planned Maintenance Sy.stem -Bakeries (Hildebrand), 310-313. Maintenance and Repair and Its Relation t Safety in thp Metals Industry (Smith), 39- 400. Proper Safety Training in Maintenance Depart- ments (Pcrctval), . m 3 l 0 . Management: Management's T'unction in the Safety Prograip (Nicholson), 460-463, Management's Interest in Safety, 149-150. Safety, An F'xeculive Operating Prohleia (VVhite), 59.V594. Why the Employer is Not Responsible (Keller). 374-375. /11(1 (\V 625 Marine Industry: The Advatu-emenl of .Safrly in U^e American Steamship Industry (Baker).\W3- Buildtng .Safely in Ships (WrestliuK), 3';.-3^7. Creating a .Sense of Hespoiisibilitv in the In. dividual Seaman (Pegg). Xu?. Enmitiating DaoKcrs of Cargo Hazards (WiKon). 364-367. (!overiitnenl Ail in PrevenlitiK liijuiies to Lonj- .shoremen and Harbor Woike-rH (.Swotlord). 361-361. Investigation of Personal Injuries Involving Seamen (Johnson), 3.59.301. A Plan to Oeate Interest of Seamen in Prevention of Accidents (Woll). 350 352. Safety Organization. 348-349, Training of Officers (Bowen), 368.370. The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Prevention (Ames), 357-35^>. What In.surance Carriers Can Do to Prevent Accidents in Maritime Trades (li<ilden), 346-349. What is the Next Step in Controlling Accidents to Longshoremen? (SlowL .345 346. Marine Section: Contest. 370. Joint Luncheon with Petroleum Section: 519.520. Minutes, 341-370. Officers, .341-343. Martin. R. L . : The Art of (living Complete Instruction, 521.526. Meat Packing Industry: Personal Protective Ef|uip. ment In Meat Packing Plants (McCann). 372- .Meat Packing. Tanning and leather Industries Section: Minutes 371-379. Officer.s, 371-372. Metal Industries: How T Made Safety ICffective in My Department (Harlan), .388-389. Maintenance and Repair and Tts Relation to Safety in the Metals Indu.stry (Smith). 398- Metals Section: Contest, 396. Minutes, 381-400. Officers .381-383. Miller: C, R.: Explosion Hazards of Common Flammable Liquids, 67-70. Mining Industry: ('o.nl Mine Injuries from a Doc* tor's Viewpoiitt ((;riffin). 422.42.3. Handling Safety in s\ f,nrgc Mexican Mine ( Fernandez L 426-428. Iron Ore Mining (B.irrett), 411-412. New^Safety Kink.s in Mining (Haseltoti). 424- The Relationship, of Safely to Efficiency in MinIng (RichardsWn). 402-404. Safety Program for the Reduction of Accidents in Coal Mines in Colorfido (Allen), 404-408. Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Fllimination in Anthracite Mining (<!ooner). 409- Specific Accidents .md Hazards ,ind Their Elimination tn Bituminous Coal Mining (Lvons), 408-409. Specific Accidents and ILnzards and Their F'ltminatton in (Vpper MinttiK (Newlin), 413-41*;. Specific Accidents and Hazards atid Their Eliml* nation in Lead Ziiie Mining (CiossinK), 415' Specific AcciIenfs and H.nzarls and Their ICIimination in MtnitiK FVoni the Viewpoint of Ihe C^nited .States Bureau of Mines (Forbes). 417-422. Mining .Section: Minutes 401,428. Officers 401-402. Minor ^Injuries: Minor Acc|l M i t Reporting, 146- Mohler, J. C : What are the Outstanding Causes of AKricUltural Accidents? 42-45. Motion Pictures; Soe Visual FMucation. Mudd. Dr. R. D.: Industrial Burns and Their Treatment, 81-83, N National .Safety Council: Directors. 5-8. Executive Committee, 4-5. Honorary Memhers, 4, Nominating Cfimmittee Report, 20. tlffirers .31. Piifpnses ami Policies. 9.10, R"soluiic)ns Committee Report. 20-22. National Silico.sis Conference: Work of the Na- tional Silicosis Conference (.Starr), 257-260. Nf.ir Accidruts: See Minor Injuries. .New F.mployees: Developing .Safe Workers riiroiiKh the Ktnployineut OOice and j>b Ttaining fBiglerj, ^^U>^A*K Newliii. R, S.,: Specific Accitleiits and Hazard.s find Their Kllmiualion in t'opper Mining, 41,3-4IS. NiehoKoii. W. K.: Management's Function in Ihe .Safety Program, 460 463. Nichoson, A. A.; Industry Casts a New .Safety Die. 27-29, Ntickoll.s A. I L j ' Spontaneous Ignition and Its Prevention. 6ij3.66, Nurses: How ('an, the Indii.strial Nurse Help M;in- tain F.mployee Interest in the Safety Program? (AugustusL .328-332. The Imlu-stnal Nurse as an Aid to tbe Safety Deimrtment (Holzbog). 332-3.34, The Nurse's Part in Getting Injured Men Back un the Joh (Babb), ,323-326. The Nurse'.s lart in the Sickness Prevention Program (Brown). .337 340. What the Industrial Nurse .Should Know Ahout Occupational Diseases (Brooks), 334-337. Nurses Session: See Imlustrial Nursing Sc.s.sion. o Organization: Methods Used by a .Sand and (travel Company to Win the National Safety Award ( K o o p ) , 261-262. PlannitiK Vour .Safety Progcim (Dye). 394-395. Oxahc Acid: Protective Equipment in the Hati- tlling of Acids hy the Consumer (Kberliardt), P Paper and Pulp Section: Contest, 471 473. Minutes, 429-487. Officers, 429.430. Paner Industry: Calentler Stack Hazards, 479 482. Detnonstratiou of Accident Investigation, 4.51- Discussion on the Making of Paper Boxes, 465- Dryer Hazards 478-479. Hazards F'ncountered in Changing Wires on Paper Machines, 474 476. Hazards f Wet Felts 476-478. instructional Methods in Accident Prevention in Pulp and Paper Industry, 451-455. M.njor Hazard.s and Their KHmitmtion in Box- hoard Mills (Patton). 442-4 18. Methods of Obtaining F:mpIoyee Interest ami Cooperation in Safety (Henderson), 4.15-442, Paper Mill Machine Room Hazards, 473-487, Report of Accident F:xperience F^xchaiige (Braun), 431-435. Tripping Hazards in Paper Mill Machine Rooni.s, 476-477. Winder Hazards 482-487. Patton, E . W.: Major Hazards and Their Elimina- tion in Boxboard Mills 442-448. Pegg, A. O.: Creating a .Sense of Ke.sponRibility in the Individual Seaman, 367. Penalties: See Discipline. Pepper, F . M.: I.s Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Work? 256-257. Percival, A. J , : Proper Safety Training in Main- tenance Departments. 309-310. Personal Factors: The Human Element in Acci- dent Prevention (Lincoln). 562-564, Mental Causes of Accidents (Rail), 560-562 626 rh'Cfiiy'Sixth National Safety Cuvj^ress Mtfthodd of )Ian<lltni^ Kmptoyrcs Who Are Con- tinually Involvrrl in AtrtUentH, 4/iH-4{0. IVevention of AccHlenin in Rejiecitive Operalionn ( T h o m a . ) . 242 247. T h e Psychology of .Safety ( l l a n l e y ) , 266-270. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis) 297-.^0O. Petroleum Indutiry: Causes, Prevention and Con- trol of Petroleum Fires ( H o w e l l ) , 514-518. Efficiency and Safety in Oil Field Transportaiion (Teaguc), 498-50(). T h e Handling of Pipe as it Applies to Oil an<l (Jas Pipe Line Work ( B u r d e n ) , .504-511. I^ssoni From Marketing Department Accidents ( M c L e a n ) , 511-514. Resum^ of Safety in Natural (!a.soline Plants (McCullough), 528-533. A Statistical Review and Forecast of the Petrol- cum Industry (Blakeslee), 519-520. Unusual Refinery Accidents (Henderson), 501- 504. T h e Worker's Health in the Petroleum Indu.slry (Kaiscbaum), 493-497. Petroleum Section: Contest, 520. Minutes, 489-533. Officcri, 489-490. Physical Examinations: The Placement of Men from the Standrwint of Physical Fitness ( V o n a c h e n ) , 234-2.36. Picric A c i d : Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acida by the Consumer (Ebcrhardt), 208. F a t i n g : Fllectroplating Fumes and Vaiiors and Their Elimination (Rastello), 104-1(38. Putters: The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Prevention (Ames), 357.359, Sec alto Visual Education. Power Press Section: Minutes, 225-247. Offkert, 535-536. Pretident's Address (Watson), 14-19. Pressure Vessels Session: 157-172- Price, D. J , : Urgent Need for Program on Agri- cultural Accident Prevention, 41-42. Processing Kettles: What the Safety Man Should Know About Processing Kettles (Craig). 166- 172. Paychology: Sec Personal Factors. ,'| Public Safety: Activities of Public Utilities in the Prevention of Accidents to the Public (Jamir- son). 549-552. Community Safety Organizations and the Puhlic ( S k e e l L 56-58. Cctting Facts and Keeping Records on After Work Accidents (Bungenstock), 33.35. Highway Safety in Industry ( L e e ) , 38-40. Industry's Responsibilities in ('ommunity Safety (BoggessL 490.493. The Omcials' Part in an Organized Community ' Program ( K n o e l k ) . 54.56. ' What a Plant Can Do to Prevent After Work Accidents (Koffman). 35-38, Why Have a Community Safety Council? ( S t r i e k e r ) , 51-54. See also Traffic. Public Speakina: How to Make the Safety .Speech. Lectures ( L e e ) . 109-1,39. Public Utilities: Activities of Public Utilities in the Prevention of Accidents to the Public (Jamleson), 549-552, Ty^Mcal Public Utility Accidents ( T a y l o r ) , 5'52- Typical Public Utility Accidents and the Lessons Iwcarned from Them (Dickinson), 5'?4- Typical Public Utility Accidents and the Lessons Learned from T h e m (I-ounshury). 553-5';4. What A r e W e Doing? (.Scott). 540-542. See also Electrical Industry; Teletthone and Telegraph; Water Utilities. Public Utilities Section: Contest, 549, Minutes. 537-555. Officers, 537-539. Q u a r r y Section; Minutes, 249-270. Officeri, 557. R Railroads: Adequate Accident Investigation and the Need for .Suitable Discipline Before the Accident Occurs (Buckle), 597.599. Employee Training and Its Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroads ( H a l e ) , 590592. The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety (.Symes), 587-589. Stream Lining for .Safety (Johnston), 594-597. R a i l . A , A , : Mental Causes of Accidents. 560.562. Rastello, Dr. P . B . : Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and T h e i r Elimination, 104-108. Refrigeration Industry: Accidents in Delivering Re- frigerated Products and Their Prevcntioa (Gore), 566-569. Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Cioosman), 564-566, Refrigeration Section: Minutes, 559-576. Officers. 559-560. Rcigcluth. R, J . : Awards for No Lost Time Acd* dent Record. 286-288. Reinhard. H , F . and Banash, J . I . : Welding and Cutting Fires A r e Preventable, 385-387. Resolutions: Renort of Committee, 20-22. Responsibility: Creating a Sense of Responsibility in the Individual Seaman (Pegg), 367. How C a n the Foreman Most Eftectively Meet His Responsibility? (Roberts), 608-610. Who Is Responsible for Industrial Accidents? ( M c A r d l c ) , 378-379. Wh^^ the Employer is Not Responsible (Keller), Why the Supervisor is Not Responsible (Sloan), 376-377. Wh^^ the Worker is Not Responsible (Beil), Rewards: Awards for No I..ost T i m e Accident Record (Rcigcluth), 286-288. Presentation of Motion Picture Traffic Safety Committee Trophy to Columbia Pictures, I n c , Safety Practices of the Inland Lime and Staw Company (Heitraan), 263. Richardson. J . 1^,; T h e Relationship of Safety l Efficiency in Mining. 402-404. Ritter, A . B . : Safety in Chemical Laboratories, 27l 274. River Work: Safe Practices in Use of Heavy C W struction Equipment ( B l a n p i e d ) . 295-297. Roberts, E . A . : I|ow Can the F^orcman Most Effectively Meet H i s Responsibility? 608.610. Rockhoff, B . E . : Designing for .Safety, 237-238. Rope: T h e Safe Use and the Abuse ot Wire Rofie and Wire Rope Slings ( W h y t c ) , 389-394. Rubber Industry: Safely Device for Horizontal Heater ( I ^ o m i s ) , 579-580. Rubber Section: Contest, 578-579. Minutes, 577-580. Officers, 577-578. Rule Books: T h e Vne of Printed Safety Rules, 462-463. Safe U.se of Acids Session: 201-209. Safety Equipment Section: Minutes, 581-585. Safety F'undamentals Sc.s.sion: 17.3-181. Safety Inspectors Ses.sion: 183-191. Safety Movement: Industry Ca.sts a New Safety Die (Nicho.son). 27-29. Safety A s a Morale Builder ( K e l l y ) . 383-38,5. What A r e W c Doing? (.Scott), 540-542. Safety Training Session: 193-199. Sal-sbury, R . J . : Safety in Connection With ?\QU Emergencies ^% it Relates to Electric Operstion. 542-545. Sand, Gravel and Stone Industry; Safety Practlc<ii of the Inland Lime and Stone Company (Heil man), 262-264. Saws: How Should Dust Caused by a High Spwl Saw be C:oUected? 616. I fid ex Sec also Wood Prorluct.s Industry, yen, R. R . : What Imlustrial Dusts are llaim- ful? Why? 85-92. Schwartz, L , : Imlustrial Dermatitis and Its Pre- vention, 71-76. S1t, C. B . : What Are We Doing? 540.S42, Scanravcs, ('. M . : A Program for Farm .Safety, 47-49. pers: How May the Proper .Setting of .Shaper Knives he Determined? 6K. ttuck, S. F . : .Safety's Place In A n Indu.strlal Relations Program, 448-451. -- S e e Dust.s. 45f-460' ^*^"^^*'^* ^"'* V^**'^^*^" Rules. ^*n. J . G., Combating tbe Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry, 612 614. Judge L . E . : Community Safety Organiza- tions and the Public. 56-58. C, W . : W h y the Supervisor is Not Respon- nblc. 376-377. I Plants: Safety from the Standpoint of the . Small Plant, 145-145, ^ liiltli, Hon. B. B . : Address of Welcome in Bc- ,lilf of Kansas City, 12-13. Wl, C. J . : Maintenance and Repair and Its Re- ktion to Safety in the Metals Industry, 398- 400. "or, H . J . : Industrial Tuberculosis A Puhlic . Health Factor. 326-328. !::;f, E , : Graphic Method of Portraying Acci- dents, 264,266. tsneous Ignition: Spontaneous Ignition and lU Prevention (Nuckolls), 63-66. Hon, L . C : Address of Welcome for the ^ tate of Misjiouri. 13-14, i v r . R. C : Work of the National Silicosis Con- ference. 257-260. Electricity: Static Electricity as a Fire Hazard and I t s Control (Turkington), 59-63. - Railroad Meeting: 587-599. Industry: See Metal Indu.strtes. an Axigraph. 197, 264-266. ; See Sand. Gravel and Stone Industry. A E . : What is the Next Step in Controlling Accidents to Longshoremen? 345-346. ::a, R. C : Safe Handling of Portable Acid (rOntainers such as Carboys. Drums, Jugs, Fluks, 201-204. .:r, P, F . : Why Have a Community Safety OmmlU 51-54. ^ Tiaion: .Sec F'oremcn; Management, wfd, J , W , : (Jovernment A i d in Preventing Injuries to l^ng.shorenien and Harhor , Workers, 361-364. %es. J . M . : T h e Past, Present and Future of Rtilroad Safety, 587-589. Cars: Protective Equipment in the Handling f Acids by the Consumer ( E h e r h a r d t ) , 207. Tinf Section: Sec Meat P.ieking and I*eather Industries Section. fIw^A.^B.: Typical Public Utility Accidents, Wroe, J . 'U.: Efficiency and Safety in Oil Field Transportation, 498-500. W<5feonc and Telegraph; Safety in Connection With Flood F-inergcncies as it Affects Tele^one and Telegraph ( L e d w i t h ) , 547-548. le Indu.stry: Following the Plant Electrician (Wickham), 603-605, Sifety in the Needle T r a d e ( L i n s t r o t h ) , 606-608. Tkreads of Safety ( H a r v i l l e ) , 602-603. _-le Section: Minutes, 601-6^0. Ofcert. 601, Dr. J . S.: Prevention of Accidents in Icpetitive Operations. 242-247, '^5 2*79^*' ^^^^^^ Chemical Pilot Plants, Beiign: Sec Engineering Revi.sion. Traffic: HiKhway Safety in Industry ( L e e ) , 38-40. .Safety 'loday and Tomorrow (McClintock), 2^- 26. See also Drivers and Driving; Public Safely. Trophies: See Rewards. T r u c k s - H a n d ; Recent Developments in the Safety of Internal Transportation Equipment (Me- A u l e y ) . 239-242. Tuberculosis: Industrial Tubcrculo.sis A Puhiic Health F"actor (Spcctor, 326-328. Turgeon, P . : Safe Storage and Distribution of Acids Within lndu.strial Plants. 204-206. Turkington. E . E . : Static Electricity as a Fire Hazard and Its Control. 59-63, Vapors: See Gases. Ventilation: See Also A i r Conditioning; Dusts. Vi.sual Education: C a n the Safely Engineer Make F:ffective Motion Pictures? What One Company Has Done (Anderson). 497. Should V i s u a l Methods Be F^mployed in the Training Program? 197-199. V i s u a l Education Methods (Ferguson), 229-2.32, Vonachen. D r . H . A . : The Placement of Men from the Standpoint of Physical Fitness, 234236. w Warkentin, C. B . : What Accident Prevention Means to the F l o u r Industry. 313-316. Water Utilities: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities (Webb). 545-546. Watson.^ D r . C , H . : President's Address. 14-19. Webb. H . F . J Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities. 545546. Welding; Welding and Cutting Fires are Preventable (Banash and Reinhard). 385-387. Westhng. L , : Building Safety in Ships, 352-357. White. R. C : Safety, A n Executive Operating Problem, 593-594. Whyte, R. B . : T h e Safe Use and the Abuse of W i r e Rope and W i r e Rotw Slings. 389-394. Wickham. R . B . : F-ollowing the Plant Electrician. 603-605. Wilson, B . : Eliminating Dangers of Cargo Hazards, 364-367. Wilson. T. C ; Good Hou.sekeeping in Woodwork- , ing Plants. 614-616. W o l l , A . O , : A P l a n to Create Interest of Seamen in Prevention of Accidents, 350-352. Women in Industry: Eliminating Accidents Pecu- liar to Women in the Food Industry (McKeon). 319-322. Wood Products Industry: Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Sissman). 612-614. (Jowl Housekeeping in Woodworking Plants (Wilson). 614-616. Preventing Accidents at the Point of Operation on Woodworking Machines -From Log to Fini.shed Product (Woods). 617-619. Sec Also Saws; Shapers. Wood Products Section: Minutes, 611-620. Officers, 611. Woods, R. L , : Preventing Accidents at the Point of Operation on Woodworking Machines- From L o g to F'ini.shed Product. 617-619. Zoerb, A. S . : Safety in the Chemical Production Plant. 280-284.