Document OXEqqx2RwzNwMMZD93g0vOMp

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT DOW-1469 11 V. 2 1 G^GOOIS **r Fig. 1. Asbestos-Cement Pipe in Us* Worldwide Winr - I T--P ****----- ' . ... .......-- Fig. 2. Death Rat* in US From Cancer of Digestive Organs r, ; ' f ^ \* r ' \ S V S* .* s f . > V` / r, r> *> i *1 * L VJ/ Vv- i.v m " \-'/vfJ*>M#*4{v*? fUt*' p* Wv - W ` -* U rr-c* ww Harold L. Olson A paper presented at the Coni of Stale San Ergr*. on May 7, 1973, by Harold L Olson (Active Member. AWWA), markot mgr.. Fublie Water Pipe Div., JohnsManvill* Sales Corp. Oenwr, Cola Tests made in various parts of tho world indicate that present levels of asbestos in drinkino water are not harmful to consumers end may, in fact, be economically benoficial. Ashestos-cemcnl pipe was developed in llaly approxi mately sixty years ago Corrosion in Urt-. of *-c.iC(ust towns in Italy motivated a *carch for a corrosion-resistant pipe. In the yeats 1`Trf--1M t. ,.n !:cii-r.jvfny. Sr., i.ta An-r.ii...: Tiernit I'iclia Ail luulv ol Ci.nn.i, li,.ly. nimSttu-d ash.'1 Ins (ihcrs with cement to pi>-Juic a mnfur.ed p pc ili.it would t.iee the hirh pressure m'cv*vn v in pump `.ill w.,tcr up into the cilv of f'tnoj fur its strict llu-lnng system. 1'iom this early ortfin the acceptance of asbestos-cement spread rapidly through Europe and the rest of the world. Widespread Uaa of Ashsstoa-Cement Pipe By!95S there were 40000 mi of asbestos-cement pipe ir. the ground. There are now- an estimated 1.5 million mi ol ashestci--cement in service, of which more than 200fl^f> -- <areina|hrJTVsc^i. j) Causes tot"this v.. .Kivride acceptance and rapid growth follow 1. Asbestes-ccmen: pipe is resistant to corrosion, both in ternally and externally. This resistance has been demon strated in testa run by the US Bu. of Standards on burned sam ples end by ihe US Ru. of Mines through tests conducted using cut tosh a mine-drain*#* water. 2. Asbestcf-ccmcr.t pipe has high enough strength tc withstand the high internal forces imposed by water-hammer and shock earth loads from earthquakes. 3. Asbestos-cement pipe has contributed to high water quality. Manufacturer*, of the pipe have pioneered the con cept of rubber ring join :s --joints containing no jute that offers a focal point for bacterial growth. Ashesios-ccmeni pipe docs not rust and cause di -. nloration of the water. 4. Asbestos-ccmcr.: pipe is light in weight and easy for ihc coniM.-tor to install 1-sc qualities result in lower installation costs. 5 *'. .'..'<-\'emi iu pipe has a permanently sm-s-th iicri-.ii w..!:. m> puir.pitv nMs arc low. la Environmental At' cMoa Dangerous? XslWiw fibers Seen reeogni/rrl as a health h..s.irj "lien mV.U J <n sii-nt1 .uni amounts into the limps nut pto- r ST 0095013 looped periods c-f time Much wort has been and is bcinp done to clean up the atmosphere in occupation?* areas where asbestos is being used. Threshold limits for airborne asbestos have been established. Ii is interesting to note, however. that where asbestos fibers have been determined to be a factor, lung cancer has occurred only in workers w ho smoke regu larly. In laie 1967 the USPHS was asked to look into the question of a potential health hazard from asbestos fibers in water sup ply, especially as it might be related to the risk of gastroin testinal TGI) crncer. USPHS officials discussed the matter with two prominent medical authorities in the field of asbestos and health. They arejQeorceJJV^Vri^h:. chairman of the scientific advisory committee oi me Inst, lor Occupational and Environ. Health and then head of the Mod. Kcs. Dept, St.. Luke's Hospital, Cleveland: and Irving J. ScliKoff. prof, and chairman. Div. of Environ. Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City. Or. Wright stated Tomr know1c<li*e. there have bem no rcp<Ms in medieal literature of a relationship h*t*.*n yasunntcMmal (till cancel and the dunkmg of water supplied throuyh an avhcsiov-cuncnl-pirc water vvstem. There n no evidence ihjl the inp-siiun of one. or a hundred, oi a ihiMijnd jvhevim fibers on unc or more ins'anccs is reljtcd to gasirolnieslinal vancer. Dr. SelikoiT's view is that There is no evidence 'll :.i this itmr that the pff*umahtv very km l.-vcl i v ''v h* supplied ilii-- -h health h*/4id. . ' i -I'k 1, i;%- hr cui tvv mi.iV; ill 4iwr :iu-nt |s|v bev u.tilled in a ; nt/td These two opinions supported Hie position of the t.'SI'llb 618 RfSEARCH that there is low probability of any health hazard essnna-*with the use of asbestos-cement pipe <ee rig. 2). Johns-Manvillc research assumed the :sk of fur:-;' evaluating this situation. At that time, the J-M resea-: facility was located at Finderne. N. J.. and employed ~. r: than 300 scientists snd technicians with 30 assigned :: research in the pipe division. The research protect was conducted along these lines: 1. Review of ad available published literature and statis:-:* 2. Development of techniques to measure the amour.; fiber in water. Levels of asbestos in water are so low' that : isting techniques to measure asbestos fibers in air Sam;.:.detect asbestos in water. 3. Use of a new^echnique that employed an deciron r croscopc. Water samples were measured for source waters taken from distribution systems where asbevies-.: ment pipe was used extensively, and a special axbc.-tos-cemcnt pipe loop system constructed at the research h: ity which the quality of water could be varied to sec if <<!-: pickup changed with lha different types of water. 4. A long-term study of two cities, undertaken to eh-.. asbestos in water samples over an extended period of tim t | ! ? t Animal Experiments Published literature reveals that animal experiments b..: been conducted in which laboratory test animals had 1 ..either exposed to airborne asbestos or fed asbestos dus: . icctly. Mutation. Animal experiments with airborne asKs;o> - . duccd no (il earner. Laboratory-test animals were u>.-d c tenvivcly in caneer icseatch to study then ivuctiuns tu\.; : . JOUt-.NAt subsiances that are suspected of having some relationship to cancer in hun^ns. Tests of this natuie. usin? asbestos dust in heavy con centrations in inhalation chambers, hod been conducted on mice for as long as two years and on dogs for more than four years. The rtmmini of fiber ithaied and swnl'owfd hv these cvnerni--..... v..- : iirn^^v--_;-. c. a-n c L)r. Wrign: pointed out that in inhalation experiments, the food, especially of the small animals, was cohered by the mitlad-out asbestos fibers in the experimental chambers. Inhalation experiments of this type hast been conducted . for many tears in many laboratories without a single report of Gl cancer. Dr. Arthur Vurwald and associates at the Saranac Lab. of the Trudeau Fdn. have i*ucd two reports covering more than twenty years of investigation. Dr. J. C. Wagner has conducted similar animal inhalation experiments in South'Africa and in Britain. Neither Vorw-ald nor Wagner noted Gl cancer in any animaL In addition experiments conducted by Dr. SetiknlTon ham sters generally support the dog- ami miec-test findings. "Yet." Dr. SclikofT commented, "the exposure 10 ingested asbestos in this experimental work wo very much larger in deed than might he anticipated in water obtained from asbes tos-cement pipes." 0*ct <rrd.rry. Diicct feeding of rn'i'wjos dust to experimen tal animals tvs f;*;<ed to produce C! i.ancer I TV S !' * ' *' ' i- ' 'I ail ).: ] .1 .. . ..ill Jluniv^nhiiuiii^i^i^ r.rpiir/fiMt ir74 sorption of t-M-estr* fibers." Statistics for Humans USPHS records show- that the incidence of Gl cancer in the US has been deciding steadily during a period in which asbestos-cement pipe sales have been increasing. The level of asbestos in wuct-source samples transported through asbestos-cement pipe is very low-. OSH A standard* for occupational exposure calk for examination of airborne samples by an optical microscope 450x. Only asbestos fibers more than 5 pm in length were given consideration. None of the w-stcr samples checked from cither source water or water from asbestos-cement pipe showed any asbestos when ex amined with optical microscopes. Asbestos fibers were so thin and short ihat they could be seen only through the use of an electron microscope at a magnification of 4 000. A procedure for checking the asbestos content of water samples by use of an electron microscope (Fig. 3) was devel oped and is described in Johns-.Manville research reports r.404-?7 and 4P4-6? Using this newly developed technique, researchers con ducted a study of the waters from nine cities using ashesti*x-ccmcnt pipe for periods ranging frum eight to seventeen years. Asbestos content of the water at the source to these citywater systems was dcicrmined. Asbestos content was also checked at a point in the distribution system after the water had flowed through a-.hcsms-ccmcnl pipes. All vuiue w.mrx ihjl were checked contained .ishesios fiber, the amount varying between 1 nv<" -I and 5 r 'f'Ml After down: through asbestos-cement pipe, Hu fii'CT" (.miu.iM was I i'gf> !-f> pr/gal. Ait experimental l*sip system of ashcslos-cement pipe w.., H I OlfON it 7* (1 026001SI ST00958I5 constructed at the Johns-Manvme Hes. Cir. Tne physical voic ed in the general field of the biological effects of asbestos properties of water Howir.i- through the system could be At tne conclusion of the seminar, with regard to evidence varied, and the asbestos pickup as a function of type of water of increased cancer risk from asbestos fibers, some of the could be determined. scientists stated that the amount of information developed to This experiment is described in detail in J-M Res. RprL d,,:e on the suhiect of asbestos in poublc water is quite exten 142S-T*1360. Figure 4 shows the diagram of this loop system, sive. and experts in this field have stated that there is no in and Fig. 5-7 show the filters that wire employed in obtaining dication that waters conveyed in asbestos-cement pipes con samples for examination with the electron microscope. Long-term studies at Malvern. Pa. and Glendale, Arij.-were i' Th^-A^AVA^U|||^M^jp^p^(tion may set as one goal the made; the results of the investijaiionofMmplcsukeaomi Ides cidptnenaeMSSpBHm&vd of asbestos fiber comer.; an extended period of time at these two cities are contained in in water supplies. Judainc from avsilabk d.r > nr.: -*> J-M Res. Rprt 404-79. (Sec Appendix D. Part 2. September a<ti --- ibi; nos; y,; ;,-f m.j-iniifs hy.?'''*'; ;:< ' - . - . ; JOUKSAL.) Asbestos in source waters comes from the comae: i-e.-iAn water and serpentine rock containing asbestos fibers. Figutc S Conclusions 1. The incidence of Gl cancer has decreased within a shows locations w here asbestos-bearing rock can b: found in the US. period of time in which asbestos-cement sales have been in Water flowing through asbestos-cement pipe docs not in creasing. This does not mean that the use of asbestos-cement crease the level of fiber content significantly. Asbestos in pipe will decrease the chance of developing Gl cancer; it dues w atcr is at a noncritical level, if. indeed, there is * critical lex cL suggest, however, that Gl cancer is not caused by using There is little evidence to support the belief th.it human lite asbestos-cement pipe. is shortened by drinking water that flows through ashes- 2. Pickup of asbestos in water that flows thinugh asbes- tos-ccmcnt pipe, but there are data to support the rwfon tos-cement pipe is very small. ar.J, frequently, many source that one benefits by having a dependable water system that waters contain more asbestos f.tvf than does walei that flows brings him water of the good quality at a reasonable cost. from asbestos-cement pipes. The benefit to the consumer in using asbestos-cement pipe 3. Under conditions in which the maximum asbestos-fiber is supposedly that of a lower water bill every month. If this content in water was observed, the total amount of asbestos were achieved at the expense of a lower life expectancy, it liiai w,Mil.! he i;--k :<..! b\ a nduiaiga 7" 1 ' n i rot be a ; >d b ay.tin for the consumer. ,,f.,.i; i -l The material Jnhns-Munville has gathered and which has ~ ` In Oct. l'J7? .i ms^ tiny w.e. |, td at I u>n. Fiance, under Ihc been presented in this article leads one to the conclusion that auspives ofthc lull. Ai iicy foi Kss on r.iiucr. This meeting' t^e consumer does benefit from Ihc purchase of asbestos-cc- w.is all. ia.lv. d !'> n. n .itisis fi.nii .ill iiiel the wm lif.i.liicl) in* rn.ni water pipe. SI 8 WSfAHCH JOLRNU AV.V.A