Document OaOMod3n96oMyEQqj3JM2ExL

FILE NAME: US Gypsum (USG) DATE: 1936 DOC#: USG021 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: 1936 report of dust survey at National Asbestos Co with cover letter .* / *.* I * JZ : CHICAGO DKTDOlV MlkWAUmi U TthkNOIUAl^l OUl ONMA AMHI AA I CITT o in v ih OAUAI kftOAHI AMNADNI LCKUIC O United I, States Gyes um Company 300 W EST AD AM S STREET CHICAGO COTT, MAC LEISH A Soott, MaoLeieh A Falk, 134 South La Salle Street, n Augus i b i b I W B t# 1 a teas Rijfbrffld to Chloago, Illinois \iw*red.. Attentiont Er C M Prloo dteX NIW TOA* o iro H orrAkO MILAOILHIU W A IH IN O TO H lAkTlMOMC ^iTfllUKOH CktVCcAHO CINCINNAI I FAU;TM" S (s' SUBJECT PuBt Survey - Jersey City- Centi omen i TTe are attaching for your Information a oopy of Dr Gardner's re port, giving the results of his dust survey at Jorsoy City, and also a report in oonneotion with the examination of the X-rays of about 200 men at the Jersey City plant* It appears that we have a very hazardous dust oonditlon at Jersey City, and also have a problem with a number of mon who now have asbestosis and tuboroulosis* Vie arc taking the neoessary steps to provide dust colleoting and ventilating equipment, and in the meantime will provide respirators to minimize the dust hazard. The roul problem we have for consideration is that of deoiding what to do about tho men who new have an oooupational disease. If some of those men who h&ve asbe6tosis should make olaim against the oomnany and reocivo an award, would the United States Gypsum Company have to stand tho entire oxpense or oould part of it be prorated to the former ownors of the Jersey City plant? . I urn attaching a oopy of my letter of August 13th to Mr. Keady, suvi-arizlng some of tho more important points in the report. Yfo realize, of ooursu, that the management of our oompany must make the final deoision as to v.hat aotion wo shall take on notifying the mon who have been examined and wh'o have been found to have asbestoois, tuboroulosis, or 3omo othor#disoaso. shall also have to oome to some deoision in connootion with tho continuation of tho employment of our mon who have an oooupational or other disease, but wo would opprooiato your advloo in this oonneotion sinoo you will, of oourso, have in mind tho legal consideration. _d:p.ex.no. 7 ft. youro very truly, UMITED STATES GYPSUM COMPANY V TRP :U T General Sorvloo Manager Report of Just Survey at National asbestos Co. Plant of United States Gypsum Co. at Jersey City, N. uT Jaae by the Saranac laboratory May 25 - June 2, 1936 Received July 31. 19 36 The National Asbestos Co. plant of the U. S. GypSUm C o. was investigated in a survey made on May 25-June 2, 1926, and the nature and extent of dust exposure encountered there by workers are reported herewith. At this plant are manufactured various asbestos products such as asbestos paper, pipe coverings, c-ment and liquid roofing, and asphalt composition roofing ana shingles. :aper for the composition roofing also is made here. The plant was formerly owned by the National asbestos Co. and has been operated by the U. . Gypsum Co. for only a few months. Plant Layout The manufacture of asbestos cement and pipe coverings is Carried on in 4 building. Asbestos, clay and other minerals are dumped through chutes into enclosed rooms or bins, located at the south end of the third floor, from which screw conveyors carry the material to the first floor where it is bagged as asbestos cement, also on the third floor are machines for corrugating paper and for making asbestos pipes, a canvas room in which asbestos paper is cut into strips and saws for cutting asbestos boards, y.'aste from the sav;s is discharged through a pipe into a "dust house" on the first floor. The office occupies part of the second iloor. are for storage. Most of the first, second and fourth floors The roofing and paper machines are arranged along parallel lines in 42 building. In making roofing heavy paper is unwound from a large roll and passed through a vat of liquid asphalt. Farther on a heavy layer of coarse granules is added to one side of the sheet, and a light coating of mica or soap stone to the other side. Finally the long sheets are wound into rolls or cut off to make shingles. The roofing and paper machines are parallel, of approximately the same length and about 15 feet apart. At the end of the paper machine in this building and also in j?5 building are the beaters into which the base material (asbestos, rags, scrap paper) is dumped. V/ater is added to make a semi-fluid mass and the mixture then passes through t* rolls of the machine until it emerges as paper. In #5 building, on the i n t n floor, rags for making paper stock are shredded in tne rag cutters, fter dropping to the second floor they are weighed and are then fed to the beaters on the first floor. Liquid roofing is manufactured in a moderately-sized room in the warehouse building. Bags of asbestos dust and as bestos fiber are dumped into a small tank, asphalt is added, the mixture is stirred thoroughly, and the liquid mass is then drawn off and transferred to cans. Much of the plant floor space is for storage. There is a large warehouse for roofing rolls and another for shingles, -2 - besides considerable space for storing other material. Permissible Standards of Dustiness The development of any form of pneumoconiosis depends upon the oreathing of air containing mineral p a r t i d a s which must oe sufficiently high in concentration, fine in size and hazardous in nature to cause permanent injury to the lungs. Thus far only free silica minerals, such as quartz, flint and chalcedony, and fibrous minerals described as a group by the term "asbestos", have been proved to be the cause of a definite pathologic fibrosis. '.'/hile it cannot safely be said that other minerals containing silica are without danger, it is generally recognized that the extent to which a possible dust hazard exists is indicated principally by the concentration in the inaustrial atmosphere of free silica or asbestos particles of respirable size. Various authorities have tentatively suggested a con centration of 5 million particles of free silica per cubic foot of air as a limit above wnich a silicosis hazard might exist, and this value has met with some recognition. The figure just given refers to dust samples collected with the Greenburg-Smith impinger apparatus and counted by the standard technique of the Public Health Service. There is no standard for the safe concentration of asbestos dust comparable to the value just given for free silica dust. However, the results of a survey made in four asbestos fabricating plants and reported in 1935 in Bulletin 42, Dept. of Labor and Industry of Pennsylvania, give pertinent data on the subject and are summarized below. -JO one in a group (10 persons) with less than 5 years exposure had asbestosis (with the exception that one person was classed as doubtful). cO per cent in a group (14 out of 46 persons) with more than 5 years exposure had asbestosis. The incidence of asbestosis was directly related to ohe concentration of asbestos dust to which workers were exposed, as brought out in the following table. (Petro graphic analyses failed to disclose the presence of free silica in dust from the plants studied). Incidence of asbestosis among workers with more than 5 years exposure: Average Dust Concentration for Each Group Studied Particles per cu.ft.of air. Percentage of 3ach Group Having asbestosis 44 million 17 73 out of 11 persons) 27 "(4 " 15 " ) 5 10 "(2 " " 20 ) The authors cf the report conclude that it is not possible from their findings to establish the maximum safe con centration of asbestos dust in the air. In another study on asbestosis (U. S. Public Health Service Reprint ^1660, 19c5) Lanza, cConnell and Fehnel report that 43 per cent of a group with less than 5 years exposure had asbestosis and that the proportion had increased to 87 per cent in a group with more than 15 years exposure. They also state that "it is not practicable as yet to establish standards for the asbestos dust content of air". VFhile asbestosis may be a milde^ type of fibrosis than is silicosis, it does not appear from the studies mentioned above that a standard for a safe concentration of asbestos dust would permit a greater concentration than the value already given for free silica dust. It is quite possible that the safe limit might be even lower for asbestos than for silica. For the present it would seem best to attempt to keep the concentration of asbestos dust le^s than 5 million particles per cubic foot of air counted by light field examination. Dusts Encountered in Plant . A great variety of minerals which go to form air-borne dust is used in the plant. Among them are asbestos,- infusorial earth, slate, clay, soapstone, mica and limestone. Some of these minerals are definitely hazardous; others are probably not very dangerous although conclusive proof is lacking; and still others have been shown to be practically harmless. Asbestos can be classed as hazardous and diatomaceous or infusorial earth, which is a hydrated form of free silica, may perhaps fall in the same category. Asbestos has,been shown by both clinical and experimental evidence to be capable of giving rise to pulmonary fibrosis. Uncompleted experiments indicate that diatomaceous earth is like other kinds of free silica minerals in causing pathologic reaction in animals. Clinical proof of its harmfulness is still lacking. Slate, clay, soapstone and mica are all silicate minerals. Most authorities agree that the silicates, except asbestos, cannot be regarded as distinctly dangerous as are quartz and other varieties of free silica, but it should be noted that frequently some free silica accompanies silicate minerals and may present a hazard. Limestone is a calcium carbonate mineral and extensive experiments carried on with marble dust, another variety of the same mineral, failed to reveal any hazard associated with the inhalation of dust of that composition. Rags and scrap paper used in making paper are also sources of dust. Nearly all this dust is undoubtedly either organic particles, such as lint fibers or pieces of paper or cloth, or else non-hazardous mineral particles. There is little likelihood that appreciable quantities of dangerous minerals are present in this dust, although the possibility that the rags and scrap paper may carry pathogenic bacteria must be considered. Fumes arising from the asphalt vat simulate dust, and although very undesirable from a hygienic standpoint they do not appear to increase greatly the amount of dust in suspension. . i Dust Concentrations in Plant Dust samples were collected with the same Greenburg-Smith impinger apparatus used in other dust surveys for the U.S.Gypsum Co. and the particles were counted with both light field and dark field illumination. The former method of illumination is the standard of the U. S. Public Health Service; the latter is a technique employed by many investigators to detect the smaller particles not revealed by the light field method. Dust counts for both methods are tabulated at the end of this report. The collecting fluid for all samples was 95 per cent ethyl alcohol. #1 Building (and liquid roofing room) On the third floor of #1 building are the rooms or bins in which asbestos, soapstone, infusorial earth, etc. are fed into the screw conveyors. These are small rooms about 20 ft. . -6 square, completely enclosed and having no ventilation, and men working in them are exposed continuously to a high concentration of dust. Thus inside #1 bin in which a man was shoveling Italian fiber (asbestos) the concentration was 296 million particles per cu. ft. of air; inside #3 bin, where bags of asbestos, clay, etc. were opened and the contents pushed into the screw conveyors, the count was much lower, being only 22 million. This indicates that considerably more dust is stirred up by shoveling the material than by emptying it from bags. Over the opening on the fourth floor through which the bins are supplied asbestos and other material the dust concentration was found to be 79 million parti cles per cu.ft.of air. All men working in or over the bins wore respirators and the high dust counts emphasize the necessity of their continuing to do so. ' Also on the third floor is the machine at which asbestos boards are sawed. The dust concentration there was not very high, being only 8 million particles per cu.ft. of air, but that value is. somewhat above safe limits. It would appear desirable to equip the machine with an exhaust system; also, if feasible, to arrange the rotation of the saw so that the dust is.thrown away from the man instead of toward him. Several dusty operations are conducted on the first floor. Loading bags with asbestos cement was responsible for a concentration of.261 million particles per cu.ft. of air. As the cement is about 60 per cent asbestos besides containing diatomaceous earth, the dust is highly hazardous. There was no provision for removing dust set up by this operation. Even though the men wear respirators, the installation of an efficient system of exhaust ventilation would seem to be a necessity, not only to protect the men loading the bags but also to prevent the diffusion of dust into the general atmosphere. That there was much dust suspended in the air was shown by sample #6, taken about 40 ft. away, for which the count was 42 million. Men trucking asbestos cement and paper in that vicinity are thus exposed to a high con centration of dust. Another dusty operation is shoveling waste felt and asbestos from the dust house into bags, for which the count was 72 million. The helper assisting in this operation wore no respirator. All men who work in such high concentrations of dangerous dust should be compelled to wear respirators; but a determined effort should be made to eliminate most of the dust by installing an exhaust system of ventilation, by arranging to fill bags without creating so much dust, by improving the dust house to reduce leakage and permit the removal of waste felt and 1 asbestos with less exposure to the man, and by providing better ventilation in general. Mixing liquid roofing involves the exposure to consider able dust as the concentration next to the vat was found to be 165 million particles per cu.ft.of air. Most of this was asbestos because the ingredients of liquid roofing are asbestos saw dust, asbestos fiber and asphalt. The high count shows how important it is that the man continue to wear his respirator. An exhaust system of ventilation over the vat is very desirable not only to get rid of dust but also to remove fumes arising from the asphalt. Also, the vat should be covered. Corrugating Machine There was little dust near the corrugating machine. Samples taken at the feed end and at the discharge end both showed the dust concentration to be less than 1 million particles t per cuft. of air. The concentration in the canvas room where asbestos paper is cut off in strips .for making pipes was about 2 million. ' Roofing Machine With one exception dust counts for samples collected near the roofing machine, although slightly higher than for the survey of the North Tonawanda roofing plant, were not excessive. Comparative light field counts are tabulated below. At saturator Coater tender Backing man Feeding slate flour Shoveling granules Shingle machine Light Field Count (in millions) Jersev Citv North Tonawanda 3.3 2.1 5.3 3.3 5.4 1.9- 1712.9 - 3.2 - 3.0 0.8 From a hygienic standpoint the condition of the atmosphere at the roofing machine was quite unsatisfactory. Fumes from the ' open asphalt vats diffuse through the air and there is little or no ventilation to carry them away. Plans have been made to en close the asphalt vats at the North Tonawanda plant more fully; such a change is even more desirable for the Jersey City plant -9- v j because there ventilation is poorer and men at both the roofing and the paper machine are exposed to the fumes. The sample taken on the platform above the roofing machine, where slate flour is dumped into a tank, shows that the man working there is exposed to an exceedingly high concentration of dust. For even a harmless dust the concentration would be excessive, but since slate flour contains some free silica there would appear to be a possible silicosis hazard. This very dusty condition should be eliminated, possibly by covering the tank and arranging an exhaust removal of dust. In the meantime the man should wear a respirator. improving the ventilation. Provision should also be made for ' ' Paper Machine ' The dustiest operation associated with the manufacture of paper is the handling and cutting of rags. Unfortunately no dust sample could be obtained, since no rag paper was being made. At the Skaneateles Falls plant the dust concentration near the rag cutter was 58 million particles per cu.ft. of air; it was undoubtedly much higher in the Jersey City plant because additional dust was released when the rags dropped from the fifth to the second floor. As noted in the survey report for the Skaneateles Falls Mill it would appear desirable to furnish respirators to men working in such a dusty atmosphere and also to provide better ventilation. The dust concentration near men filling the beater machines was 8 million particles per cu.ft. of air when paper stock was used and 10 million when the material was asbestos. Since the latter count is somewhat higher than a safe value, the men shoula wear respirators when filling the beaters with asbestos. Much dangerous dust is set free when empty asbestos bags are shaken out so that the man doing this work is exposed to 35 million particles per cu.ft. of air, a concentration well above safe limits.- It is suggested that this operation be eliminated, possibly by shaking out the bags in a bag wheel as is done with empty cement sacks. In the meantime the man should wear a respirator. . In the passageway along the paper machine the concentration of dust was about the same as near the roofing machine, being 5 million particles per cu. ft. of air. Most of this dust probably comes from the roofing machine. . Miscellaneous For samples taken in the roll warehouse and shingle ware house, representing the average oust condition in those buildings, the counts were less than 2 million particles per cu. ft. of air; for a sample collected in the machine shop it was less than 1 million. Summary and Conclusions . 1. It is recommended that the concentration of free silica or asbestos dust to which men are exposed be kept less than 5 million particles per cu.ft. of air by light field examination. Men exposed to greater concentrations should wear respirators. -11- c 2. It is suggested that until the dust condition be brought within safe limits respirators be worn by the following men (in addition to those already supplied with them): (a) All men on the first floor of $1 building especially those working at the dust house and loading asbestos cement. (b) The man feeding slate flour above the roofing machine. (c) Men.working near the rag cutter. (d) Men at the beaters when dumping asbestos into the vat. (e) The man who shakes out asbestos bags. 3 An exhaust system of dust removal would be very desir able for the following operations: (a) Sawing asbestos boards. (b) Loading bags v/ith asbestos cement. c (c) Mixing liquid roofing. , (d) Feeding slate flour. 4. The ventilation should be improved in several localities: 1 (a) On the first floor of #1 building. (b) At the roofing machine, especially around the asphalt vat and on the platform where slate flour is added. (c) Near the rag cutter. 5. The diffusion of dust, especially dangerous dust, into the atmosphere should be reduced as much as possible. Special attention should be given to preventing leakage from the dust house and asbestos cement loader on the first floor, and from c the slate flour and liquid roofing mixing vats (possibly by covering them). -12- 6. The present method of feeding slate flour filler over the roofing machine should be changed to reduce the dust hazard. 7. rapty asbestos bags should be shaken in some way which does not allow the asbestos dust to diffuse into the atmosphere. 8. Men inside the bins on the third floor of #1 building work in a high concentration of dangerous dust. It would be desirable to develop a method of supplying material to the screw conveyors without requiring the continuous exposure of men to the dust. -13- Summary of Medical Findings The majority of the physical examinations were made by Dr. Arthur B. Blinn; a few were reported by Dr. Hill. The x-ray films of the chest taken by Dr. Perlberg were interpreted by Dr. H. L. Sampson. Occupational histories were taken by Mr. Fred H. Sephton. To date there have been 206 employees examined of whom 160 had worked more than 1 year and could be properly considered as old employees. Eight of the entire group were young women under 28 years of age. The age distribution of all employees, shown in Table I, indicates that practically all of them are under 50 years of age. We have no information as to whether there were older individuals who quit work because of disability; but the lack of complaints in the history of those still employed suggests that this was not the case. Table I Age Distribution in 206 Employees Age Periods 15-20 21-25 26-3031-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-60 Number of Employees 26 40 29 27 30 20 30 4 % of Total Group 12.6 19.5 14./ 13.1 15.5 9.7 15.5 1.8 c These individuals were apparently in good physical condition and made no complaint. Aside from incidental findings, that have been noted on the examination blanks and will undoubtedly receive the attention of the plant physician, the only common abnormalities were chronic tonsillitis and bad teeth and gums. In view of the prevalence of these conditions in the general population they can hardly be attributed to occupation. In Table II are tabulated all of the employees, grouped according to the major occupations in which they were employed at the time of the survey. This arrangement is of doubtful value owing to the fact that the factory superintendent usually assigned each man to a job for the day; on the following one he might work in another place with a different dust exposure. However, as it is necessary to tabulate all of cases in some form the one adopted seems as useful as any. e -X a- (Some mica, soapstone or slate flour) No. Name Age Time X-Ray Physical Occupation . Findings Chest -------- --------------- :___________ __!_______ Findings___________________ _ 283 J. Skiba 19 yrs. 3 mos. 0 0 264 S. Gluhan 18 II 1 yr. 0 0 281 S.Marinki 21 II 1 H 0 0 285 M.Wanot 19 II 1 ii F1 / 286 W. Buska 26 It 1 it F1 0 301 J.Czermanski 38 if 1 ii F1 / 390 P.Majewski 45 It 1 ii 0 / 280 I. Kwityn 43 II 18 mo'fe. F1 / 269 J. Stef anovvsky 40 II 2 yrs. F1 / 271 A.Tchis 46 II 2 n F1 0 279 S.Sparks 300 L.Niedz 260 S.Tobias 267 H.Farmer '268 N .V7anot 284 J.Huatyk 277 F.Baltazuk 263 L.Panasuit 278 J.Yosey 265 A.Dennis 262 D.Coll ins 266 D.DiToria 272 E. Gerhardt 21 II 24 II 27 II 32 II 52 tl 22 II 23 It 47 II 39 II 36 II 34 II 34 II 46 II 2 it 2 it 3 ii 4 it 4 II 4 It 5 11 6 II 6 It 8 II 9 II 10 II 11 II F1 0 *1 / 0 p.c. / 0 0 F1 0 0 P.C. 0 0 0 A1 / 1 0 0 0 F1 0 F1 0 *1 / Moving rolls of roofing material Moving rolls Moving roofing material Mixing granules brick and stone n Slate and coating mixer Mixes slate granules - Moving roofing material Mixes slate . " slate flour in coating tank. Cutting shingles Coats roofing with asphalt Dumps wheel-barrows Saturates felt roofing paper Mixes slate Mixing granules,brick/stone Cutting shingles Oiler Cutting shingles Rolls felt Keeps fire in asphalt still Saturates felt roofing Daper Rubs soapstone on rollers ROOFING MACHINE ATTENDANTS (continued) No. Name Age Time X-Ray Physical Occupation Findings Chest __________ ________________________ Findings_____________________ 275 E.Howard 26 yrs 274 S.Schemchuk 41 h 270 N.Tarby 46 it 273 F. Kowal 42 it 11/ yr. 12 it 18 h 18 h 0 0 0 P.C. 0 Fj_ Chr. / Active TB A1 / Cutting shingles Cutting shingles Mixes slate flour in coating tank Rubs soapstone on rollers RAG BEATER HELPERS . (very heavy lint and fuzz) . All men in this department at some time or other are engaged in shaking bags of asbestos into a feeder - making asbestos paper. Fairly heavy asbestos exposure at time. No. Name Age Time X-Ray Physical Findings Chest ___________________________________________ Findings Occupation 251 G. Gress 247 T. Marinki 250 P. Marcenkus 240 J. Clow 242 S. Skiba 249 P. Homick 253 C. Hurtuk 236 J. Bojar 239 V.Twardusky 246 J. Sokel 233 D. Rodgers 31 yrs 1 mo* 45 h 5 it 46 h 5 ii 46 h 1 yr* 46 h 1 It 39 h 1 M 47 ti 1 It 46 it 1 It 49 h 2 11 49 h 2 It 32 VI 3 tl F1 0 Pi 0 F1 0 0(Heart) 0 A1 (Inf) / F1 / 0 0 F1 0 F1 '0 V / 0 0 Cutting rags ' It It tl II * tl If It ft II 11 c No. Name 243 H.Stanf ord 248 J.Buda 244 J.Liszkiev/icz 245 T.Smith 235 '.7.Uandowski 234 U .Gluhan 237 J.Britt 241 H.Bligen RAG BEATER HELFERS (Continued) Age Time X-Ray Physical Findings Chest Find ings Occupation 35 yrs 5 yrs. 0 p.C. / Cutting rags in bales 37 it 5 h Pi 0 . -- , 11 45 II Q II F3 ' / - . . ft 35 h 9 M 0 0 - .1* 48 h g h F t (Healed / h TB) 46 " 10 " F1 0 II 37 io 0 0 II 31 " 11 " F1 0 ' it C No. Name 337 R. Campien ' 344 \7. Y/itkewski 334 'Y. Jankov/ski 293 ./. Patterson 335 J . Evans 340 J. Carter 342 R. Ellis 333 J. English 338 F. English 343 J. Parker C 336 F. Ellis 341 C. Johnson SHINGLE PACKERS AND SHINGLE STACKERS (General Dust) Age 18 yrs. 19 II 23 It 31 II 38 II* 34 It 33 II 23 II 24 II 33 II 30 II 37 II Time 1 mo. 1 II 2 yi*s 2 II 4 II 2 II 4 II 5 It 5 II 7 II 9 II 14 It X-Ray Findings 0 Physic. Chest ' 0 T3?active . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / Fi / -4- TRUCKING IN WAREHOUSE (Loading trucks with shingles and rolled roofing) No. Name Age Time 357 G. McCullough 355 P. Pello 359 V. zazula 351 John O'Connell 356 J. Czerapaka 352 J. Nieland 353 I. Cook 177 C. Watkins 176 A. Watkins 23 yrs 18 tl 20 It 44 II 23 II 29 II 30 II 29 II 44 II 1 mo. 3 "' 4 ' 2 " 2 " 4 " 4 " 5 " 10 " X-Ray Physical Findings Chest Findings 0 / 0 . / 0 0 F1 / 0 0 0 F1 0 0 0 F1 0 F1 UNLOADING CARS MIXING AS3EST0S CEKENT (Very heavy asbestos dust. ) No. - Name Age Time X-Ray Physical Findings Chest Findings 106 J. Wojnaski 41 4 yrs. Fj^ 0 107 F. Y/asko 35 5f " 0 / 104 J. Craig 40 11 " Fx 0 R. Mackey 40 12 " Ax / in o r--1 -5- P IP E MAXING DEPARTMENT (Small amount asbestos dust) No. Marne . Age 18 V. Horosz ' 39 21 V. DiChirice 23 15 P. DeFelice 21 23 T. Critelli 22 29 J. Clkiewicz 28 17 F. Rovite 19 7 P. Esposito 26 27 G. Guastillo 49 4 a . Adomirok 28 8 A. Nitto 38 12 A. u . r.'astrolia 35 50 N. Trione 43 13 ?. Malizire 38 25 J. Perett 32 6 A. Perrone 49 2 J. Kall 29 9 V. Giannone 47 20 F. Tartarete 28 3 P. Messina 45 10 S. Zander 41 5 T. Carrnella 44 24 J. Miglino 56 16 M. De Vite 50 Time 1 yr 1 . 20 mo. 2 yrs. 2 2* 3 " 3 " 5 " 7 " 7 " " 8 9 " 10 11 13 " 13 " lo " 14 19 21 " 24 27 X-Ray Findings Physical Chest Findings 0 0 0 0 F1 / 0 0 0 0 .. F1 0 F1 0 0 0 F1 0 F2 0 0 fi Al? 0 F1 0 0 0 A 9 0 A l- 0 0 Fi / 0 0 F1 0 Fi 0 F1 0 V / fi 0 No. Mame 215 J. Jacoby 216 S. Graczik 219 Vi. Kazmieski 214 ;V. Gardner 213 A. 3altazuk FIREMEN AND COAL P.iSSERS (Soft coal and ashes) Age Time X-Ray Physical Findings Chest Find 43 3 yrs F1 - / -. 48 3 " Healed T3 0 47 3 " 0 / 36 4 0 0 48 10 " Fi / SA'./ DE ?a r t :.!Ejt (Sawing asbestos pipes - very heavy asbestos) 49 F. Horboski 39 15 yrs F1 0 43 R* Milteer 36 15 If 0 0 46 L!. Gentile 39 18 tl 0 / 45 G. Damiano 48 24 II 0 Fi CORRUGATED ROLLING .iACHINS (Make corrug ated asbestos paper - very heavy asbestos) 41 D. Mussillo 51 17 yrs. A l? 0 42 F. Romanov/sky 56 29 Al / O Y/ARFKTJSE (Putting canvas tops on rolls of roofing) No. Name Age 378 M. Patson 25 376 G. Bigart 22 372 M. Michalkowsky 24 373 J. Halupka 29 371 M. Bresky 29 374 W. Liszkiewicz 22 Time 3 mos 1 yr 2 " 2| 3 " 4 " X-Ray Findings 0 0 0 0 0 0 Physical Chest Findings 0 0 0 0 0 / PACKING DEPARTMENT (Packing pipes for shipping - floor dust) 89 A. Bevacqua 19 4 mo. Fg 0 96 J. Bordasone 48 4 " F2 0 85 M. Ferrara 18 5 " 0 .0 76 A. Cacaci 22 1 " 91 F. Hambsch 26 1 " 90 A. Tavernise 21 2 " F1 / F1 0 0 . 0 79 White 45 11 " o 0 81 J. McGuirl 38 12 " 0 / machinists .a;d engineers (Small amount, mica, soapstone) No. Name Age Time X-Ray _________________________________ ;_______ Findings 207 G. V/o1 f 35 6 mos. 0 P.C. 204 H. Karl 35 1 yr 0 205 2. Xleht 34 2 " 9 P.C. 202 V/. V/oIf 37 3 0 P.C. 205 A. Englehardt 43 4 " *1 20 A. Herholz 39 9 " *1 212 A. Gaginzki 49 15 *i 211 a . Kozloski 46 17 Physical Chest Findings / / 0 / 0 0 / / 1--1 SHALL Sa TURa TCR RCCFIIJG MACHINE Satur ating felt with asphalt. 325 F. ;.Iiner 323 E. Jones 324 .1 Sugg 322 \7. Hart (Very little mica, soapstone and slate flour) 35 2 yrs. Fi / 39 6 " 0 0 37 7 0 0 43 9 " 0 0 233 C. V/right 30 9 " Fx / 321 H. '//right 28 10 " 0 0 PA ir1ER LU LL (Small amount mica, soapstone) No. Name Age Time X-Ray P h y sciai Findings Chest Findings Occupation 391 T. Adamski 24 6 mos. 0 P.C. 0 Cutting rags 230 A. Restek 24 1 yr. 0. 0 225 J. Gazdwicz 21 5 It F1 0 224 J. Ksenick 27 6 II 0 0 231 H. Jobel 36 7 tl F1 0 229 A. Rolle 27 7 II 0 0 222 P. Koblansky 48 8 II 0 P.C. / 227 F. Ramsey 29 8 II 0 / 221 F. Sandusky 44 9 II F1 V 223 17. Schloss 32 9 II 0 P.C. 0 228 J. Ramsey 34 16 11 0 / 232 F. Ben insky 45 16 It 0 / 226 T. Rashard 48 17 II 0 0 252 A. Dzindzie 47 17 II 0 / binder 3ack tender Press man Oiler Winder Machine tender Winder Machine tender Press man Winder Millwright Back tender Machine tender PIPE WRAPPERS (Small amount asbes tos) 69 Miss F.DiGievanne 18 6 mos . 0 0 73 Miss F. Conte 19 6 mos1 . 0 0 66 ' R.Lombarde 20 1 yr. F1 / 70 " S.Ciasulli 18 1-k " 0 0 1 Mr.E.J.Cacaci 61 Mrs. D.O'Keefe 38 2 " 23 5 " F1 / Ft P.C., 0 62 Miss H. V/eztewica 28 9 " Fi 0 Rolling canvas on asbestos pipe. It II It Supt. Rolling canvas on ' asbestos pipe. it -11- LIQUID ROOFING DEPARTMENT (Plaster mixer ,labelling,stencilling,coating,cl osinfc containers.) 50.M 0 f time in heavy asbes tos, slate flour. No. Name Age Time X-Ray Findings Physical Chest Findings 269 F. Russell 19 2 nos. 0 / 267 F. Sininsky 21 1 yr 0 / 365 J. Malast 27 1 " 0 / - 361 A. Mestier 33 2 11 0 / - - - 364 2. Sweeney 27 2 " 0 366 J. Furka 20 2 " 0 326 J. Cstrowski 24 2 F1 355 P. Bober 24 ^ II 0 352 J . Sinchak 33 8 " F1 / - 0 '.... / 0 0 No. Name Age 336 L. Mack 23 396 2. Xaprelian 29 398 R. Kerr 35 102 J. VanAlstyne 34 213 G. Hallan 23 331 F. Sephton 42 308 S.Kostinowski 19 101 C. Major 37 332 v/. Ellis 36 306 J. Kudak 50 151 J. Huatyk 47 47 M. Santoli 46 MISCELLANEOUS JOBS Time X-Ray Physical Findings Chest Findings Occuoation 1 mo. 0 1 mo. . 0 0 Sample maker ' 0 Inspector 5 mos 2 yrs 2 " 2 " 2 " 4 " 10 10 " 12 " 31 " F1 0 0 / F1 0 0(Cong. /? Cyst) 0 / F1 0 0 / f2 / 0 0 F]_ Healed / TB Inspector Night watchman Wheels ashes Chief Inspector Coal wheeler Shipping clerk Repairs shingles Porter Mason Canvass cutter Chest Findings The physical examination revealed only one case with well-defined disease but the x-ray picked up a variety of condi tions some of which were probably due to inhaled dust and others to infection. Among the latter there were 4 that were of non tuberculous origin. There were 4 more with healed apical foci of adult type tuberculosis whose occurrence has no clinical signi ficance. (Its incidence is only about one-half that to be expected in an urban population.) Two cases showed more active mani festation of tuberculosis. Case #270 (M.Tarby) had a unilateral chronic tuberculosis of considerable extent with a probable cavity at the base. This finding was substantiated by physical examin ation. The possibility of sanatorium treatment for this man should be considered. Another case, #344 (v/itkowski) had shadows possibly indicative of active tuberculosis. In view of the fact that this individual was only 19 years of age, his condition should be investigated further to determine whether treatment is required. Only 5.8 per cent of the group showed evidence of healed childhood tuberculous infection, a very low incidence for an urban group. They are marked "P.C." (primary complex) in the table. Of the conditions that might be due to the inhalation of dust several forms were discovered. They are designated and defined as follows: ' . Fq - A moderate degree of exaggeration of the linear markings in the lung fields. This may be due to inhaled dust of any type, to heart or arterial disease or to non tuberculous infection. Its incidence increases with advancing age. Unless it can be shown to progress to more advanced conditions in a given industrial exposure its significance is negligible. ' Fg - A more advanced stage of linear exaggeration. This is more frequently a result of inhaled dust but, of ' " course, the finding must be correlated with the history "' " ' of exposure in the particular industry. F3 - An extreme stage of linear exaggeration that may be due to chronic bronchitis. . A^ - indicates a possible asbestosis. Two groups are noted- MA]_" where the condition seems quite definite and "?A]_" where there is some doubt of its significance. The designations P.C and healed or chronic TB have already been mentioned. " In table III the incidence of these various conditions have been tabulated in relation to the duration of employment. The percentages are based upon the number of men employed for each five year period of time. Men working for one year or less are new employees whose chest films could hardly be influenced by their present occupations. Table III Years Total _____________________ X-Ray Findings Employed Number 0 F2 F3 ?Ai _. ________________ NA oW.* t/o Nn ov . </o NL'ioV t/O N1Wo*. t/O Na wo. t/O A1 NiVoU. /o Less than 1 year 34 21 61.7 2 5.8 2 5.8 0 0 _ 0 1 to 3 64 38 59.3 24 37.5 0 mm 0 , -- 1 1.5 1 1.5 Adult TB NIVoU t7r> 0 0 4 to 5 21 10 47.6 9 42.8 0- 0 0 0 0 6 to 10 36 16 44.4 15 41.6 2 5.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 11 to 15 17 8 47/ 8 47/ 0 0 0 1 5.8 0 16 to 20 10 5 50 3 30 0 0 1 10 1 10 1 10 21 to 25 4 26 to 31 ' 3 1 25 2 50 0 1 33.3 1 33.3 0 0 1 25 0 um 0 0 1 33.3 0 1 33.3 Considering the x-ray changes that might be due to dust there is first the group classified as F]_, which occurs in 35.4^ of all the employees. It increases more or less irregularly with the duration of employment but tabulations not included in this .report indicate that it is not particularly common in any occupational group. The increase is much more regular when it is tabulated in relation to the age of the men as shown in table IV. For comparison a similar tabulation of 200 cement workers is included in the table. Since the incidence of this type of re action is higher in the roofing plant under consideration it is believed that more than the mere age factor may be responsible in this case. Probably the various different dusts may play some part in producing it. But in any event the change has no clinical significance and it is not indicative of a serious dust hazard. This is further emphasized by the lack of more advanced cases of Fg, a change which was found in only 3 men. Age Total Period Number Under 21 25 21-30 70 31-40 57 41-50 50 51-60 4 Table IV X- Ray Findings 0 No. % No. Fl ,, ... 7o 16 64. 7 26 - 48 68. 22' 31.4 31 54.3 24 42.1 16 32. 25 50. 0 1 (25g) Cement Workers 0 Fl 87.5# 97.6 ' 87.5 66.6 75.5 12.5% 2.5 14.3 22.2 20.0 Evidence of the nodular reaction produced by silica is entirely lacking in this group of cases. There seems to be no suggestion of a silicosis hazard. . As already mentioned, the x-ray diagnosis of asbestosis is difficult and unless substantiated by a definite history of exposure and by clinical findings it cannot be accepted as final. # The change consists of a diffuse haziness, particularly marked in the lower half of the lung fields, which may be associated with some accentuation of the normal linear markings. Usually the reaction does not become apparent until persons have worked in asbestos dust for 5 to 10 years. Whether any of the other silicate dusts can produce pictures simulating early asbestosis has not been definitely established. In the National Asbestos plant the exact duration of the occupational exposure to asbestos dust could not be determined owing to the practice of shifting the men from job to job. The -16- presence of mica, soapstone and slate dusts tends to make the analysis more difficult. Physical examination was not helpful because although fine marginal rales were detected in all cases whose films had been "read as'A]_ and~in" 2~'of 'the" 5 T e a d as ?A]_, the same type of rle was reported in 23 other individuals whose films-did not show the same changes. None had the persistent rles which one might expect with a true fine fibrosis of the Of the entire g r o u p `there were"5 cases who'se"films wre- consistent-with a `diagnosis of "asbestosi's'and"'5``mb re'which were considered suggestive though doubtful. All but 2 of the 10 men had been working for this company for more than 6 years. The exceptions will be discussed first. Case #242 was 46 years old and had worked in various places over a period of 32 years. He had worwed for the National Asbestos Co. for only 1 year and he could account for only 3 more years of his industrial life, which were not dusty jobs. During the other 28 years his dust exposure might have been most anything. His film was read as A^ but if the condition was due to asbestos dust it could not have been inhaled only in this plant. The other case, #246, was a man aged 49 who could account for all his jobs over a period of 35 years. He had spent the last 2 years as a rag beater's helper and cutter in the National Asbestos Company. His films were diagnosed as This exposure .seemed too short to have produced -this . . effect but his only other job with a suspicion of dust exposure which he spent in a foundry. ..whether this man acquired his roentgenological changes in his last employment or elsewhere is undetermined. The details of the occupational and medical histories of the other cases with evidence of asbestosis are given in tabl~ V It should be remembered that the occupation in the National Asbestos Company merely represents the individual's last job and that his previous types of work in the same company could not be determined. Since all of these men are over 40 years of age and have worked for this company for at least 6 years and generally more, it seems a safe assumption that the dust in this plant was responsible for the condition in their lungs. But even if these are cases of pneumoconiosis due to the inhalation of asbestos or of some of the other dusts in the plant the condition has not apparently advanced to the stage where it is noticeable clinically or causes any disability. Only by follow ing these men over a period of several years could the seriousness of the pneumoconiosis be evaluated. Table V Five Cases A]_ Study Occupational History in No. National Asbestos Co. Other Dusty Work " Clinical Findings Age Lungs Other 263 6 yrs.Oiler Roofing Worked 37 yrs Machine(mica and soap without other stone) dust. 47 Fine rles both Chr.tonsil bases.Prolonged expiration'. 273 18 yrs. Looper man. V/orked 34 yrs. 42 Fine rles -left Chr.tonsil ( R o o f i n g 'm a c h i n e ) without other base. (mica,soapstone,slate) dust. ' -":i- 105 12 yrs.Gen'l laborer, (extremely dusty asbestos.) V/orked 26 yrs. ' 40: Fine rles left Chr.tonsil No other dust base except wood. ` 42 29 yrs.Corrugated paper Worked 41 yrs. 58 Fine rles left Chr. tonsil machine 12 yrs.wool . base. factory. 242 1 yr.Gen'l laborer Worked 32 yrs. 46 Fine rles right Remembers only base Chr.tonsil: 4 yrs.None dusty 246 2 yrs.Rag Beater's Helper and Cutter. 41 17 yrs. Corrugated paper machine 6 11 yrs. Pipe maker 24 24 yrs. Pipe maker 50 7 1/2 yrs. Sawing asbestos Five Cases Ai ? V/orked 25 yrs. Dust? 1 yr. foundry. Worked 31 yrs. 3 yr coal dust. 49 Rough breathing Head colds- right base. Chr.tonsils 51 0 SI.hyper tension Worked 26 yrs. 49 0 3 yrs.Johns- Manville. 9 yrs. mason. Worked 41 yrs. 12 yrs.JohnsManville. 56 Fine rles both bases. Worked 25 1/2 43 0 yrs. elsewhere Hypertensior Mild chronic tonsils Mild chronic tonsils The other medical ? acli ".g~ o.y n ' t seem particularly alarming. There seems to be no complaint of excessive upper respiratory infection and nc evidence of it was brought out in the physical examination. Boils and other skin affections are in frequent. Five men had positive Wasserman and Kahn reactions, 10 more had doubtful blood tests many of which were negative on re examination. None of these occurred in cases whose films were read as Aq or ?Ai so that syphilis could be excluded as a cause of the pulmonary abnormalities. It seems probable that the dust in this plant has affected the lungs of a considerable proportion of the workers but it is doubtful whether any case of disabling pulmonary fibrosis has developed. There is a higher incidence of Fq, or linear exaggeration x-ray readings than in a group of cement workers but approximately the same frequency as was discovered in the gypsum workers at Batavia. (In the latter location there were also about 28$ of the films in the more advanced stage designated as Fg The type of diffuse reaction described as Pq or ?g in the gypsum study was not found in this study). The higher incidence of the Fq readings suggests some accumulation of non-irritating dust in the lungs. The occurrence of 5 cases whose roentgenograms were inter preted as consistent with a diagnosis of asbestosis and of 5 more in which the films were questionable is suggestive in view of the fact that asbestos was being fabricated in this plant. The lack of advanced and definite cases is probably due to the practice of rotating the men from one job to another so that no person was exposed to high concentrations of asbestos dust for prolonged periods. It is significant that most of the cases so designated were old employees of the company and only one case ($246) gave a satisfactory history that would not admit of an explanation of his chest findings. But granting that these are cases of asbestosis, the condition has apparently failed to reach a disabling stage v/ith ipanifest symptoms, secondary changes in the circulatory system and complicating pulmonary infections. ( -21 Comment After the dust concentrations had been computed it was logical to determine whether the persons working in the highest concentrations of asbestos dust were the ones whose films had been interpreted as consistent with a diagnosis of asbestosis. The occupational histories did not permit such correlation but Mr. Edward Rembert, manager of the plant, has supplied additional information on certain employees which is appended to this report together with their x-ray readings. . The men who worked inside ana on top of the bins, where dust concentrations of 22, 79 and 296 million particles per cubic foot of air were discovered, were either pipe makers or other persons who might have had spare time. The following cases had worked inside the bins and in the dust house off and on over the period of years that follows their names. In the last column is the symbol designating the x-ray finding in the individual's chest. #105 #104 12 years A]_ 11 ' p #107 #106 6 0 4 11 F1 Thus the man with the longest exposure in the bins apparently developed asbestosis but the others escaped. Sawing asbestos gave a light field dust concentration of 83 million per cubic foot. Four men were reported to have worked more or less steadily at this occupation but none developed signi- ficant reaction. C #45 24 years *1 #46 18 H 0 14 8 15 tf 0 #49 14 It F1 It is to be noted that case 50, who worked only 7 1/2 years at this job developed a questionable asbestosis reaction as mentioned in the medical report. Loading asbestos cement was an extremely dusty process, the count was 261- million per cubic foot of air. "Various men were used in this work and it is safe to say that at one time or another the majority of the employees were utilized for this . C purpose." The men listed below were employed more steadily than any of the others. #175 12 years Fi #177 6 " Fi Shoveling waste felt and asbestos from dust house into bags produced a count of 72 million per cubic foot of air. "Any available man was utilized in this work". Mixing liquid roofing was responsible for a count of 165 million. The following cases had exposures here . #362 12 years F^ #363 3 " 0 ` -Fse/iing slate flour on platform above roofinc machine . c produced 1712 million particles per cubic foot of air. Long ex posures seemed to have little effect upon the lungs. While most of the men on the roofing machine had done this work at one time -2 or another the following were regularly assigned to occupation: 7/270 13 years F1 #267 4" 0 #271 2" Fx Even 18 years intermittent exposure to this high con centration of slate dust apparently does not produce a dangerous pulmonary reaction. S haking out asbestos bags is a dusty job that produces about 35 million particles per cubic foot of air. "This task was performed most frequently by men working inside of bins and men on the beaters." ackAnS asbestos cement in bags and boxes was responsibl for a count of 261 million. "A11 the female employees listed be low have at some time in the past" engaged in this occupation: #61 9 years F1 #62 9 *1 #65 6 0 #67 3 " 0 #70 2 " 0 #66 1 " F1 #69 1 F1 #73 1 0 The inconsistency of these findings emphasizes the futil of attempting to correlate the occupational history with the. medical diagnosis. The data indicate that the combination of various exposures which may have been responsible for the pro duction of a few cases of apparent asbestosis were likewise responsible for protecting the majority of the employees from serious consequences. 3ut it is felt that this fortunate circumstance should not prevent every effort to reduce the concentration of dust in the plant, particuiarly at those points stressed in the engineer ing section. Many of the old employees have already had long exposures to excessive quantities of asbestos dust; if they continue to inhale it, it is inconceivable that more of them will not develop manifest disease. " Whether all of the conditions diagnosed as asbestosis or questionable asbestosis are actually such or whether they may be an effect of the other silicate dusts in this plant cannot be definitely determined for no standards of their effects have been established. It is even possible that the silicates have modi fied the reaction to asbestos dust but this is mere conjecture as no investigation of the action of such mixtures has yet been reported. In the light of present knowledge one must assume that there were 10 cases of asbestosis in this plant. None has reached a stage that produces clinical symptoms and disability either because of the intermittency of the exposure or because of a modifying influence of other dusts inhaled with the asbestos. No evidence has been discovered to suggest that the pro longed inhalation of the mica, soapstone, slate and organic dusts in this plant has produced any significant reaction in the " ' ' "i . * respiratory tract. (s) Leroy U. Gardner Leroy U. Gardner, Director Saranac Laboratory ADDENDUM After completing the report four more histories and examination blanks were received. Since the x-ray fiims of nona of these cases shows any significant finding they are added in supplement. To insert them-now in their respective occupational groups and to change the various tabulations and figures on incidence would delay the issuance of the report. Study Name Age No.___________ 84 Salvatore Maggio 18 19 C. Prosprinti 42 14 John Provenza 30 85 Beatrice Muroski Occupation X-Ray utner Medical Findings Findinrs Laborer 1 yr. * 0 Pipe maker 6 yrs. 0 (5 yrs. Connell Asbestos Co.) Mild tonsil itis Pipemaker 10 yrs. (3 yrs.liuiseman F1 Asbestos Co.) it i Pipe wrapper 6 yrs. 0 " and one bad tooth Sample | No. O p eratio n Represented Lo ca tio n 1 i ..o rb in g In s id e Sam ple ta':e n a t b re a th in g , 1 b in .( It a lia n le v e l in s u le b in s , c lo s e to f i b e r a s b e s t o s ) to man who s h o v e ls and p u s h e s It a lia n fib e r asb e sto s in to ch u te s le a d in g to screw con / veyors. Date and S a m p lin g Time C o lle c tin g flu id Rem arks Kay 26,1936 F 4 :4 5 p.m. S 4:35 10 m in. 95% A lc o h o l Man w o rk s i n b ln h a l f o f d a y , r e s t o f day on pip e m acnine, w ears re s p ir a t o r when in b in ; s a y s r e s p ir a t o r makes b r e a t h in g d i f f i c u l t but ca n be w orn. B i n ( 2 0 * x 2 0 'x lO 1) c o m p le t e ly e n c lo s e d e x c e p t f o r two 2 'x 2 ' o p e n in g s in c e i l i n g and in one w a ll and two 1 ' h o le s i n f l o o r . No v e n t i l a t i o n . P a rtic le s per c u .ft.o r a ir ( in m illio n s) L ig h t F ie ld Dark F ie ld above | Eelw (P la n k to n lO u lO u Condenser) 1 1.99 296.5 6 7 1 .8 1 1 I o 'w orking in s id e ,v3 b in ( asbestos, cla y ) Sam ple take n in s id e b in n ea r man who o p e n s b a g s o f a s b e s t o s and pushes co n te n ts in to ch u tes. Kay 26,1936 F 3 :5 5 p.m . S 2:45 10 m in. 3 w orking o ver F la s k held at b re a th in g le v e l o p e n in g i n to p o v e r o p e n in g s where man w o rks of b in .i Soap most o f tim e , p u ttin g a sb e sto s sto n e , in f u s o r e t c , in t o b in s o r p u s h in g down ia l e artn e tc) m a te ria l ( so apsto n e, in fu s o r ia l e a r t h , e t c . ) in cham ber below. Kay 26, 1936 F 3 :2 5 p.m, S 3:15 10 m in. 4 Saw ing a sb e sto s F la s k h e ld a t b re a th in g le v e l boards and l 1 - S ' from man s a w in g asbestos boards. 5 Lo a .lin _ beus wi tti a s -u s t o s 11 ce.ue n t . 1 ( asbe s to 3, about 6 0 ,, ;d ia t. e arth ; cla y ; lij.e stone b-d ,.) F la s k held at b re a th in g le v e l and 1 ' from man lo a d in g 100 l b . bag w ith a s b e s to s cem ent $5. Kay 25,1936 F 3 :25 p.m . S 3:15 . 10 m in. It II II II Same a s a b o v e , e x c e p t t h a t man co m p lain s th a t r e s p ir a t o r becomes clo gged e a s ily . 0 .5 0 22.4 9 2 .2 Soapstone in room b elo w . O c c a s io n a lly ( 5 m in .p e r h r . ) man g o e s down in t o room to scra p e down d u s t . He w ears r e s p ir a t o r when w o rkin g o ve r o p e n in g o r in room; sa y s i t i s s a t is f a c t o r y . 3 .9 0 7 9 .0 154.0 A s b e s t o s d u s t i s th ro w n to w ard man by r o t a t io n o f saw; no e x h a u s t system on m ach in e. Kan w ears r e s p ir a to r most o f tim e; sa ys i t does not in te rfe re e x c e s s iv e ly w ith b re a th in g. Some v e n t i l a t i o n from open window 10' awa^. -- 0 .1 6 6.3 1 1 1 1 Oo 7 Bag i s tie d to 12" p ip e , f ille d ,t r a n s f e r r e d to s c a le s ,w e ig h e d , w e ig h t made c o r r e c t ,b a g tie d and tru c k e d away in l o t s o f 5 . Ho e x h a u s t sy ste m on m achine. Po or v e n t ila t io n ; open window 10' away, open door 4 0 ' away. Men ( 2 ) w eur r e s p i r a t o r s . 0 .4 4 2 6 1 .3 794,0 i 1 1 4*. .IA'1 .m m -V W M H 4epill|^ i0 F i.le-ifwnif.<wr UH- im nw M tn.N W tW N K.t1" V > < le No O p e ratio n Represented Lo ca tio n D ate and C o ile a tin g S a m p lin g Time F lu id Rem arks p a rtic le s per c u .ft .o f a ir ( in m ill io n s) .i;;h t above LOu F ie ld Dark r ie ld below I P la n k to n lO u Condenser) 6 T r u c k in g on 1 s t Sample ta k e n a t b re a th in g le v e l flo o r. in m id d le o f room to r e p r e s e n t a verage c o n c e n tra tio n to w hich men t r u c k in g a s b e s t o s ce m e n t, paper, e tc . are exposed. 7 h o v e lin g waste F la s k h eld at b re a th in g le v e l; f e l t and 1 *--2 1 fro m man in s id e d u s t h o u se a s c e s to s from who s h o v e ls w aste i n t o b a g h e ld d u st house in to by h elp er o u tsid e . bags. Kay 25,1936 F . 3 :5 0 p.m . S . 3:40 10 m in. Day 25,1936 F 3 :1 0 p.m . S 3:00 10 m in. 95# A lco h o l rt Room (100* w id e ) e x t e n d s le n g t h o f b u ild in g and used p r in c ip a lly fo r sto ra g e and b a g g in g a s b e s to s cem ent; sam p le a b o u t 4 0 ' fro m men lo a d i n g a s b e s t o s cem ent and s h o v e li n g saw; d u s t o f asb e sto s and f e l t from d u st house. L it t le v e n t ila t io n ; do o rs and most of windows c lo s e d . D u st c h a m b e K S 'x S 'x S 1) r e c e iv e s waste f e l t and a sb e sto s from saws on 3rd f lo o r . D ust sho veled out 2 or 3 h rs . per d ay. Kan s h o v e lin g w aste was w earing r e s p ir a t o r ; h e lp e r was n o t. L i t t l e v e n t ila t io n ; open window 40' away. 3.08 3 .3 5 4 2 .3 7 2 .2 1 4 9 .3 3 6 5 .5 8 .ix in g liq u id r o o fin g ( asbestos, a sp h a lt) Sam ple take n a t b re a th in g le v e l on p la t f o r m n e x t to man m ix in g liq u id ro o fin g (asb esto s dust from saw s, a sb e sto s f ib e r , ro o fin g a sp h a lt). May 2 8 ,1 9 3 6 F 9 :1 0 a.m . S 9:00 10 m in. ti No p r o v i s i o n f o r re m o v in g fu m e s from 0.63 L65.0 3 5 8 .7 v a t . Man w e a rs r e s p i r a t o r , s a y s i t i s s a t i s f a c t o r y . He i s m ix in g on p l a t i form from 1 1/2 to 4 1/2 h r s .p e r day. A ir p re ssu re f o r sa m p lin g was 29-25 lb s. 9 o r!'in g a t fee d Sample ta ke n a t b re a th in g le v e l end o f c o rru - next to nan ten din g feed end o f S a to r m achine c o rru g a t o r m achine. Uay 26,1936 F 9 :3 5 a.m . S 9:15 10 m in. n A sb e sto s p ape r i3 p assed o v e r r o l l s wet w ith s ilic a t e s o lu tio n , then through co rru g a to r and d ry e r. L i t t l e v e n t ila t io n ; windows open 30- aw ay. Sample r e je c te d because a i r p re ssu re dropped to 10 lb s . 10 Same a s above Same a s ab o ve. Kay 26,1936 F 10 :3 0 a.m . it Same a s a b o v e . S 10:20 10 mi n 3.00 0 .8 6 .6 -- \