Document OzV4jGKnNprdzb6Jg9EJgo2YL

MINER 19 Volume I of Th METALS AND (EXCEPT F Prepared by the staff of the BUREAU OF MINES DIVISION OF MINERALS Charles W. Merrill, Chief Frank D. Lamb, Assistant Chief Paul Yopes, Assistant to the Chief N49779 650 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1964 WORLD REVIEW Africa.--The history of the kyanito industry in Kenya was dis cussed.4 In Union of South Africa, Pella Rofractory Ores, Ltd., began regular production of massive corundum-sillimanito at Pella, near Kakamas, in Namaqualand. Production was about 400 to 000 long tons per month. A small quantity was sold locally, and the remainder was exported. Ore reserves of this operation were estimated to be ipproximately 400,000 long tons.4 Canada.--Investigation of a recently discovered Canadian occur rence of kyanite was continued in 1954 by the Industrial Minerals Divi sion of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys. The deposit is near Mattawa, Antoine, and Butler townships, Nipissing district, northern Ontario.4 India.--Although occurrences of natural silliipanite have been known in the States of Assam and Rewa for the past 30 years, mining was not begun on a commercial scale until 1948. According to the press, the sulimanite reserves in the Khasi Hills of Assam are around 250,000 short tons. In 1952 exports totaled 3,193 short tons; most of the sillimanite was shipped to the United Kingdom and West Germany. About 25 percent of the production comprised pieces large enough to yield fault-free sawn blocks of 1 cubic foot or more. These blocks were ;aid to have a pyrometric-cone equivalent of about 36 (3,290 F.) and were used mostly to line glass tanks and high-temperature metallur gical furnaces. Sillimanite fragments not large enough for sawing into docks were crushed at the quarry and graded into 3 sizes; 1-inch to i-mesh, 5-mesh to 10-mesh, and 10-mesh to flour; all were used in the manufacture of high-temperature refractories.7 4 Tho Refractories Journal (London), vol. 30, No. 7, July 1061, pp. 288-291. Mining World, vol. 10, No. 10, 8epterabor 1954, p. 89. South African Mining and Engineering Journal, Johannesburg, S. A., vol. 04, No. 3184, February 1954, Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, Montreal, vol. 47, No. 609, September 1954, pp. 682-583. Canadian MlningJournal, Quebec, vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 93-94. T Dunbar, U. B. U., Sillimanite: Its Extraction and Use in India: Supplement to Capital, June 25, 1963 (dally newspaper), Calcutta, India. Lead By O. M. Bishop*1 a nd Edith E. de ' EAD SUPPLIES in the United States con L demand in 1954, and again this feature h industry. Supplies from all sources--do secondary recovery, and imports--totaled of 133,000 tons from 1953, butstill 140,000 tons domestic consumption, excluding purchases fo Stockpile. Domestic mine production and im 20 percent, respectively, but secondary lead large as in 1953. Domestic consumption of throughout 1954. Smoltor stocks of refined l 50 percent from January 1 to May 31 and there 31 declined 19 percent from the May 31 figure, o tion of Strategic Stockpile purchases by the ment. The quoted price of lead in New York at th 13.50 cents per pound, but it dropped to 13.00 to 12.50 cents on February 18. Between M price movements of 0.25 and 0.125 cent, all up the price to 15.00 cents, which held through D weighted yearly price was 13.70 cents compa 1953. Lead supply in 1954 consisted of 325,400 t from domestic mine production, 480,900 tons covered from scrap, and 437,700 tons of import scrap which normally goes to secondary sme included in the scrap total). The total--1,24 cent under the 1953 supply. Consumption of pigments and chemicals, totaled 1,095,000 1,202,000 tons in 1953. Producers' stocks o increased from 65,000 tons on December 31, December 31, 1954, and primary antimonia from 14,400 tons to 13,300. Smelter stocks o and base bullion decreased 28 percent, and co increased from 113,800 tons to 124,600. Domestic mine production of recoverable le than in 1953 and the lowest since 1934. A 1 Commodity-Industry analyst. 1 Statistical assistant. 652 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 mines curtailed production early in 1954, the low output was mainly the outgrowth of production cutbacks and mino Closings effected in 1952 and 1953, following material reductions in the prices of lead and zinc, which in most mines are coproducts. The average monthly mine production in 1954 (27,100 tons) was slightly higher than the average monthly rate in the latter half of 1953 (26,700 tons). Mis souri, supplying 125,300 tons, or 38 percent of the total domestic mine output, was again much the largest lead-producing Stato. Idaho, with 69,300 tons (21 percent), and Utah, with 45,000 tons (14 percent), ranked second and third in quantity of output. Production in 12 of the 16 important producing States was lower than in 1953. The largest decreases, on a tonnage basis, were in California, Idaho, Mon tana, and Colorado. Kansas, Oklahoma, Utah, and Virginia were the only States producing more than 100 tons annually in which lead output increased. Despite declines in domestic mine production and imports and no increase in secondary lead output, the total supply of lead in 1954 exceeded consumption by 12 percent. Although imports declined 20 percent from 1953, they still represented 35 percent of the total sup ply. The sustained high level of imports, with the depressed state of the domestic lead- (and zinc-) mining industry since the drop in metal prices in 1952, stimulated much study of various protective tariff proposals and other plans to aid the industry. The general in vestigation of all phases of the load and zinc industries by the Tariff Commission begun in 1953, pursuant to resolutions adopted by con gressional committees, was completed, and a report was submitted in April 1954.3 Certain data abstracted from the report were published in the 1953 report of this series (Lead chapter, Minerals Yearbook 1953, volume I). Another report of the Tariff Commission, dated May 21, 1954, recommended that import duties on most lead and zinc materials be increased 50 percent above the rates in effect on January 1, 1945. The President did not accept the recommendations of the Tariff Commission but instead outlined, in a statement dated August 23, 1945, an expanded stockpiling program for strengthening the lead and zinc industry as an integral part of the Nation's defensemobilization base. The resumption of Government purchases of lead and zinc for the long-range Strategic Stockpile in June had already been a factor in sustaining the price of lead and in halting the upward trend in smelter stocks.* * United States Tariff Commission. Lead and Zinc--Report on Investigation Conducted Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1030 Pursuant to a Resolution by the Committee on Finance or the United States Senate. Dated July 27,1053, and a Resolution by the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Represent* atlves, dated July 29,1953: April 1954, pts. I, U, 111, IV, and V. LEAD TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead industry (average) and the 1950-64, in 1945-49 1950 (average) Production of refined primary lead: From domestic ores and base bullion.... From foreign ores and baso bullion.......... 354,953 60,402 418,809 89,506 Total........................................................... Recovery of secondary lead........... ................. Imports (goneral): Lead in pigs, bars, and old......................... Lead In base bullion^................................. Lead in ores and matte......___________ Exports of roflnod pig lead................................. Consumption of primary and secondary lead........................ ......... ................................... Prices (cents per pound): New York: Average for period................................ Quotation at end of period.................. I/oHdon average for period...................... Mino production of recoverable lead 1.......... World'smelter production of lead................... 421,365 508,314 436,010 482,376 217, 969 2,254 67,246 979 461,827 3,483 76,620 2,7M 1,064,329 1,237,981 9.14 13.30 13.61 17.00 12.60 13.29 382,182 430,827 1,400,000 1,810,000 654 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS Export licenses continued to be required for exports of lead to all countries except Canada. GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS UNDER THE DEFENSE PRODUCTION ACT OF 1950 Provisions of the Defense Production Act, of 1950 with respect to exploration continued to bo carriod out bv the Defense Minerals Exploration Administration (DMEA) and those with respect to pro curement by the General Services Administration. DEFENSE MINERALS EXPLORATION ADMINISTRATION The DMEA program to encourage exploration and increase domes tic reserves of strategic and critical minerals and metals was continued throughout 1954; but, inasmuch as lead and zinc were not on the list of metals eligible for the program from May 15, 1953, to March 23, 1954, the Government executed only four new exploration contracts for lead and zinc. These provided 50 percent of the approved cost of such programs for a maximum of $1,114,693. From tne beginning of the program in 1951 through December 31, 1954, 197 lead- ana zinc-exploration contracts were executed; these authorized a maximum Government participation of $8,729,329.' Lead-zinc and lead-zinccopper exploration contracts in 1954 comprised 4 percent of all DMEA contracts executed and 36 percent of all the funds obligated and from the beginning through 1954 represented 28 percent of all contracts and 42 percent of the funds obligated. A list of DMEA contracts for lead and zinc exploration in 1954 is given in the Zinc chapter of this volume. GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION The General Services Administration (GSA) was responsible for developing expansion programs for metals, minerals, and certain other materials designed to meet objectives established by the Office of Defense Mobifization under the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, and for the negotiation and execution of all contracts under such programs. The scope of the stockpiling program was expanded in March 1954 when the President authorized establishment of new long-term metal and mineral stockpile objectives. The additional quantities of materials needed to meet the new objectives were to be purchased, wherever possible, from domestic producers, and purchases were to be spread over a considerable period. Preference was to be given to newly mined metals and minorals of domestic origin. The purchases would bo timed to reactivate productive capacity and to 4 includes sums provided through amendments to contracts and also funds for participation la explore* tloo contracts that were subsequently canceled or terminated upon completion. LEAD alleviate distressed economic conditions dustries. Stockpile objectives, which ar review, were being studied by the Offic (ODM) in accordance with the new poli tives are established, ODM forwards pu Pursuant to this new program, GSA-pur month from June through December 19 purchase objectives. No new contracts with foreign produce the Defense Production Act of 1950 were produced under contracts negotiated in pr DOMESTIC PRODUC Statistics on lead output may be prepa and refinery basis. Mine-production dat lead content in ore and concentrate, adju losses in smelting, are a better measure o to year and are more accurate for showing of production. Pig-lea,d output, as report presents a more precise figure of actual only in a general way the source of crude and refinery output usually differs from owing to the lag between mine shipment ore and concentrate. Comprehensive economic data on do competitive position of the domestic lea reference to foreign producers in 1952 and 1 changes that have taken place in the do are provided in the report on the Tari investigation of the lead and zinc industr pliance with instructions from congressio able data abstracted from the report w volume of this series (see Lead chapter, volume I). MINE PRODUCTIO Mine production of recoverable lead in decreased 5 percent from 1963 and follow in 1953 from 1952. The 1954 output of 3 since 1934. The decline was due mainly to in 1952 and 1953 caused by the sharp decl zinc in 1952 and the continuance of lower p first part of 1954. There was no signifi trend in the monthly lead-production rate last quarter was 3 percent less than in the the same as in the last quarter of 1953. M Idaho, with 69,300 tons, and Utah, with tributed 74 percent of the United States in 1954. Production in Missouri was ne that in Idaho decreased 7 percent, and 1 Data for 18M were collected Jointly with the Bureau of the C Production totals will be compared with the Census when they explained. m MINERALS YEARBOOK, 196 4 percent. Decreases were recorded in all other principal producing States except Oklahoma, Kansas, and Virginia. A brief review of domestic mme production by areas and major producing States and mines follows. Information in greater detail can be found in the State chapters of Minerals Yearbook, volume III. Mines in the West Central States yielded 143,500 tons of recover able lead in 1954, a 4-percent increase oyer 1953. The producing areas comprised the southeastern Missouri region and the Tri-Stato district (southwestern Missouri, northeastern Oklahoma, and south eastern Kansas); there was no lead production in Arkansas in either of the 2 years. For the 47th consecutive year the southeastern Missouri lead belt was the major lead-producing district in the United States, and its output of 125,200 tons of recoverable lead in 1954 constituted 38 percent of the total domestic mine production. The St. Joseph Lead Co.( largest producer of lead in the United States, operated its Bonne Terre, Desloge, Federal, and Leadwood mine-mill units and Doe Run and Hayden Creek mines in St. Francois County and its new Indian Creek unit in Washington County. The company also oper ated the Mine La Motte mine-mill unit in Madison County. The National Lead Co. continued to operate the Madison mine-mill unit at Fredericktown, also in Madison County. TABLE 2.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1845-49 (average) and 1950-64, by StateB, in short tons State 1046-49 1060 1061 1962 1963 1964 (average) Western Btates and Alaska: Alaska............................................... Arizona............................................. California................................ ........ Colorado........................................... Idaho................................................ Montana.......................................... Nevada............................................. New Mexico.................................... Oregon.............................................. 8outh Dakota................................. Texas................................................. Utah.................................................. Washington............................... .. Wyoming.................................... ; Total............................................. West Central 8tates: Arkansas.......................................... Kansas.............................................. Missouri........................................... .Oklahoma........................................ ..Total.............................................. States east of the Mississippi River: Illinois ............................................. Kentucky........................................ New Yone...... ................................. Tennessee........................................ Virginia............................................ Wisconsin........................................ Total............................................. Qrand total. 164 27, 766 9,331 20,964 76,044 14,169 8,203 6,260 7 6 86 46,049 16,142 213,161 9 7, 861 135,649 16,486 168,894 149 26, 383 16,831 27,007 100,026 19, 617 9,408 4,160 17 129 44, 753 10, 334 267,803 \ 9 9, 487 134, 626 20,724 164,846 21 17, 394 13. 907 30,336 76, 713 21,302 7,148 6,846 2 2 43 50, 451 8,002 231,227 33 8, 947 123, 702 16, 676 149,267 1 16,620 11,199 30,066 73,719 21, 279 6, 700 7,021 1 2 66 60,210 11, 744 228,608 4 6,916 129,246 15,137 160,302 9 9, 428 8.664 21,764 74,610 19, 949 4, 871 2,943 6 10 41,622 11,064 194, 329 3, 347 125, 896 9,304 138, 646 8,386 2,671 17, 823 69,302 14,820 3,041 887 6 44, 972 9,938 171,844 4,033 125,260 14,204 143, 487 3,343 168 1,19002 4,089 1,249 10,137 382,182 2,72606 1,484 113 3,254 632 8,178 430,827 3,160* 107 1,600 14 1,608 1,391 7,680 388,104 4, 202 00 1,120 18 3, 792 2,000 11,262 800,102 3, 391 62 1,436 9 2,788 2,094 9, 769 342,644 3,232 80 1,187 i 4, 824 > 1,266 10,088 826,410 Includes 4 tons from North Carolina. * Includes 4 tons from Iowa. LEAD The Tri-State district mines yielde lead in 1954 compared with 13,300 tons came from mines that produced zinc a 9 mills operating in the district in Jan the year. The mines and Central mill o producer of lead and zinc in the distr m January after being idle since midThe National Lead Co. reopened its B following a 6-month shutdown. The Q of Brown & Root and the America Zi permanently closed in June because of d 60 sfnines were active in the district at t about 20 at the beginning of the year The Western States together produc lead in 1954 compared with 194,300 to attributed chiefly to production-cur 1952-53 and apparently continued into 1 of the year output was low despite an pound. Usually lead is only one of sev western lead-bearing ores; and absence price of zinc, coupled with no change in was a factor in the continued lower rat Idaho and Utah together produced Western States output of lead in 1964. 7 percent from 1953 and was the smal drop took place at the Morning mine, S scale production was terminated late d prices, high operating costs, and ore reports of additional mine closures. T mines in the Coeur d'Alene region (whi Idaho lead), was reduced from 48 hours this curtailment, the output of lead for Star, and Frisco mines was about the s market price of lead was higher than lead-zinc producers mined ores higher in zinc, and zinc output decreased more mine was by far the largest lead-prod mine ranked second. Outside the Coeu mine in Blaine County and the Clayto principal producers. Idaho led other S zinc exploration .projects and amount projects under DMEA contracts execu was the only Western State where mine in 1954; the total was 45,000 tons or 8 p The increase was due largely to greate mine in the Tintic district and the September at the United Park City Min Park City region. The United States Mountain (Bingham) district was much in Utah. Other important producers in 658 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 (New Park) group in the Park City region and the West Calumet and Ophir mines in Tooele County. j Colorado ranked third among the Western States in load production, but its output decreased 18 percent from 1953. The Idarado group of mines in San Miguel County was the largest producer; it was followed by the Eagle mine in Eagle County, Rico-Argentine property in Dolores County, Rosurrection holdings in Lake County, and Emperius group of mines in Mineral County. The Smugglor Union- Montana group of mines near Telluride, formerly a substantial lead producer, was closed at the end of Februaiy 1954. Montana and Washington, ranking fourth and fifth, respectively, reported decreases of 26 and 10 percent. The prinicpal factors in Montana's decrease were the closing of two Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Butte mines before August and a strike which closed the rest of the company Butte mines from August 23 to October 15. Among ther important producers outside the Butte district were the Jack Waite mine in Sanders County, Maulden (Hand) in Beaverhead County, Algonquin and Scratch Awl in Granite County, and January in Broadwater County. Washington's drop in lead production resulted from the idleness of the Deep Creek mine in Stevens County from January to May because of low metal prices and the closing of the Grandview mine, Pend Oreille County, by a strike from August through December. Production increased at the Pend Oreille (Pend Oreille County) and Van Stone (Stevens County) mines, the State's other large producers. Lead production in Arizona dropped for the fifth consecutive year and was 11 percent less than in 1953. The Iron King mine in Yavapai County continued to be the largest producer. The only other steady producers were the Flux mine in Santa Cruz County and Athletic in Graham County. In California the 69-perc.ent decrease resulted from closing of the Darwin group of mines (Inyo County) at the end of February. Nevada's 30-percent decrease resulted from diversion of more of the Combined Metals Reduction Co. Caselton mill capacity to manganese-lead-zinc ores at the expense of lead-zinc ores owing to the continued low prices of zinc and lead. The output of lead in New Mexico in 1954 was only 900 tons, the smallest since 1921 and a 70-percent decrease from 1953. Most of the 1954 output came from the Portalos and Mex-Tex lead mines in Socorro County. All the zinc-lead mines in the State were idle throughout 1954. Six States east of the Mississippi River contributed to the mine output of lead in 1964; their combined production was 10,100 tons, nearly all recovered from ores yielding chiefly zinc or fluorspar and zinc. Output in Virginia, the principal producer during the year, increased 55 percent over 1953 owing mainly to higher load content in the ore mined at the Austinvillo mine in Wythe County. This increase more than offset declines in the othor important producing States and led to a 3-percent overall increase for the 6 States. Pro ducers of substantial quantities of lead, besides the Austinville mine, LEAD were the Vinegar Hill Zinc Co., Tri-St Hecla, Inc., and Eagle-Picher Co. in western Wisconsin region and the Balm Lead Co. in New York. Output was redu fluorspar-zinc district as a result of a d from which the lead is recovered as Mahoning Co. suspended operations at it the Rosiclaro Fluorspar & Lead Mining C and Minerva Oil Co. reduced its work sc the year. TABUS 3.--Mine production of recoverable lea (average) and 1950-64, by districts that prod any year, 1950-64, in short tons District State 1946-40 (aver age) Southeastern Missouri region.: Missouri....................... . 133,048 Coeur d'Alene region............... Idaho................................ 09,966 West Mountain (Bingham).. Utah.................................. .24,900 Tri-State (Joplin region)...w- Kansas, southwestern 26, 788 Missouri, Oklahoma^ 8ummlt Valley (Butte) Montana.......................... 8,113 Metallne........................... Washington..................... 3, 601 Tlntlc................................ Utah.................................. 6, 696 Colorado........................... 3, 202 Utah.................................. 9.900 Big Bug.... Arltona............................. 2, 493 Austinville. Virginia............................ 4,084 Uppor Mississippi Valley.... Iowa, northern Illinois, 1,968 Wisconsin. Red Cliff..................................... Colorado........................... 881 Rush Valley 6t Smelter (Tooele Utah.................................. 3,619 County). Warm Bprlngs............................ Idaho................................. 1,904 Creede.......................................... Colorado........................... 498 Pioneer (Rico)........................ ........do................................ 2,005 CaHfomla'(LeadvUie)" I " " Arltona............................. Colorado........................... 1,339 4,717 Coso (Darwin).......................... California......................... 0,096 Bayhorse.................................... Idaho................................. 1,369 Kentucky-southern Illinois... Kentucky-southern Il 2,802 linois. Northport (Aladdin).............. Washington. 469 Ophir........................................... Utah.............. 624 Sneffels....................................... Colorado.... 816 Breckenrldge............................ . ........do............ 163 Ploobe......................................... Nevada........ 4,442 Aravalpa..................................... Arltona......... 793 Hansonberg................................ New Mexico. 29 Magdalena................................ . ........do............ 1,608 Central............................1.......... ........do............ 8,649 Warren (Blsboe)....................... Arltona........ 11,766 Old Hat....................................... ____do............ 6,361 Pima (Slcrrltas, Papago, ........do............. 3,083 Twin Buttes). St. Lawrence County............ . New York... 1,196 Animas........................................ Colorado____ 2, 676 Eagle............................................ Montana____ 617 Bossburg..................................... Washington.. 1,000 Heddleston................................. Montana____ 2.438 Tomlchl..................................... . Colorado____ 1,033 Ten Milo..................................... ____do............. Resting Springs......................... California.... 2(,1')01 1 Figure not shown to avoid disclosure of Individual company 660 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 LEAD Fig u r e 2.--Mine production of recoverable lead by months. TABLE 6,--Mine production of recoverable lead by months, in short t Month 1063 1064 January.. February. March... April____ June........ July........ 31,073 20.861 81,780 31,400 20,607 28, 797 26,837 26,289 28,002 29,008 27,260 26,703 26,668 26, 762 August... Septemb October.. Novombo Decembe To Includes Alaska. SMELTER AND REFINERY PR Pig (refined) lead produced in the Unite three principal sources--domestic mine pro ores and base bullion, and scrap materials ( smelters)--and was recovered at primar base bullion, and small quantities of scra that process scrap exclusively. Of the 13 United States, 6 combined smelting and duced only base bullion (containing app plus gold and silver and small quantities o from the ores smelted), and 2 confined thei fined lead and antimonial, or "hard," le firimary and secondary plants. Because o ead, such as battery scrap, melted at seco from this type of operation was principa tics on the production of refined lead and are given in the Secondary Lead section of . . 662 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 4 The 11 primary smelters in operation in 1954 consumed 485,500 short tons (lead content) of primary materials in the form of ores and concentrates, of which 66 percent was of domestic and 34 percent of foreign origin. Total consumption was 2 percent higher than in 1953 but 3 percent under consumption in 1952. ACTIVE LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES Primary lead smelters and refineries operating in the United States in 1954 were as follows: California: Selby--Selby plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Colorado: Lcadville--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill Smelter, Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Concen trating Co. (smelter and refinery). Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Indiana: East Chioago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc. (refinery). Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Co. (smelter and refinery). Missouri: Herculaneum--Herculaneum plant, St. Joseph Lead Co. (smelter and refinery). Montana: East Helena--East Helena plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (refinery). New Jersey: Barber--Perth Amboy plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Texas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Smelting <t Refining Co. (smelter). Utah: Midvale--Midvale plant, United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. (smelter). . Tooele--Tooele plant, International Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Slag-fuming plants, to recover zinc and some lead from both hot slag from current smelting activity and cold slag from slag dumps, were operated at the following smelters: California: Selby--American Smelting & Refining Co. Idaho: Kellogg--Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Concentrating Co. Montana: East Helena--Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Texas: El Paso--American Smelting & Refining Co. Utah: Tooele--International Smelting & Refining Co. Work undertaken by the St. Joseph Lead Co. to expand the capacity of its Herculaneum (Mo.) smelter to 100,000 tons of pig lead annually was completed in 1954. According to the company annual report for 1954, output during the year rose to 91,736 tons from 65,899 tons in 1953. The new electrothermic zinc slag furnace at the Herculaneum lead smelter was nearing completion in 1954 and was expected to be put in operation in March 1955. REFINED LEAD Primary refineries in the United States produced 491,800 short tons of refined lead in 1954, an increase of 4 percent over 1953 production. Of the 486,700 tons of refined lead that came from primary sources, 66 percent was from domestic ores and base bullion and 34 percent LEAD from imported ores and bullion (70 a 1953 ana 81 and 19 percent in 1952). of refined lead by source material and of the sources of lead from domestic ore tion section of this chapter. TABLE 6.--Refined lead produced at prima 1946-49 (average) and 1960-64, by s Source 1946-49 (average) 1060 Roflned Vad: From domestic ores and base bullion....... ............... From foreign ores................ From foreign base bullion. 364,064 64, 760 1,641 418,809 86,241 3,264 .Total from primary sources............... ............ From scrap........................... 421,366 14,076 608,314 5,465 Total refined lead........... 436,441 513,769 Average Bales price per pound. 30.128 $0.136 Total calculated value of pri mary refined lead 1................. $107,232,000 $137,245,000 $14 i Excludes value of refined lead produced from scrap at p TABLE 7.--Refined primary lead produced in and 1950-54, by source material and c Source Domestlo ore and base bullion. Foreign ore: Australia............ Canada................ Europe.________ Mexico................ South America. Othor foreign... Total. Foreign base bullion: Australia............. Mexico.................. South America... Other foreign___ Total............... Total foreign.. Grand total... 1045-49 106 (average) 364,063 416 0,763 6,330 . 16 4,716 21,670 23,368 64,761 6, 7, 6, 88. 26, 10 370 1,166 67 60 1,641 00,402 421,366 2, 3, 80. 664 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 a n t imo n ia l l e a d ' Primary lead refiners produced 59,900 tons of Antimonial lead in 1954,' a 4-percent decrease from 1953 production. Two of the five producing plants increased production, but output from the other three was considerably lower. Although antimonial lead is an important byproduct of the refining of base bullion, the quantity derived from this source was only a small part of the total domestic output. The major production was recov ered from the smelting of antimonial lead scrap at secondary smelters. Production data from lead-smelting plants treating scrap materials exclusively are summarized in the following section. TABLE 8.--Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refineries in the United States, 1845-40 (average) and 1960-64 Year Produc tion (short tons) Antimony content Lead content by difference (short tons) Short tons Percent From do From for mestic ore eign ore From Total scrap 1946-49 (average)....................... I960............................................... 1961............................................... 1962............................................... 1963............................................... 1964............................................... 67,043 67,969 66,309 68)203 62,373 69,873 4, 302 4,604 4,410 4,392 4,637 3,621 6.4 12,714 7,040 42,981 62,741 7.8 10,728 4,344 38.383 63, 465 6.7 17,372 9,218 34,303 00,893 7.6 12,993 6, 073 36,146 63,811 7.3 10,366 10,721 36,749 67,836 6.9 6,136 7,061 43. 665 66,362 SECONDARY LEAD Some scrap lead is treated at primary smelters, but the greater part is processed at a large number of plants that specialize in treating secondary materials. .Secondary lead is recovered in the form of refined lead, antimonial lead, ana other aliovs. Recovery of secondary lead in 1954 totaled 480,900 tons, a 1-percent decrease from the 486,700 tons recovered in 1953, and was the largest single source of supply. Lead reclaimed as metal and in alloys exceeded domestic mine production for the ninth successive year and was also greater than imports of lead. Data on lead recovered in 1960-54, by tvpe of plant, are shown in table 9. Detailed informa-' tion on secondary lead appears in the Secondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this volume. TABLE 9.--Secondary lead recovered In the United States, 1946-49 (average) and 1960-64, in short tons 1946-49 1960 1961 1962 1063 1964 (average) As refined metal: 14,076 92,090 6,466 123,868 3. S93 166,023 3,070 137,032 4,211 122,303 5,060 114,941 Total.................................. 100,172 129,313 108,916 140,102 120, 674 120,007 In antimonial lead: At primary plants.............. 42, 980 171,018 38, 383 187,267 34,303 106,660 36,146 187,806 38, 749 199,806 43,665 196,284 Total.................................. 213,998 116,840 225, 640 127,322 229,903 119,231 222,051 108,241 230. 666 123,008 238,839 122,079. Orand total: 436,010 482, 276 618,110 471,204 486.737 480,926 Value.......................... $113,031,176 $130,214,260 $179,266,0G0 $161,766,668 $127,626,094 $131,773,460 LEAD LEAD PIGMEN The principal lead pigments were lit sublimed lead, leaded zinc oxide, and oran were manufactured for the most part fr concentrate were converted directly int production of lead pigments are given in and Zinc Salts chapter of this volume. CONSUMPTION AN Domestic lead consumption (includin directly in manufacturing lead pigments tons in 1,954, a 9-percent decrease from 1 712,900 tons was refined soft lead (includ ary refined lead); 263,300 tons was cont greater part of which was secondary), 2 scrap, 41,800 tons in percentage metals scrap, and 25,000 tons in drosses and r recovered from ore in leaded zinc oxide. consumed was used in metal products ( 31 percent in storage batteries, 10 perce chemicals (including tetraethyl lead), an uses. Production of the three large batteries, tetraethyl fluid, and cable cov percent, respectively, a total of 58 perc 1954. Lead used for cable covering decr 8 percent, and in tetraethyl lead 1 perce Shipments of automotive replacemen down slightly to 23,147,000 units from according to the Association of Americ Inc.* TABLE 10.--Consumption of lead in the Unite short tons 1063 1964 Metal produots: Ammunition......................... Bearing metals...................... Brass and bronze.................. Cable covering.............. . Calking load......... ................ Collapsible tubes.................. Foil.......................................... Pipes, traps, and bends___ Teme metal........................... Type metal............................ 46,147 38,691 26,203 146,666 48,236 12,900 11,683 4,410 28,603 30,476 78,743 3,200 26,729 Total.................................... 601,482 Storage batteries: Antimonial lead................... Lead oxides..... ...................... 191,763 176,822 Total.................................... 807,576 40,206 27,166 20,147 127,939 40,864 10,969 10,736 4,448 26,832 26,014 71,122 1,286 26,666 442,384 174, 447 162,626 337,272 Pigmen Wh Red Pig Oth T Chemic Tet Mis Miscella Ann Gal Lea We T Other, u G * Includes lead content of leaded tlno oxide production. American Metal Market, vol. 62, No. 23, Feb. 2,1966, p. 6. 428641--68--------18 666 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1964 TABLE 11.- -Consumption of lead in the United States 1963-64, by months, in Bhort tons 1 - Month 2963 1964 Month 1963 1954 06, 377 92,121 103,336 104,816 101,282 108, 634 99,496 00,816 83, 346 03, 323 03,844 91,804 96,027 81,946 August-----September. October___ Novembor. Decorubor. Total 109, 943 106, 605 104,716 89. 944 86, 474 96,763 66, 348 91,002 00, 433 90, 222 1,201, 604 1,094,871 i Includes lead content 0/ leaded line oxide production. TABLE 12.--Consumption of lead in the United States in 1954, by classes of product and types of material, in short tons Soft and 8crap, per antimonial centage lead metal, drosses, etc. Total 336, 439 336,633 108,108 167,184 15,600 14, 348 976, 178 106,046 1,739 272 144 1,024 110,724 442, 384 337, 272 108,440 167,184 16,660 16,072 1,086,002 1 Excludes 7,969 tons of lead contained In leaded line oxide. TABLE 13.--Lead consumption, distributed by States, in 1954, in short tons 1 State Refined Antimo Unmelted Percent soft lead nial lead white age scrap metals Copper- Drosses, base residues, scrap etc. Total New Hampshire, Maine, and 221 40,308 1,240 16,267 92 343 13,686 65,843 49,120 36 1,883 199 27,669 7,272 10,987 1,012 46,306 12,266 123,371 46, 148 22,106 41,166 4, 484 098 1,100 8,462 16,711 684 126,831 6, 575 719 85 2,359 173 1,662 712,919 21,227 684 9, 635 24 1,109 6,728 25,094 32,494 218 3,638 100 0,453 2,468 9,616 7,465 2,900 1,087 40,805 7, 697 15,000 25,085 70 4,398 1,021 908 2, 127 21,034 7,213 3 ' 60 2,087 23 203,269 2,291 961 194 176 3,787 2, 730 9 630 1,405 9 332 1,042 1,358 3,018 3,629 34 421 0 1,426 23.374 1 Excludes lead content of leaded zinc oxide production. 648 217 6 2,166 16, 690 2,091 209 2, 656 1,639 1,672 i;oos 1,756 609 2,241 3,073 1,672 105 355 1,011 ' 20 355 203 1,135 209 1,254 41,818 489 1,093 '212 1,051 100 2,988 960 609 116 678 784 263 1,433 ' 123 636 I,232 J, 080 2, 007 380 1,187 413 407 253 63 607 20,636 1, 793 288 710 67,260 3,602 26,142 2,748 3,789 2,197 42 12 1,252 ' 28 8,040 19 003 4,013 14 4 3 1,452 137,101 89, 610 264 6,148 299 40,470 13,352 23,080 10.090 61,761 13,476 174,402 68, 696 45,864 78,122 4,005 5, 861 4,929 9] 443 18,193 102 136,109 5, 578 ' 135 5,099 2 176 47 4,918 24,006 1,080,902 LEAD Table 13 shows consumption of lead by consumed. In consumption of all grades, of the total, Illinois 13 percent, Indiana percent, and California 6 percent--a tota 6 of the loading lead-consuming States. STOCKS Producers' Stocks.--Lead stocks, as r Bureau of Metal Statistics, are shown in and antimonial lead include metal held by some of the refiners of secondary metal wh ply (1,2^4,000 tons) continued to exceed co and stocks continued to rise. Stocks of le lead increased from 196,300 tons in 1953 3 percent. TABLE 14.--Stocks of lead at smelters and refine of year, 1946-49 (average) and 196 (American Buroau of Metal S 1046-49 (avorago) Total...................................................................... ....... Lead In base bullion: At smelters and refineries............................................ In transit to refineries____ ______________ _________ In process at refineries................ ..................... ........... Total.............................................................................. Lead in ore and matte and In process at smelters........ Grand total.................................. ................... ..... 36,493 8,077 44, 670 10,167 4,009 16,193 80,969 90,070 166,690 Figures reported to the Bureau of Min smelters and refiners represent physical in respective of ownership, and do not incl in transit; they are therefore not directly c in table 14. Bureau roports indicated stoc lead on December 31, 1954, compared wi 1. Stocks of antimonial lead at prima 14,400 tons to 13,300 during the year. concentrates also decreased, dropping from to 29,900 tons, and stocks of base bullio bullion and smelters that produce bullion decreased from 18,200 tons to 15,900 tons. Consumers' Stocks.--In 1954, consume 10 percent over 1953--from 113,800 tons refined lead, antimonial lead, percentage creased 8, 18, 18, and 10 percent, respe melted white scrap down 11 percent and down 4 percent. 668 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 10 54 TABLE 15.--Consumers' stocks of lead in the United States at end of year, 1960 64, by type of material, in short tons, lead content Year Refined soft lead Antl- Unmoltod Percent Copper- Drosses, monlsl white scrap age base scrap residues, Total lead metals etc. 1950................................................... 1051................................................... 1953................................................... 1963.................................................. 1964................................................... 87, 285 66. 731 80.888 76,801 82| 039 27, 737 28,221 20,309 14,867 17,573 6,406 8.140 3,877 3, 607 3,199 6,446 7,064 6,191 7,021 9,367 1,668 1,429 2,282 2.083 2,006 11,462 6,186 8,983 9, 484 10, 468 139,884 102, 760 122,630 113, 763 124,641 PRICES Prices.--The two major markets for lead in the United States were New York and St. Louis. The bulk of the lead produced domes tically was sold at prices normally based upon quotation in these markets. The differential between St. Louis and New York prices was about 0.2 cent a pound, an amount approximating the freight charges between the two cities, the St. Louis price being tho lower. The market quotation for common lead, New York, was 13.50 cents a pound at the beginning of tho year, but subsequent price cuts on January 18 and February 18 brought it to 12.50 cents. There after, however, in a scries of %- and %-cent increases, the price advanced to 15.00 cents on October 5 and remained there for the balance of the year. Price increases wero attributed chiefly to Government purchases of lead for the new long-term stockpile and the anticipation of such purchases. The London free lead market operated throughout the year. Quotations on the Metal Exchange ranged from a low of 80% per long ton (equivalent to 10.14 cents per pound computed on the 281.29 cents per base) on February 19 to a high of 111% per long ton (13.89 cents per pound) on October 6. The year ended with the bid price quoted at 106%.. TABLE 16.--Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and London, 1962-54, in cents per pound 1 Month 1952 1953 1954 8t. New Lon St. New Lon St. New Lon Louis York don * Louis York don > Louis York don** January..................................... Fehruary.................................. March................................ ....... April.......................................... May........................................... June........................................... July............................................ August....................................... September................................ October..................................... November................................ Deoember................................. Average.......................... 18. 80 18.80 18.80 18.72 16. 63 16. Ofl 16.80 16. 80 15. 80 14.20 13.98 13.92 16.37 19.00 19.00 19.00 18. 92 16. 73 16. 26 16. 00 16.00 16.00 14.40 14. 18 14. 12 21.73 21, 10 20.82 20.43 17. 18 16. 26 16. 63 10. 30 10. 27 * 11.28 >11.69 > 12.20 13. 99 13. 30 13. 20 12.44 12. 55 . 13.21 13.48 13.80 13. 64 13. 30 13. 30 13.30 16. 47 16.82 13.28 14.19 13.60 13. 40 12.64 12.76 13.41 13.68 14.00 13.74 13.60 13.50 13.60 13. 48 12.51 11.86 11.46 10.34 10. 32 11.14 11. 71 11.08 11.68 11.60 11.82 11.34 11.48 13.06 12.62 12. 73 13.71 13. 80 13.91 13.80 13.86 14.40 14.77 14.80 14.80 13.85 13.26 12.82 12. 93 13.91 14.00 14. 11 14.00 14.00 14.60 14. 07 16.00 15.00 14.06 10.86 10. 30 10.86 11.77 11.88 12. 26 12. 04 12.17 12. 67 13. 57 13.48 12. 97 12.08 8t. Louts: Metal Statistics, 1956, p. 633. New York: Metal Statistics, 1966, p. 627. London: EdcMJ Metal and Mineral Markets. * Conversion of English quotations Into American money based on average rates of exchange recorded by Federal Reserve Board. 1 Average of dally mean of bld-ond-esked quotations, at morning session of London Metal Exchange. LEAD FOREIGN TR Imports.--General imports of lead 1954 compared with 652,300 tons in 628.100 tons in 1952. Despite the dec lead over commercial demand in the Un reduced materially by deliveries to the range stockpile. The quantity of lead and matte was virtually the same as i tons), but that in pig3 and bars (276,3 the overall decrease was 20 percent. flue dust, and matte, Canada supplied Africa 22, Australia 13, Bolivia 9, and temala, Mexico, Philippines, and Hond and bars, Mexico furnished 25, Canad Yugoslavia 14, Peru 7, French Morocco TABLE 17.--Total lead imported into the bullion, pigs, bars, and reclaimed, by oountr in short tons, in terms of lead content1 (U. 8. Department of C Country 1946-49 (aver age) 195 Ore. flue dust or fume, and matte: North America: Canada................................................. Newfoundland and Labrador. Ouatemala....... ................................... Honduras............................................. Mexico.............. .................................. Total.................................................. South America: Bolivia................................................ Chile...................................................... Peru................. 1................................... Other South America....................... Total.............. 1................................. Asia: Philippines.......................................... Total.................................................. Africa: Union of South Africa...................... Other Africa.... .................. ................ Total.................................................. 4,658 } . 9, 11,963 117 J 670 106 3,040 2, 69 20,522 13, 10, 649 2,979 10,742 1,733 26,103 27 13, 2, 16, 32, 163 64 123 840 1, 1,837 7,600 637 9, 974 19 19 Australia.............................................. Other Oceania..................................... Total................................................... Total ore and matte.............................. 10, 247 33 10,280 07,246 9 9 76 See footnotes at end of table. > Figures on Imports and exports compiled by Mae B. Activities, Bureau of Mines, from records of the U. 8. Depa 670 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 TABLE 17.--Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, pig*, bars, and reclaimed, by countries, 1945-49 (average) and 1960-54, in short tons, in terms of lead content --Continued (U. 8. Department of Commerce] Country 1945-49 (aver 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 age) Base bullion: North America: South America: Total................................................. 1,649 1.640 177 () 177 232 232 72 72 Asia: Pigs and bars: North America; Newfoundland and Labrador. South America: 73 73 6 449 2. 254 921 921 2,263 3.488 42,370 } 107,073 2 104.871 220,767 14 2 147,206 328, 442 21,811 31,088 Europe: United Kingdom............................. Asia: Total.*............. ............................... Africa: Total............................................ 21,811 1,825 1,667 4, 954 400 331 153 6, 489 50 14,887 751 3,454 631 4,836 117 117 16.051 204,908 31,988 166 8,643 484 440 49 43, 855 53, 637 6,712 6,712 22,000 441.788 260 200 47 123 47 123 _ (*) 2. 234 2.281 389 60.060 36, 987 93, 946 104, 631 198,872 18 303,421 31,528 2 31,530 636 42,100 2 42,806 331 738 290 30,311 37, 670 1,785 * 6.052 2. 747 6. 600 4,216 63,997 717 76, 023 2,270 6, 070 2. 279 13.508 170,032 6. 070 82,800 610, 720 736 736 133 133 869 40,000 140. 751 209 189, 900 220 52,210 9 62,445 2.017 < 4. 000 1,081 1. 148 61.626 1, 490 62,474 138 138 0, 258 448 0, 706 70, 348 385,071 See footnotes at end of table. 41 41 41 60, 887 68. 695 20 128, 602 20,047 20. 047 339 * 799 166 5, 680 2, 386 38, 405 3, 902 61,627 10 10 17,655 17, 655 68, 4-16 276,286 LEAD TABLE 17.--Total lead imported into the U bullion, pigs, bars, and reclaimed, by countri in short tons, in terms of lead content 1--C [U. 8. Department of C 1946-49 Country (aver 1960 age) Reclaimed, scrap, etc.: North America: Canada................................................. Newfoundland and Labrador. .pther North America....................... Total.................................................. South Amortca: Vencruela............................................. 4,708 16 208 26 606 74 186 j 6,811 1,3 3 9 2 2, 9 12 2 Total.................................................. Europe: Other Europe.................................... Total.................................................. Asia: Japan..................................................... Total................................................. Africa......... ................................................. Oceania: 14 263 68 133 612 131 307 2,048 41 1,620 1,066 2,727 260 2,131 14, 15, 1, Total reclaimed, scrap, etc.................. Grand total............................................. 2. 131 12,091 287,469 1, 20, 641, i Data axe "general imports," that Is, they include lea material entering the country under bond. * Leas than 1 ton. Revised figure. West Germany. 672 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1064 TABLE 18.--Lead imported for consumption in the United States, 1946-49 (aver age) and 1960-64, by classes 1 (U. 8. Department of Commerce] Year Lead In ores, flue Load In base dust or fume, and bullion mattes, n. s. p. f. Pigs and bars Short tons Value Short Value Short tons tons Value Sheets, pipe, and snot Short Value tons Not other wise speci fied (value) Total value 1946-49 (average).... 60,921 $12,022,033 2,771 $807,066 201,446 $47,835,379 1950.................... 96,068 21,045,414 1,148 193,366 434,410 104,340,645 1061................... 81,372 8,365,676 179,02! 63,682,071 1962................... 107,621 32,768,909 2,951 1,137,813 510,718 165,018,991 1963................... 67,030 16,214,084 742 *294,068 379.119 96,285,223 1964................... 196,064 47,967,269 41 10,149 274,286 *68,419,607 93 $61,413 $25, 974 $63, 907,659 207 78,111 78,690 129,613,216 255 123,377 174,266 74. 628,628 11 8,446 221,779 202,364,782 178 68,291 242,926 *111,919, 688 397 *128,812 *149,208 *118,126,081 * In addition to quantities shown (value Included In total values), "reclaimed, scrap, etc.,'' Imported as Xl^jTI1#8"49 (* *): 12.866 tons, $3,166,705; 1960: 22,524 tons, $3,876,999; 1961: 8,020 tons, $2,183,240; 1952; 11.358 tons, $3,198,844; 1953: 8,660 tons, $824,997; 1954 : 7,217 tons, *$1,450,030. Figures Include lead reoeived by the Government and hold In stockpiles but exclude Imports for manufacture In bond and export, which are classified as "Imports for consumption" by the U. 8. Department of Commerce. * Revised figure. * Due to changes In tabulating procedures by the U. 8. Department of Commoroe data known not to be oomparable to earlier years. TABLE 19.--Miscellaneous products containing lead, imported for consumption in the United States, 1946-49 (average) and 1960-64 [U. B. Department of Commerce] Year Babbitt raetAi, solder, white metal, and other combinations contain ing lead Type metal and antlmonlal lead Gross weight (short tons) Lead content (short tons) Value Gross weight (short tons) Lead con tout (short tons) Value 1945-49 (average)........................ 1960....................................... 1961.......................... 1962............................................. 1963..................................... 1964................................ 221 4,346 1,633 1,640 2, 375 2,309 128 2,744 988 999 1,343 1,572 $238.668 2,814,264 1,404,792 1,348,288 1.869,312 ' 1,945,992 10,170 12,618 9. 128 10,909 6,366 4.138 9.303 10, 682 8.003 9.416 6,016 3,367 $2,350,207 3,431,660 3,845,671 4,153,960 1,921,453 1,250,938 1 Due to obanges In tabulating procedures by the U. 8. Department of Commerce data known not to be comparable to earlier years. Exports.--Exports of pigs and bars totaled only 596 tons, lead scrap less than 4j000 tons, and ore, matte, and ba?e Bullion only 102 tons in 1954. Export restrictions imposed under the Export Control Act of 1940 remained in effect throughout 1954. Expansion in trade between countries in Eastern and Western Europe was indicated. European press reports stated that under trade agreements executed in 1954 U. S. S. It. was to receive 3,000 metric tons of lead from France and 4,000 tons from Belgium-Luxembourg. Also, in a quota agreement running to March 31, 1955, Iran was reported to have agreed to provide U. S. S. It. with 50,000 tons of lead ore and 12,000 tons of zinc ore. LEAD TABLE 20.--Total lead exported from the U bullion, pigs, bars, anodes, and scrap, by de 1960-64, in short tons1 (U. 8. Department of Oo Destination 1946-49 (average Ore. matte, base bullion (tad content): North America: 32 c) 32 2 Total ore, matte, base bullion............................... Pigs, baxp, anodes: North America: Other North America.......................................... Total..................................................................... South America: Oblle....................................................................... Other South America.......................................... Europe: _ _ Other Europe......................................-................ Total....................-............................................... Asia: ` 1 .Other Asia.............................................................. 'i ! , Scrap: North America: . Mexico.................................................................. South Amerloa...................... ....................................... Europe: United Kingdom................ ................................ Total..................................................................... 34 1 1 7 1 1 1 2 16 18 17 7 8 2 7 66 1 2 1 9 16 2 1 3 7 (0 1 vr () w <) (<) ((<4))) () () See footnotes at end of table. 674 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 TABLE 20.--Total lead exported from the United States in ores, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, anodes, and sorap, by destinations, 1945-49 (average) and 1960-54, in short tons1--Continued [U. 8. Department of Commerce] Destination 1946-49 I960 1961 1952 1963 1964 (average) Asia: , Total.................................................................... 8 (i) <<) 196 040 2, 014 1,676 4,444 196 694 2.432 76 2,673 640 2,708 4, 647 2,014 3,894 4,692 1 In addition foreign lead woe reexported as follows: Ore, matte, base bullion 1945-49 (.average) 1 ton; 1960: 4 tons; 1961-64; none. Pigs, bars, anodes 1945-49 (average) 134 tons; 1960: 63 tons; 1961: none; 1962: 2 tons; 1963: 799 tons; 1964: none. Scrap 1949-63: bone;|1964: 121jtons. * Revised figure. Less than 1 ton. * Not separately classified 1945-48: 1949:''nelglum-Luxombourgfi362Xton9;fOanada 96 tons; Lobanon 11 tons; United Kingdom 279 tons; total scrap 747 tons. West Germany. . Tariff.--The duty on pig lead remained at 1X cents a pound and that on lead in ores and concentrates at % cent a pound throughout 1954. Details of changes in tariff rates on these and other lead articles since 1930 were published in the 1953 volume of this series (Lead chapter, Minerals Yearbook, volume I). ... Efforts of a segment of the domestic lead and zinc mining industry to bring about an increase in tariff rates under the "escape-clause" provisions of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1951 continued during the early part of 1954. The report of the Tariff Commission on its investigation begun in 1953 relating to these provisions was released in May 1954.8 The report recommended that import duties on most lead and zinc materials be increased 50 percent above the rates existing on January 1, 1945. In lieu of increasing the duties, the President on August 23 outlined an expanded stockpiling program to assist the mining industry. Under the new program domestic purchases of lead ana zinc could total up to 200,000 and 300,000 tons, respectively. TECHNOLOGY Progress continued to be made in applying new prospecting tech niques and in mechanization of development and mining operations, in efficiency of lead smelting, and in research on utilization of lead in new alloys and compounds. Although all the new or improved techniques employed in the industry were of course not covered in the literature released for publication, much valuable information was provided in papers contributed by the technical staffs of individual companies, trade journals, and others engaged in research. United States Tariff Commission, Lead and Zinc: Report to President on Escapo-Clause Investigation 27, Under the Provisions of Section 7 of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1961, May 1964, 34 pp- (wltb statistical appendix). LEAD Publications of the Geological Su to lead included the following: Bulletin 1000-B. Geochemical Prospectin Zinc District, Nigeria. Bulletin 1004. Geology and Ore Deposits Alaska. Bulletin 1010. Geologic Controls of Lea (Yellow Pine) District, Nevada. The Bureau of Mines published Bu of heat and free-energy-of-formation data are used in evaluating heat bala appraising possible improvements in e and as a guide in the search for bet o( recent or possible future commerc A number of excellent articles app An article 10 described the methods circular shaft 950 feet deep with an i to develop the new Indian Creek pro in Washington County, Mo. Ope and an average advance of 7 feet 4 single misbreak and with no lost-tim Methods used in a shaft-sinking p Atlas mine in the Coeur. d'Alene di Full use was made of up-to-date me mucking machine, and attention to record despite unfavorable ground. Borehole photography of critical b investigation for nigh dams and fo tested.** Recent advances in the' metallur were the following: (1) The vacuum dezincing process refined lead, (2) the use of the Ven fume and dust in place of baghouses o enriched air in the lead blast furnace, lead to steel so that lead's corrosion physical strength of steel, and (5) the alloys with enhanced physical chara Metallurgical research and new m ment increased production at the le Broken Hill Consolidated, Ltd., in A the use of .three penthouses in the ground and mentioned a number of im ods. One of the problems on which m * Coughlin, James P., Contributions to the Data on Energies of Formation of Inorganic Oxides: Bureau of M Bain. O. Kremer, A Highly Meobanlzed Shaft Sin June 1964,pp. 38-39. n Love, william H., Facts and Figures on the Atlas Novembor 1964, pp. 1000-1092; and Western Miner and >' Mining World, Would You Like to See the Inside (also pub. In Mareh 1964 Issue of Systems Magazine, Is >* Roll, Kempton H., Latest Developments In the Met of Lead Industries Association and American Zinc Insti 14 Mining Engineering, New Methods Boost Austral 1964, pp. 966-967. 676 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1964 on was the effect of the lubricant used in rock drills on the recovery of lead and zinc minerals by flotation in the mills. . Laboratory tests revealed that ono rock-drill lubricant has a detrimental effect on flotation. An article told how smelter practice at the Midvale lead smelter of the United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. was modified for two-shift operation.1 The Midvale smelter had operated its sintering plant and lead blast furnace on a two-shift basis from 7 a. m. to 11 p. in. since early 1952. These departments had also been operating 5 and 6 days per week, depending on operating schedules. Obviously, continuous operation would be much preferred, but the two-shift operation was quite satisfactory. A paper was published covering experimental work conducted at the Port Pirie smelter of Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty., Ltd., at Port Pirie, South Australia.18 Limited experimental work indicated that, by increasing the surface area of sinter, and possibly that of coke as'well, a marked increase in the rate and degree of sinter reduction in the furnace shaft can be achieved. Fusion-point tests have shown that this increased reduction means a much higher sinter fusion point and narrower plastic zone. More efficient utilization of coke in the furnace is inherent in the intensification of reduction by providing a more reactive sinter surface. Investigations aimed at increasing the capability of the blast furnace to operate on a higher lead tenor of sinter thus reducing fuel cost proportionately, and at eliminating the loss in reduction potential in coke entering the furnace, as shown by the presence of appreciable proportions of CO in the top gases, are reported. Several lines for future investigations are proposed that could result in unproved smelting methods. Data on the physical and mechanical properties of hard and soft lead published in 1954 17 show that the properties may vary consider ably depending upon temperature, rate of cooling, and time of aging. The effect of aging treatments on strength and hardness of age- hardenable lead alloys is discussed. Progress was reported 18 in experimental work by American and British investigators on invorse segregation in lead-antimony alloys. One of the observations made was that examination of hypoeutectic lead-antimonv castings revealed a great deal more antimony in the surface layer than would be expected from the composition of the alloy. As the composition of the alloy approaches that of the euteotic (that is, about 13 percent of antimony), the surface layer becomes almost entirely antimony instead of the expected eutectic. Another observation was that inverse segregation can bo fully ac counted for by interdentritic flow from the interior of the solidifying ingot and that no special forces are necessary. n Johnson, Hugo L., and Nelson, Casper A., Midvale Smelter Practice Modified hr 2-8hl/t Operation: Jour. Metals, vnl. 6, No. 0, Sopterobor 1954, pp. 949-951. (Pres. At the annual mooting AIME, New York, Feb. 15-18. 1954.) i* Haney, L. B., and Hopkins, R. J., Thoughts on Lead Blast-Furnace Smelting (with discussion), Jour, of Motals, vol. 6, No. 11, November 1954, pp. 1208-1213. i Materials and Methods, vol. 40, No. 4, October 19M, pp. 131,139,141. Metal Industry (London), vol. 85, No. 26, Dec. 24, 1954, p. 539. LEAD In another article, it was stated 10 improves workability of strip steel. electrolytically from a spocial fluoborate surface. Coating acts as a lubrioant i forming roll leaving a surface of improv resistance. A small piece of glass coated with lea in developing devices for detecting war The Ekstron detector is said to have 1 certain infrared rays as previous labora to heat-detection devices, the sensitive ing devices. In 1954 lead was more than holding other chemical construction materials and Copper lead were the grades usually tion, which included equipment for storage, and use of a variety of corrosiv Pamt formulation and the condition metal surfaces were described " in rela attachment. Some pigments like red le have a beneficial effect on adherence products with the binder or metal su because they inhibit the rate of deterio film. Others like Ti03 have no effect. oxide, can accelerato the cure of a film, WORLD REV World mino production of lead in 1 1953 and established a new record. Ou compared with the previous high of 2,0 tial gains in Europe, Australia, Asia, increase; the output in North America w and that in South America declined 4 which has been the largest lead-produ retained first rank in 1964 by a wide but by a small margin in mine prod increase in Australia, the second large output. Lead ores 'were mined in ab 6--United States, Australia, Mexico, t Peru--furnished nearly two-thirds of th World smelter production of lead increasing 6 percent over 1953 (the for short tons. On a smelter basis, the 6 co i* Roohl, E. J., I^ead-Tln Alloy Coating Improves Worka Mar. 18, 1964, pp. 140-142. 19 Journal of Metals, vol. 6, No. 7, July 1954, d . 803. " Chemical Engineering, Lead More Than Holding Its Ow Bobalek, E. G., Adherence of Paint Films: Metal Prog 678 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 producers on a mine basis supplied 67 percent of the total world smelter output, nearly the same percentage as they did of the mine output. Annual world mine production by countries for 1950-54, and the average of the 5-year period 1945-49, insofar as statistics are available, are given in table 21. World smelter production for the same years is given in table 22. World sme.lting and refining facilities outside tho United States were listed in the 1953 chapter of this series, table 23. TABLE 21.--World mine production of lead, by countries, 1045-49 (average) and 1060-54, in shortens 1 (Compiled by Augusta W. Jann) Country 1946-49 1960 (average).* 1961 1962 1963 1964 North America: Canada...... .................................................... Quatomala.................................................... Honduras........................................... ,,......... Mexico........................................................... United States............................................ Total........................................................... South America: Argentina...................................................... Bolivia (exports)*........................................ Brazil............................................................. Chile............................................................... Peru................................................................ Total........................................................... Europe: Austria........................................................... Bulgaria ...................................................... Czechoslovakia *.......................................... Finland.......................................................... Franca............................................................ Germany: East *...................................................... West....................................................... Greece *.......................................................... Hungary........................................................ Ireland........................................................... Italy............................................................... Norway......................................................... Poland ....................................................... Portugal......................................................... Rumania * * ... - Spain.............................................................. Sweden.......................................................... U. 8. 8. R. .............................................. United Kingdom......................................... Yugoslavia.................................................... Total........................................................ 183,633 >60 1.149 * 326 216,641 161 382,182 784,142 21,082 17,896 987 2,800 284 68,839 101,888 2, 676 5, TOO 1,390 137 8,441 1,800 24,038 1,004 132 168 23,457 164 14,400 634 3,771 33,408 24,190 70,000 3,021 66,967 274,150 165,697 13 3,307 308 202,436 680 430,827 863,168 21,360 34,366 4,400 3, 657 252 68, 473 132,508 4,894 11,000 1,100 157 13,702 2,800 61,081 6, 400 330 413 42,200 258 20,000 1,445 4,400 43,283 24,993 123,000 3,677 94,842 450,000 168,231 3,638 600 248,636 620 388,164 799, 689 168,842 4,030 693 271,198 110 390, 162 835, 535 193,706 7, 789 * 1,090 244,216 342,644 789,446 219,280 2,607 < 1,036 238,788 326,419 787, 730 25,100 33, 084 3,900 8,699 33 90,776 21,000 33.083 3,100 4,400 120 105,571 17,600 20, 222 3.300 * 3, 600 126 120,303 21,000 20,092 8,300 3,600 121,287 162,091 167,280 177,060 1 169,180 4,986 11,000 1,100 238 12,179 2,900 66,467 4,200 c) 1,330 44,300 456 20,000 1,787 4,400 44,680 21,708 141,500 6,429 86,807 464,600 6, 763 11,000 1,100 238 13,024 2.900 66,610 6,600 () 2,097 44,200 456 22,000 2,118 6, 600 46, 720 22,700 170,000 6,369 87,047 600,900 6,677 11,000 1,100 239 12,710 3,300 69,085 6,300 (') 1,005 44,00d 679 23,600 1,900 0,600 69,760 28,146 202,000 7,439 93,864 679,300 6,432 o 1,100 291 11,486 5, 500 74,419 6,900 c (') 47,400 740 24,000 2,200 6,600 61,000 33,029 228,600 7,698 92,736 632,030 For footnotes, seo end of t&blo. ; LEAD TABLE 21.--World mine produotion of lead 1960-64, in short tons Country 1946-49 (average) Asia: 80 * 420 Korea: 7,028 3,800 837 140 202 913 Total ......................................................... 13,420 Africa: Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of: 1,039 626 15 2,646 24,623 87 11,776 19 18,761 186 1 12,872 12 176 Total........................................................... 72,635 218,646 2 1,465,000 1,8 > This table incorporates a number of revlslonsloffdata Average for 1946-49. 1 Average for 1948-49. 4 Imports Into United 8tates. I Estimate. Tonnage recoverable from ore. ' Data not available; estimate by senior author of chap Includes lead content of xlnc-lead conoontrate. Average for one year only, as 1949 was first year of com Smelter production. II Year ended March 21 of year following that stated. 680 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 TABLE 22.--World smelter production of lead, by countries where smelted, 1946-49 (average) and 1950-64, in short tone 1 3 (Compiled by Augusta W. Jana)i Country 1946-49 1960 1951 1952 1963 1954 (average) North America: Canada.............................. Ouatemala........................ Mexico............................... United States (redned)V 169,467 118 210,699 419,723 170,304 299 264,447 506,060 102,712 66 241,624 414,628 163,389 348 261,730 472, 460 166,366 725 236,960 467,723 106,379 * 110 230,667 486,624 Total.............................. 789,997 930,160 818,930 917,923 871,770 883,680 South Amerioa: Argentina.......................... Brad]................................. Peru.................................... 22,689 684 39, 693 20,900 4,630 34,936 26,167 3,300 48,774 21,815 2, 146 63, 697 14,330 3, 260 65,041 * 25,300 * 3,300 63,048 Total............................... 62,766 60,466 78, 241 77,657 82,621 92,248 Europe: Austria ............................ Belgium .......................... Czechoslovakia................ France................................ Germany: East *.......................... West............................ Greece................................ Hungary............................ Italy.................................... Poland............................... Portugal............................. Rumania *......................... Spain.................................. Sweden.............................. U. 8. 8. R........................ United Kingdom 1.......... Yugoslavia........................ 6, 284 47,611 3,786 34,663 12,026 68,447 (4) 70,740 ] 46,019 f 13,200 \ 73,435 1,396 2,342 * 44 331 19,373 41,302 14,400 20,000 302 651 3.771 4,400 34,609 44,719 11,010 18,388 70,000 123,000 2.772 3,360 41,737 63,057 12,287 80,271 &70 18,600 83,846 4,288 () 40,212 20,000 798 4,400 49, 285 10,259 141,600 4,683 66,214 11,445 87,640 (*) 66,811 19,800 102,164 2,712 () 37,810 22,000 1,174 5,600 51,306 12,555 170,000 6, 295 74,053 13,113 84,162 (#) 60,390 24,200 118,801 *2,800 (') 41,881 23,600 973 6,600 66,492 17,800 202,000 7,446 78,039 13. 204 79,208 <j 67,704 24,200 121,504 * 3,200 () 41,160 24,000 * 1,100 6,600 62, 475 22, 147 228,600 7,698 73,656 Total *............................. 336,700 663,300 694,300 664,200 742,100 780,200 Asia: Burma............................................................ China........................................................... India.............................................................. Japan.............................................................. Korea: North...................................................... Republic................................................ 1,720 999 331 8,717 3,900 704 12 *4,400 701 11,006 3,300 () 6,474 6,600 962 11,839 <) 2,949 6,600 1,268 16,707 9,641 *10,000 1,897 19,537 12,722 * * 10,000 2,003 28,916 2,200 139 66 ( ) 30 Total-........................................................ Africa: . French Morocco......................................... Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of: Northern Rhodesia............................. South-West Africa............................... Tunisia........................................................... 16, 400 2, 180 11,776 32 13,639 19,800 13,336 16,328 25,944 24,100 24,606 16,646 25,250 27, 700 33,166 14,112 28,116 43,300 30,240 12,890 30,017 69,200 29,418 16, 800 29,972 Total........................................................... 27,620 64,607 65,602 76,394 73,201 76,190 Australia 1............................................................. 193, 622 221,252 221,346 217,670 231,301 267,182 World total (estimate)........................... 1,430,000 1,860,000 1,800,000 1,980,000 2,040,000 2, 160,000 i Data derived In part from Monthly Bulletin of the United Nations. Statistical Summary of the Mineral Industry (Colonial Geological 6urvoys, London), aud the Yearbook of the American Bureau of Motai Statistics. 1 This table Incorporates a number of revisions of data published In previous Lead ebaptors. * Estimate. * Figures cover lead refined from domestlo and foreign ores; refined lead produced from foreign baso bullion not Inoluded. 1 Includes scrap; but excludes refined lead produced from foreign base bullion. * Data not available; estimate by senior author of chapter Included In total. 11ncluding lead content of lead bullion, Qgures for which are as follows: 1945-49 average, 23,411 short tons; I960, 41,403; 1961, 35,697; 1952, 42,234; 1953, 33,137; and 1954, 42,723. LEAD NORTH AMERIC Canada.--Mine production of lead in 13 percent over 19,53 to 219,300 short to 1942. A substantial part of the lead shipped to other countries for smelting. Canada was 166,400 tons, virtually the s Much the largest producer of lead c Sullivan zinc-leaa-silver mine at Kimberle and operated by The Consolidated Mining Ltd. The ore was treated in the 12,000- flotation lead and zinc concentrates pro company reduction works at Trail. T smelter and refinery with an annual c refined lead and an electrolytic zinc sme of 180,000 tons of bar zinc. The Trail primary lead smelter operating in Cana The second largest lead-producing min Company, Ltd., zinc-lead-copper property with a 1,300-ton flotation mill. A report23 by the Canada Departme Surveys gave detailed information on th Lead output by provinces was shown as 174,300 short tons; Newfoundland,.18,70 Quebec, 8,500 tons; Nova Scotia, 2,100 to Exports of lead contained in ore and short tons (largely to the United States), amounted to 117,300 tons (mostly to the U Kingdom). The following information on Canadia stracted from this report. In British Columbia the Sullivan m 2,681,600 tons of zinc-lead-silver ore in 19 tons in 1953. A large part of the ore ca and pillar removal in tne upper part of t dated Mining & Smelting Co., operator operated the Bluebell silver-lead-zinc min Lake. Other producers of lead conce Mines, Ltd., (a Consolidated Mining & northwestern British Columbia; Canadia mine near Salmo; Sheep Creek Gold Mine 25 miles southwest of Athalmer (began Violamac Mines, Ltd., near Sandon: Sun near Gamborne; Giant Mascot Mines, Silver Standard Mines, Ltd., near Haze Mines, Ltd., at Ainsworth. Sil-Von Con Co., Ltd., discontinued operations in, Smithers. . > . Producers in Quebec included the: N Pontiac County; Anacon Lead Mines, L ------------------------ . . Neelanda, R. E.r Lead Jn Canada, 1964 (Prelim.): Oana Ottawa, 1966,6pp. ' '* 428641--68------- 44 ' ; 682 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 54 Mines, Ltd. (mine closed in February) both in Portneuf County' Golden Manitou Mines, Ltd., Abitibi East County; Consolidated Candego Mines, Ltd., North Gasp6 County (closed in October); and Ascot Metals Corporation, Ltd., Sherbrooke County. In the Mayo district, Yukon, United Keno Hill Mines, Ltd., produced concentrate containing around 13,800 tons of lead'from its Hector and Calumet mines, ana the Mackeno Mines, Ltd., produced concentrate containing about 2,500 tons of lead. Prospectors Airways Co., Ltd., found extensive flat-lying deposits of zinc-lead ore by drilling on the Vangorda property near the Pelly River northwest of the Canol Road. Drilling by the American Smelting & Refining Co. 38 miles north of Watson Lake outlined more than a million tons averag ing 15 percent combined lead and zinc. On Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Mindamar Metals Corp., Ltd., mined an average of 600 tons of ore daily and produced zinc concentrate and bulk lead-copper concentrate. In Ontario, Jardun Mines, Ltd., began producing lead and zinc concentrates in a new 300-ton mill on its property 18 miles northeast of Sault Ste. Marie. Activity in development and exploration for base metals in New Brunswick was featured by the discovery of several extensive zinc- lead-copper-pyrite ore bodies in the Little River property 30 miles northwest of Newcastle, announced in November by the American Metal Co., Ltd. Large-scale development of the property was planned. The Brunswick Mining & Smelting Corp., Ltd., sank a 400-foot exploration shaft on its Anacon deposit and began developing two levels. The ore from this development was to be treated in the 150-ton pilot mill built in 1954 near the large company Austin Brook zinc-lead-pyrite deposit 17 miles southwest of Bathurst, discovered in 1952. Several miles east of the Brunswick Austin Brook property, New Larder "U" Island Mines, Ltd., began sinking a shaft (planned to reach 1,500 feet in depth) on its property where drilling had indi cated^ deposit containing 1 million tons of ore averaging 8.2 percent combined lead and zinc. The 200-ton mill of Keymet Mines, Ltd., completed in 1953 at its (property 15 miles north of Bathurst, was destroyed by fire in April 1954 but was rebuilt and began producing zinc and lead concentrates in October. In Northwest Territories, Pine Point Mines, Ltd., a subsidiary of Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. and Ventures, Ltd., resumed exploration at its extensive zinc-lead property near Pine Point south of Great Slave Lake; two prospect shafts were sunk to investigate mining conditions and provide ore for bulk sampling tests. Greenland.--Exploration and development of the Mestersvig lead- zinc deposit in East Greenland continued in 1954. According to announcements released to the press in Copenhagen by the Nordic Mining Co., Ltd., on August 25, miningfwas scheduled to begin, and it was hoped that the first shipments of lead and zinc concentrates could be made during the summer season of 1956. It was also stated at a meeting of the board of directors of the company on August 24 that, in terms of metal prices quoted at that time, the deposits of lead and zinc ascertained thus far had a value of about 100 million kroner ($14,500,000) and that they would assure operation over a period of 6 or 7 years. Navigation difficulties presented a problem owing to the lack of enough vessels of sufficient ice-breaking strength to navigate LEAD safely in East Greenland waters, and local considered. . Guatemala.--The zinc-lead-silver mine Guatemalan s. A., near Coban in norther operate in 1954. Mexico.--With the advance in prices o conditions for lead mining and smelting in M during 1954, but there were no significa regulations and taxes affecting operations production of lead was 238,800 short tons ( and smelter production was 230,600 tons further incentive to the industrialization p were published on April 16 and May 22 exemptions of certain alloys of lead and This action was equivalent to a Governme fabricators amounting to about 3.6 cents a deducted this sum from the sales price of and in turn reduced the amount to be paid equivalent amount. The San Luis Potosi smelter of the Am Co. continued operations in 1954. Com Mexico, owned or leased in 1954, included Potosi; the Parral, Santa Barbara, Santa and Plomosas units, Chihuahua; the Taxco Xicliu unit, Guanajuato; and Cia. Metalu cording to the company annual report for Angangueo unit, Michoacan, ended in Ap were returned to the owner, Michoacan R on December 31, 1954. Construction o Nuestra Senora lead-zinc-silver property in was completed, and operations on a par August. Exploration and development of erty at Rosario, Sinaloa, continued to yie San Pedro mine, a lead-zinc property 75 unit, San Luis Potosi, was purchased. Alt tance, it will be an attractive source of ore The operating subsidiaries of the Ame Mexico in 1954 were the Cia. Minera de P Metalurgica Penoles, S. A.s< The first c units--the Avalos unit at Avalos, Zacatec concentrates; Ocampo unit, Boquillas, C Calabaza unit, Etzatlan, Jalisco, lead an unit, Topia, Durango, lead and zinc co unit, Villaldama, Nuevo Leon, lead oxide operated its Torreon, Coahuila, lead sme Leon, lead refinery. Besides concentrates mining units, the smelter treated lead ore from a large number of custom shippers t as a result of improved rail service which concentrates theretofore stored at mines, duction in Mexico increased from 75,900 American Metal Co., Ltd., Annual Report for the 67th Yea 684 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 in 1954. Improved metallurgical efficiencies were more than offset by adverse factors, principally the increase in export taxes following the peso devaluation in April 1954. This increase litid to be paid oven on metal in process at the time of devaluation, on which the company could not adjust its purchase cost correspondingly. Pilot-plant opera tions for recovering zinc from the Torreon lead blast-furnace slags were carried out successfully, but the construction of a commercial plant was postponed. Other large producers in Mexico during the year were San Francisco Mines of Mexico, Ltd.. El Potosi Mining Co. (subsidiary of Howe Sound Co.), Fresnillo Co., and Minas de Iquala, S. A. (subsidiary of Eagle-Picher Co.). An article*4 described operations of the recently rebuilt 2,000-metric-ton-per-day mill of San Francisco mines in Chihuahua. ` SOUTH AMERICA Argentina.--Most of Argentina's lead production has been from the Aguilar district, and the chief producer in 1954 continued to be the Compania Minera Aguilar, S. A., a subsidiary of the St. Joseph Lead Co. According to the annual report of the St. Joseph Lead Co. for 1954, ore treated in the Aguilar 1,000-ton mill yielded 22,581 metric tons of lead concentrate and 36,240 tons of zinc concentrate compared with 19,768 tons of lead concentrate and 31,797 tons of zinc con centrate in 1953. Latein 1954 the National Load Co., S. A., announced 24 that a major expansion was planned at its Mina Castano zinc-lead-silver mining property in the Province of San Juan about 700 miles northwest of Buenos Aires. The expansion will include a concentrator, powerplant, pipeline, and new housing for personnel. Construction was expected to get underway on February 1, 1955. When the new plant begins operations in mid-1956, it will be capable of handling crude ore at the rate of 200 metric tons per day. Concentrate will be shipped to the company lead smelter at Puerto Villelas. Bolivia.--The nationalized lead and zinc mines in Bolivia were operated by the Corporacion Minera de Bolivia. The mine production of lead in 1954, based on the quantity estimated to be recoverable from concentrate and slag exported, was 20,100 short tons, 6,100 tons less than in 1953. Brazil.--The lead output of Brazil has come chiefly from deposits in the States of Sao Paulo and Parana. According to a report,27 ore was also produced in 1954 from another deposit at Alto Garcia, district of Blumenau, State of Santa Catarina, and was processed by Cia. de Mineracao Sul-Brssileira. Total mine production in Brazil in 1954, the same as smelter production, was 3,300 short tons. Chile.--Mine production of lead was estimated at 3,500 short tons in 1954. It was reported 24 that Cia. Minera Aysen was producing load concentrate averaging 72 percent lead at the rate of 450 tons per month and zinc concentrate averaging 54.7 percent zinc at the rate of 350 tons. '* 11 ** Mining World, Tabling and Flexibility Make a Unique New Mill: Vol. Id, No. fl, May 1964, pp. 44-18. ' ** Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. 156, No. 12, December 1954, p. 117. " Mining Journal (London), vol. 244, No. 0231, Jan. 21, 1906, p. 08. 11 Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. 160, No. 4, April 1966, p. 100. LEAD Peru.--Mine production of lead in Peru tons, a 4-percent decrease from the record The Cerro de Pasco Corp. continued to b producer, operating: several copper-silver mines and mills in the Departments of Pa lead smelter and refinery, copper smelter a zinc refinery q,t La Oroya. Tne annual repo stated that its production of the principal significant gains over 1953. Production large as in 1953, was 63,485 short tons. T zinc mine at San Cristobal in the vicinity ment in 1954, was approaching productio after a lapse of 6 years, during which k veloped and extended. The ores'were tr trator to which they were transported ove The Tangana lead-zinc mine in the P Department of Huancavelica, made its fi Minero concentrator at Hauchocolpa. P about 50 tons of ore daily.* About 40 shipped ore to one or more of the four op Banco Minero del Peru. Two of the si not in operation. 1 . EUROPE' Austria.--Bleiberger Bergwerks Union, pany at. Bleiberg-Dreuth, Province, of C ducing lead-zinc mine in Austria in 1954. 120,192 metric tons, of which 44,529 tons. The average metal content of the newly m and 4.3 percent zinc. The ore was treated at Kreuth. The mill produced 6,844 .me (with 4,928 metric tons of extractable met tons of zinc concentrate (4,663 metric content). Lead extraction was 94.6 per Lead concentrate and lead scrap were pr at Gailitz-Arnoldstein, Province of .Car primary lead in Austria. Bleiberg lead is property valued by storage-battery m capacity of the smelter is 11,000 to 12,00 In 1954 Italy shipped 4,920 metric tons o for processing. Between 3,500 and,4,000 m metal is annually remelted from domes Bergwerks Union! and several other comp Finland.--The output of lead concentr 478 metric tons, of which 402 tons was f ducing chiefly zme) and 76 tons from the France.^-Mines in France produced, li 1954 compared-with 12,710. tons in 195 mines in 1954 were the La Loubati&re Plagne at AimA (Savoie), and Les Maline (Gard). The Sentein mine (Saint-Girpn a substantial producer in 1953, was close -^7--:--r." . v ; :. . - rt Mining World, vol. 16, No. 12, November 1964, p. 76. 686 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 concentrates, predominantly from French Morocco, totaled 75,285 metric tons (08,200 metric tons in 1953), and imports of pig lead, largely from French North Africa, totaled 53,040 metric tons (40,000 tons in 1953). Production of primary lead metal increased 12 percent over 1953 to a new record high of 61,420 metric tons. All this metal was produced by the Penarroya Noyelles-Godault smelter (Pas-deiCalais). Consumption of primary lead in Metropolitan France in 1954 was about 102,980 metric tons compared with 90,000 tons in 1953. The price of lead in France (fixed by the Government) rose gradually during 1954, from 104 francs per kilogram at the beginning to 116 francs at the end of the year. Germany, West (Federal Republic of Germany).--The major leadzinc producing areas of West Germany are in the Hartz Mountains and the Rhineland. The mine output of lead (metal content) in 1954 increased to 74,419 short tons from 69.085 tons in 1953. Among the more important mines were Mechemich (Gewerkschaft Mechemicher Werke), Rammelsberg (Unterharzer Berg-und Hiittenwerke G. m. b. H.), Ramsbeck and Holzappel (Stolberger Zinc A. G. fUr Bergbau und Huttenbertrieb), Bad Grund (Preussische Bergwerks und Hiitten A. G.), Auguste Victoria (Gewerkschaft Auguste Victoria), and Leuderich (A. G. des Altenbergs ftir Bergbau and Zinchtittenbetrieb). An important new producer, scheduled to begin open-pit mining in April 1955, is Maubacher Bleiberg mine of Stolberger Zinc A. G., Aachen, at Maubach, Dueren. The West German lead smelters 50 included the Braubach near Coblenz, Stolberg (Binsfeldhammer) near Aachen, Harz (lead smelter at Clausthal, lead refinery at Lautenthal, and lead-copper smelter at Oker), and Mechemich southwest of Cologne. The Unterweser smelter, mainly a zinc works, smelted some lead concentrates and lead-bearing residues. The Norddeutsche Affinerie (Hamburg), essentially a copper smelter, also produced some lead derived from scrap and concentrates. The combined annual capacity of the smelters, some of which treat imported as well as domestic concen trates, was 200,000 metric tons of metal. Imports of lead materials into West Germany in 1954 were 81,907 metric tons of lead ores and concentrates and 59,355 metric tons of pig lead and scrap, while exports of pig lead and scrap totaled 31,326 tons. The imports and exports together involved trade with about 40 countries. Lead (primary and secondary) consumption in West Germany increased from 154,000 tons in 1953 to 186,700 tons in 1954, Ireland. An article published in 1954 31 indicated that there were two lead-producing mines in Ireland in 1954. The Abbeytown Mining Co., Ltd., operated its mine at Ballysodare, County Sligo. The ore was mined at the rate of 300 tons per day, mainly by openpit methods, and was concentrated by differential flotation. The Wicklow Mining Co., Ltd., worked its mine at Glendalough, County Wicklow, through adits, producing about 50 tons of ore daily. The ore was concentrated by tabling and jigging. The Shallee lead mine of Silvermines Lead & Zinc Co., Ltd., about 20 miles northeast of Limerick in County Tipperary, which had been in production since 1950, was closed in April 1953. Mining Mageilne (London), The German Lead Smeltere: Vol. 92, No. 6, Mav 1965 Engineering end Mining Journal, 8pecial Report on Ireland's Lead: Vol. 165, No. 4, April 1054, p. 86. LEAD Italy.--Italy's mine production of tons, an increase of 6 percent from creased 2 percent to 41,150 short ton tinued to be the most important lea sink-and-float unit was completed in vecchio property, largest lead-zinc m second unit of its kind to be installed ing units consist of several mines, tw Sardinia and an electrolytic zinc pla Spain.--The mine output of lead in 1954 against 59,750 tons in 1953. attributed to better ore-treatment improvement in flotation plants. S 62,475 short tons compared with 56,4 about 30,000 tons. The Penarroya Metalurgica de Penarroya was the Spain. Other companies operating pania Asturiana de Minas, Compama Metalurgica "Los Guindoes," Mine Minas del Priorato, S. A., and Indus 'em s A. B U,' S. S. R.--Official data on the pro in 1954 are not available. Smelte 228,500 short tons compared with 2 United Kingdom.--Lead contained United Kingdom in 1954 totaled 7 7,439 tons in 1953. A series of articl in the British Isles was published in stated that the Greenside mine at strong after, a productive life extend 134 years and that a mine at Llanrws World War'll, had been producing o past few years. In Derbyshire exp zinc deposits discovered in 1953 at the Matlock Lead Mines. _ According to information publishe was in a sound position at the end o in the United Kingdom and on the quite a good rate. Because of the there was some diversion of cargoes Kingdom lead refinery was obliged The tight position created by the st lead, and the peak for the year was re 10s. per metric ton; the year opened Other factors that influenced the le the purchasing program for lead and States Government for its Strategic relax the restrictions on the shipme Soviet bloc. Mining World, vol. 18, No. 2, February 1964, p. 71 u Varvllf, W. W,, Lead Mining In the British Mm, P December ISM, pp. 632-638 (the 4 prevloue articles In t p. 362, August i64; p. 398, September 1964; p. 438, Octo Metel Bulletin (London), No. 8966, Dec. 31,1964, p. 1966, p. 12. 688 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 Consumption of lead in the United Kingdom in 1954 totaled 335,471 long tons compared with 303,753 tons in 1953. The principal uses of lead were for cable coverings (85,825 tons), sheet and pipe (78,594 tons), and batteries, including oxides and compounds (57,751 tons). Apparent total stocks of refined lead were 26,887 metric tons at the beginning of 1954 and 31,173 tons at the end of the year. Imports of lead metal (mostly from Australia, Canada, and Mexico) increased 10 percent from 1953 to 197,517 long tons in 1954 and ex ports and reexports decreased 54 percent to 11,465 tons. Yugoslavia.--The output of recoverable lead from mines in Yugo slavia was ,92,735 short tons in 1954, a slight decline (1 percent) from 1953. The production of refined lead totaled 73,556 short tons com pared with 78,039 tons, in 1953. Most of the mine output of lead in 1954, as usual, came from the Trepca mines in the southernmost area of the Kopaonik mountain range in the vicinity of the town of Kosovska Mitrovica. Nine flotation mills treated the ore from these mines. The reduction plants at Trepca, besides handling ore from the Trepca mines, were central collection points for further treatment and processing of ores of other lead-zinc mines in Serbia andMacedonia. A flotation plant, smelters, and refinery are at Zvecan, a few miles north of Kosovska Mitrovica, and another lead smelter was at Mezica. The major producer among the Trepca mines has been the Stari Trg, with an ore reserve (as of 1953) of 10,500,000 tons contain ing an estimated 660,000 tons of recoverable lead and zinc combined. Tne ore mined in 1953 averaged 6.2 percent lead and 2.5 percent zinc and also yielded byproducts, such as silver, cobalt, bismuth, iron pyrites, and manganese. The Stari Trg was the largest lead producer in Europe and one of the.most important zinc producers. . In addition to the Trepca mines, 15 other Yugoslav mines were in production or under development during the year. . , ASIA Burma.--Mine output of lead in Burma in 1954 was 13,200 short tons and smelter output 12,722 short tons compared with 8,800 and 9,641 tons, respectively, in 1953. The Burma Corp., Ltd., continued to operate Bawdwin silver-lead-zinc mine in the Shan States of northern Burma on an expanding scale. Concentrating ore milled from January through June 1954 36 totaled 46,034 tons; the output of refined lead was 5,108 tons and that of silver 567,828 ounces com pared with 37,956 tons of ore, 3,973 tons of refined lead, and 295,257 ounces of silver during the last 6 months of 1953. Assays of ore milled during the quarter ended June 30, 1954, were 12.975 ounces of silver per ton, 15.991 percent lead, and 10.175 percent zinc. It was reported 33 that, to meet the urgent need for more skilled underground labor in 1954, the Burmese Government sanctioned recruitment from India of a further 300 Gurkha miners. ' At Mansam Falls hydroelectric generating station, No. 4 generator (4^000 kw.) was successfully Drought into commission, bringing the total rehabilitated capacity of the station to 8,000 kw. in preparation for the projected increased milling capacity planned. Reserves of ore at the Bawdwin mine * Mining Journal (London), t o ), 213; No. 0220, Dec. 17, 1061, pi 722. "Mining World, vol. 16, No. 11, October 10M. p. 68. . LEA were estimated in 1951 to bo 2,7 percent zinc, 20 percent lead, and The lead smelter and refinery of an annual capacity of 73,900 metr small portion of the capacity has b India.--Data on mine production available. The Metal Corp. of In Tundoo; Katrasgarh, Bihar, and lea Japan.---Mines in Japan produce content of ores) in 1954, most of wh zinc, the metal of chief value in the of lead was 28,916 short tons and t Imports of lead were 18,325 short Thailand (Siam).--Mine product to 5,500 short t-ohs in 1954 from 4 dated Mining Co., only producer in Plai mine in Kanburi. AFR Algeria.--Production of lead co 14,708 metric tons from 11,756 ton included the Mines de Sidi Kam Mines d'Ouasta de Mesloula (3,494 (3,232, tons), and Soci6t6 Mini&re (2,532 tons). . Federation of Rhodesia and Nyas and zinc in northern Rhodesia was opment Co., Ltd., which produced zinc ore in 1954 compared with 188 lead and zinc concentrates was 21, The company also operated a lead annual capacity of 18,300 tons of was 16,800 tons. After the fede Nyasaland was effected, certain leg in particular that relating to inco taxable under the Federal law, and a benefit accrued to the company b tion allowance which had not been a law. . ' In Southern Rhodesia 2 tons of 1954 and 68 tons in 1953. French Equatorial Africa.--The Frangais continued work at the M' of lead concentrates.?3 As the M'Fo the company planned to equip the n from which will be, taken by cable r concentration. ' French Morocco.--The output of 72 percent lead) increased from 110 tons in 1954.. The principal produ Soci6t6 des Mines de Zellidja (Bou *r Economist (London), May 29,1954, vol. 171, No. Metal Bulletin (London), No. 4027, Sept. 10, 1965 692 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 In the Captain Flats district the Lake George Mines (Pty.), Ltd., milled 176,318 long tons of ore during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1954; mill output was 26,469 tons of zinc concentrate, 13,195 tons of lead concentrate, 4,286 tons of copper concentrate, 21,659 tons of pyrite, and 144 tons of gold concentrate. Ore reserves were 1,949,300 tons of ore averaging 1.02 dwt. gold and 1.30 ounces of silver to the ton, 6.0 percent lead, 10.75 percent zinc, and 0.58 percent copper. Owing to unsettled labor conditions, operations were suspended from June 25, 1954, to the end of the year. In the Cloncurry district, north Queensland, Mount Isa Mines, Ltd., continued to operate its mine, mill, lead smelter, and the new copper smelter that was put in operation in 1953. Output during 1954 was 3,125,952 ounces of silver, 42,724 tons of lead, 22,308 tons of copper (as metal), and 21,970 tons of zinc concentrate, which was exported. Ore reserves at the end of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1954, were 9,900,000 tons of ore averaging 6.3 ounces of silver to the ton, 8.7 percent lead, and 6.1 percent zinc; and 3,700,000 tons of copper ore, of which 3,644,000 tons of sulfides had an average assay of 4.1 percent copper. In the Read-Rosebery district the Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Austral asia, Ltd., operated its Rosebery and Hercules mines and the Rosebery mill. The mill produced zinc concentrate, which was shipped to the company Risdon electrolytic zinc plant, and lead and copper con centrates, which were shipped to the United States. Lead and Zinc Pigments By Robert L. Menfch1 and Esth 4 FURTHER DECLINE in the volume A zinc pigments and zinc salts feature in 1964. Production and shipments salts covered by this report declined lead, which increased slightly), some to t years. Shipments of the pigments--white zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, and lithopon 14, and 16 percent, respectively, compared the zinc salts--zinc chloride and zinc sulfa percent, respectively. Decreases in shipments of pigments a largely to decreases in the volume of busine important consumers of these products. of passenger automobiles was 9 percent belo output of trucks and buses was 14 percent Consumption of natural and synthetic rub compared with 1953. The value of public increased 5 percent in 1954, but the value and lacquer materials decreased 3 percent stitutes and a reduction in the lead- and paint formulations contributed to the dec and zinc pigments for the manufacture of p Lead and zinc (metal, ore, and scrap), t the pigments industry, were in plentiful su and the production of lead and zme pigment to moot demands. Lead and zinc prices reco low levels of late 1952 and 1953 and bec stronger positions at the close of 1954. C opened at 13.50 cents a pound, reached a l ruary, subsequently increased in a series o cents on October 5, and continued at tha of the year. Prime Western'grade slab z cents a pound at the beginning of the year and thereafter increased to 11.50 cents on level it remained for the rest of 1954. As in previous years, the 1954 lead pigm followed the major fluctuations in' pig-lead the zinc pigments, however, remained essen out the year owing to the narrow range of p > Commodity-Industry analyst. 'Statistical assistant. 694 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1054 TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead1 and zinc pigments industry of the United States, 1946-40 (average) and 1960-^4 1946-19 (average) 1960 1951 1962 1963 1964 Production (shipments) of principal pigments: White lead (ary and In oil)..short tons.. lied lead......do___ Litharge______do. Zinc oxide____do____ Leaded zinc oxide short tons.. Lithopone__..do____ 60,071 34,326 143,096 141,633 63.238 133,311 46,170 36,072 177,668 100,829 63,973 106,660 36,416 36,362 164,763 147,710 44,341 102,837 26, M3 30, 926 140,708 142,210 37,892 61,832 26, 217 31,333 1M, 618 148,027 39,712 62, 439 2fl,571 27, 103 130. 877 140, 285 33, 972 44,011 Value of products: All lead pigments.... $64, 308,400 $79,668,000 $89, 273,000 $72, 230,000 $64.303,000 $01,750, 000 All lino pigments___ 60, 686,800 71,322,000 74, 699,000 63,960,000 66, 475,000 60, 438,000 Total......................... 114,094,200 161,180,000 163,872,000 136,180,000 120, 778,000 112,194,000 Value per ton received byproducers: white lead (dry) Leaded zlno oxide___ $263 273 273 181 190 97 $336 314 292 266 262 124 $426 307 383 311 320 141 $403 376 348 307 313 137 $378 312 286 2C4 259 132 $383 323 303 266 268 136 Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports... Value of imports... Zinc pigments: Value of exports___ Value of Imports... $1,089,200 189, 400 4.079,800 19,800 $950,000 344,000 2.124.000 1.276.000 $984,000 1,797,000 6,866, 000 930,000 $033,000 451,000 4,352,000 90,000 $799,000 16,000 1,468,000 287,000 $872,000 149.000 1,351,000 616.000 Export balance. 4, 969,800 1,466,000 6,112,000 4,744,000 1,964,000 1,659,000 > Excludes basic lead sulfato, data for which are withhold to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. Shipments of white lead (dry) in 1954 increased 3 percent while shipments of the "in-oil" variety decreased 12 percent. Total ship ments of both varieties declined for the fourth successive year and were the smallest since long before the beginning of the present century, reflecting, to a great extent, the marked increase in utiliza tion of competitive white pigments. Shipments of rod load and litharge decreased 13 and 9 percent, respectively, during the year and were the lowest since 1949. Figure 1 shows trends in shipments of lead pigments for 1910-54. Lead-free zinc oxide shipments declined 6 percent from the 1953 total and were the smallest since 1949. Producers' deliveries of the leaded grades of zinc oxide dropped 14 percent and were the lowest since 1935. The use of lithopone has declined markedly in recent years; in 1954 shipments were 16 percent lower than in 1953 and 67 percent lower than average annual shipments in 1945-49. The 1954 total was considerably below shipments for all years from 1915 to 1953, inclusive. Figure 2 shows trends in shipments of zinc pigments for 1910-54. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS Fig u r e 1.--Trends in shipments o The distribution pattern of shipmen 1954 was essentially the same as in dustry continued to be by far the lar zinc oxide, and lithopone, receiving percent, respectively, of total shipm paint industry was also the largest co percent of shipments. In addition, 22 shipments and 6 percent of litharge sh facture. Storage-battery makers were the second largest users of red lead, respectively, of producers' shipments tinued as the largest consumer of zinc total shipments. Relatively small qua also were used in manufacturing ru industry ranks fourth in consumption o surpassed only by the paint, storageIn 1954, 12 percent of litharge shipme oxide shipments, 4 percent of red lea white lead shipments were used in ma Titanium pigments continued to fu lead and zinc pigments in paintmakin of titanium pigments established new h over the 1953 totals. The use of titani over the 10 years 1945-54, an indicatio nium pigments have displaced lead an lead and lithopone. in paint formulatio Mines is not at liberty to publish st Producers and details of the distributio Titanium chapter of Minerals Yearbo 696 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1964 Fiq u b b 2.--Trends in shipments of zlno pigments, 1910-64. PRODUCERS AND PLANTS A list of companies producing lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts, filants, and products manufactured is given in the Lead and Zinc 'igments ana Zinc Salts chapter of Minerals Yearbook, vol. 1,1953. In addition to the companies shown, the Esmond Chemical Co. produced zinc oxide in 1954. The Eagle-Picher Co. disposed of its East Chicago, 111., plant (red lead and litharge) in June 1953. PRODUCTION The value of shipments of lead and zinc pigments in 1954 (exclusive of that for basic lead sulfate and zinc sulfide, which cannot be shown) was $112 million, a 7-percent decrease from 1953. Lead pigments comprised 65 percent of the total value and zinc pigments 45 percent compared with 53 and 47 percent, respectively, in 1953. For many years figures on "sales" were used in this series of reports as a better guide than production to activity in the pigments industry. Beginning with 1945 the base was changed to "shipments" to conform with data' compiled on Bureau of Mines lead and zinc schedules. Available information for 1945 (the year of change) indicates little difference between sales and shipments in that year. In reporting tonnages of pigments an attempt is made to avoid all duplication, one of the chief problems being that finished pigments frequently are blended to make another product. Basic lead sulfate and zinc oxide, for example, are blended to make leaded zinc oxide, and in this instance the pigment weights appear in the total for the last-named class only. Pigments consumed by producing companies to make products beyond those covered by this report--that is, paints, storage batteries, and other articles--are considered shipments. l e a d a n d z in c p ig me n t s LEAD PIGMEN Combined shipments of the lead pigm decreased 9 percent in quantity and 4 pe average value of white lead (dry) in 195 above the 1953 value; red lead sold at 4 percent higher than the 1953 average per ton, up 6*percent from 1953. White Lead.--The downward trend in tinued in 1954 but at a reduced rate slightly from 1953, and output in rece by far since long before the beginning extent of the decline is revealed by a selected years; in 1954 shipments totale 69 percent from the 1941-45 average percent from average yearly shipments Basic Lead.Sulfate.--The Bureau o publish figures on basic lead sulfate for Red Lead.--Shipments of red lead d and were 50 percent lower than in 1944, Orange Mineral.--No shipments of o in 1947-54. . Litharge.--Shipments of litharge dec were the lowest since 1949. Battery makers produced 79,000 tons lead in 1954 for their own use in plac compares with 82,000 tons in 1953 an suboxide production required 76,000 ton tons in 1953, and 72,000 tons in 1952. TABLE 2.--Production and shipments of lead 1863-64 Plgmont ' 1963 Produotion (short tons) Shipments Short tons Value 1 Total Average White lead: Dry............ . In oil .......... Red lead.............. Litharge 16,644 9,249 32,009 166,871 10, 784 9,433 31,333 164,618 g6,337,061 4,210,823 9,776,667 43.978,371 $378 446 312 286 * Except lor baslo lead sulfate, figure for which is withhel operations. At plant, exclusive of container. i Weight of white lead only, but value of paste. 428041--58------ 45 698 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 4 TABLE 3.--Lead pigments 1 shipped by manufacturers in the United States. 1945-49 (average) and 1960-64, in short tons Year White lead Dry Id oil Total Rod lead Orange mineral Litharge 1945-49 (average)............................................... I960....................................................................... 1961............................................. 1952................................................... . 1953............................................... 1954....................................................................... 29,118 28,600 23,369 15, 779 16, 784 17,236 21,853 16. G70 12,066 10,884 9.433 8,336 60,971 45.176 35,415 26,663 20, 217 25,571 34,325 35,072 35,352 30,026 31,333 27,163 71 143,096 177,668 164,753 140,798 154,618 139,877 Excludes operations. basic lead sulfate, data for which are withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual company ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Total shipments of the major zinc pigments decreased 9 percent in quantity and 11 percent in value in 1954. Shipments of lead-free zinc oxide, the most important of the zinc pigments in tonnage and total value, decreased 0 percent. Shipments of leaded zinc oxide declined 14 percent, and shipments of lithopone decreased 1G percont. Average values of zinc pigments as reported by producers wore mixed compared with 1953 prices. The average price for zinc oxide (lead-free) in 1954 declined $9 per ton to $255; leaded zinc oxide was down $1 per ton to $258; lithopone advanced $3 por ton to $135. Shipments of the zinc salts, zinc chloride and zinc sulfate, decreased 16 and 14 percent, respectively, in 1954. The average value of zinc chloride (50 B. solution) dropped $3 to $90 per ton whereas the average price received for zinc sulfate increased 10 percent to $158 per ton. TABLE 4.--Production and shipments of zinc pigments and salts in the United StateB, 1953-64 1953 1954 Pigmeot or salt Produc tion (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value 1 Total Average Productlon (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value i Total Average Zlno oxide *........................ 155,646 Leaded zlno oxide *.......... 39, 810 Lithopone........................ 54, 693 Zlno chloride, 50 B... 60,234 Zinc sulfate................. . 22,449 148,027 39,712 62, 439 67, 637 22,220 (39, 266, 282 10,284,801 6, 923, 487 6,323,910 3, 181,411 (204 136,908 140,285 (35, 742,707 269 34,318 33,972 8,765,719 132 39,090 44,011 6,929, 769 03 52,241 48,262 4,367,178 143 18,496 19,027 3,004,621 (266 258 135 90 158 1 Value at plant, exclusive of contolnor. tine1 Zlno oxide containing 5 porcent or more lead Is classod os leadod zinc oxldo. In this tablo data for leaded oxide Include a small quantity containing loss than 6 percent load. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS TABLE 6.--Zinc pigments and salts shippe States, 1946-49 (average) and Yoar 1945-49 (average) 1950........................ 1951........................ 1962....................... 1963....................... 1954....................... Zinc oxide zl 141,533 160, 829 147,716 142,210 148,627 140,286 Zinc Oxide.--Lead-free zinc oxide from the 1953 total and were the lowe TABLE 6.--Production of zino oxide (lead-fre and 1960-64, as Process 1945 (avera American process (ore and primary residues) French process (metal and scrap).................... Other........................................................................ Total............................................................. Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Shipments of percent and were the smallest since 19 Four grades of leaded zinc oxide, c tent, are produced in the United State into the 5- to 35-percent grade, but s less than 5-percent grade, over 35- 50-percent grade. For publication pur 5- to 35-percent grade are combined. combined. Output in 1954 (compari was as follows: 30,343 (35,517) tons of 3,975 (4,302) tons of over 35 percent l Lithopone.--Lithopone shipments 1953 total and were the lowest since 1 The lithopone statistics in this rep ordinary lithopone sold as such plus th the high-strength product. Consumption of ordinary lithopon lithopone has diminished to very sma been downward almost continuously was used in making the titanated va for this purpose in 1953 was 60 perc 1952 ana was the smallest on record. liberty to divulge statistics on the 195 pone (see table 7). However, tho qu for ordinary lithopone in other tables. 700 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 Zinc Sulfide.--In 1954 only one company produced zinc sulfide, hence the Bureau of Mines iB not at liberty to publish figures for this pigment. Zinc Chloride.--Shipments of zinc chloride decreased 16 percent in 1954 and were the lowest since the current series of data was begun in 1942. 6 Zinc Sulfate.--Zinc sulfate shipments (gross weight) fell 14 percent in 1954; the tonnage was the smallest since 1944. TABLE 7.--Titanated lithopone produced in the United States and ordinary lithopone used in its manufacture, 1946-49 (average) and 1950-64, in short tons Year Titanated lithopone produced Ordinary lithopone used Year 1046--49 (average)................ 1960........................................ 1961........................................ 4, 680 3, 400 1,660 3,9x60 2,900 1,300 1962.................... 1964.................... 1 Figure withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. Titanated Ordinary lithopone lithopone produced used 900 360 0) 760 300 (*) RAW MATERIALS USED Figures covering the raw materials used in making pigments and salts in 1954 and 1953 are shown in tables 8 and 9. Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts are manufactured from a variety of materials, including ore, refined metal, and such secondary materials as scrap, residues, ashes, drosses, and skimmings. In 1954 approximately 96 percent of the lead in pigments was derived from pig lead and the remainder from ore; in 1952-53 about 95 percent of the contained lead was from metal. Of the lead in ore used to make leaded zinc oxide, about 34 percent (23 in 1953) was from foreign sources. The proportion of zinc from various sources used in zinc pigments was as follows: 72 percent (74 in 1953) from ore and con centrates, 14 (14) percent from slab zinc, and 14 (12) percont from secondary materials; about 30 (33) percent of the ore used was of foreign origin. Tables 8 and 9 give the source of the metal used in manufacturing each pigment and salt. Pig lead was employed exclusively, either directly or indirectly, in manufacturing white iead, litharge, red lead, and orange mineral and also in manufacturing basic lead sulfate! The lead content of leaded zinc oxide made from basic lead sulfate, which in turn is made from pig lead, was credited to pig lead in the table. In recent years, however, basic lead sulfate has been made almost exclusively from lead ore. Zinc oxide was the only pigment for which considerable slab zinc was used. Ore was employed in manufacturing zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulfide, zinc sulfate, and basic lead sulfate. A large proportion of the zinc contained in lithopone (21 percent in 1954 and 43 in 1953) and virtually u `TtllatJln zinc chloride (100 percent in 1954 and 1953) produced in the United States has been derived from secondary material. The proportion of zinc oxide production derived from metal and scrap increased to 33 percent in 1954 compared with 29 percent in 1953. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A TABLE-8.--Load content of lead and zinc pig manufacturers, by sources, 196 1963 Pigment Lead in pigments pro duced from-- Ore Domestic Foreign fig Total lead I pig ment Leaded tine oxide...........- 7,367 7,367 20,634 29,016 146,890 2,186 2,186 196, 640 20,6 29,0 146,8 9,6 206,0 i Excludes lead in basic lead sulfate, data for which are withhe orperations. .. TABLE 9.--Zino content of zinc pigments1 a 1 manufacturers, by sources, 1953 1963 Pigmont or salt Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Oro Domes For tic eign 8lAb Second tine ary ma terial * Tota tine I pig ment and salts Zinc oxide........................ 67,316 31,391 21,022 16,107 6,121 Lithopone................. ---- 4,378 1,636 9 Total pigments-- 76,800 38,147 21,031 Zinc sulfate.............. ....... 2,360 947 14,648 124,27 20,22 4, 489 10,61 19,037 166,01 13,644 13,64 4,214 7,61 i Excludes line sulfide, data for which are withheld to evold d * These figures are higher than those shown In the report on S Include tine recovered from byproduct sludges, residues, etc., CONSUMPTION AN LEAD PIGMENT White Lead.--The principal use of wh shipments to the paint industry usually more of the total. In 1954, however, an the customary percentage was not indic This situation probably was due to the complete data on end-use classification past some white lead sold to the Gove "Other," and it is likely that a substanti classification belongs properly under pa makers and manufacturers of plasticize for 2 and 4 percent, respectively, of th 702 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 TABLE 10.--Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) shipments,1 by industries, 1945-49 (average) and 1960-54, in short tons Industry 1046-49 (average) 1060 1061 1962 1963 1964 Total.................................. 46,966 1,227 3,780 60,071 38, 020 1,816 1 4,441 46,176 28,718 1,648 ' 6,149 36,416 21, 223 1,079 >4,301 20,603 21,030 786 > 4, 402 20,217 20,929 487 4,166 26,671 i Excludes baslo lead sulfate, data for wblcb are withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company opera* tlons. * Includes the following tonnages for plasticizers and stabilizers: 1060--1,267; 1061--1,003; 1062--986; 1963-- 1,080; 1064--1,133. Basio Lead Sulfate,--Statistics covering distribution of basic lead sulfate shipments by uses have not been available for publication Bince 1945, when 3,000 tons went to the paint industry, 200 tons to the rubber industry, and 700 tons to other industries. Substantial quantities of lead sulfate are used as an intermediate product in manufacturing leaded zinc oxide. Such quantities have always been shown in this chapter under leaded zinc oxide rather than basic lead sulfate. Red Lead.--The paint industry again was the largest consumer of red lead in 1954. Storage-battery makers (the chief users until 1953) received 44 percent of total shipments in 1954 compared with 46 percent for paint manufacturers. In 1953 shipments for storage batteries ana paints were 45 and 47 percent, respectively, of the total, whereas m 1952 the percentages were 45 and 43, respectively, and in the period 1929-51 storage-battery makers usually received well over 50 percent of total shipments. Relatively small quantities were used in making ceramics. TABLE 11.--Distribution of red-lead shipments, by industries, 1945-49 (average) and 1960-54, in short tons Industry 1946-49 (average) 1960 1961 1062 1953 1964 Paints.......... ......................... ....... Storage batteries......................... Ceramics___________________ Other_____ ___________________ Total.................................. 11,623 18,748 042 3,112 34,326 14,103 17,478 981 2,610 36,072 14,740 16, 722 834 3,060 36,362 13,149 13, 706 388 3, 593 30,020 14,670 13,975 1,188 1,600 31,333 12, 668 12,002 1,207 1,326 27,163 Orange Mineral.--No shipments of orange mineral have been re ported since 1946 when 123 tons went to various industries. Litharge.--The use of litharge for storage batteries regularly ac counts for roughly two-thirds of total shipments; in 1954 the pro portion was 68 percent compared with 67 percent in 1953. The ceramics industry was the second largest consumer of litharge; ship ments for this purpose comprised 12 percent of the total in 1954. Shipments for chrome pigments declined 49 percent, while shipments for insecticides and varnish increased 9 and 6 percent, respectively; total shipments for all purposes decreased 9 percent. l e a d a n d z in c p ig me n t s TABLE 12 --Distribution of litharge shipmen ' and 1960-64, in s Industry 1946-49 (average) Other............................................. 89,093 16,263 0,502 3,804 0,762 10,199 2,087 116 6,280 143,096 I960 106, 668 27,771 10,017 4,347 6,488 10,651 3,047 220 9, 669 177,668 ZINC PIGMENTS A Zinc Oxide.--Shipments of lead-fre dustries followed the same distributio years. The rubber industry and pa far the leading consumers, accountin percent (21), respectively, of total ship and coated fabrics and textiles (chiefly 5 percent, respectively, of the total ( ments to all consuming industries exc TABLE 13 --Distribution of zino oxide shipm ' and 1960-64, in Industry 1946-49 (average) 1960 Rubber......................... -............... Paints............................................ Ceramics....................................... Coated fabrics and textiles ... | Floor coverings....................... Chemical warfare...... ................. Other............................................. Total.............. -.................. 74,172 29,730 8,900 12,232 / l 411 10,028 141,633 82,944 39,609 12.079 6,303 3,670 S'fU 160,829 i includes the following tonnages for rayon: 19S0--4.M0 Included with "Other." Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Leaded zinc o exclusively as a pigment in paint m of total shipments went to paintmake 1 percent) were used by toe rubber products. 704 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1964 TABLE 14,--Distribution of leaded zinc oxide shipments, by industries, 1946-49 (average) and 1960-64, in short tons Industry 1946-19 (average) Total................... .............. 60, 602 2,668 63,238 1950 63,002 731 63,973 1961 43,678 82 581 44,341 1952 276 37,892 1963 39.276 41 395 39,712 1964 33,690 Z7o 33,972 Lithopone.--Lithopone was used principally in the manufacturing of paints, varnish, and lacquers; approximately three-fourths of total shipments went to these industries. In 1954 shipments for paints, etc., comprised 73 percent (71 in 1953) of the total. Other uses of lithopone were in coated fabrics and textiles, floor coverings, paper, rubber, and printing ink. TABLE 15.--Distribution oflithopone shipments, by industries, 194B-49 (average) and 1960-64, in short tons Industry 1946-49 (average) 1960 1951 1962 1953 1954 Paint, varnish, and lacquers >. Coated fabrics and textiles___ Floor coverings........................... Paper............. ............................ Rubber.......................................... Printing Ink................................. Other............................................. Total................................... 105,619 7,247 9,213 3, 471 2,621 (*) 5,140 133,311 78,177 7,946 5,297 3,821 4,092 838 5,480 105,650 76,614 4,814 4,620 6,462 3,296 8G8 6,164 102,837 45,2f>7 5,698 3,000 3,080 1,523 057 2,589 61,832 37,452 5,806 2, 675 2,096 1,723 710 2,071 62,439 32,177 3,995 2,351 1,841 1,701 196 1,761 44,011 1 Includes a small quantity, not separable, used for printing Ink, except in i960.1951, and 1952, * Included in "Other" before i960, except for those quantities reported under "Paint, varnish, and lacquers." Zinc Chloride.--Complete statistics on the end-use distribution of zinc chloride shipments are not available. The principal uses of the salt are in soldering and tinning fluxes, battery manufacturing galvanizing, vulcanized fiber, wood preserving, oil refining, and fungicides. Zinc Sulfate.--Agriculture supplanted the textile (rayon) industry as the chief consumer of zinc sulfate in 1954. Shipments for agri cultural purposes (fertilizers and fungicides) composed 37 percent (30 in 1953) of the total compared with 35 percent (41) for rayon. Among the smaller uses, shipments for glue, electrogalvanizing, and paint and varnish processing increased, while shipments for chemicals, flotation reagents, and textile dyeing and printing decreased. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENT TABLE 16.--Distribution of zino sulfate (average) and 1960-6 Industry 1945-49 (aver age) 1950 1951 Gross Gross Dry Gross D weight wolgbt basis weight ba Electrogalvanizing___ paint and varnish processing.................. Textile dyeing and Othor.............................. 6,985 8, 613 1,984 482 1,196 302 322 256 1,642 6, 841 11,217 1,879 679 962 324 189 145 2,786 4,880 8,322 1,377 464 727 203 6,688 10,073 2,871 396 858 190 119 32 129 1,400 1,820 2,116 4, 7, 2, 1, 1, Total,................. 21,782 23,912 18,041 23, 624 18, ' PRICE Total and average values received pigments and zinc salts are given Average values of litharge, red lead $11, and $5 per ton in 1954 but rema established in 1951. The price of p 12.50 cents a pound in February to a the average quoted price for the yea compared witn 13.48 cents in 1953. TABLE 17.--Bangs of quotations on lead p at New York (or delivered in the Ea [Oil, Paint and Dru Product 196 Whlto load (baslo lead carbonate), dry, corlota, bags, barrels_____________ ________-___________ Baslo lead sulfate (sublimed lead), leas than car- lots, bags, barrels.................................................... Red lead, dry, 96 percent or less, less than car- lots, barrels...__________________ Orange mineral, American, less than carlots, barrels______________________________ Litharge, commercial, powdered, less than car- lots, Darrels........................................................ Zinc oxide: ; American process, lead-free, bags, carlots. American process, 6 to 35 percent lead, French process, red seal, bags, carlots____ French process, green seal, bags, carlots.. French process, white seal, barrels, bags, carlots.................................................. .......... Lithopone, ordinary, less than carlots, bags.... Zinc sulfide, less than carlots, bags, barrels..... Zinc chloride, works: 18.60- 18.75- 20.76- 23.10- 19.75- 18.00- 16.8817.2617.75- 18.258.6025.00- 4.10 Zlno sulfate,'crystals,1 less than carlots, barrels. 10.15 > Includes granulated. 706 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 Average values received for the zinc pigments, zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, and lithopone declined $9, $1, and $3 per ton, respectively, in 1954. Quotations for Prime Western grade slab zinc, East St. Louis, ranged from a low of 9.25 cents a pound in February to a high of 11.50 cents in September; the average price for the year was 10.69 cents compared with 10.86 cents in 1953. FOREIGN TRADE 3 Foreign trade in lead and zinc pigments and salts has comparatively minor importance in relation to domestic shipments of these commod ities. In 1954 the tonnage and value of imports were more than double the 1953 rate, while the quantity and value of exports declined slightly. The value of major classes of exports was $2,223,000 compared with $2,267,000 in 1953. The value of imports of lead and zinc pigments in creased from $303,000 to $664,000. Imports of lead pigments were small in 1954 and consisted chiefly of litharge which totaled 600 tons (60 tons in 1953). Imports of zinc products included 2,300 tons of zinc oxide, by far the chief item in tonnage and value; 400 tons of zinc sulfate; nearly 300 tons of zinc chloride; and 100 tons of zinc sulfide. The United States exported comparatively small quantities of lith arge, white lead, lead arsenate, and red lead in 1954; the totals consti tuted only a small portion of shipments by domestic producers. TABLE 18.--Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead and zinc pigments and salts, 1862-64 [U. 8. Department of Commerce] Imports for consumption Exports 1962 1963 1064 1962 1953 1964 Dead pigments: Red lead............................ ................ ....... Litharge.......................... ....................... Other lead pigments.._________ ______ $139,829 623 273, 719 36,386 Total......................................................... 460,667 Zlno pigments: Zinc oxide__ 88,066 Lithopone..___ ______________________ 2,308 Total......................................................... 90,364 Lead and tine salts: Other lead compounds Zlno arsenate.............................................. Zlno chloride.................... .......................... Zlno sulfate_____ _____________________ 36,879 12,660 22 79,646 10, 767 Total...................... ................................. 139,863 Grand total........ .............. ..................... 680,764 $44 47 16.281 078 16,060 $608 134,413 14,219 149,140 $222,092 183,049 627,460 (') o $219, 614 163,830 426,848 (0 (0 $289,901 124,613 467,078 (') w 276,122 *476,913 2,720,203 6,460 31.868 0) 6,668 7,029 1,632, 106 883,821 0) 684,279 287,240 * 614,800 4,362, 309 1,408,100 897,066 <) 464,461 1,361,626 6,467 27 26,379 3, 968 * 20,337 34,076 32,967 36, 821 > 87, 369 339,111 * 761,309 62,498 32, 677 I o 83,139 810, 673 (') o o 161,607 23,666 < ) oj (') (') (') > Data not available. 1 Due to changes In tabulating procedures by the U. 8. Department of Commerce data known not to be comparable to earlier years. 1 Figures on Imports and exports compiled by Mae D. Price and Elsie D. Pago, Division of Foreign Actlv* Hies, Bureau of Mines, from records of the U. 8. Department of Commerce. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS Zinc oxide and lithopone were the pi bv this report) exported in greatest ton Exports of zinc oxide increased 5 perc lithopone decreased 23 percent; the qu and 7 percent, respectively, of total sh TABLE 19.--Lead pigments and salts impor States, 1946-49 (averag (U. 8. Department of O Shor Year White lead (basic carbon ate) Rod lead Litharge Le su ox 1946-49 (average)------ 1960............................... 1961............................... 1962............................... 73 944 2,676 390 1963............................... 0) 1964............................... ..................1 69 70 . 216 2 (0 'I 320 12 1,866 621 60 1 1 Dnl toch^es In tabulating procedures by the U. S. D comparable to earlier year*. TABLE 20.--Zinc pigments and salts impo States, 1945-49 (averag [U. 8. Department of 8bo Year 1946--40 (average). I960......................... 1061......................... 1962......................... 1063......................... 1064........................ Zlno oxide Dry In oil 86 5,003 1,772 173 1,167 2,348 (') ] 0) Lithopone Z su 2 1,201 794 11 30 65 1 d S! m*obangee In tabulating procedures by the U. 8 comparable to earlleryears. 708 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 54 TABLE 21.--Lead pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1045-49 ` (average) and 1960-64 ' (U. 8. Department of Commerce) Year Short tons White lead Red lead Litharge Load Other lead arsenate compounds Total value 1944-49 (avorago)........................ I960................................................ 1961................................................. 1962................................................ 1963................................................ 1964................................................. 1,443 816 767 676 818 961 1,212 649 686 435 417 335 1,681 1,612 1.038 1.233 1.238 1,284 1,514 620 313 128 162 365 (>> 32 70 36 12 31 $1,645,416 > 1.186,232 * 1,196,400 > 1,028,286 > 892,904 1,066, 764 ' Clarification established 1049; quantity and value not lncludod In averages. > Revised figure. TABLE 22.--Zinc pigments exported from the United States, 1945-49 (average) and 1950-64 [U. 8. Department of Commorce] Year Short tons Zino Llthooxide pone Total value Year Short tons Zinc Llthooxldo pone Total value 1945-49 (average)........... 10,164 114,088 $4,079, 902 1960................................... 3,004 9,357 2,124,367 1961................................... 8,895 20, 473 0,854,000 1952............................... 7,615 2. 971 1964.............................. 3,111 9.985 3,927 3,013 $4,352,309 1,468,100 1,351,626 i Includesxlnosulflde. $ Lim By John E. Holliinger,1 Annie L 4* IIME output in 1964 declined con I lished in 1953, as distribution t creased. Lime sold or used tot pared with 9,674,000 tons in 1953. 7,180,000 short tons, a decrease o 1953. TABLE 1.- -Salient statistics of lime sold (average) an 1946-49 (avorage) 19 Active plants.......................................... 182 Sold or used by producers: By types: uickllme.................. short tons.. g ydrated lime........................do_ Dead-burned dolomite_____do_ 3,494,645 1,655,566 1,304,790 3,83 1.88 1, 76 Total lime: Short tons................................. 6, 454, 907 7,47 Value i....................................... $61,061,926 $83,24 Per ton................................... $9. 46 $ Total open-market lime ................. short tons.. 6,093, 434 7,02 Total captive tonnngo lime .............................. short tons.. >361.473 1 46 By uses: Agricultural...............Bbort tons.. 350,052 33 Building.........................._.do.... 919,105 1,24 Chemical and Industrial..do___ 3,880,863 4,13 Refractory (dead-burned dolo mite)........................short tons.. 1,304,797 1,76 Imports for consumption............ do_ 28,692 1 3 Exports.______ _______J...........do___ 46,323 6 > Selling value, f. o. b. plant, excluding cost of contain ' Incomplete figures; prior to 1963 there was only a p i Commodity-industry analyst. * Statistical clerk. Titanium By Alfred F. Tumin *$ NDUSTRIAL importance of titanium m I ments continued to increase in 1954. tanium metal by Government and indu quality of metal, a reduction in metal proc auction of several new titanium-base alloy techniques and record high output brought a tions for titanium metal since initial comm in 1948. Although production of titanium creased, technical proolems in melting and cost delayed widespread use of titanium m metal was chiefly consumed in the manufac aircraft with smaller quantities used in the craft industries. The Federal Government continued to e the titanium-metal industry, as it signed tracts with members of industry; establishe in the titanium melting and processing market price, titanium sponge produced in ex and declared titanium sponge a strategic an The rapid growth oi the titanium-meta States stimulated interest in foreign countr Japan. As demand and price for rutile conce research was expedited on development o chlorinating ilmonito concentrate on a com duction of titanium metal. The domestic of ilmenite and rutile concentrates are show and 2. Expansion programs progressed in the tit in 1954 as facilities were being enlarged to m and foreign demand for titanium pigment shipments of titanium pigments established DOMESTICPRODUCTI Concentrates.--Production and shipmen record high 547,700 and 531,900 short tons increase from 1953 of 7 percent in producti ments. Ilmenite data in 1954 included a m ilmenite, rutile, and leucoxene. 1 Commodltydndustry analyst. ' ' Production data for 19M wero coUoctod Jointly with tho Burea Commerce). Production totals wUl be compared with the Census t onccs adjusted nr explained. , 1200 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1964 Fig u r e 2.--Domestic production, imports, and consumption of rutile, 1941-64. TITANIUM. Increased output of ilmenite in 1954 from American Cyanamid Co., Pinoy River, Va.; E & Co., Inc., Starke, Fla.; National Lead Co the Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co., Divis Co., Jacksonville, Fla. Ilmenite was recov Marshall, Inc., Boise, Idaho; Florida Ore Pr Fla. (included output of Hobart Brothers Co Grimes Creek Dredging Co., Grimes Creek, Dredging Co., Cascade, Idaho; and the Ruti Jacksonville, Fla. Rutile production and shipments were 9 higher, respectively, than in 1953. Produc Ore Processing Co., Melbourne, Fla. (incl Brothers Corp., Winter Beach, Fla.); Rutile Jacksonville, Fla.; and the Titanium Al Division of the National Lead Co., Jackson TABLE 1.--Production and mine shipments of domestic ores in the United States, 1946-49 (av tons Ilmenite1 Year Produc tion (gross weight) Shipments Oross TiOi weight content Value Pr t (g we 1946-49 (average) 1950............................ 1951........................... 1952............................ 1063........................... 1064........................... 343. 711 468,320 636.636 628,688 613,696 647, 711 340, 602 462,370 610,840 622, 616 612,170 631,896 169,601 230,826 261,082 265, 696 268,247 270,651 $5,881,034 6,606,684 7, 689, 272 8.022, 752 7,222,641 7,375,344 ' Includes a mixed product containing altered Uraeolte, rutile, an Rutile and brookitc were removed from exploration program May 15, 1953; howev by the Defense Minerals Exploration Adm amended, on March 23, 1954. DMEA Orde aid up to 75 percent of total exploration minerals. The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 inclu depletion allowance for ilmenite. The code income-tax purposes, the allowance of de ilmenite, rutile, and other ores containing deposits in the United States, was 23 percent the property, but such allowance was not to net income from the property.8 Metal.--Domestic production of commercia metal totaled 5,370 short tons, more than of 2,241 tons. This total production include P o n --t...d..e....N. emours & Co., Inc., Newport, 1 Interna) Revcnuo Code of 1964, United States Statutes at Largo, 1064, p. 208. 1202 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 Corp. of America, Henderson, Nev.; Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.; Cramet Inc., Chattanooga, Term.; and the Federal Bureau of Mines, Boulder City, Nev. Metallic titanium was produced commercially in 1954 solely by the reduction of titanium totrachlorido with molten magnesium in an inert atmosphere of helium or argon Capacity output of 10 tons of titanium sponge per day was announced by Du Pont and Titanium Metals Corp. of America in the second half of 1954. Production of titanium sponge by the Bureau of Mines under Defense Materials Procurement Agency contract DMP-76 ceased September 7, 1954, about 2 months before the contract's termination date (October 31, 1954). Bureau of Mines production of acceptable titanium-sponge metal under the contract totaled 246 tons. ,, ,_ ., Titanium-sponge metal was placed on the Government list ot strategic and critical materials on July 16, 1954. However, no titanium sponge was purchased for the National Stockpile in 1954 owing to the necessity of determining specifications and storage conditions for the material. Under the Government expansion program, three contracts per taining to the production of titanium metal were signed between GSA, representing the Government, and industry. These agreements are summarized as follows: , ,m.D 1. Horizons Titanium Corp., Princeton, N. J., contract (DMP-101) concerned the erection and operation of a pilot plant to study a new process for producing titanium metal and was signed July 1, 1954. Under the agreement, GSA will pay a maximum of $564 300 for the studies. However, if the process proves successful and the company later employs the method either to produce the metal itself or assigns production rights to another company, the cost to the Government will be refunded. . 2. Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., contract (DMP-99), signed July 8, 1954, called for the expansion of the company's 1954 titanium experimental facility, rated at 600 pounds per day, to 1 to 1K short tons per day by January 1, 1956, and 5 tons per day by July 1956. The company employs a magnesium reduction process in producing titanium sponge. GSA will purchase under the contract, if the com pany does not find other markets, a maximum of 2 million pounds of titanium produced before July 1956. The material will be bought at market price for the first 6,000 pounds in any month and the balance at $5 per pound or at the lowest figure at which the company offers the metal to any other customer. The company agrees to maintain the rated capacity of 5 tons per day for 5 years and m case of a plant shutdown to reactivate the facility fully within 120 days. 3. The Electro Metallurgical Co. (Division of the Union Carbide & Carbon Corp.), contract (DMP-100), signed September 10, 1954, called for construction of a $31.5 million plant at Ashtabula, Ohio, to produce 7,500 short tons of titanium annually. The agreement staged that the company would use its own funds for the design, construction, and equipment of the facility. The company has the right to deliver to the Government whatever production it is unable to sell in the commercial market, up to a maximum of 7,500 tons annually. The Government has an option to buy 4,500 tons annually at tho market TITANIUM price prevailing at the time of delivery. The to be 5 years from the time the plant bega commercial quantities. Initial production The company pioneered a sodium-reductio usual magnesium-reduction process. The Electro Metallurgical Co. contract b titanium-sponge capacity to 22,500 tons pe Other Government production contracts Pont, 2,700 tons annually; Titanium M 3,600 tons annually; Cramet, Inc., 6,000 Chemical Co., 1,800 tons annually. The producing 900 tons per year, independent o The Western Pyromet Co., Richland, Cal August 18) 1954, the right to use a portion o magnesium plant at Manteca, Calif., for operation on titanium production. The Go $2,000 a. month during the research project. Titanium sponge purchased by the Gove GSA purchase and resale program totaled program was established in 1951 to mainta sponge-manufacturing facilities during d applications. Titanium sponge purchased before 1954, which totaled 303 tons, was re At the end of 1954 the Government ne tial domestic producers prepared to enter t duction field, irrespective of tne 25,000-ton ex sponge-metal production set on August 6, 19 considered for specific approval in the light prevailing at the time. In proceeding in this plated that the 25,000-ton figure may be was placed officially on the additional faciliti ment was prepared to lend financial assistanc The Office of Defense Mobilization announ an interim expansion goal of 37,500 short ton processing facilities to be reached by the end was established by ODM for titanium-melti 1954. . A Government Titanium Advisory Com February 17, 1954, by the Office of Defen Defense Mobilization Order V--2. The purpo to facilitate the coordination of Federal poli respect to the supply of titanium and to se collecting and disseminating technical inform In August 1954 a Steering Group on T Development was set up under the spons Secretary of Defense for Research and Devel of the group were to formulate Departmen titanium and to deploy the Army, Navy, and that will achieve maximum results. The gr that was pending in 1954 with the BatteU Columbus, Ohio, for establishing at the in provide technical advice to Government c 1204 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 64 collecting and disseminating information on research and development of titanium, (2) providing technical advisory service to producers and users of titanium, (3) providing advice and assistance to tho Steering Group in its appraisal of the research and development program of the Defense Department, (4) helping in developing specifications, and (5) conducting short-range laboratory investigations. The domestic output of titanium mill products (sheet, plate, etc.) totaled 1,299 short tons in 1954; it came from plants operated by Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corp., Niles, Ohio; Rem-Cru Titanium, Inc., Midland, Pa.; Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; and Titanium Metals Corp. of America, New York, N. Y. Reportedly, 1,214 tons of titanium mill products was consumed in 1954 in produc ing jot engines and gas turbines (G50 tons), aircraft structural parts (600 tons), and machine parts--mainly ordnance forgings (40 tons), chemical processing equipment (20 tons), and marine hardware ^Business and Defense Services Administration Order M-107, dated May 19, 1954, authorized producers of titanium mill products to release 10 percent of their monthly output to civilian users, ihis action was taken to permit the industry to expand titanium output and development along normal lines. Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corp. titanium-melting facilities at Niles, Ohio, produced about 65 percent of its projected estimate of titanium mill products in 1954, as melting operations were halted by an explo sion on Juno 11, 1954. The firm, however, reported the following increases in its titanium operations in 1954 from 1953: Value of titanium sales, 118 percent; weight of titanium shipments to customers, 151 percent; and weight of titanium ingots produced, 159 percent. The firm recycled over 22 tons of titanium scrap in 1954. Under Mallory-Sharon's expansion program, additional and improved facilities that will double the firm's annual titanium output were scheduled to be in operation by March 1, 1955. The new melting units will employ a combination of the best features found in 1 Method S" (Consumable Electrode-Double Melting) with those of new vacuum-melting techniques. In addition to tho expanded melting units, two large hydraulic presses 'for the fabrication of pressed titanium sponge electrodes were being installed in 1954.4 A titanium pilot plant having a daily output capacity of 200 pounds of titanium was operated in 1954 by Kennecott Copper Corp.6 at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio. According to reports, results of research showed that the pilot plant can be operated con tinuously and that a uniform quality of titanium metal can be pro duced. Kennecott designed and began constructing a commercialsize dissociation unit in 1954, and plans called for operation of the unit as a part of the pilot plant in May 1955* The design of a semi commercial plant with an annual output capacity of 1,000 tons was also started by the firm in 1954. Construction of the plant is sched uled to begin when satisfactory operating conditions are established on the commercial-size deposition unit. P. R. Mallory Co., Ino., Annual Report Year Ended J.locombcr31,1UM: Indianapolis, Ind., pj>. 20-21 Kennecott Copper dorp. Annual lloport for 1U64: New York, N. Y,, 12 ip. TITANIUM Welding-Hod Coatings.--Production ^ c'200 short tons in 1954, a d 245,700 tons produced in 1953; 266,400 287,100 tons in 1951. Of the 1954 ton witti natural rutile, 14 percent with ma 10 percent with a mixture of rutile an oxide, 29 percent with ilmenito, and 1 p quantity of less than 1 percent was coat and rutile. Pigments.--Owing to increased indus tion and shipments of titanium pigmen respectively, frpm 1953, and both estab Expansion programs were under w industry in 1954 by the American Cya National Lead Co. The American Cy structmg its new $14 million titanium Ga. Plans called for the facility to be co tion by mid-1955. The company repor Gity, N. J., titanium-pigment plant to x t t *nMarciL 19^4* Accordin the New Jersey Zinc Co. will gain posse the Georgia plant is in operation. The Glidden Co. disclosed plans in Ju million titanium-pigment plant rated ab Hawkins Point, Md., and completion by In July 1954 the National Lead Co. a ditional facilities at its St. Louis, Mo., scheduled for initial operation in July 1 the company s annual production of titan the new addition is designed to permit billty, such as the manufacture of either c instead of the past restricted productio Upon completion of the expansion prog employees will be added to its work force CONSUMPTION AN In 1954 the consumption of ilmenite short tons (with an estimated titanium tons) and decreased slightly from 1953 re (with an estimated titanium dioxide cont consumption of ilmenite concentrates wa titanium slag in the pigment industry. increased about 37 percent in 1954 from record. A mixed product containing ilm also consumed in 1954, is included with ilm 99 percent of the ilmenite consumed in went into the manufacture of titanium dio About 64 percent of the titanium pigme J Me^al,a?'LMI?e.raLM?rke!s; Thla W'ek *n the Marke No .AI2s ! July 7?i9M,Ip"!cet' N,Uonsl ^ead to BuUd New Tita ' 1206 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 enamel, and lacquer industries, and the remainder went into paper, rubber, floor coverings, coated fabrics, textiles, printing ink, and other miscellaneous commodities. The other 1 percent of ilmemte was used in making titanium alloys, carbide, and welding-rod coatings. Rutile consumption of 20,663 short tons (with an estimated titanium dioxide content of 19,431 tons) exceeded the high record established in 1953 of 20,019 tons (with an estimated titanium dioxide content of 18 888 tons). Rutile was used mainly for welding-rod coatings titanium metal, alloys, and carbide, with smaller quantities consumed for ceramics, chemicals, and fiberglass. The increase in consumption was caused by expansion of the titanium metal industry. Consumption of titanium concentrates in the United btates, by products, can bo found in table 2. TABLE 2.--Consumption of titanium concentrates in the United States, 1945 49 (average), 1960-62 total, and 1963-64, by products, in short tons Ilmcnite > Titanium slag Rutile Product Gross weight Esti mated TlOi content Gross weight Esti mated TiO> content Gross weight Esti mated TlOi content .. 1950....................................................................... 1951........................................................................ 468, 664 679,244 713,363 682,850 242, 280 351,676 373,037 351,553 1953 Miscellaneous.................................................... 990 l 9,974 *5 19 l348,984 '584 4,979 3 11 1 687,226 i 364,661 1954 Miscellaneous................................................... 073,606 845 5, 536 9 8 501 2,779 5 4 679,003 353,140 24,236 73.324 < 204 73, 528 100,670 * 163 100.826 16,746 8,902 11,721 17,227 18,317 52,368 143 52, 511 10,476 * 3, 849 317 * fi, 877 * 20,010 70,903 * 100 71,102 8,817 2,627 372 8,847 20,003 8,271 10,869 16,018 17,353 9,812 3,676 296 5,105 * 18,888 8,169 2, 610 8,404 19,431 I Includes a mixed product containing altered llmenlte, leucoxene, end rutile used to mnke pigments and "i^PlgrnentrMnc/ude al mMufacturcd titanium dioxide, consumption or which In woldlug-rod coalings WBS 2,209 tons In 1952, 1,085 tons In 1053, and 1,192 tons In 1964. <Includesconsumption for welding-rod coatings and research purposes, i Includes consumption for chomlcals, metal, and flborgJass. Three new titanium-base alloys reported available for commercial use in 1954 are discussed individually as follows: 1. Rem-Cru Titanium, Inc., Midland, Pa., announced8 in January 1954 the production of the first high-strength weldable titanium alloy containing 5 percent aluminum and 2.5 percent tin. This alloy, having a yield strength of 110,000 pounds per square inch, was designed to combine the weldability of unalloyed titanium with improved strength at room and elevated temperatures, lhe alloyi i Rem-Cru Titanium, Inc,, Midland, Pa., Rom-Cru A. 110--a New All-Alpha Tltanlum-Baae Alloy: Rem-Oru Titanium novlew, vol. 3, No. 1, January 18M, pp. I, 3. I w m M m m rn m m w TITANIUM TABLE 3. Distribution of titanium pigment sh (ftyerage) and 1960-54, in pe Industry 1946--40 (average) Distribution by gross weight: Paints, varnishes, and lacauers .. Paper.............................. Floor coverings (linoleum and fait h/un'l. Rubber.......... Coated fabrics and textiles (oilcloth, shade cloth, artificial leather, etc.). Printing Ink..................... Other....................... ................................... Total......... ......... .. Distribution by titanium dioxide content: Paints, varnlshM. And larmiers Paper___ !................ Floor coverings (linoleum and felt base) Rubber_____ _ .......... Coated fabrics and textiles (oilcloth, shade cloth, artificial leather, eto.). . Printing ink.. ... Other....................... 78.1 3. 5 1.8 71.4 4.4 2.3 100.0 was recommended by the company for use strengthParts requiring maxim 2. Armour Research Foundation, Illino Uhicago, 111., under contract with Arm Arsenal Laboratory, Watertown, Mass., d that contains 6 percent aluminum and 4 by Watertown Arsenal showed that the t to a tensile strength of 190,000 pounds pe ductility of 14-percent elongation, 45-per Oharpy impact values of 11 foot-pounds properties of heat-treated 4,10 chromium maximum heat-treated strength of about on. , 10-percent elongation, 20-perc 20- to 30-foot-pound Charpy impact. Th as a replacement for steel m military we commercial scale by Mallory-Sharon Tita anod Titanium Metals Corp. of America, N 3. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columb program sponsored by the United States A um-base alloy containing 3 percent mangan iron, chromium, vanadium, and molybde ments produced a wide range of mechanic mum yield strength of 220,000 pounds pe adapted for fastener applications where was also produced commercially by Mallor ^rlabdr Methods/ Tougher. Stronger Titanium Alloy; V Production: V01.41. No. 4. April 1 Bulletin 1, New York, N. V., flvmnn0.SiMmS<r!;' MetaUurgicttl Ooustderatlona In Titanium ??rU' October 11 and 12, 19 K! 4?f^atW7 Wuhlngton Loan it Trust Bldg Age, New Titanium Alloy Reported at Rattelle: Vol. ll. Nos. 11 1208 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1054 Studies on the fabrication of titanium metal 11 were conducted by the Chase Brass & Copper Co., Watcrbury, Conn, (a subsidiary of Kennecott Copper Corp.), in 1954. According to the firm, the first titanium tubing was extruded commercially for the United States Government as a result of its development work. Other accomplish ments included titanium wire drawn from extruded rod, the construc tion of a special high-temperature furnace for studying properties of titanium at high temperatures (2,900 F.,) and the construction of a titanium-melting furnace for the purpose of obtaining experience in the casting of titanium. Commercially pure titanium was precision rolled to 0.0005 inch by the American Silver Co., Inc., on 2-high, 4-high, and Sendzimir rolling mills in 1954. The Sendzimir is a cluster-type mill Capable of rolling 300 feet per minute. Final slitting to close tolerance widths was performed by precision gang slitters. Titanium foil was used for fire shields, brackets, and shims for aircraft; valve parts and tank and tube liners in the chemical industry; and instrument parts where strength and resistance to corrosion aro required. Data on produc tion, properties, welding, brazing, annealing, and forming of titanium foil and a list of suggested applications were published in 1954.12 Titanium metal was utilized in 1954 in constructing United States Air Force supersonic jets--the North American Super Sabre F-100, the Convair F-102, and the Douglas X-3; also in key applications in the Boeing B-52 and the luxury commercial airliner, the Douglas DC-7.1' Titanium metal was used in nonstructural aircraft parts, mainly where heat and corrosion protection are required, such as shrouds and firewalls that protect controls and equipment from excessive heat, and ammunition boxes and gun blast tube housings that must withstand the corrosive gases of shell explosions. Titan ium was also used in jet engines for compressor disks, blades, spacer rings, and many other forged and machined parts.14 Titanium Metals Corp. of America, New York, N. Y., reported in May 1954 a new application for titanium as a skin covering for helicopter rotor blades. The titanium blades reduced the weight of the helicopter 68 pounds and resulted in increased payload. The value of the weight saved in the titanium-skinned blades is more than two-thirds the cost of the blades in production.16 Titanium control valves were manufactured by the Minneapolis- Honeywell Regulator Co. in 1954. The titanium valve resisted a corrosive solution that had an inlet pressure of 3,000 p. s. i. with a 2,700 p. s. i. pressure drop across the valve. The port of the valve is 1 inch in diameter. A stainless steel valve used in the same application lost control after 70 hours of service. The titanium valve operated 1,680 hours without overhauling--24 times longer than stainless steel.16 i Work cited Id footnote 4. u American Silver Oo., Inc., Titanium Foil: Teoh. Data Shoet 100; Flushing, N. Y., December 21,1964, 2 ?*PRem*Oru Titanium, Ino., Titanium--1964-65, An Inventory of Progress: Hem-Cru Titanium Rev., vol. 3, No. I, January 1955, p. 2. ^ u Modern Metals, Titanium in Jot Engines: Vol. 10, No. 11, December 1064, pp. 42-43. i* American Metal Market, Titanium Blades Lighten Helicopter by 68 pounds; Means Increased Payload: Vol. 61, No. 86, May 6, 1064, pp. 1, 3. ,, i RemOru Titanium, Ino., Giant Titanium Valve Meets Corrosion Cnallongo: Rem-Oru Titanium Review, vol. 2, No. 4, Ootober 1064, p. 1. TITANIUM STOCKS Year-end stocks of ilmenite, titanium dioxide content basis) were sufficient to rate of consumption for 11.2, 9.7, and Stock reports for ilmenite, titanium slag, a of 4, 5, and 3 percent, respectively, in 1 tributors', and consumers' stocks of tit found in table 4. TABLE 4.--Stocks of titanium concentrates in 1953-54, in short t Slocks Ilmenite T Gross weight Estimated TiOi content Gro wei 1063 1 Mloo._. ................ Distributors *.............................. 1964 Mine.......... ............... Distributors............................... 66, 738 421 663,116 610. 276 72,664 716 662, 728 036,997 24,010 253 284,703 309,020 30,077 426 296,620 327,728 77 7 81 81 | Revised figures reflecting Inventory corrections reported by 1 Includes rutile content of mixed zirconium-titanium concen pr ic es Concentrates.---The E&MJ Metal and M following nominal prices for ilmenite and Ilmenite, 59.5 percent TiO,, f. o. b. Atl per gross ton throughout 1954; rutile, 94 per pound at the beginning of 1954, 5% t cents in July, 6 to 6# cents in August, 6M 6% to 7 cents from November to the end for titanium- dioxide in concentrates, published in the Oil, Paint and Drug Re follows: Natural granular, bags, carlots, per short ton, f. o. Niagara Falls, N. Y., carlots_____________________ 5-ton lots, same basis\~~~ 1-ton lots, same basis______________________ (Milled titanium dioxide, $7.60 per ton higher).. Manufactured Titanium Dioxide.--Mark titanium dioxide remained the same in 19 tations on manufactured titanium dioxide a in the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, were 428041--68------ 77 1210 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1964 Anatase, chalk-resistant, regular and ceramic, carlots, delivered, per pound_______________________________________________'----------------------------- $0* 22}$ I,ess than carlots, delivered, per pound----------------- ---------- ----------------------- 23% Rutile, nonchalking, bags, carlots, delivered East, perpound---------------- . 24% Less than carlots, delivered East, per pound . 25}$ Titanium pigment, calcium-rutile base, bags, carlots, delivered, per pound 08% Less than carlots, delivered, per pound....... ...................................... . 08}$ Titanium Tetrachloride.--Tho price of titaniumtetrachloride, the basic material consumed in the production of titanium sponge-metal, was quoted in the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter in 1954 as follows: Jan. 1, 1954, to May 1.1954 May 3, 1954, to Dec. 31,1954 Tank cars, per pound, works. Drums, carfots, works_______ Less than carlots, works_____ $0. 44% . 46}$ . 48}$-. 56}$ $0. 39% .40% . 43% Metal.--The first price reductions for ductile titanium-sponge metal in the titanium-metal industry were announced by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del., in 1954. Prices for titanium sponge were quoted by tho titanium-metal industry in 1954, per pound, as follows: Jan. I, 1954, Apr. 1, 1954, Dec. 1, 1954, to to to Mar. 31,1954 Nov. 30,1954 Dee. 31,1954 Grade A-l (0.30 percent iron, max.)_________ $5. 00 Grade A-2 (0.50 percent iron, max.)_________ _________ $4. 72 4. 46 $4. 50 4. 00 Before April 1, 1954, titanium sponge had been $5 a pound since tho first commercial production of titanium metal in 1948. The price of titanium powder (96 to 98 percent Ti) was quoted by Metal Hydrides, Inc., Beverly, Mass., at $9 per pound in lots less than 5,000 pounds and $7.95 per pound in lots of 5,000 pounds or more. Titanium Metals Corp. of America, New York, N. Y., and Rem- Cru Titanium, Inc., Midland, Pa., announced in 1954 price reductions that ranged from 8 to 14 percent on titanium-mill-product extras. TMCA reduced its prices on titanium sheet and plate extras on Febru ary 11, 1954, and on titanium strip extras on April 26, 1954. RemCru cut its prices for bar and billet extras on February 19, 1954. Mill products (base price), as published at tho end of 1954 in Steel Magazine, per pound, in lots of 10,000 pounds and over, com mercially pure and alloy grades, f. o. b. mill, were: Sheet------------------------ ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------Strip Sheared mill plates_________________ ________ _______________________________ Wire Forging billets---------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- .-----------Hot-rolled and forged bars--------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ Low-carbon ferrotitanium, as quoted in Steel Magazine, was: $15 15 12 11 9 9 Low-carbon, (Ti, 20-25 percent; Al, 3.5 percent max.; Si, 4 percent max.; C, 0.10 percent max.). Contract, ton lotB 2 inch x D, per pound of con tained titanium.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Less-than-ton lots per pound----------- ---------------------------------------------------- (Ti, 38-43 percent; Al, 8 percent max.; Si, 4 percent max.; C, 0.10 percent max.). Ton lots per pound______________________________________________ Less-than-ton lots per pound 1. 37 50 1. 55 1.35 TITANIUM Prices quoted by tho Titanium Alloy the National Lead Co. for high-carbon a nium were as follows: High-carbon (Ti, 16-18 percent; C, 6-8 percen Medium-carbon (Ti, 17-21 percent; C, 2-4.6 pe The above prices were contract per ne N. Y., freight allowed to destination e north of Baltimore and St. Louis. The last price change announced by th of the National Lead Co. was in June 195 carbon ferrotitanium was raised from $ price of high-carbon ferrotitanium was per ton. FOREIGN TRAD Imports.--Technical difficulties in th titanium slag resulted in lower United St centrates in 1954 than in 1953. Titaniu titanium dioxide, constitutes a 39 perce terial reported as ilmenite concentrate with 49 percent in 1953. In 1954 imp from India increased 14 percent, whereas from Australia decreased 7 percent from United States receipts of commercial Japan amounted to 386,100 pounds ($1,3 increase of 314,800 pounds from 1953. compounds, and mixtures containing tita from Canada (100 pounds), United Kin West Germany (1,400 pounds). Ferro United Kingdom totaled 10,000 pounds Titanium ores and concentrates entere tariff free, but the duty on titanium meta ad valorem. Exports.--Shipments of titanium prod in 1954 consisted largely of titanium pigm titanium dioxide and pigments totaled 6 increase of 60 percent from the high reco far the chief recipient of titanium pigmen countries that received 1,000 tons or mo 3,386, Belgium-Luxembourg 2,799, Braz 2,052, Italy 1,298, Mexico 2,495, Nethe 1,010, Philippines 1,107, Sweden 1,086, U United Kingdom 5,144, Venezuela 1,365 The remainder was distributed among 3 centrates were shipped in 1954 to Can tons), Mexico (37 tons), and the Unite ports of titanium metal and alloys in c 48 tons in 1954, with the United Kingd tons). Titanium semifabricated forms Canada (37 tons) and the United Kingdo less than a half ton was distributed am " Figures on imports and exporta oomplJed by Me B. Pri Activities, Bureau of Mines, from records of the U 8, Departm 1212 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1954 Australia (60 pounds), France (387 pounds), Sweden (415 pounds), and Switzerland (38 pounds). Exports of titanium ferroalloys totaled 172 tons in 1954, as shipments to Canada, the major recipient, totaled 148 tons. The remaining quantity (25 tons) was shipped to France (11 tons), Italy (12 tons); Bclgium-Luxembourg and Chile each re ceived less than 1 ton. ' TABLE 5.--Titanium concentrates 1 imported for consumption in the United States, 1945-49 (average) and 1950-64, by countries, in short tons [U. S. Department of Commerco] Country of origin 1945-49 (average) 1050 1951 1062 1053 1054 ' ILMENITE Europe: 4.034 3,844 27,080 1,357 1 27,155 * 3,776 1 * 38,451 * 139,585 107, 621 -- -i Asia: 220,974 667 Total................................ 227,641 Oceania. Ausli#IU............. 682 Australia: In "tirconlum ore"1 263,475 525 264.000 Value of "as reported".. $1,737,278 187,834 187,834 112 210, 450 216.459 $1.198,545 ----------- 185,145 56 145, 562 185,201 146,662 100 -- -- - i 180,078 184,013 189,078 184,013 $1,323,438 $2,478,077 " " " =" ' 147,006 167,484 147,006 167,484 64 sssssss 286,644 275,006 286,644 275,005 $5,463,626 $4,933,403 . ,, . RUTILE , ^ 1 1 It Oceania; Australia.................... Australia: ' In ''Umenite" .................... Value of "as reportod".. 23 5,363 6,429 1,070 1,012 8,411 $309,847 3,427 3,427 1,133 4,560 $149,733 11,023 11,023 210 10,394 19,304 166 10,098 10,008 84 14,005 14,905 95 11.233 19,650 16,182 $491,383 $1,728,803 $1,761,494 15,060 $1,323,183 1 Classified os `'ore'1 by the U. S. Department of Commerce. 11ncludes titanium slag. * Chiefly all titanium slag averaging about 70 percent TiO. * Less than 1 ton. _ ____ , , , i Umenite contcnt'of tlrconlum ore as reported to tho Bureau of Mines by importers. ... * Due to changes In tabulating procedures by the U. S. Department of Commerce data known not to be comparable to earlier yoars. _ . , A, , ^ ,, i Includes quantities reported by the U. 8. Department of Commerce as originating in French Equatorial Africa, from which no rutllo production was recorded during 1015-40. * Rutile content of zirconium ore as reported to the Huroau of Mines by Importers. * Rutile content of Uracnlte ore as reported to tho Bureau of Mines by importers. 'Tit a n iu TABLE 6.--Exports of titanium products from and 1950-64, by fU. S. Department of Year Oro and con centrates Metal and alloys P In crudo form and scrap Short Value Short Value S tons tons 1945-40 (average)... 1950............................. 1951............................. 1952........................... 1953............................. 1964............................. 1,244 $169,231 600 67,763 646 63,050 870 110,737 * 1,308 *109,878 663 85,890 oo (0 (') * 762 *$31,134 * 2 * 11,858 48 1,107,582 * Not separately classified. 1 Behoved to Include material other than commercially p 1 Revised figure. TECHNOLO Beneficiation tests on material fro Ark, indicated the feasibility of recov titanium and columbium by gravity p floatable with a wide variety of collec amines, and sulfonated oils, but the g equally responsive to the same reagen Research on electroplating titanium and fused-salt electrolytes showed tha fused-solt electrolytes, the major pro All other electrolytes gave only partia Experimental measurements were r at ordinary temperature of 11 titanates metatitanate, strontium metatitanat tanate; barium orthotitanate, stron strontium othotitanate, geikielite, m magnesium dititanate. The experim calorimetry. The solution calorimete used a strong hydrofluoric-hydrochlor metric fluid ana reaction medium. The newly measured heat data w Published entropy and high-temperatur eats and free energies of formation at and 1,880 K. This made it possible dynamic stabilities and potential reac essing temperatures.20 Tests on the effect of gaseous contam on the properties of arc welds in titan titanium made in a pure helium atmo properties comparable with those of t 11 Nleberleln, V. A., Fine, M. M.r Calhoun, W. A., and Pe of Columbium In Arkansas for 1953: Bureau of Mines Ropt 11 Creamer, R. M., Ohambere, D. II., and White, O. E.. 8 nlum and Zirconium Coatings-. Bureau of Mines Rept. of In Kelley, K. K., Todd, 8. 8., and King, E. G., Ileat and Alkaline-Earth Metals; Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investiga