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3 00 V. 8 0 0 Ia I p 0 I* o 0 9 w Sr. Louis Public Library ' ' *T" .! PB519iISS>i ' ' '~7' ! American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers i Heating ventilating air : conditioning guide. ! VOL 1 1922 St 628.8 AMERICAN 21718 75600 *4 50 mmi. This book shall not be taken from the library "T S lill AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ** ' HEATING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS GUIDE 1922 Containing reference data useful in the design and construction OF HEATING AND VENTILATING INSTALLATIONS, COMPILED FROM the Society's Transactions, the investigations of its Research Laboratory, and the practice of its members, together with a CATALOGUE AND REFERENCE DATA SECTION Comprising essential and reliable facts, data and applications of manufacturers' equipment uniformly presented, . AN ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT SECTION Composed of illustrations and technical data on actual BUILDINGS, EXEMPLIFYING THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ART OF HEATING AND VENTILATING AND AN INDEX TO MODERN EQUIPMENT A DIRECTORY OF CONSULTING ENGINEERS Volume One June, 1922 .887714 Published- Annually by AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS 29 West 39th Street, New York Price $3.00 per copy. This issue 7,000 copies Copyright, 1922, by American Society of Heating & Ventilating Engineers ^ TW. PREFACE IN issuing this, the First Annual Edition of The Guide, a distinctly new service is rendered by the Society, not only to its membership but to the heating and ventilating industry at large. The purpose of this new addition to the Society's publications is to provide the engineer, the architect and the contractor alike, with a useful and reliable reference data book relating to the art of heating and ventilat ing. A wide range of data within the scope of the field is presented and every effort has been made to present the material in a practical and usable manner. In addition, the Catalog Data Section provides a means whereby manu facturers may inform the users of heating and ventilating equipment of the most modern and advanced equipment available, suggesting the proper applications of such equipment. The data presented in the Catalog Data Section forms riot only a compend of reliable information, but a collection of related data which will permit more intelligent selection and comparison of modem equipment. . The American Society of Heatirig and Ventilating Engineers, being an. institution for the advancement of the arts and sciences connected with its field, publishes this volume to render a service to the industry and to form a cooperative basis for closer contact between the maker and user of equipment. Any funds which may accrue from the activity will be devoted to research, which will react to the mutual advantage of the entire profession, as well as the trade. All Catalog Data presented have been carefully edited in an effort to eliminate exaggerated claims or statements. However, it must be borne in mind that publication of manufacturers' data does not imply the Society's endorsement or approval, and that the Society cannot assume responsibility for statements made in catalog data or in papers presented. The data appearing in the General Data Section are based' upon the most reliable information obtainable and represent the actual practice of the most prominent and successful engineers in the filed. As rapidly as possible the Research Bureau will investigate these data and standardize them for the general use of the profession and the trade. The findings of the Research Bureau will be published in future editions of The Guide and thus made, annually and continuously, available to the profession and the trade. The Guide Publication Committee realizes that this, the first edition of The Guide, is imperfect in many ways. It represents, however, the most 5 6 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 PREFACE--Continued careful and thorough work which the time and circumstances permitted. We bespeak, for the following editions, the enthusiastic cooperation of both the profession and the trade at large to the end that The Guide may become the standard, reference work in our field, performing a needed and valuable, service in the advancement of the art, both as to engineering and as to equipment. . This Committee has not fully realized its hopes with reference to any given Section in The Guide, but it particularly regrets that it was unable in the short time and with the limited personnel available, to secure the understanding cooperation of every manufacturer represented in the Catalog Data Section. Therefore certain data, particularly with reference to boilers and heaters, do not conform.with the desirable bases of rating. Wherever boiler or heater manufacturers do not definitely state that their ratings are in accordance with the A. S. H. & V. E. Code, and where the firing period upon which the rating is based is not stated, users of The Guide should request this information directly from the advertiser before comparing the given ratings with the ratings of other manufacturers which accord with the recognized Code and are based upon stated firing periods of probably greater length than those not stated. This Committee releases The Guide, 1922, to the press, with the sincere hope that its users will find it a useful and worthy reference book, and that its advertisers will find it an effective medium for promoting the use of modern equipment. . , Guide Publication Committee. Society Standards, Committee Reports and Technical Papers from the Society's Transactions ! SOCIETY STANDARDS AND COMMITTEE REPORTS SOON after its organization the Society recognized the need for standardization of method and practice in its field in order that true comparisons might be made. As the need for a standard is made apparent a technical committee is organized, composed of the members who, due to their experience, are most capable to consider the subject, and a draft is formulated. Such drafts of codes or standards are then sub mitted to the Society at the time of its meetings and thoroughly dis cussed by the membership at large. When corrected and accepted by the membership, or, in certain instances, approved by the Research Bureau, the codes and standards are submitted to the Council of the Society and, when approved, become a Society Standard. The Society, since its organization, has approved many reports of the Committees who were appointed to prepare Standards and Codes to indi cate preferred practice, in the heating and ventilating art. Of these reports the Society's Research Laboratory has endorsed three, (1) Report of special Committee on Standards for Flanged Fittings and Flanges (Transactions, Vol. XVIII, p. 44) ; (2) Report of the Committee on the Use of the Pitot Tube (Transactions, Vol. XX, p. 210) ; (3) Report of the Committee on Code for Testing Low Pressure Heating Boilers, 1919 Revision (Transactions, Vol. XXV, p. 143), and in addition has accepted the Synthetic Air Chart, introduced by Dr. E. V. Hill, Past President of the Society, and approved at the Semi-Annual Meeting of the Society in 1920. Abstracts of these Standards, Codes and Reports are here presented with such notes and comments as the Committee deemed desirable.-- The Guide Publication Committee. . flange fittings dimensioned therein. are quoted from the standard together with illustrations of the standard types of Tables covering dimensions of fittings for 125 lb. and 250 lb. working pressures ^rojoejs,*, 250 lb. Working Pressure Changes in Number of Bolts 125 lb. Working Pressure Pipe Wall Stresses Bolt Diameters Cast-Iron Pipe Wall Thicknesses Flange Cross Sections ' Interchangeability Flange Diameters Additional Sizes \ Bolt Circles M 2 FIG. 1. STANDARD TYPES OF FLANGE FITTINGS DIMENSIONED IN TABLES 1 AND 2 04 00 CO 04 t oF a c e f a c e ..................................... ...................... .. .............................. t o :C e n t e r f a c e ............................................................... ...................... C e n t e r t o fa c e o f I o n s r a d iu s e l l s ........................................... C e n t e r t o f a c e o f 4 5 - d e g . e l l s ..................................................... Face to la t e r a lsfa c e , ........................................................................ C e n t e r t o fa c e , l a t e r a l s .........................................*......................... /C e n t e r t o f a c e , la t e r a ls .......................................... .. ...................... t oF a c e f a c e , r e d u c e r .................................................. ................... o fD i a m e t e r f l a n g e .............................................................................. | T h ic k n e s s o f f l a n g e ............................................................................. D i a m e t e r o f b o l t c i r c l e .................................................................... o f b o lt sN u m b e r ................................................................................... b o lt sD ia m e te r o f ................................................................................ M i n i m u m m e t a l t h ic k n e s s o f b o d y ....................................... >. .. S ite Face to fa c e ...................................................................................... 1 C e n te r to faeo................................................................................. C e n te r to face o f lo n g ra d iu s e lls ............................................ C e n te r to face o f 46-aeg. e lls ............. ....................................... Face to face, la te ra ls .................................................................... ; . . . .c e n te r to lace, la te ra ls ......................................................... .... .1 C e n te r to face, la te ra ls ........................................ ra c e to face, re a u c e r.................................................................... D ia m e te r o f fla n g e ........................................................................ T hickness o f fla n g e ....................................................................... D ia m e te r o f b o lt c irc le ................................................ N u m b e r o f b o lts ............... ................. .. ........................................ D ia m e te r o f b o lts .......................................................................... M in im u m m e ta l thickness o f b o d y .............................. ECCEKTRIC REDUCER REDUCER 3r 8 . - 00 -0~>) ' ' X X XX XXX XX 82S3*3S,'2!S'*!2'-- X xxxxxxx * C4 O) h* C4 - - S -j 8282SSa>28NSS;-', XX XX ~W mmx XX 33; S3; X X X0)*>04 -- X00 X04 RT'C SIDE OUTLET TEE DOUBLE SWEEP TEE SIN6LE SWEEP TEE X X XX XX XX 0000040w^1 ---- 8 XX CC xOxx--0)01 XCO Xto*! 0044 XX XX XX x-c X X X XX ^ 04 -- 0-OI r --rt * 33? 0*4 - * XI? XX xxx x-e 04t-^ -- -- CO X0*1X- X-- --* 04 V0p#4X-- X xx xx x~-ex x-c CO **o4o) --o* 0X0X4 r>X-- X-- 0040 040040)*--* asO ea\ XXX XX XX wvrwO^cococotwO--too 0CQXOX-- 04 XX O04Sh< i--O CoO xxx xxxx-ex xx r-ca * vo* -- 04XX --XX--OX* C0O4 8832 X* XXXO X---- XC> *0X-XXX--X01 CO --XoXt-- CO X0--. XX---- XX X-CX XXC--M t---<^0>O--4--~O--OI 0XC4 X-- X04 09 04 0)-- -- --< 04 -- -- -- -- -- XXX XX X* 00 ^0X004 CO X-- XfX--004X04 .* <0404 XX X* 04 CO 04 -- 04 x<x x-c O VCOO --04 X-c X-c 04W04--04 00 ssss XX ooSSe3 r-0)09O04I O) swn*rw-Xp--i 3 co XX X X*oo^otooop-OHnci CM -- -- CJ <N -- -- -- -- 8 * i K68 71 34 M 20 0404 xx x x x-ex x-e -- (OINOOCOOC-TrcN--O -- -- m --0) W -- 04 IN IN XXX X XX XX oo-->IN4<OCOCt'O'*OHOnN0O4 CO4 ^ XX XXX CiWrtf'-O^OOJr-. -- -- OJ " IN -- 04 -- -- XX X X XXX- * OHObetioccroMico4 N-H 04 Cl -- -- -- -- XXXXX XXX. X 12 z 10 ' ' - Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS FOR FLANGED FITTINGS AND FLANGES . At the recommendation of the Committee, the Society accepted the 1912 U. S. Standard Schedule of Standard Weight and Extra Heavy Flanged Fittings and Flanges (published in the Journal of the A. S. M. .--pamphlet, copies available), The report (Transactions, Vol. XVIII, p. 44) embraces the following subjects: II 1922 Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, m. S ite Face to face................ .............................................................. C e n te r to fa c e t......................................................................... C e n te r to face o f lo n e ra d iu s e lls ......................... .. .C enter to face o f 45*deg. e lls ............................................ Face to face la te r a ls ............................................................. C e n te r to fa c e .......................................................................... C P e a nmteIrn t o fa c e .......................................................................... fni>A m rliiM R .............................................. D ia m e te r o f fla n g e ....................................................... T h ic k n e s s o f fla n g e ........................................... 1 D ia m e te r o f b o lt c irc le . ........................................................, N o . o f b o lts .............................. ................................................ D ia m e te r o f b o lts .................................................................... ; M in im u m m e ta l thickness o f b o d y .................................. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 Q XX XX XX e o* qo ^oo co c- o* -< <o X XX XX X op -co oo oo e* C* . xx 99 q 9Xt- cX* o xxxx -ex xx c* <o <o io o o ce - ce o OOtXotf*aXa>X'**MX*OMXeXo<N X* eo X XX XXX XX XXXXX X-CX XX ^ooot'og2^`22^2fl0 <0 X XX X x< oao*Hooo^co9^^oao to xxx xx xx xx ioc-o-* t-coeoooo coao X X XX xxxbx" QOXX X XX XX CO (00> ^>10 04cot-9 r-00 Xeo XXXX XXX x-e C40COCO^< --COOOO b> of XX XX co --or-eo coo coot- X-fc X N O te XX CO C4 9 C4 xx x-c t- <0* C4 90X* X<0X0*X000X9 xx x-e O X X aoo'ONOt-e* -CX X-B to co* X XXX XX t- eo 0C4OOCP^ XXX - x xxxx (COOhmO^ -e + CO** Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 13 report of committee on standardization of the use of THE PITOT TUBE (Transactions, Vol. XX P- 210) . The Committee rendered a careful report which included two tables and a list of references on the theory of the Pitot tube and the derivation of formalise. An extract from the report is given below. .. "The reading should be taken at a cross section where the pipe is straight and the (low undisturbed. This should be preferably at least 10 diameters from the fan outlet, from an elbow, or from a change in cross section in the duct. The readings should be taken over a plane at right angles to, and the tube should be pointed in a direction parallel to, the direction of the air flow. .The most difficult reading to take accurately in a current of air is the static pressure. The approved form of static tip shown by diagram B, is the form recom mended for fan-testing work. There should be eight or more clean holes 0.02 in. in diameter, an equal number on each side of a ,'4-in. tube 1/32 in. thick. The most approved form of Pitot tube combines the foregoing static tip with an impact tube as shown by diagram C, by means of which total, static, or velocity pressure may be read. '` Approved Form of Static Tip "B" Pitot Tube "(T In making a traverse of a rectangular duct, the cross sectional area may be divided into a number of smaller rectangles and a reading taken in the center of each small rectangle. . A round pipe should be divided into at least three concentric zones of equal area per foot in diameter and four readings taken on a circle drawn through the center of area of each zone or ring. ' .. 114 A . Soc. (92m of Heat.-Vent: Engineers Guide, That is, readings should be taken across the horizontal and vertical axis of the pipe as shown on diagram D. The location of these points from the center is shown together with the accompanying table No. 1, which gives the distance from the center of the pipe to point of reading, expressed in per cent, of the pipe diameter. To get exact results a small pipe should be divided into more zones than a pipe of larger diameter, as the ratio of frictional surface to cross sectional area is greater, hence the more static pressure in proportion to the impact pressure, which correspondingly reduces the: velocity pressure. ' The corresponding velocities for each of these readings should be determined and an average taken of all of these velocities in order to compute the air quantity. Inasmuch as the velocity varies as the square root of the pressure, accurate results cannot be obtained by averaging the pressure readings and taking the corresponding velocity as the average. . Table 1. Pipe Traverse for Pitot Tube Readings Distance from Center of Pipe to Point of Reading in Percent, of Pipe Diameter No. of Equal ` No. of Areas in Read Traverse ings 1st R, 2nd. Ri 3rd. R3 . 4th R, 5th Ro 6th Re 7th R, 3 12 20.4 35.3 45.5 4 16 17.7 30.5 39.4 46.6 5 20 15.5 27.2 35.3 41.7 47.4 6 24 14.5 25.0 32.3 38.2 43.3 47.9 7 28 13.4. 23.1 29.9 35.3 40.1 44.3. 48.2 8 32 12.5 21.6 28.0 33.2 37.6 41.5 45.1 The velocity may be determined from the velocity pressure by use of the formula. v =1096.5 v = velocity in ft. per min. P = pressure in in. of water. W = weight of air in lb. per cu. ft. under the existing.conditions of temperature, barometer and humidity. With dry air at 70 deg. and 29.92 in. barometer, W -- 0.0749 whence the formula becomes v=400S y/T With saturated air at 70 deg. and 29.92 in. barometer, W =0.0735 and_ : n=4046 y/P. For dry air at any temperature and pressure. . 0.0028862B ^"l + o^ussr - . For moist air: . 0.0028862B -- 0.001088c 1 + 0.00217587- . where B = height of barometer in inches of mercury. T = temperature in deg. fahr. e = vapor pressure. (Source--W. Pf. Carrier.) . . Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 15 Where approximate results only are desired: . For circular pipe, multiply the velocity pressure taken at the center of the pipe by 0.81 or the velocity by 0.91. . For rectangular pipe, no definite factor can be given, which is even approximately correct, that will cover the varying proportions of width to height of the cross sectional area Of rectangular ducts. The Committee recommends the Pitot tube as a simple and convenient instrument for the1 measurement of air or gases, which, when used with the proper care and accuracy of reading, gives results with an error of less than I'A per cent, with velocity pressure ranging from 0.1 in. upwards. . DIRECTIONS FOR FIELD TESTS WITH THE PITOT TUBE For the information of those who are not familiar with the use of the Pitot Tube, the following explanation is appended by the Guide Publication Committee. In determining the velocity and pressures of air in ducts by the use of a pitot tube, a hole must be punched in the duct preferably at least 10 diameteres of the duct In order to make readings at the points in the duct indicated in Table 1, in the above report, it will be found convenient to clamp the Pitot Tube in a block as indicated in Fig. 2 and construct a board with nails or pegs inserted so as to hold the tube at the desired points. For measuring pressures exceeding 1 in., the ordinary manometer is sufficiently accurate. However, in ventilation systems, where the velocity pressure is usually below 1 in. the inclined manometer containing gasoline, usually colored for con venience m reading, will be found most convenient and accurate. Inclined manometers can be obtained with either a fixed inclination or constructed so that various inclina- 16 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 tions .for different ranges of pressure may be obtained. The latter will be found more convenient and accurate for general field" use as they are so constructed that they may be mounted on a tripod or on any vertical or horizontal support. Having mounted the pitot tube and manometers as indicated in Fig. 3, it is usually the practice to connect them by means of rubber tubing, special care being taken to have air-tight connections. This can be tested by blowing into the tube and then closing the openings in the tube with the fingers and observing any drop in the manometer. If a noticeable drop occurs, it indicates loose connections.. When a static pressure above atmospheric exists in the duct, the manometers and pitot tube should be connected as shown in diagram for blowing tests. The upper manometer which is connected both to the dynamic and static tubes will record the difference or velocity pressure, while the lower manometer which is connected only to the dynamic tube, will record the dynamic pressure. Both of these readings will be positive. The static pressure can be obtained by subtracting the velocity pressure from the dynamic pressure. BLOW/NG rcsr EXHBUSr/rtG nrsr FIG. 3 i In making a test where the static pressure within the duct is below that of the atmosphere, connect apparatus as shown for exhausting test in Fig. 3. The upper manometer will record the velocity pressure which will be positive, while the lower manometer will record static pressure which will be negative. As stated in the above report, for accuracy the velocity corresponding to each reading should be calculated separately and then the. velocities should be averaged. However, for field work, if the readings are taken at the positions shown in the centers of the rings or circles of equal area, there will be no appreciable error if the readings are averaged and the velocity computed on the mean. Corrections must be made for the specific gravity of the gasoline and the inclination of the manometer. .. Example--In a blowing test conducted as here outlined, using a manometer in clined 1 to 10 for the velocity reading, and using colored gasoline with a specific gravity of 0.74, a reading of one inch was observed. The air was practically dry at 120 deg. fahr., barometer at 30 in. The equivalent inches of water will be 1x1/10x0.74 or 0.074 inches of water. The weight of the air will be 0.0028862 x 30 W- :1 + 0.0021758x120" = 0.0687 then v = 1096.S 0.074 0.0687 1140 ft. per minute. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 17 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON STANDARD METHOD OF MEASURING THE VELOCITY OF AIR THROUGH WARM AIR REGISTERS WHEN THE ANEMOMETER IS USED (Transactions of the A. S. H. V. E., Vol. XIX, p. 203) The report in full is as follows: 1. The opening shall be divided into equal rectangular areas, no side of which shall be over 10 inches long, excepting where this would require more than ten readings, in which case the opening shall be divided into twelve equal areas. 2. Readings are to be taken in every case at the center of every area. 3. Readings are to be of one-half minute duration, the anemometer being held at the register base or in the plane of the opening. 4. Where the diffusers are used, the total area is to be computed on the basis of the periphery of the diffuser. 5. The average of the readings is to be considered as the average velocity at the opening. Where negative velocities are found, they are to be deducted in arriving at the average velocity. 6. In computing volume, the net area of opening is to be taken, the volume to be considered as the product of the average velocity and the net area of the opening. 7. If the anemometer is held two inches from the register face, no deduction shall be made for the area occupied by the register mesh. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON TESTS ON TEMPERATURE CODE FOR TESTING HEATING SYSTEMS (Transactions of A. S. H. V. E., Vol. XVI, p. 44.) In this report, the Committee on Tests presented the following table, worked out from a formula incorporated in the 1903 report of the Committee on Standards. The table is for use only in case of direct radiation, steam or hot water, and should show the relative capacity of the radiation, although not necessarily showing the capacity of the boiler. ' Table 2. Indoor and Outdoor Temperatures Showing Equivalent Heating Capacity to 70 Deg. Inside and 0 Deg. Outside Outside Temperatures 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 Temp, of Radiator, deg. fahr. 160 71.1 72.2 73.4 74.5 75.6 76.7 77.9 79. 80.1 . 81.2 82.3 83.5 84.6 85.7 86.9 88. 170 180 190 200 210 Room Temperatures Deg. Fahr. 71.2 71.2 71.2 71.3 71.3 72.3 ' 72.4 72.5 72.6 72.7 73.5 73.7 73.8 73.9 74.7 74.7 74.9 75. 752 75.3 75.9 76.1 76.3 76.5 76.7 77. 77.3 77.6 77.8 78. 78.2 78.5 78.8 79.1 79.3 79.4 79.7 80.2 80.4 80.7 80.5 81. 81.3 81.7 82.- 81.7 82.2 82.6 83. 83.3 83. 83.4 83.9 84.3 84.7 84.1 84.6 85.1 85.6 86. 85.3 85.9 86.4 86.9 87.3 86.5 87.1 87.7 88.2 88.6 87.6 88.3 89. 89.5 90. 88.8 89.5 90.2 90.8 91.4 90. 90.8 91.5 92.1 92.6 92. 92.8 93.4 94. 94. 94.7 95.4 96. 96.6 98. 220 71.3 72.7 74.1 75.5 76.8 782 79.5 80.9 82.3 83.6 85. 86.4 87.7 89.1 90.4 91.8 93.2 94.5 95.9 97.2 98.6 100. 230 240 71.4 72.8 74.2 75.6 77. 78.3 79.7 81.1 82.5 83.9 85.3 86.7 88.1 89.5 90.9 92.2 93.6 95. 96.4 97.8 99.2 100.6 102. -- 71.4 72.8 74.2 75.7 . 77.1 78.5 79.9 81.3 82.7 84.1 85.5 87. 88.4 89.8 91.2 92.6 94. 95.4 96.9 98.3 99.9 101.2 102.6 104. 18 Am.' Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 MODUS OPERANDI OF THE SYNTHETIC AIR CHART In view of the announcement that after three years of investigation of the question of a standard for measurement of ventilation, the Society had adopted the Synthetic Air Chart for the purpose of comparing the air conditions in any room with the ideal or standard conditions, the Research Bureau worked out the following description of its method of application. It was thought that the operation of the Synthetic Air Chart might not be found entirely clear with out some explanation and the Research Bureau submitted the following brief statement for the benefit of those inter ested, together with illustrations of the apparatus necessary to make the measurements involved. HE Synthetic Air Chart offers ^ means of determining the Tpercentage of perfect ventilation by considering all the known factors that make up the air conditions in a room. These factors with their proper weights, experimentally determined, are represented by columns arranged vertically across the chart.. The base of each column represents the ideal condition, or 100 per cent perfect. Bordering on either side of the main column are two narrow columns marked "--%" and The former denotes the penalization to be subtracted from the Percent of Perfect column, and the denotes the condition considering only the one particular factor. The various factors are divided into three groups which are sep arated by the double lines. First, Wet Bulb Difference which in cludes Temperature, Humidity, and Air Motion; second. Dust; Bac teria, and Odors; third, Carbon Dioxide. The latter, although not really a factor, since it is not considered injurious, serves as an index of the amount of air supplied and of the distribution in the room. In addition, columns providing for Other Injurious Sub stances and for Distribution are given. The upper limit of any of these groups represents1 the condition where life would cease to exist. Hence at this point the "--%" column would indicate 100 per cent penalization. (Since the upper ends of the columns represent conditions not obtained in practice they are not included on the chart.) 19 20 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 21 To illustrate the method of graduating the columns, consider the first which is headed Wet Bulb Difference. When at rest with no air motion, the ideal wet bulb temperature is 56 deg. The upper portion of the column represents the unlivable condition which is approximately 106 deg. with 100 per cent humidity or a wet bulb difference of 50 deg. from the ideal. Any variation from 56 deg. would therefore represent a definite percentage of variation from the ideal. The graduations in the other columns were constructed in like manner. After the values of all the factors have been determined by test, the results are shown on the chart by a heavy vertical line (J4 in. wide) and the height of the line will indicate the results obtained in the test. Penalizations for all the factors may then be read directly opposite the top of each line. All the "--%'s" are then totaled and the sum subtracted from 100 per cent to determine the Percent of Perfect ventilation for the room as a whole. This result is plotted FIG. 2. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING VELOCITY AND DIRECTION OF AIR CURRENTS. in the last column headed Percent of Perfect. For example, if the sum of all "--%'s" found in the different columns is 15)4, Per cent, then the difference between 100 and 15)4, or 84)4 per cent, is plotted in the last column as the final Percent of Perfect. TO MAKE THE TEST Temperature, Humidity, and Air Motion.--Temperatures and humidities shall be determined with a sling psychrometer. The extent and direction of air movement in the room may be determined by observing the velocity of a puff of vapor from an ammoniumchloride apparatus, such as shown in Fig. 2. This apparatus con sists of a bottle of hydrochloric acid and a bottle of ammonium chloride, each bottle having a two-holed rubber stopper supplied with bent glass tubing similar to a wash bottle. A small pressure bulb forces the air through the two bottles simultaneously, and when 22 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 the acid vapor9 and the ammonium vapors unite, a cloud of am monium-chloride vapor is formed. This cloud is readily visible and the velocity and direction of the air currents may be studied from it. Dust. Dust determinations are made by the use of a direct-count ing instrument in which the air is caused to impinge against a cover slip coated with adhesive material. The particles are counted under the microscope and the result placed- upon a cubic foot basis. By direct counting is meant a method where the dust particles are studied and counted as they originally existed in the air, and the particles are not broken up or altered in shape, size, or nature by processes of sampling or counting. Bacteria. Bacterial determinations shall be made in accordance with the standard adopted by the American Public Health Associa tion. Petrii dishes 4 in. in diameter (see Fig. 3) containing standard agar, are exposed in the room for two minutes. They are then care fully covered and incubated for 48 .hours at 22 deg. cent. The colonies on the plate are then counted. AM. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 23 places the air originally in the bottle. This operation is repeated three times, after which the tube is removed and the battle is tightly sealed with a rubber stopper. An analysis of the sample is then made with a Peterson-Palmquist air-analysis instrument, the result being given in parts of C02 per 10,000 parts of air. In the chart in Fig. 5 is shown how the air supply may be deter mined from the C02 readings. Suppose an analysis of the air sample taken in the room shows that the average C02 content is 7 parts per 10,000. Then if the outdoor air contains 4 parts per 10,000, the difference is 3 parts. Locate the 3 on the horizontal scale of the FIG. 3. CULTURE PLATES FOR DETERMINING THE BACTERIA IN AIR. Odors. Odors shall be determined in accordance with the follow ing rating: 100 per cent freedom from odors.......................Perfect 95 per cent freedom from odors.......................Very faint 90 per cent freedom from odors......... .............Faint 85 per cent freedom from odors................. -- Noticeable 80 per cent freedom from odors.......................Distinct . 75 per cent freedom from odors....... ...............Decided 70 per cent freedom from odors.......................Strong The determination shall be made immediately upon going info the room from the outer air. Carbon Dioxide. The apparatus necessary to take samples of aii for CO2 determinations consists of a 120 cu. cm. rubber-stoppered bot tle and a constant-pressure rubber bulb, as shown in Fig. 4. To take a sample, the rubber tube attached to the bulb is inserted to the bot tom of the bottle and held at arm's length so that the sample will not become contaminated by expired air. The tube is closed by compressing it between the thumb and neck of the bottle and the net-covered bulb is filled with air by pressing the uncovered bulb with the hand; the thumb is then released' and the inrushing air re- FIG. 4. TAKING AN AIR SAMPLE. chart, and pass vertically up to the curve; from the point of inter section vvith the curve tranverse to the vertical scale which will show that 2000 cu. ft. of air per hour per person is being supplied to the room. Distribution. The distribution of the air in a room shall be de termined from the C02 readings taken in the various parts of the room. The following example illustrates the method of calculating the result. Assume four samples taken resulting in the following analysis: Station 1 2 3 4 Parts of CO* per.10,000 6.4 7.4 9.2 5.0 Average 7.0 24 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, (922 The. variation at the various stations above or below the average is as follows: . Station 1 2 3 4 . . 7.0 - 6.4 = 0.6 7.4-7.0 = 0.4 9.2 - 7.0 = 2.2 7.0 - 5.0 = 2.0 Then the average variation from the average COz is determined as follows: 0.6 + 0.4 + 2.2 + 2.0 ------------------------------= 1.3 4 ` Difference between C<^Content Indoors and Outdoors in fortsper/($0Q FIG. 5. CURVE, TO DETERMINE AIR SUPPLY FROM C03 READINGS. The percentage of variation is therefore equal to 1.3 -1- 7.0 = 18.6 per cent Therefore the percentage distribution = 100 -- 18.6 =. 81.4 per cent. Other Injurious Substances. This column is used only in special cases where, owing to the nature of the processes carried on, some particularly injurious substance is being given off to the air. The column is then graduated, consistent with the nature of the substance. For example, suppose that the contaminating substance is carbon monoxide. Grtibner states that symptoms of poisoning are distinct when the air contains 0.02 of one per cent of this gas, and that death ensues in a short time when the air contains 0.05 of one per cent. Whitthaus states that when air containing carbon monoxide is breathed, the body retains about one-half of the gas inhaled. The poison therefore accumulates in the blood, and small amounts in the air may produce death if inhaled over a sufficient period of time. It is apparent therefore for our purpose that the lethal dose of 0.05 of one per cent is too high, and that 0.02 of one per cent, consider- A .m Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 ing the time factor, would be nearer the truth. In arranging our scale in the column headed Other Injurious Substances, we would therefore consider' air free from CO as 100 per cent and air con taining two parts in 10,000 as 0 per cent, or air containing one part of CO would be 50 per cent, J4 parts, 25 per cent, etc. ' For example, if a test is made of the air in a garage or other place where CO is found, and the result shows two parts of CO in 100,000 parts of air, the penalization factor would be 10 per cent, and this amount would 'be added to the other minus percentages or penaliza tion factors, anld the total subtracted from 100 to obtain the final Percentage of Perfect. The Comfort Chart. The inter-relation of temperature, humidity, and air motion is shown in the lower portion of the chart. The inter section of the Air Motion line and the Physical State line deter mines the proper wet bulb temperature. This point should be in dicated on the chart by a small angle (thus "1 ) the apex of the angle coinciding with the point of intersection of the lines. The ob served dry bulb and wet bulb is also indicated by an angle (thus |_ ). The difference between the desirable wet bulb and the observed wet bulb is plotted in the first column of the air chart marked Wet Bulb Difference. Number and' Location of Stations. The number of stations where samples are to be taken shall be determined from the floor area in the room. One station should be allowed for each 200 sq. ft. of floor space. In no case shall less than four samples be taken. The room should be divided equally into imaginary areas and a station located in the center of each area. All samples are to be taken in the breath ing zone Which is from 2 to 6 ft. from the floor. RECORDING THE RESULTS To illustrate the method of determining the Percentage of Perfect ventilation, consider the results of a test as given below. The aver age results in a room are found as follows : Dry Bulb temperature........ Wet Bulb temperature........ Air Motion ......................... Physical State ..................... Dust ...................................... Bacteria ..................... ........... Odors ..................................... CO--- ............................ Other injurious substances Distribution ........................ 72 58 20 ft. per min. Light work 10,000 particles per cu. ft. 10 colonies on a 2-niinute plate 90% free from 7 parts per 10,000 None 81.4 These values are now represented on the chart by a J4 in. vertical line drawn in the center of each of the respective columns. The proper wet-bulb temperature is determined by noting the point of intersection of the "light work line" and the 20 ft. air motion line; this is 55 deg. wet bulb. Since the actual wet-bulb temperature as determined by the test is 58 deg. then the wet buffi difference is 3 26 . Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 deg. This value is plotted in the first column and the penalization as read in the "--%" portion is --5}i pier cent. For the 10,000 particles of Dust, the penalization is a --1 per cent; for the Bac teria, --1 per cent; for the Odors --\y2 per cent; for the C02, per cent; for Other Injurious Substances, --0 per cent, and for Distribution --5per cent. The sum of all these penalizations is --15per cent. Therefore the Percent of Perfect ventilation in the room is 100 -- 15 = 84$4 per cent. This value is then plotted in the last column marked Percent of Perfect . JOHN R. ALLEN, . Director of the Research Bureau. CODE FOR TESTING LOW PRESSURE HEATING BOILERS Revision of 1919 | fit HE Code for Testing Low Pressure Heating Boilers was first ac1 cepted by the Society at the Annual Meeting, January, 1918, as ' the report of the Committee appointed to formulate it. It was ac< :epted at the meeting with the provision, however, that it should be again i submitted for discussion at the next Annual Meeting. The Code, in the form presented in 1918, was accordingly submitted at the 1919 Annual Meeting for general discussion, together with written discussions, and the following report of revisions was made and accepted. Since that time the Code has been widely used and a committee has been appointed to make any further revisions which its application may make necessary or advisable. CODE FOR CONDUCTING EVAPORATIVE PERFORMANCE TESTS ON LOW PRESSURE HEATING BOILERS APPARATUS AND INSTRUMENTS Feed water tanks may be calibrated or mounted on tested weighing scales, the water being fed to boiler by gravity, air pressure, or feed pumps. Small accurate scales of suitable size shall be provided for weighing separator water. ' Fuel and all fuel refuse shall be weighed on tested scales. Draft measurements shall be made with differential draft gages of the inclined leg type, reading to 0.01 in. . Accurately calibrated instruments shall be^ provided for measuring temperatures of gases, water and steam, The moistue in the steam shall be detemined by a steam separator, not less than 95 per cent, efficient, placed in the" steam delivery pipe as close to 27 28 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 the boiler as possible. The piping between this separator and the boiler, also the separator itself, shall be thoroughly covered with insulating material. Boiler surfaces which are designed to be covered shall be insulated with 1% in. of asbestos plastic cement or its equivalent. Gas analysis shall be determined by means of an Orsat apparatus. If recording carbon dioxide (COi) instruments are provided, they shall be checked every hour with the Orsat . Smoke observations shall be determined by means of a Ringlemann chart. Weather bureau reports from immediate vicinity may be used to determine atmospheric conditions. When such reports are not available, a sling psy- chrometer shall be used for determining relative humidity and a calibrated aneroid barometer or mercury column shall be used for determining baro metric pressure. ,' Steam pressure shall be determined by a calibrated steam gage or by a mercury column. A log of the test shall be kept on record sheets similar to those provided by this Code. RULES FOR CONDUCTING EVAPORATIVE TEST The primary object of the test is to determine the number of pounds of water evaporated per pound of dry fuel consumed. All measurements and readings should be taken with this object in view/ ' Boiler shall be carefully set and connected with a short, straight smoke- pipe to a chimney flue .of suitable size and height to give, proper draft. Chimney shall be tested for air leakage. Boiler shall be made smoke and gas tight and the gas. passages properly cemented. The water spaces of the boiler shall be thoroughly boiled out with a. solu tion of sal soda, potassium hydrate or sodium hydrate and then thoroughly rinsed with clean water. The heating surface, firebox, and ashpit shall be clean and free from soot, ashes and dust at beginning of test. , The piping shall be connected in such a way that the steam may be carried to a point away from the boiler and piping shall be arranged so that its condensation may not flow back to the boiler. A pipe connected to the bottom of the steam separator shall be provided with a positive seal. The water shall be drained from the separator hourly and'weighed immediately. . The water shall be fed to the boiler continuously through suitable piping with all necessary valves, thermometer cups and . connections so that the amount and temperature of water fed to the boiler can be determined at any time. . There shall be three draft gages so arranged as to determine pressure loss in the ashpit, pressure loss through the fuel bed, and pressure loss between; firebox and smokehood. '' . .. ATMOSPHERIC TEST .' The steam delivery pipe shall be open to the atmosphere. PRESSURE TEST The boiler pressure shall not exceed 8 lb. and the steam shall discharge through a suitable reducing valve into a chamber where a uniform pressure of two (2) pounds shall be maintained. The steam is to be finally, discharged to the atmosphere through an orifice or graduated needle valve, which shall be used to control boiler capacity. . , - DURATION OF TEST - . .. The duration of test should not be less than-two firing periods and at least 12 hours in length. Longer tests are desirable but the length of test should always be some multiple of the firing period. Am, Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 29 METHOD OF STARTING AND STOPPING TEST The new fire method of starting and stopping test may be used on boilers having a fuel capacity of IS cu. ft. or less from grate to center of fire door, when anthracite coal is used as fuel. Boilers having, a fuel capacity greater than IS cu. ft. when using anthra cite coal shall be tested by the Continuous Firing Method. All tests using bituminous coal shall be conducted by the Continuous Firing Method. NEW FIRE METHOD Starting and Stopping.--A preliminary fire shall be made and the boiler operated under test conditions for at least one hour before starting the test. The preliminary fire shall then be dumped, the ashpit thoroughly cleaned and dried wood placed on the grate and kindled. The test shall be. considered started at the time of firing the charge of wood. On this charge of wood fuel shall be placed. The wood shall be considered as having a heating value equal to 40 per cent of that of an equal weight of coal. The height of water line in gage glass shall be noted and recorded at. the time preliminary'fire is dumped. The water level shall' be kept at this level as nearly as possible throughout the test and must stand at this same height when the test closes. At the end of test the fire shall be dumped. The residual fire when dumped shall be placed in tightly covered cans, weighed and left to cool. After cool ing the unburned fuel and ash shall be separated, and the weight of unburned fuel subtracted from total fuel charged. The remaining refuse shall be weighed and recorded as ash. . CONTINUOUS FIRING METHOD. Starting and Stopping.--A preliminary fire, shall be made and the boiler operated under test conditions for at least one hour before starting the test. The fire shall then be burned, low, thoroughly cleaned and the remaining live fuel spread evenly over the grate as the foundation for the first test fuel charge. The thickness of the fuel shall be. quickly estimated or measured. The height of water line in gage glass shall, be . noted , and recorded. The time of these observations shall be considered the start of the test. A weighed charge of fuel shall then be fired. The ashpit shall be thoroughly cleaned and the test allowed to proceed. A constant water level shall be maintained throughout the test. At the end of test the fire should be burned low and cleaned so as to leave the same amount of live fuel on grate as at the start. When this condition is reached and the water level is at the same height as at start, record the time and this time shall be the time of stopping. The contents of the ashpit shall be removed, placed in air tight cans, weighed and left to cool. The boiler shall be charged with all fuel fired during test. . GENERAL . The actual evaporation shall be considered the total water fed to the boiler less water removed from steam by separator. During the progress of the test, regular samples shall be taken from the fuel charge and after quartering, sufficient sample shall be retained to. fill two one-pint glass jars or other tight vessels. . These samples shall be preserved for subsequent determinations of moisture, calorific value, and chemical composition. The residue taken from the. ashpit shall be reduced by quartering to a quantity sufficient to fill two one-pint jars or other air tight vessels for sub sequent chemical analysis. RECORDS Records of data shall be obtained as pointed out in the appended log sheet. Half hourly readings are' usually sufficient. If there are sudden or wide fluctuations, the readings in such cases shall be taken every fifteen minutes or oftener. .. REPORT FORM FOR TEST OF LOW PRESSURE HEATING BOILER 1.--Name and catalogue rating.................................................. ..... 2.--Grate surface; width..................... , length....................... area 3.--Date of test.............................. ......................... No. of test......... 4.--Normal operating firing periods.............................................. . 5. --Duration of test ................................................ ............................................ 6. --Times fired ........................... .................. .................... .................. :------? 7. --Longest interval between firing.................. .,............ ................................... 8. --Fuel, name ............ ........................ ..............................Size............ ................. 9. --Fuel, calorific value..................................... ............ ......... v----- *..................... 10. --Fuel capacity pounds ....... ............................................................................. 11. --Fuel available (less re-kindling reserve).............................. ................... 12. --Fuel available. Time will last, hours......................................................... 13. --Fuel weight as fired, lb.............................. ............ ....................................... 14. --Fuel moisture, per cent....................................................................... . 15. --Fuel weight fired, less moisture, lb.- = (13)-(14)......'......................... 16. --Fuel weight unburned (including., lb. recovered from ash pit)., lb. 17. --Fuel burned in test, lb. = (15)-(16).........................--V...................... 18. --Fuel burned per hour, lb...........................................................".............. 19. --Fuel burned per sq. ft grate per hour, lb............................................ .. 20. --Ashes, lb.......................................................................................................... 21. --Clinker, lb................................................... ........................................................ 22. --Combustible, per hour, lb.............................................................................. 23. --Temperature, steam or flow, fahr............................................................ . 24. --Temperature, feed water or return, fahr........................ .................... 25. --Temperature, gases leaving boiler............................................................... 26. --Temperature boiler room......... ........... --..................................... ............. 27. --Temperature outside air ................................................................................ 28. --Draft intensity in smoke pipe ............................................... :................ . 29. --Draft intensity over fire ............................................................................... 30--Draft intensity in ash pit ..................................................... ..........................' 31. --Friction loss through flue ................... ..................... ..................................... 32. --Friction loss through fuel --1......................................................................... 33. --Friction loss through inlet ............w............................................................ 34. --Steam pressure in boiler hy gage................'............................... . ................ 35. --Steam pressure in receiver by. gage................................... ...................... . . 36. --Percentage of moisture in steam................................................................... 37.--Percentage of COi in escaping gases................................................per cent. 38.--Weight of water fed to boiler............................................................... ....... 39_Weight of water evaporated, corrected for moisture in steam............. .. 40.--Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees -- (39) x total heat in steam .above feed temp, -f- 970.. .......... ................... ........................ 41. --Evaporation per hour of test.......... .................. .......................... ........ : 42. --Evaporation per lb. of coal as burned = (41) (18)............................ 43. --Evaporation per lb. of combustible = (41) -f- (22).......... _............ . 44. --Capacity, total available B.t.u: = (41) x total heat above feed temp. 45. --Capacity per hour, B.t.u....................................................................... . 46. --Capacity per sq. ft. radiation = (45) -f- 240........... ............ ........................ 47-- Efficiency of boiler = (45) -f- (22) x B.t.u. per lb. combustible...... 48-- Efficiency of boiler and grate = (45) (18) x B.tu. per lb. coal 49.--Losses, grate ......................................... ................................................ 50.--Losses, stack gas ............... .................................................................. 51.--Losses, incomplete combustion ........................................................... 52.--Losses; unaccounted for.................................. ....... .. -........................ 53.--Smoke pipe, size ........................ ......... ......... ' ' ............ 54.--Chimney, size-.............................................. . Height......... 55--Draft ............... ................................................. Inches.................... 30 Am. Sac. of Heat.-Vent. Encikeers Guide, 1922 31 .' RATING- The rating as determined hy this test shall he calculated by the following formula,-- CxH t ------ -- = Boiler capacity per hour in B.tu. T C -- Number of pounds of dry fuel consumed (18) T = Duration of firing period. H -- Total B.tu. available at the boiler outlet per pound of dry fuel as shown by test, or (18) x (9) x (48) Note.---The length.of firing period will depend upon the size of boiler, kind- of fuel and purpose of test " REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UNIFORM CONTRACT AND SPECIFICATIONS (Transactions of A. S. H. V. E., Vol. IX, p. 336.) The Society approved a revised uniform contract and specifications with the conditions classified as follows: Qualifications of Bidders Drawings and Specifications Assigning or Subletting ' Intention Architect or Engineer Material and Workmanship Alteration Delay Care of Work Removal of Rubbish Rules, Permits and Responsibilities Insurance Patent Devices Final Tests and Acceptance Payments Rejection of Material Temporary Use of Apparatus Arbitration REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CODE FOR TESTING DIRECT . RADIATION HEATING PLANTS (Transactions of A. S. H. V. E., Vol. IX, p. 347.) The two fundamental requirements upon which the Code is based are: 1. That during the test the temperature of steam or water maintained in the radiators shall be the same as that allowed by the contract to be maintained in order to maintain a temperature of 70 deg. in the building when it is zero outside. 2. That, during the test the difference between the temperature of the steam or water in the radiator and the temperature maintained inside of the building, shall not be less than 0.8 of the difference between the temperature of the steam or water in the radiator and the temperature maintained in the building when it is zero outside. .. NOTE.--There is also a third requirement, viz., "that no test to determine the heating capacty of a system, to mantain a temperature of 70 deg. in a building during zero weather, shall be made when the temperature outside is greater than 48 deg., even although the allowable temperature under requirement 2 of the Code should be greater than 48 deg." REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON STANDARD SIZES OF STEAM AND RETURN MAINS ' (Transactions of A. S. H. V. E., Vol. XIII, p. 24.) The standard recommended is "the use of such a velocity as will require a differ ence of pressure of not more than 1 oz. to 100 ft. in straight pipe to maintain it." NOTE.--A new Committee, the Committee on Steam and Return Main Sizes was appointed at the recent Annual Meeting to review this former standardization work and brine it un tn HatA ' ** M REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MINIMUM VENTILA TION REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLIC AND .........SEMI-PUBLIC BUILDINGS FOR LEGIS LATION PURPOSES After a careful study of ` modern- ventilation practice the Committee , presented at the January, 1915, meeting of the Society a comprehensive report, which was adopted and ordered printed with general notes in serted by the Council. This report consists principally of general sug- , gestions for minimum heating and ventilation requirements that are' applicable to all classes of buildings, and in addition separate and more specific requirements for schools, factories and theaters. This report in full may be obtained upon application to the office of the Society s Secretary. The Committee's general statement of their findings and recommenda tions are here reproduced. . . GENERAL STATEMENT A correct interpretation of the experimental work which has been . carried on, relating to ventilation practice, forces certain conclusions: 1. The necessity for adequate ventilation has been emphasized although the relative importance of certain factors has changed. _- 2. A high temperature, especially if associated with a high relative humidity, is injurious. _ 3. The proper relation between air temperature and relative humidity should be emphasized. . .. . 4. Air movement in contact with the body materially assists normal heat dissipation. ... 5. Air supply free from dust, bacteria and other contaminations is im portant. '. We believe that the importance of the following requirements in com pulsory ventilation laws have been amply demonstrated: .. 1. A minimum allotment per person of floor and air space based upon the; nature of occupancy. . 2. A quantitative minimum air supply requirement. , 3. A carbon dioxide test for determining the quantity of air supply and and its distribution. 4. A temperature range limitation. . . 5. The removal from the air of injurious substances arising from manu facturing processes or other causes. 6. Air exhaust requirements for special service rooms (toilets, locker . rooms, etc.). '; 7. - Definite requirements regarding the drawing, filing and approving of | plans for both nbw and existing buildings, in which ventilating equip- ' ments are to be installed or changes in the equipment made. ' 8. Ample authority to enforce the law without recourse to civil action, , and with sufficient operative and'financial assistance to care for the clerical, field and technical details incurred by such enforcement. : 9. The official body charged with the enforcement of such laws shall have authority to promulgate specific rules and regulations covering ; details of installation and operation not included in the law. Such rules and regulations must not conflict with the full intent and meaning of the law. . 32 . 0 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CODE OF ETHICS In order that the dignity of the engineering profession might be main tained on the highest ethical basis possible there was formulated by a joint committee of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Amer ican Institute of Mining Engineers, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Amer ican Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, the following Code of Ethics. This Code was presented at the January, 1922, Meeting of the Society and adopted with the recommendation that a committee be appointed to administer and enforce its provisions. A CODE OF ETHICS FOR ENGINEERS Engineering work has become an increasingly important factor in the progress of civilization and in the welfare of the community. The Engineering Profession is held responsible for the planning, construction and operation of such work and is entitled to the position and authority which will enable it to discharge this responsi bility and to render effective service to humanity. That Ae dignity of their chosen profession may be maintained, it is the duty of all engineers to conduct themselves according to the principles of the following Code of Ethics: 1. The Engineer will carry on his professional work in a spirit of fair ness to employees and contractors, fidelity to clients and employers, loyalty, to his country and devotion to high ideals of courtesy and personal honor. 2. He will refrain from associating himself with or allowing the use of his name by an enterprise .of questionable character. 3. He will advertise only in a dignified manner, being careful to avoid misleading statements. ' 4. He will regard as confidential any information obtained by him as to the business affairs and technical methods or processes of a client or employer. 5. He will inform a client or employer of any business connections, interests or affiliations which might influence his judgment or impair the disinterested quality of his services. 6. He will refrain from using any improper or questionable methods of soliciting professional work and will decline to pay or to accept com missions for securing such work. 7. He will accept compensation, financial or otherwise, for ai particular service, from one source Only, except with the full knowledge and consent of all interested parties. 8. He will not use unfair means to win professional advancement or to injure the chances of another engineer to secure and hold employment. 9. He will cooperate in upbuilding the Engineering Profession by ex changing general information and experience with his fellow en gineers and students of engineering and also by contributing to work of engineering societies, schools of applied science and the technical press. 10. He will interest himself in the public welfare in behalf of which he will be ready to apply his special knowledge, skill and training for the use and benefit of mankind. 33 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL (Transactions, Vol. 24) The Committee considered the problem of automatic heat control par ticularly with respect to its effect upon fuel conservation. The Report includes a survey of the different uses and advantages of control in various applications and is summarized by the following conclusions. CONCLUSIONS The installation of automatic temperature regulation, or system for prevention of excess temperature, is a justifiable investment for all heating systems inasmuch as it very positively contributes to: 1. Conservation of fuel. 2. Improvement in health. 3. Gain in personal efficiency. Those installations in which it is particularly a desirable and wise addition, are: 1. All manufacturing plants in which a temperature of 60 deg. or higher is main tained. 2. All offices. 3. All residences. For the smaller residences the type which has but one thermostat, operating on the heater drafts, gives excellent results. 4. All buildings heated from central stations, and particularly those having steam service. For many of these the single unit type of control is ample. . 5. All buildings having mechanical ventilation. The air changes are so rapid, and involve such quick temperature fluctuations that automatic temperature regulation is imperative from the comfort standpoint as well as for many other reasons. 6. All service hot water heaters, particularly those having coils which are supplied with steam. The savings to be made are very great. Prevention of scalding is positive. Steam supply to the coils, or the drafts of the coal fired heater, or the supply of the gas fired heater may be controlled by automatic devices limiting the temperature of the water. 7. All manufacturing processes in which the exact control of the moisture contained in the air and the temperature of any of the materials are of importance. 8. All railway, elevated or street cars, particularly those heated by electricity, and used for the transportation of human beings. 34 AN ORDINANCE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS Suitable for Use in Cities and Towns of Any Size Recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters Committee on 1921.Construction of Buildincs, Second Edition, Revised FOREWORD HE average annual loss due to defective chimneys in the' United States for T the years 1916-1919, inclusive, and reported to the Actuarial Bureau of the National Board of Fire Underwriters was $11,898,000. All losses were not reported .and it is conservatively estimated that the complete actual loss was 25 per cent larger, thus making an approximate total loss per year of $14,872,000. The number of lives sacrificed in the average 23,000 fires which produced this annual property loss is not known, but is unquestionably large. Since fires from this cause are classed as strictly preventable, it should need no further argument to justify the promulgation of this ordinance, which is suitable for adoption by a town of any size, or for enactment as a state law. Conservation of our national resources is the demand of the hour. It is, therefore, the duty of all state.'and municipal authorities to use their best endeavors to stop this great needless waste. The enforcement of a law requiring safe, smoke-tight construction of chimneys of ample size and height would be a sure means of accomplishing an immense saying in life and property as well as materially increas ing home comforts. Defective chimney fires would practically disappear if this ordinance were gen erally enforced, and since the additional cost of the construction herein recom mended as compared with ordinary practice would seldom exceed $10 to $15 per chimney, the requirement would not be burdensome. The increased expense would be returned many fold due to saving of life and property and the efficient use of fuel. The following organizations have reviewed this ordinance and approved it as here presented: . . American Institute of Architects, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Associated Tile Manufacturers, . Clay Products Association, .: Common Brick Manufacturers Association, Eastern Clay Products Association, National Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers Association, National' Brick Manufacturers Association, National Fire-Protection Association. National Lime Association--Eastern Bureau, National Lumber Manufacturers' Association, National Warm Air Heating and Ventilatinc Association, Also various independent architects and heating engineers having'wide ex perience in the subject. 35 36 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 This broad endorsement gives the requirements a reputation for correctness which has not been accorded to any similar set of specifications hitherto prepared. It is, therefore, hoped the ordinance may receive generous public approval, and become a construction standard in cities and towns throughout the country. We urge its adoption. .. ' . n. 1. C-AIRNS, i^nairman, R. C. Christopher, F. W. Day, Committee on Construction . John W. Emery, of Buildings, National Board Chas. H. Hahn, of Fire Underwriters . J. A. Kelsey, ' A. W. Perry, E. G. Pieper, M. Wennstrom. The ordinance was drafted for the: Committee by its Consulting Engineer, to whom correspondence in reference to _same should be sent. Address: Ira H. Woolson, Consulting; Engineer, National Board of Fire Under writers, 76 William Street, New York City.* AN ordinance: Providing Minimum Requirements for Proper and Safe'* Construction of Chimneys, Flues and Fireplaces in the ..... ...................... .... of..............;................. : SCOPE OF THE ORDINANCE This ordinance docs not apply to chimneys for high pressure boilers, furnaces used in manufacture, or for other heating appliances where high temperatures are maintained ; but. shall apply to all other chimneys which form a part of a building construction. Section 1. Chimney Construction 1. The walls of all chimneys to which this ordinance applies, whether the fuel used be wood, coal, gas or oil, shall be built of brick, concrete, stone, or hollow tile, of such thickness and construction as is hereafter specified, but this shall not preclude the use of a metal smoke-stack when located inside of a vent shaft having walls not less than 8 in. thick, and having an air space between the walls and stack on all sides. 2. Brick chimneys shall be built of solid brick, or may be built of perforated radial brick manufactured for the purpose and adapted to withstand high temperatures, but no other hollow brick shall be used. 3. The walls of brick chimneys shall be not less than 3)4 in. thick (width of a standard size brick), and shall be lined with fire clay flue lining. .. 4. Flue lining may be omitted in brick chimneys for private dwellings provided the walls of the chimneys are not less than 8 in. thiek, and that the inner course shall be a'refractory clay brick having a softening point of at least 1922 deg. fahr. (Seger cone 05). See Appendix 1 and 2. 5. Perforated radial brick chimneys may be unlined, provided the brick shall have a softening point of not less than 1994 deg. fahr. (Seger cone 03), and shall be not less than V/2 in. in radial thickness, except that when such chimney is located inside a vent shaft having walli not less than 8 in. thick, the thickness of the chimney wall may be determined by engineering design. The brick shall be shaped to the circular and radial lines of the various sections of the shaft so as to form even joints. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 37 ,, plate I. .. Elevation and section of an interior independent chimney showing recommended construction. Extra fhics can be added as desired. ' 38 Am. Socl of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 6: All brick work shall be laid in spread mortar,' with all joints pushfiiled. Exposed joints both inside and outside shall be - struck smooth. jNo plaster lining permitted. 7. Concrete chimneys cast in place shall be suitably reinforced ver tically and horizontally. The walls shall be not less than 3^, in. thick and'shall be lined with fire clay flue lining.. Flue linings may be omitted in reinforced concrete chimneys for private dwellings, provided the walls of the chimneys be not less than 6 in. thick, and provided further that quartz gravel shall not be used as the coarse aggregate. See Appendix 3. 8. Concrete blocks used in chimney construction shall have walls not less than 3}i in. thick, and blocks -enclosing more than one flue shall have suitable reinforcement completely encircling the blocks-and well embedded in. them. All concrete block chimneys shall have fire clay flue lining. See Appendix.3. . 0. Stone chimneys shall be at least 4 in. thicker than required for .corresponding brick chimneys, and shall have fire clay flue linings. Rubble stone chimney walls shall be not less than 12 in. thick. ' 10. Hollow building tile shall not be used for the walls of isolated or independent chimneys, but may be used for chimneys built in connection with exterior hollow tile walls of buildings not exceeding three stories in height, in which case the chimney walls shall be not less than 8 in. thick. The outer 8- in. of a building wall may serve as the outside wall of the chimney, but the remaining, chimney walls, shall be constructed of two layers of 4-in. tile se't with broken joints; or they may be built of 4 in. of solid brickwork. In either case the walls of the chimney shall be securely bonded into the wall of the building. No chimney shall be corbeled from a hollow tile wall. All chimneys built of hollow building tile shall have fire clay flue lining. See Appendix 4.; 11. Chimneys shall be built at least 3. ft. above flat roofs, and 2 ft. above the ridges of peak roofs, and shall be properly capped with stpne, terra cotta, concrete, cast iron, or other approved material; but no such cap or coping shall decrease the required flue area. See Plates T and II. 12. Fire clay flue linings shall be manufactured from suitable refrac- . tory clay, either natural or compounded, which has a softening point not lower than 1994 deg. fahr. (Seger cone 03), and shall be adapted to ' withstand high temperatures and flue .gases. They shall be of standard commercial thickness, but not less than in. The flue sections shall be . set in mortar of quality hereafter specified and shall have the joints struck smooth on the inside. The masonry shall be built around each section of lining as it is placed, and all spaces between masonry and linings shall be completely filled with mortar. No broken flue lining shall be used. Flue linings shall start at least 4 in. below the bottom of smokepipe intakes, of flues, or from the throats of fireplaces, and shall be continuous the entire heights of the flues and project at least 4 in. above chimney top to allow for a 2 in. wash and a 2 in. projection of lining. The wash or splay shall be formed of a rich cement mortar. To improve the draft the wash surface should be concave wherever practical: . Instead of the wash, a special chimney cap or coping may be used. Wherever flue linings are 'specified fire brick may be substituted if desired. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 V: Details course, blit 39 40 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 13. Chimneys shall not rest upon nor be carried by wooden floors, beams or brackets, nor be hung from wooden rafters. Iron brackets or stirrups attached to wooden construction shall not be used to support chimneys. In frame buildings chimneys shall always be built from the ground up, or rest on basement walls. 14. Chimneys shall be built .upon concrete or masonry foundations properly proportioned to carry the weight imposed without danger of settlement or cracking. The foundation for an exterior chimney shall start below the frost line. 15. The walls of brick buildings may form part of a chimney, but the walls of the chimney shall be securely bonded into the walls of the build ing, and the flue shall be lined the same as an independent chimney. Flues in party walls shall not-extend beyond the center of the walls, and their location shall be permanently indicated on the exposed side of the wall. 16. No wall less than 12 in. thick shall be used to support a corbeled chimney; such corbeling shall not project more than 6 in. from the face of the wall, and in all such cases the corbeling shall consist of at least five courses of brick. 17. Flues shall be built as nearly vertical as possible, but in no case shall they have an angle greater than 45 deg. from the vertical. Where flues change direction, the abutting linings at the angle joints shall be chipped to fit closely, and at nO point shall the cross section area be re duced. There shall be but one connection to a flue. 18. Not more than two flues shall be permitted in the same flue space, and the joints of any two adjoining sets of flue linings shall be offset at least 7 in. When there are more than two flues in a chimney, at least each third flue shall be separated from the others by a smoke-tight withe or division wall of brick or concrete at least 3$4 in. thick and bonded into the sidewalls. Each flue intended for a heating furnace or boiler connec tion, or for a fireplace, shall be separated from other flues by such .a withe.. In hollow tile chimneys the withe may be of tile. See Appendix 5. 19. When any single flue area within chimney walls, exceeds 200 sq. in., the walls shall be built not less than 8 in. thick and shall have fire clay flue lining as previously specified, but when flues become so large as to render it impractical to secure fire clay flue lining, they shall be lined with fire brick for a distance of at least 25 ft. from the point of intake. Fire brick shall be laid in fire clay mortar. * 20. Connections between chimneys and roofs shall be made with sheet-, metal counter or cap flashing (copper recommended), arranged to overlap, roof flashing and allow for movement that may occur between chimneys and roofs. See Plates I and II. , 21. No increase in the wall thickness of chimneys, nor any projecting masonry, shall be permitted within a distance of 12 in. above or. below the rafters or roof joists. 22. Irrespective of whether the fuel used be coal, coke, wood, or oil, the minimum area inside of chimney flue linings for various heating de- vices shall be as follows: for warm air furnaces, or low-pressure steam or hot-water heating boilers, not less than 75 sq. in.; for fireplaces,mot less than one-tenth the area of the fireplace opening, but never less than 75 sq. in.; for stoves, ranges, and other forms of room heaters, 49 sq. in. for rectangular flues, or an inside diameter of 7 in, for found flues. In Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 41 Fig. 1.--Mctho4 for building two ^ fireplaces back-to-back in a brick party wall to secure propeFrigs,pa2c.--ingFlboeotwr eferanmeinndgs oarfoduonodr ajoissitnsg* le fireplace. Note filling between framing and brick* work, which serves both as insulator and nre-stop. - 42 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 . no case shall the short cross section dimension of a rectangular flue be less .than two-thirds the greater dimension. See Appendix 6. When gas is the fuel used in a heating furnace,, boiler, or automatic hot water heater, the flues shall be of the same size and construction as required for stoves and ranges using other fuel; Vent flues where re quired for other domestic gas burning appliances may be of smaller size, but not less than 10 sq.. in. Such flues shall be made, of fire clay or its equivalent not less than 1, in. thick with joints properly designed to effect a permanent seal, and the surrounding masOnry walls may be omitted. Metal vent flues are not permitted/ 23. Smokepipe intakes to flues shall always enter the chimney through the side and shall consist of fire clay or metal thimbles securely set in the chimney wall with mortar, or the intake may be cast in concrete. Such openings shall be at least 18 in. below wooden lath'and plaster or Other combustible ceilings, or open joists. Neither the intake pipe nor thimble shall project into the flue. No woodwork shall be placed within 6 in. of the thimble. The thimble shall be surrounded by metal lath and plaster for a space of at least C in., or an open 6pace of that width shall be provided on all sides. See detail sketch Plate I. 24, All mortar used in chimney construction,, except as specified for fire brick in Par. 19, shall be cement mortar proportioned as follows; two bags of Portland cement, not less than 188 lb., and one bag of dry hydrated lime, 50 lb., thoroughly mixed dry. To this mixture shall be added three times its volume of clean, sharp sand with sufficient water to produce proper consistency. When dry hydrated lime is not available, 1 cu`. ft. of completely slaked lime putty may be substituted for 50 lb. of dry hydrate. In case of such substitution, the mixing of lime and cement shall be very thorough. Dry hydrate should always be used in preference to lime putty. .25: After achimney has been completed, all flues shall be thoroughly ileaned and left smooth on the inside. '2G. All flues to which heating furnaces or boilers are to be connected shall be subjected to a smoke test before acceptance, but the test shall not be made until the mortar has thoroughly hardened. The method of test is to build a smudge fire at bottom of the flue and while.the smoke is flowing freely from the flue, close it tightly at the top. Escape of smoke into other flues or through the chimney walls indicates openings that shall be made tight before the chimney is accepted. The test shall be made by the contractor in the presence of the building inspector or other official having jurisdiction, and of the owner or his representative. Section 2.' Woodwork Around Chimney .1. No wooden beams, joists or rafters shall be placed within 2 in. of the outside face of chimneys, whether the same be for smoke, air or any other purpose. No woodwork shall be placed within 4 in. of the back wall of any fireplace. See Plate III, Fig. 2, and Plate IV, Fig. 4. 2. All spaces between chimneys and wooden joists or beams shall be filled with loose cinders, loose mortar refuse, gypsum block, or other. porous incombustible material to form a firestop. See Plates I, III and IV. . The incombustible material shall, be supported by strips of sheet metal 'or metal lath set into the brickwork and nailed to the wooden beams, form- Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 4) % F/G.4- METALLATH .. PLATE IV. Pig. 1--Floor framing around chimney in a party wall, to secure proper space between ends of floor joists. Fig. 2.__ Ordinary floor framing around a chimney. AH timbers 2 inches clear of brickwork and space filled with fireproofing material. ,, Fig. 3.--Stud partition across back of a chimney showing proper method of arranging studs.. Fig. 4.--Stud partition across back of a fireplace and around the ends of the chimney breast* showing proper arrangement of studs. Method of fire-stopping this space is shown on chimn y lection, Plate I, also tn Fig. 2, Plate III. 44 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 ing a buckled flexible joint between, as indicated in Plate I; or by similar strips of metal nailed to the woodwork with the inner edge close to the chimney. See Plate V. 3. No wooden studding, furring, lathing, or plugging shall be placed against any chimney, or in the joints thereof. Wooden construction shall either be set away from the chimneys, or the plastering, shall be directly on the masonry or on metal lathing or on incombustible furring material. Wood furring strips placed around chimneys to support base or other trim shall be insulated from the masonry by asbestos paper, at least % in. thick, and metal wall plugs or approved incombustible nail holding devices attached to the wall surface shall be used for nailing. See Plate V. 4 --* PIECES OF A S3Es.ros boacc &ack or wooo FOC.K.fNGS - : iNCOM&USTIbLE \ FILLINGv -- ttjjp *-- -- i-- STZIPOF SHEET 1 METAL OR. METAL -- --; LATH' c -- . plate v. Detail showing support for fire-stopping around chimney, and protection for woodwork placed Uiext to plaster on chimney brickwork. ' ' 4. The walls of fireplaces shall never be less than 8 in. thick, and if. built of stone the minimum thickness shall be 12 in. 5. All fireplaces and chimney breasts shall have trimmer arches or other approved fire-resistive construction supporting hearths. The arches and hearths shall be at least 20 in. wide measured from the face of the chimney breast. The arches shall be of brick, stone or hollow tile, not less than 4 in. thick. A flat stone or a reinforced concrete slab may be used to carry the hearth instead of an arch if it be properly supported and a suitable fill be provided between it and the hearth. The length of trimmer arches and hearths shall be not less than 24 in. longer than the fireplace opening. Hearths- shall be of brick, stone, tile, or Concrete as may be specified. Wood centering under a trimmer arch shall be removed before plastering the ceilings beneath. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 45 -6. No coal burning heater shall be placed in a fireplace which does not conform to the foregoing requirements and have an incombustible mantel. 7. No wooden mantel or other woodwork shall be placed within 8 in. of the side or within 12 in. of the top of any open fireplace. No com bustible summer piece or fire board shall be used. , 8. Any person or persons, whether owner, builder or mechanic, who shall build a chimney or flue in violation of any requirement of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $.......... for each offense; and any chimney l.or flue which is built in violation of any requirement of this ordinance shall be immediately demolished or rebuilt. It shall be the duty of the building inspector or other duly authorized official to enforce this or dinance. 9. All ordinances or parts of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance are hereby repealed. 10. This ordinance shall take- effect upon being approved by the APPENDIX This appendix, contain^ reasons for certain requirements in the ordinance, and various suggestions for good practice not suitable to be included in the ordinance itself, but which are thought to be -useful information to accompany it. The material is, therefore, appended for its educational value, and a municipality in adopting the ordinance can dispose of the appendix, as it sees fit. 1. HEAT RESISTANCE OF BRICK Brick meeting the temperature requirement of Section 1, Par. 4, of the ordinance . can be obtained in all sections of the country at a slight cost above that of ordinary brick. In several regions the ordinary brick of the market will meet the require ment, and in such places there would be no additional cost. It is suggested that each manufacturer of flue linings or heat-resisting brick . suitable for chimney lining should have tests made of the softening point of the clays used in the manufacture of such products. Such tests should be made by a laboratory of recognized standing, and the test certificate would constitute the authority for acceptance of the product as fulfilling the requirements, provided suitable identification marks were placed on the material. This would be a simple method of accomplishing the object, and the quality of clay from any particular bank is sufficiently uniform to secure reliable results. ' 2. THICKNESS OF EXTERIOR CHIMNEY WALLS For exterior chimneys, or chimneys having any wall exposed to the weather, it is recommended that all such exposed walls be not less than 8 in. thick even though lined. This additional thickness will produce a more uniform temperature in the flue, thereby greatly improving the draft, which will result in fuel economy and a lessening of smoke annoyance. . .. 3. CONCRETE CHIMNEYS Pure quartz gravel or other highly silicious gravel concretes are not adapted to withstand high temperatures, therefore should not be used where subject to direct attack of heat. . The reinforcement required in concrete chimneys cast as a unit, or when built of large blocks enclosing more than one flue, is to resist stresses due to temperature variations'or unequal settlement of foundations. 46 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 '' 4. FILLING OF HOLLOW BUILDIN'C TILE When chimney walls are built of hollow tile as provided in Section 1, Par 10, it is recommended that the inner course of cells next to the flue lining be filled with mortar. ' ' 5. WITHES. A withe between at least every second and third flue in a chimney space is strictly necessary to insure stability of the chimney. A withe also aids in securing uniform temperature in a flue, and prevents air leakage, thus promoting good draft and fuel economy. Af the same time it prevents possibility of a fire in one flue com municating to the others. For these reasons every flue connected with a fireplace or heating furnace of any type is required to be separated from other flues by such withes. The ideal chimney would have all flues separated by withes. See Plate IV. 6. AREA AND HEIGHTS OF CHIMNEYS To secure the mOst satisfactory draft conditions, the area and height of a chimney should be proportional to the size and character of heating appliance attached to it. A poor draft is a great annoyance, and is difficult to remedy after a chimney is built. A round flue will give a better draft than a square or other rectangular shape having the same cross-sectional area. Round flues are recommended where it is. practical to obtain them, but when round flue linings are placed inside rectangular chimney walls, care must' be exercised to insure complete filling' of the corner spaces, otherwise there is liable to be air leakage into the vacant spaces* which injures the draft and increases the fire hazard. Table 1 gives the approximate area and height of chimneys recommended by the furnace and boiler manufacturers associations as suitable to produce proper draft, for heating equipment of different kinds and varying sizes when -coal or coke is the fuel used. -. The American-Institute of Architects and the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers have withheld approval of-this table on the ground that it is not yet a sufficiently recognized standard to warrant its being accepted as a satisfactory guide in all cases. The other endorsers of the ordinance have' not expressed an opinion on this matter. . 7. suggestions for repair of old unlined chimne^ 1. A chimney in any .existing building that becomes too hot to hold the hand against comfortably is dangerous if there is woodwork touching it. Have it care fully inspected by a reliable mason, and apply the protection prescribed by this ordinance as far as is possible. 2. The smoke test as described in Section 1, Par. 26, is strongly recommended as the best method for discovering defects in chimney walls which always indicate danger. If smoke escapes through the chimney walls at any place the chimney should be repointed or rebuilt as conditions may warrant. 3. Where soft coal is used it is often necessary to rebuild unlined chimney tops every few years, and all unlined chimneys, irrespective of fuel used, are very liable to become defective through disintegration of the mortar joints. In order to ascertain if chimneys need rebuilding, climb to the top and look inside. If mortar has begun to fall out from between the bricks it^yiill soon do so all the way through the wall. Take an ice pick, a table knife, or other sharp implement and try to push, it through the mortar; if you can do so, rebuild at once as follows: Tear the chimney down to a point where mortar joints are solid, but at least 18 in. below the roof, get fire clay flue lining of the same size as the inside measure ment of the chimney, set it in the top of the flue and build up with good brick and Portland cement mortar. This will make- a solid chimney through the roof where there is greatest danger, and is the best that can be done unless the chimney is completely torn down and rebuilt Preserve a clear space of at least 1 in. between the woodwork of the roof and the chimney wall, and connect the chimney with the roof by metal flashings. Guild to a height above the roof as specified in Section I, paragraph 11, of the ordinance. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 47 W here round tile flue lining is used in place of rectangular, the nearest corresponding area shall be ,alien. XftO) <oz 06 D (h og6. wwas Q wo Q 0006 shW 5o o w 06 H C/3 H O X X o az xW < Qz <! s< w f-1 xn 2d e/3 tn c8 * Co 0CO3 6 -4C) s<4a> 0) o S gg SO z J 2Q <X Z1-4 V 2 A W m oo oo t" 'll. e OS Cl e0c0 nO nO 5 fl 03 CD u O403C4OMMCDOM C.A XXXXXXXXX H Ou Av IS OO^03OOtO<3 Q NHCHPW0N44N<0n3nJw2'2co8 5 e e n . co ES OOCOCDWNNHCHpHCCp.10C01'C41|N2C? 1CxOC01X0P) 5 c ~ ta ^ C U Cr7 oo.oo8 oK03 0il) 0CO k0) _ g_ _8 oooo oo o o h h w n 41 lO CO 00 03 O H * mc*; 88!i!|!! SC> o o' e- e3*g2 -"al0s*. sfco c 48 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 8. CLEANING CHIMNEY FLUES For efficient and safe operation of heating apparatus it is extremely important that both the flue and the smoke passages in the heating device be free from soot. When bituminous coal is used for fuel, soot accumulates quite rapidly and fre quent cleanings are necessary. - . Accumulation of soot in a chimney introduces the risk of a chimney fire with the consequent danger of sparks being thrown upon the roof or penetrating cracks in the chimney walls. This is a very great hazard and is the reason why chimneys should never be purposely burned out to clean them. The burning out of a tile lined flue is liable to crack the lining. A common and efficient method of cleaning a chimney is to sweep it with a properly weighted bundle of rags or a bush attached to a rope and worked from the top, but because this operation is troublesome, chimney cleaning is frequently neglected. Other methods of chimney cleaning recommended as simple and efficient are as follows: . 1. The U. S. Fuel Administration has strongly advocated the use of salt The fire should be put in good condition with a substantial body of hot fuel. W0L dried common salt is then scattered over the incandescent fuel in quantity de pending upon the size of the furnace. For a household furnace, a pound at a time is ample. The dampers should be kept Open to maintain the furnace temperature until the fumes entirely disappear. This usually takes about half an hour. The soot is disintegrated by the action of the salt fumes. Repeat the application as necessary. This method is highly endorsed for cleaning boiler tubes and furnace passages. It does not interfere with the operation of the plant and neither brickwork nor metal is deteriorated. . It is known that a layer, of tarry soot 1/16 in. thick on boiler tubes or furnace passages^will decrease their heating efficiency 20 per cent, hence the necessity of keeping them clean. It is claimed that an occasional use of salt as described will keep both heating apparatus and flue free from soot. 2. An ex fire chief recommends firing a revolver loaded with one or two blaiik cartridges up a chimney'flue to remove soot. He asserts it to be very effective and that no injury to the flue results. Precaution should be taken to shut off the flue opening or fireplace with an old blanket or piece of burlap to prevent the soot flying back into the room when it falls following the shot. This method requires that the fires be extinguished before it is applied. 3. Scrap zinc thrown on a hot fire is recommended as a soot remover. The zinc fumes are said to disintegrate the soot. Zinc compounds are also sold for this purpose, but as several pounds of these zinc materials are recommended to be used at a time, they would be somewhat expensive. 9. extinguishing chimney FIRES -.' A handful or two of powdered sulphur thrown on a fire is claimed to be effective in extinguishing a soot fire in a cHimney. It produces sulphur dioxide which extracts the oxygen from the air supply and so prevents combustion. A few pounds of salt thrown in the flue at the top is an old and excellent remedy for a soot fire. Even a pail of sand, earth or ashes is helpful. Such materials, however, should be used with much care, if at all, when a fireplace connects with the chimney flue, for they would be liable to scatter the burning soot into the room where the fireplace is located. HIGH TEMPERATURE DRYING By Burt S. Harrison Y popular usage the term Drying may include desiccation, dehydra B tion, distillation, concentration, oxidation, baking, calcining, chem ical actions due to heat, catalytic actions due to heat and the presence of a catalyzer agent, and in fact numerous processes which have no other connection with actual drying than that incidentally there may be some moisture present on the start which is quickly driven off by the heat. Even the term "high temperature" is purely relative. A temperature of 200 deg. fahr. is high temperature in a process where for 100 years or more the standard of temperature has been from 120 to 140 deg. fahr. On the other hand, in one instance, where producer gas of 120 B.t.u. value was being burned in a brick oven with a temperature of combus tion of 1900 deg., we heated the air for combustion and the gas sepa rately to 1000 deg. fahr., and then burned them with a resultant tem perature of combustion of 3100 deg. fahr., as shown by Seger cones and the Wilson-Maeulin platinum-rhodium couple. The first step--the heat ing of the gas ind air to 1000. deg., comes under the heading of high temperature heating; the second step--the burning at 3100 deg.--comes under the head of high temperature combustion. The range from 200 to 1000 deg. is what we term High Temperature Work as applied to commercial drying or processing. It is a well known fact that if a pound of coal is burned free in a large room, the combustion will be very slow, if indeed it does not cease alto gether, though the volume of oxygen in the room is ample for the pur pose. On the other hand, if the coal be confined in a small chamber and the same volume of air be passed rapidly over it in a thin stream, the combustion will be very rapid. The rate of combustion will depend directly upon the rate of oxygen supply to the flame, the rate of heat , absorption of the fuel and inversely upon the heat radiation loss from the fire. Oxidation is only slow combustion; therefore the same rule holds. In other words, oxidation in an oven depends upon temperature and actual contact with the surface of the materials. Without that contact, it will be only by the slow and uncertain process of diffusion that the oxygen can reach the material.. It is analogous to the New Yorker who needs ppal and knows that there is plenty at the mines, but because that supply 49 50 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 TABLE 1. RELATIVE EVAPORATION RATE FROM WATER SURFACES DUE TO . AIR MOTION Med. Area Large Area (25 sq. ft.) Still air................................... 250 ft. v.p.in.................... .. 800 ft. " (any area).. 1000 ft. " " " 2500 ft. " " " .. 4000 ft. . " " " .. 1 3 1-.5 3.5 4.5 4.8 8.1 12.6 Small Area 3 4 is not close enough to him for intimate contact, he waits for the arrival of small quantities over a system of. freight-clogged railroads. Further more, as the freight leaving New York, in the direction of the coal mines, interferes with the arrival of the coal by clogging the line, so the gases given off from the oxidizing surfaces further retard and dilute-the effects of diffusion in a drier. Where the problem is one of evaporation instead of oxidation, these conditions still hold good, though not quite to the same extent unless the moisture has to be pulled from a material which gives it up reluctantly. Tables 1 and 2 give the relative effects of increased temperatures and of increased velocities of air over water evaporating surfaces. They are the application to our own use of figures by Box and Dalton, modified in accordance with the results of our own tests. If the air velocjty and the temperature are both increased, the relative evaporation rate is a product of both factors. If the moisture of liquid to be evaporated is easily accessible to the air in the drier (i.e., not held inside of a fibre, or by capillary attraction, or by a deliquescene material) there is no economy in holding a higher working temperature than 212 to 220 deg. fahr., provided an ample vol ume of heat is supplied. An excess of heat above what is required to evaporate the liquid will only superheat its vapor, which is ordinarily needless, unless to preclude any possibility of recondensation to the detri ment of the material being dried. Speed may count for more than econ omy in the drier, when the output of a plant can be doubled with no additional overhead cost. Then the working temperature in the drier can be raised to advantage. When I say working temperature of a drier, I mean the maintained temperature and not the air supply temperature. Of course, in a progressive drier the working temperature at one end is the temperature of the entering air and at, the other end, is that of the effluent air. The time for drying any material is, as before stated, governed by the temperature, volume of air and the proper contact. The term "contact" covers the rapid motion of the air over the surface of the material. In other words, given the highest temperature which the material will stand, and with a proper amount of heated air supplied to the oven, if it is moved over the surface of the material so as to get equal distribution and good contact with the drying surfaces by means of a stiff velocity, the time of drying will be reduced to a minimum. 1922Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 51 TABLE 2. RELATIVE EVAPORATION RATE FROM WATER SURFACE DUE TO HEAT 32 F. temp, of water and air 1 52 2 72 4 92 ' 8 112 16 132 27 152 44 175 71 195 135 212 165 To get this desired velocity of air over the surface without having to supply an excessive amount of air, we use where possible agitator fans within the driers. In some cases 5 or 6 of such fans to one air supply fan, which handle the air over and over until it has reached all surfaces and has picked up all the water vapor it can carry or- has given up all the oxygen it can readily give. ' Another point in favor of uniform distribution and high velocities is that if the gases given off are explosive or inflammable, the more quickly they are removed the better. An explosive gas with a small amount of air in a dead space is almost sure to ignite spontaneously as soon as the proper mixture is reached at high temperature. The same gas if kept in motion will not readily ignite, and if it does, it simply flashes without explosive effect. ' The gases given off from the lower surfaces in an oxidizing oven, par ticularly if the oven is overloaded or packed too closely, will, if allowed to stand, often disssolve and wipe off clean the coated surfaces from the goods above, in the case of japans, and if the colors are light linseed oil mixtures, these gases will always discolor them if not removed quickly. The tendency of these gases is to cling to the surfaces from .which they emanate and prevent the air reaching them. In any drying system where there are no critical temperatures, the ad missible maximum working temperature is that above which the actual gain in speed, or output due to the increased temperature, is less in pro portion than the increased cost of operation due to the increased tem perature. Within the same temperature limits of the material, many materials produce much better results when dried quickly at high tem perature, as follows: . Linseed, oil bright colors dried at low temperature will fade, while if baked in moving hot air they will hold. A material carrying oleic or fatty acids and ferments, if dried slowly, will not give up all of either, while under the high heat all the ferments are given up and all but a trace of the fatty acids. Ferments alone, even if not entirely drawn off by high heats, lose their power to act. In the case of some fruits or vegetables, a relatively low temperature at high velocity is better than too high a temperature, but too low a tem perature and too long a time, give a tough product. 52 Am. SoC. or Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 The skin of plums or prunes must be punctured, and in the case of figs a gelatinous layer under the skin must be broken or they will never dry at any temperature, but will cook and turn color. In the case of semi-liquids, pastes or slimes, the time varies consid erably according to whether they are in suspension or solution. Anything in the nature of a glucoside usually dries quite slowly. A delicate vegetable fibre will sometimes scorch or toast at compara tively low temperatures in contact with metal or in the presence of C02 gas, while in pure air it will stand a much higher temperature without any scorching. Foods may be cooked in moving hot air without radiant heat, but to toast or brown them, requires C02 gas in the hot air supplied. Milk or eggs desiccated at 120 to 150 deg. on a drum, are not dried uniformly and in many cases a 2 per cent solution of acetic acid or for maldehyde is added to preserve them; at higher temperatures they cook when dried this way. But when atomized into air at even 300 deg. fahr., they dry in one or two seconds to a powder of absolute uniformity which requires no preservative and which will a year afterward readily dissolve in ice water, in a few moments. Hay, alfalfa, pifine grass and clover, when dried in 20 minutes at 300 deg. in moving air, keep their original color and odor and have lost all ferments. Copra (dried cocoanut meat), dried slowly at 150 deg. or less, retains oleic acid and ferments and will slime and mould in moist hot air, while if dried at high temperature in rapidly moving air (155 to 200 deg. fahr.) loses its ferments, contains about 3/10 of 1 per cent of oleic acid, 69 per cent of highest grade Cochin oil instead of 59 per cent, and will not slime. It will keep at least one year (as we have proven) without de terioration, and maggots and copra bugs will not touch it. Any one who has once smelled rancid copra will appreciate what this means. Acetic acid vaporized and superheated to 1022 deg. fahr. (the tem perature of dissociation of the steam) will condense at the discharge side of the system as acetone, the CO, escaping. Asphalt japan coatings raised from 250 to 400 deg. fahr. will give up the petrolene, residuum oil or other vehicle, and harden in 2 to 3 hours. Starch dried at 180 deg., moistened with diatase or dilute acid and raised to 400 deg., will in 8 hours turn to dextrine and at higher tem peratures to dextrose. . Anthracene and creosote oil compounds bake to form electric insula tion articles in 8 to 10 hours, while the lighter compounds, as coatings on paper and cloth, bake at about 300 deg. in a few moments. Nitrites are made with air at 500 to 600 deg. The drying of insulation blocks of asbestos, magnesia, and kieselguhr ordiatomaceous earth in sheets, 4 in. thick, takes weeks at low tempera tures and with radiant heat, and requires days at higher temperatures with direct flame, gas heat ; but with hot air at high velocity at 600 to 800 deg. fahr. they dry in 8 hours. In the dehydration or desiccation of some fruits and vegetables the oxidation of the contained enzymes or unorganized ferments, discolors the product so that peaches and apples turn brown and potatoes black. . This does not in the least hurt the product but the people do not like the looks, so it is then treated with fumes of burning sulphur or other bleach- Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922- 53 . ing agent, the discoloration is entirely removed and the product has a complexion as glaring and artificial as that of some of the women who ' buy it. In taste, however, it is unsatisfactory. Sulphur dioxide was never intended for human food. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, authority on pure foods, says: "Sulphur fumes, as I discovered in my experimental work with young men, are highly deleterious to health and should be excluded from objects of human food.'' In the case of some vegetable fibres, which give up the contained water very reluctantly, if the sulphur treatment is given prior to drying, the sulphur dioxide seems to take up some water and forms sulphurous acid which attacks the fibre and causes it to give up the remaining water quite readily, thus materially reducing the time of drying. Whether there remains a trace of the acid after drying. I do not know. When the pure food laws are extended and enforced to prevent the sale of sulphur treated dried foods, there will be a large field for the production of wholesome desiccated fruits and vegetables. I am told that 80 per cent of the fresh fruit crop and 40 per cent of the fresh vegetable crop in this country are annually wasted. Design of High Temperature Installations In installing high temperature plants each installation is distinctive and controlled by numerous controlling conditions. The plant, is laid out for a maximum of speed or output, and to attain this presupposes all governing conditions to be favorable. The size, weight, shape and disposition of the material in the oven, and the proportion of free space have an effect on the result. The specific gravity and thickness of a coating, and the method of mixing a coating or a compound have an effect, and sometimes a small variation in the composition or in the quality or purity of one element will prevent proper results, and above all, the human equation has to be considered. A certain firm worked up a material which had to be dried in slabs. The laboratory samples dried uniformly and within the desired time limits in the drier, at a certain temperature. When it was tried on a commercial scale, half of each batch refused to dry properly and the other half did not have all the properties of the samples. The measures or gauges for the different elements were checked and found to be exact. The elements were analyzed and found to be of a standard. Finally a watch was put on the man at the mixer. Of all the elements which entered the compound, two were vital as they together formed the binder, which of course should be distributed evenly throughout the mass. He was putting them in separately. at opposite ends of the mixer, running the machine forward for a, few moments and then backward for the same time. The results were that these two ingredients never became intermixed. , By putting these elements into the center of the mixer together,.the .block dried perfectly with all the characteristics of the laboratory samples. Several people lost considerable sleep, however, before the trouble was dis covered, . . 54 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 It has been said that laboratory experiments do not tell the true story regarding an installation on a commercial scale. But, if, during the laboratory tests, the controlling conditions are made to approxi mate those of the commercial operation, they should and do tell the exact truth. All governing conditions, critical temperatures, time limits for chemical reactions, if any, and all data on the character of the materials to be handled, should be in hand for study before laying out the system. Unfortunately, however, in most cases where high temperature dry ing can be applied to best effect, the client is either rgluctant to give up any data for fear of giving away trade secrets, or he does not know many of the characteristics of the materials he handles. All chemical actions are effected by heat, and the most of them are not completed, and some will not even start at all, without a certain critical temperature of heat. In the case of metathesis, where two separate chemical combinations are broken up and two or more totally different combinations are formed by the interchange of the elements of both groups, there are several actions or reactions at once. There seems to be no data on how much heat is absorbed by these actions. Strange to say, in the case of many of the liquids, oils, gums, etc., in use for commercial purposes, the specific heat, and latent heat of evaporation and fusion, are unknown and one has to assume them to be the same as for water. Also a gum which will only melt when in bulk subjected to a temperature of 450 deg. fahr., as in a kettle, will carbonize when subjected, as a thin coating, to a temperature of 250 deg. fahr. ' It is therefore necessary to do a considerable amount of testing in the laboratory in order to establish the controlling conditions in each case. The usual result is that when we have succeeded in fixing the critical temperatures, time limits, etc., and have cut the time for processing in half, the client immediately begins to figure where he can save some more money in the process and by the time the system is installed we find he has substituted creosote oil for anthracene oil, or fish oil for linseed oil, or he works in a non-hardening hydro carbon oil, uses clay instead of magnicite, or in the case of a coating, puts it on twice as thick and makes one coat do for two. In many cases the whole chemical formula is changed and not withstanding the characteristics of the new material or coating, are totally different from the old, the manufacturer expects the results to correspond to the laboratory demonstration. Prom the manufac turer's point of view this is a good thing, for it sometjmes enables him to cheapen the unit cost of his raw material as well as increas ing the output by omitting elements which were required for the proper hardening at low temperatures while not for the high. But it leaves the engineer rather in the air until things have settled down to a standard of operation. Hot dry air sometimes carries static electricity in a drier. This can often be overcome by putting a small steam spray into the air supply. Of course, this has to be taken care of in the amount of heat supplied, Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 55 as the steam must be superheated. A glucoside or a gum dried to a powder by atomizing the solution through a current of heater air will come down so charged with static electricity that it cannot be put into a glass bottle. Fabrics coated into an oven over a carding roll become so charged, even with well-grounded coating machines, that a static neutral izer is sometimes required to kill the effect. In many processes the materials leaving the oven, when done, are soft from the heat and have to be conditioned in dry air. If the conditioning air is at too low a temperature, the goods will sweat and mould. The air should be as dry as possible but at normal temperature. Linseed oil.and varnish coatings which in commercial practice on large scale and in low temperatures of 155 to 160 deg., require 8 hours to dry, will dry in 1J4 to 2 hours with the drier effluent at 220 deg. fahr., the air entering at 300 to 350 deg. fahr. By the addition of free oxygen I have dried them in the laboratory in 30 minutes. In drying, the linolein of linseed oil takes up oxygen which changes the linoleic acid to linoxin, giving up glycerin which disappears as water vapor and carbonic acid gas. If heated too hot, acrolein escapes. One pound of linseed oil requires 0.17 lb. of oxygen to oxidize it. Therefore, assuming that all the oxygen were to be used up in the process of drying, the minimum amount to supply 1 lb. of oil would be 0.85 lb. of air or, say, 14 cu. ft. at 200 deg. fahr. In rapid drying probably not over 10 per cent of the total oxygen com ponent in the air is used up, so that 140 cu. ft. of air per lb. of oil, or say 1,000 cu. ft. per gallon, is about the minimum to supply. No hard and fast rule for speed of drying for definite temperatures can be used with linseed oil, for the reason that it is affected by the qual ity of the oil, the method of extraction, the aging, and the boiling. The process of oxidation is started in the boiling of the oil, and is then re strained or intercepted by cooling, until when it is mixed in the coating and reaches the drier, the action is set up again to continue from where it left off. If the boiling is not properly done, or is not carried to the proper point, the oxidation process will not have been sufficiently set up and the action in the drier will not be uniform. The addition of an artificial drier, as Japan drier, or oil of powlownie, will not help matters, for it will discolor the finish and the coating will soon crack. Aerated water has a highly oxidizing effect on metals. Oxygen being . more readily soluble in water than nitrogen, the bubbles of air contained in the water often run as high as 40 per cent oxygen. Wrought iron pipes carrying aerated water rust very fast. Moist air is also highly oxidizing as shown by unprotected wrought iron left in a damp atmosphere. But humidified air even at high temperature, has, as compared with dry air, a retarded oxidizing effect on linseed oil, varnish and other sicative coatings. This may be beneficial in the case of coatings on wood where too rapid hardening will cause craze cracks. For conditioning a dried surface, either dry air or a cold water spray will harden it, but a moist atmosphere, even if relatively cool, will not do so. Since in the case of all such coatings, the process of oxidation is car ried only far enough for a durable elastic surface, and never far enough for a carbonizing of the surface, I imagine the deterring effect of moisture 56 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 ,in the air is due to the glycerine still remaining in the coating, absorbing moisture and being prevented from hardening. In the case of the cold water spray, the cooling effect of the spray congealing or hardening the glycerine, overcomes its tendency to absorb moisture. The use of ozone or ozonated air, we have found to be of little avail, v beside costing too much for any benefit which might be derived. While text books tell us that the ozone (Oa) returns to the oxygen state (02) at 300 deg. fahr., our experience has been that at even 150 deg. fahr., it no longer has the oxidizing effect of nascent oxygen. . We' have also tried desiccating water out of materials by means of electricity, the wet materials being placed in 1 in. thick layers between wire grilles or mats wired up as electric conductors, but the cost of the work is out of all proportion and the action is slow. Superheating gas, air or steam is very much the same thing if the steam comes to the heater above 212 deg. fahr., or in other words, has the heat latent. In the case of three outfits of the same size, one heating producer gas, one air and one acetic acid vapor, the delivery temperature in each case . being 1000 deg. fahr., allowing for the fact that the acetic acid steam entered the heater at 212 deg. and the air and gas entered their heaters at 70 deg., the fuel consumption was as near identical as it well could be. In the case, however, which we have recently had put up to us of heating air from 200 to 350 deg. fahr., the entering air carrying 300 gr. of water vapor per cu. ft., the heater capacity required is 16 times, what it would be if the air were dry. Superheated air, like superheated steam, loses its heat very rapidly if the greatest precaution is not taken. At 400 to 450 deg. fahr., we have found the transmission losses from black iron ducts to be about 2.8 B.t.u. per sq. ft. per hour per deg. At the same temperature, with 3 in. of magnesia block and 1 in. of asbestos plaster, the .loss ran 1.3 B.t.u. per sq. ft. per deg. per hour. At 600 to 800 deg. fahr., the loss from bare pipe ran 3 B.t.u. and with 3 in. magnesia and 1 in. plaster, it ran 1.5 B.t.u. per sq. ft. per degree. It is therefore necessary to proportion the air supply piping quite carefully. The higher the velocity and the greater the volume of air passing through the duct,1 the less the temperature loss. It varies inversely as the velocity and the square of the volume of air passing through the duct. . Therefore the trunk line should be carried intact as far as possible and then if possible the branches all taken off together. The veloci ties should be kept as high as the predetermined horsepower limits for the. fan will allow.- Of course, the higher the working temperature in the system the more unstable the air in it and to effectively control the distribution of the air and the maintenance of an equable temperature throughout the system requires a slight static maintained pressure in the oven or drier. I do not believe that in such a system a uniform tempera ture can be maintained without this pressure. The nearer the system can be adjusted to a state of static balance and still be on the plus side, the better. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 57 We have adjusted driers or ovens 300 fti long, 9 ft. wide and 14 ft. high so that with a working temperature of 237 deg. fahr., there was less than 1 deg. difference from floor to ceiling and from one end to the other, with 7000 cu. ft. of air per min. passing through. The hot air was admitted at the floor from 60 openings at 400 deg., and 60 vents at the ceiling carried off the gases. The doors to the oven were air locks so that there were no leaks. Fine mesh screens on the air opening tended to kill the velocity of incoming hot air and to distribute it over the floor. ' When the ovens were closed so that the static pressure was main tained, the upward motion of the hot air from the floor was quite even throughout the horizontal area of the oven. With the doors open so that the static condition was removed, the hot air rose in separate currents. These ovens were used to dry cloth in festoons or loops 11 ft. long suspended from sticks on. a traveling chain at the top. of the oven. The traveling chain tended to give a certain swaying motion to the doth and any undue currents of air in the oven would cause the loops of cloth to touch each other. On account of the sticky coat ing and the static electricity it carried, if two loops touched at one point, they ran together nearly to the top. For this reason the air passing through the oven had to be under absolute control. In the case of heavy material, or solid material piled on racks or cars, or suspended by rods, the motion of the air is not so im portant except as to its dust-carrying propensity, but the admission of the air at the floor is just as essential, as is. also the slight static or plenum pressure, for the sake of even distribution and tempera ture. Also the light and heavy gases, are forced out, In a direct gas-flame-heated japan oven, the heavy gas given off has a chance sometimes to accumulate in the corners at the floor and is highly explosive. The temperatures in such an oven may vary from 1200 deg. at the flame to as low as 250 deg. in the corners near the floor. In the case of a battery of cloth-impregnating towers, the cloth was drawn through pans at the base of the towers, thence traveled upward vertically, 40 ft., where it passed over rollers and returned to the bottom to be dipped again, the process being repeated. Six coats were to be applied in this way in rapid succession, and each coat dried during the time of one trip to the top of the tower and back. Of course it had to be sufficiently dry when it reached the top so that it would not stick to the roller. The time for drying each coat was about 6 min. The minimum temperature required to do this was within 10 deg. of the ignition temperature of the compound (360 deg. fahr.). Radiant heat could not give an even heat throughout the tower, within the range; therefore we forced hot air in at the base. We estimated the aspiring effect of the tower and closed in the top, leaving slots for the cloth to.pass through and allowing for the gases to pass with a slight pressure. On trial we had to cut these slots down much smaller than the theoretical figures indicated, in order1 to hold the static pressure, but when this was adjusted, the 58 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 system worked and dried the coatings perfectly. Before such ad justment, however, the hot air shot to the top in as many currents as there were air inlets. . The use of high temperature air is not always economical or even applicable and some judgment must be used or the mark will be overshot or missed altogether. In one case where by the use of hot air and an increase of. drier temperature of 25 per cent, the time of processing was reduced by 75 per cent and the client immediately tried to eliminate the remaining 25 per cent of time by increasing the temperature still more. The results were that the materials were all but ruined and he had to return to the temperatures we had es tablished. A technical firm wished to evaporate water vapor from a spray containing water and a heavier liquid. They found that at 220 deg. the process worked very much faster than at 160 deg. fahr. Therefore they reasoned that at 1200 deg. the work would be done in practically no time at all. The volume of air at 1200 deg. which would evaporate the water spray, would not have carried off the vapor. To supply sufficient air at the high temperature was too ex pensive. A careful computation proved that air at 300 deg. in suf ficient volume was the most economical way to handle the problem. Totally disregarding the difference in weight between air and water and the latent heat carried by steam, a number of schemes have been proposed to us for the use of air at 700 or 800 deg., in place of hot water in a radiator' having a in. supply, or a die mold or steam kettle haying a very large exposure for the area of opening for heat supply. It has even been suggested that we boil liquid by blowing or bubbling hot air through it. For the aeration of boiling linseed oil this is very advantageous but the source of heat for the boiling is a. direct fire underneath the kettle. In all three of these cases, to accomplish the work, the velocities of the heat carrying air would be terrific. Another type of proposition which comes to us and which in nine cases out of ten is erroneous, is that a vapor recovery installation which by means of heat interchanges gives up a part of the heat of the effluent gases to the fresh air supply, and then by means of cold water and mechanical refrigeration condensing the vapors, will ren der large returns. In one case the first cost of the interchangers and condenser plant was estimated at close to $1,000,000, the operating cost per day at $250, and the total available gases for recovery were worth only $160, assuming they could all be recovered. Incidentally, the whole manufacturing plant involved a cost not over $1,000,000. I have seen very few cases where such vapor recovery installations showed returns which warranted the investment. Waste heat re covery plants are a different proposition, however. For high temperature work particularly, it is impractical to at tempt dehumidification in order to use the same air over and over. The temptation in this seems to be great until the client sees the cost figured out. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 59 Many clients cannot see why air entering the drier at 500 deg. fahr. should not hold the drier temperature at 500 deg., nor understand why the work done in the drier is only proportional to the difference between the entering and the effluent temperatures. It is not an easy matter to obtain actual correct temperature read ings in a drier without an expensive equipment, but fortunately, once the system is properly adjusted and the operators know at what level on their thermometers the heat should be, it 'does not make any difference whether the thermometer scales says 300 or 3000 deg., or whether there is a scale. Air Heating to High Temperatures I will add just a few words regarding the heating of air to high temperatures. Our work in that line has all been done with the Aertube heater. . A large chemical firm wanted hot air at 1200 deg. fahr., to facili tate a certain chemical action. They concluded our heater was too large, heavy and expensive, and that they could get the same results by adapting a steam superheater with wrought iron tubes to their purpose. According to their own report on the result, in a very few hours the tubes had stopped up solid with their own rust on account of the high oxidizing effect of air at that temperature. For such temperatures only cast iron, duriron, tantiron or simi lar metals should be used. Our first heater tubes were made of grey cast iron. The alternate heating to cherry red and cooling again, caused them to grow several inches in length in one season. Professor Diedrichs of Cornell had found that growth in cast iron under such conditions was due to the silicon and graphitic car bon. We reduced the silicon to about 0.2 of 1 per cent and blew out. the graphitic carbon in the blast and got a chilled.tube which did not grow and which withstood a temperature of 2000 to 2100 deg. fahr. . Then the Duriron Castings Co. made an iron tube for us with 20 to 22 per cent of silicon in it which stands 2550 deg. fahr. and . does not grow. In other words, we had passed from plus to minus through zero and they through infinity. When heating gases carrying sulphur, we had to protect through rods and tried many different patent coatings, cements, etc., but were obliged to fall back on Portland cement mixed with buttermilk. This will stand temperatures up to 1200 deg. and is flexible. The Botfield Specialty Co. of Philadelphia make a fire cement which will stand 31)00 deg. fahr. which we are now using with good success. One thing which our work has proved to my satisfaction, at least, is that for the higher temperatures the steel plate fan, or the volume blower type, are better suited to the work than the multiblade or Sirocco type, particularly if the system requires operation at several temperatures or if at times parts of the system are shut off. Suppose the fan handles 10,000 cu. ft. of air per min. at 60 deg. fahr. against a maintained pressure through the system of 1 oz., when there is no fire in the heater. Now if the heater is fired up and hep-ins to deliver air at 580 deg. fahr., the maintained pressure in- 60 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1022 creases due to the expansion of the air in transit until it becomes 1.4 oz. and the multiblade fan falls off in its delivery, or else if it is in-;, stalled for that pressure, it over-delivers a large amount at the lower temperatures. Of course, in practice the fluctuation in temperature is not so ex treme as I have stated, but when a compound contains light oils like benzoles and at the same time anthracene or creosote oil, it: is a case of fractional distillation at several temperatures from 180 to 600 deg. fahr., and the most dangerous is the 600 deg. point at which there should be the maximum air delivery. To overcome this by multiple speed control of the fan is not advisable, as it introduces another element for the operator to look after. Regarding the choice of fuels for this work, we have used wood, all kinds of coal, coke, producer, city and natural gas and distillate, kerosene, fuel oil and crude oil. Any gas or oil is easily subject to thermostatic control. Contrary to general belief, the easiest oil fuel to handle and control and the easiest on the heater and brickwork, as well as the cheapest, is the heaviest Tampico crude oil of 11 Beaume. When properly installed, and heated to 160 deg. before atomizing and when operated under thermostatic control, it gives a minimum of' trouble. In one plant where we installed such a system, and where the con sumption of oil is something over 5000 gal. per day, they have re placed only 50 heater tubes in three years, though the total number . of tubes in the heaters amounts to 6000. It has been stated that in a water tube boiler with horizontal passes working under full load, the lower row of tubes sometimes carries 40 per cent of the total load. It might seem that in an air heater the same proportion Or thereabouts would hold. This is not the case. When the gases of combustion are in sufficient quantity to fill the space between the tubes, or in other words, when the heater is working up' to capacity, the proportion of the total load carried , by the lower row of tubes is from 20 to 24 per cent as a maximum,' there being eight rows of tubes in height above the fire. This, is with the maximum combustion gas temperature of 2400 deg. fahr. ': The transmission rate through the cast iron tubes from, the hot. gases to the air passing through the tubes, varies as the cube root of the velocity square of the air, and never exceeds 3 B.t.u.'s for \ velocities under 3000 ft. per min. So long as the hot gases do not- exceed 2400 deg. fahr., very little tube replacement is necessary. THE TEMPERATURE OF EVAPORATION ITS PRACTICAL APLLICATION TO AIR CONDITIONING AND TO THE DRYING AND CONDITIONING \ OF MA TERIALS ; By W. H. Carrier. New York, N. Y. . ' Member . - HE customary method of determining the moisture content of T the air by means of the psychrometer is familiar to every heat ing and ventilating engineer.. In..this method simultaneous readings are taken of' two thermometers, one of the usual type known as the dry bulb thermometer, the other known as the wet bulb, having the bulb covered with a. film of water usually through a covering of wet fabric. The temperature indicated by the wet bulb thermometer is usually known as the wet bulb temperature, but the writer has chosen to call it the temperature of evaporation, for reasons which wi)l be developed. The significance of the. wet bulb temperature and the physical laws governing it are not commonly understood. It is generally assumed that the wet bulb depression is. due to cooling by evapora tion and is determined by the rate of evaporation. It is. true that it is caused by evaporation, but it is not at all determined by the rate of evaporation. For example, the rate of evaporation of a wet sur face is three and one-half times as great at 4000 air velocity as.it is at 1000 air velocity over the same surface and under like moisture and temperature conditions, yet the wet bulb depression is for all practical purposes precisely the same in both cases. It is very evi dent, therefore, that the wet bulb depression is not dependent upon the rate of evaporation, as is commonly believed, but upon other factors. The lower, the moisture content of the air the greater will be the wet bulb depression, which goes to show that the wet bn temperature has a very definite physical relation to the tempe and the moisture content of the air. It is also influence ` 61 192262 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, density aiid specific heat of the atmosphere. These relations have already been discussed by the author in a paper on Rational Psychrometric Formulae, presented before The American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1911. It is the writer's object in the present paper to explain more in detail these relations, to give more convenient and accurate formulae for the determination of the exact relation and to discuss the prac tical bearing of wet bulb temperature and vapor pressures in the art of air conditioning and upon the drying and moistening of hygro scopic materials. , It is well known that the weight of a cubic foot of saturated water . vapor is a very definite quantify, dependent entirely upon its tem perature, and that this water vapor acts substantially as a gas, pro ducing a definite pressure, known as the vapor pressure. It obeys in this respect approximately the law of gases with reference to . temperature, vapor pressure and weight or density. The vapor pressure and density increase very rapidly with the temperature, as exhibited in the well-known tables giving the properties of steam. The admixture of air under various barometric pressures as it occurs under ordinary atmospheric conditions does not in any-way affect the weight per cubic foot or the pressure of the saturated vapor, but acts precisely the same as in a mixture of two gases. The combined pressure is equal to the total or barometric pressure; that is, the total weight of pure air in a mixture of a cubic foot of sat urated vapor and air is less than the weight contained in a cubic foot of dry air just in proportion as the partial pressure of the air in the mixture is less than the total barometric pressure. This relation is expressed numerically as follows :-- / 5 e G',, W =------ .=------ P-e Ga where IV = the weight of water vapor contained in a pound of pure air, that is, it is the ratio of the weight of water; Cw to the weight of air; e. in a given volume of the mixture; p the barometric pressure; e the vapor pressure of the water vapor; P-e the partial pressure of the air; S the specific weight of water vapor, (i.e., the ratio of the weight of a cubic foot of water vapor at a given pressure and temperature compared with the Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 63 ' weight of a cubic foot of air at the same pressure and temperature). From this relationship it is possible to find.: ist, The weight Of moisture contained in or rather associated in space with a pound'of pure air; end. The ratio of the weight of pure air contained in a cubic foot of the mixture compared with the weight of a cubic foot of air at the same temperature and barometric pressure but containing no moisture; 3rd, The weight of moisture contained in a cubic foot of air. In the last two determinations we also require the relation de termining the weight of pure air at any given temperature and pres sure, which is the well known relation lP ' =-___ _____ V 3772T where IVK = the weight of one cubic foot of air; V = the volume of one pound of air; P = the barometric-pressure or partial pressure in inches of mercury to which the air is subjected; T = the absolute temperature in degrees fahrenheit. When unsaturated air is brought in contact with water, three physical changes take place simultaneously:--first, the water tem perature is ultimately reduced to a definite temperature known as the wet bulb temperature ; second, a certain amount of water is evaporated, increasing the vapor pressure and the water vapor con tent in the air; third, the air is cooled a corresponding amount, ow ing to the fact that finally the latent heat of evaporation must be taken from the air as the only source of heat. If this process is continued to the point of complete saturation of the air and no heat is received from the water or any other external source, then the . air temperature will drop to a definite point which is the true wet bulb temperature or evaporation temperature of the air. Thus the wet bulb temperature and the dry bulb temperature at this point of saturation are both the same, and the wet bulb tem perature is substantially the same before the air has become'saturated as after it has become saturated. In other words, the wet bulb tem perature does not change during the process oi saturation, but the dry bulb temperature decreases and the moisture content increases to some definite point at which the air is completely saturated. This fact has been determined by careful practical and laboratory experi ments. This is precisely the action that takes place in air conditioning. 64 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 equipment, in which air is passed through humidifiers or air washers where the water is recirculated and not heated, and it explains the seemingly remarkable effects sometimes produced. For example, in this climate it is sometimes possible to introduce humidified air into a room as much as 25 deg. cooler than the outside air, and maintain the room temperature approximately 15 deg. cooler than the outside dry bulb temperature, or 10 deg. above the outside wet bulb temperature; while in the excessively dry and hot climates of New Mexico and Arizona, where the wet bulb temperature often reaches 40 deg. fahr., telephone exchanges have been cooled in this manner as much as 25 deg. below the outside temperature without any refrigeration. In our cooler arid moister Northern climates, however, in buildings, such as offices, restaurants, etc., where rela tively small amounts of heat are liberated, the employment'of this method of cooling by evaporation, with ajr washers and humidifiers does not work out very satisfactorily. There will be occasional days, however, in summer even in these climates where great benefit will be procured in such buildings by this method of cooling. In all in dustrial establishments where high humidities are required or where considerable heat is liberated, the beneficial effects secured by this method of cooling are indisputable? The same phenomenon of a constant wet bulb temperature with a dry bulb temperature dropping toward the wet bulb as the air ab sorbs moisture is beautifully illustrated in progressive fan system dryers. Here the air is introduced dry and hot at one end and comes out cool and moist at the other end of the drying tunnel. The wet bulb temperature will be found practically the same at all parts of. the tunnel except for leakage or cooling by radiation through the tunnel walls. The wet bulb temperature, or the temperature of evaporation, is thus seen to be a very definite physical quantity. It depends upon the ability of a definite weight of air to give up heat required for the evaporation of sufficient moisture to saturate its space at the temperature to which it is finally reduced in cooling. The difference between the wet and dry bulb temperatures of the air under any given barometric pressure is evidently an exact measure of what is commonly called the ability of the air to "absorb moisture,'' or more exactly, its ability to cause the evaporation of moisture into the space which the air occupies. It must always be kept clearly in mind that air does not "absorb moisture" as a sponge absorbs water, or through any chemical affinity, but only associates itself with water vapor purely as a gaseous mixture, the water vapor occupying exactly the same space as though there were' no air present. The air will, how A ..m Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 65 ever, occupy under a constant barometric pressure aslightly greater space than before, owing to the fact that it exerts a partial pressure which is less than the total or barometric pressure. The partial air pressure is reduced by an amount exactly equal to the increase Of vapor pressure and the volume occupied by a given weight of air is therefore, increased in an inverse proportion. This amount of in crease, however, is very small at ordinary temperatures, since the possible vapor pressure under atmospheric conditions never exceeds 3 per cent of the total barometric pressure. Under artificial condi tions, however, such as in drying and conditioning chambers at high, temperatures, this may be several times the above amount. When air is cooled solely by evaporation of moisture, it has been shown by theory and proven by experiment that the wet bulb tem perature does not change appreciably. Conversely, any change in the wet bulb temperature would indicate a change in heat content. (By the heat content, or total heat of the air, we mean the sensible heat in the air due to its temperature above some-standard, as 0 deg- fahr., together with the latent and sensible heat of the associated water vapor, but omitting the heat of the liquid, which may be as-, sumed to be introduced or removed at the wet hulb temperature.). As the air increases in moisture content and cools as a result, the sensible heat liberated by the change in temperature is merely con verted into an equivalent amount of latent heat represented by the conversion of water into vapor associated with the air. Thus it is- that the wet bulb temperature always indicates precisely the total, heat content of the air regardless of its temperature or moisture con-, dition. By calculating the heat content, or total heat of saturated air at various temperatures, the heat content of the air under all wet bulb conditions is definitely established, since the heat content is the same for a given wet bulb .temperature as if it were saturated at that temperature. The fact that the wet bulb temperature estab lishes the heat content of the air is of great importance in calculating the requirements for the cooling and dehumidifying of air and for the humidifying of air, and also iri the calculation of the cooling effect which may be secured in a building by the application of hu midified air to maintain a definite standard of moisture condition or relative humidity. In problems in cooling and dehumidifying when using outside air. the outside wet bulb temperature is the fact of first importance. ' It is of interest to note that the maximum wet bulb temperature in the Northern States rarely -ever exceeds 78 deg. The highest out side wet bulb temperature-ever observed by the writer was slightly over 81 deg. in New York City in 1817. This, it should be re- A .m Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, (922 marked, was accompanied by a low dry bulb temperature and a'Very high relative humidity. With the higher outside dry bulb tempera tures, the moisture content of the air is invariably lower, so that higher wet bulb temperatures are to be expected, for example, at 85 deg. than at 95 or 100 deg. outside temperature. .. In humidifying with an efficient central station system the air is taken from outside and cooled to the wet bulb temperature by evaporation, using recirculated water. When saturated air is heated, Variation of radiation with Variation of tilts Velocity over the Wet Bulb. (at I, -- 68 deg. fahr.) from experiment ' . as for instance, by introduction into a warmer room, the relative humidity is lowered without change of moisture content and there is . an increase in the wet bulb temperature corresponding to the in crease in the total heat. Thus, the temperature in a room humidified by a central station system to a definite per cent of relative humidity always bears a fixed relation to the outside wet bulb temperature. The mathematical relation of the above physical facts involving the wet bulb depression and the weight of moisture in the air has beetTgiven and discussed bythe'writer in the paper presented before Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 67 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1911, previously referred to. This for wet bulb temperatures above 32 deg. is as follows: r' -jr (t -- t ) W = ------------------------------ r'W' -- C,. (t -- O where W = the weight of moisture actually associated with one pound of dry air; fV* -- the weight of moisture which would be associated with one pound of dry air in a saturated mixture at the true wet bulb temperature; 400 I3I'SO s s 1 1 1.1 1 1 1 ITT Total Error It -tit-' 7 F Yttrf>er Pi*nrec <torcssk> & kV Tolot Hfiat asr De se of Tot s "V, AATtfrtMvrvyfirw Frthr FIG. Z. AVERAGE RADIATION ERROR IN OBSERVED WET BULB DEPRES SION. IN PER CENT OF TOTAL WET BULB DEPRESSION. FOR DIFFERENT WET BULB TEMPERATURES ( . t = the dry bulb temperature; ( -- the true wet bulb temperature of evaporation; r* = the latent heat per pound of water vapor correspond- . ing to the wet bulb temperature t'; . Cp, = the mean specific heat of air between the temperatures t and f; . C,, = the mean specific heat of water vapor between the temperatures t and t'. . The numerical values of these physical units are given in Appendix. It has previously been shown by the writer- that the observed reading of the wet bulb on the ordinary sling psychrometer is al ways slightly higher, than the true temperature of evaporation. How ever, the observed wet bulb depression approaches within 1.6 per cent at 2000 air velocity and within 1 per cent of 3000 air velocity 68 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 of the theoretical depression with the wet bulb temperature around 68 deg. (see Fig. 1). The writer has found that this percentage of error will increase with lower wet bulb temperatures and will de crease decidedly at higher wet bulb temperatures (see Fig. 2). This error is apparently due to.three factors:-- rst, The transmission or conduction of heat of the surrounding air through the layer or film of cool air surrounding the bulb to the bulb itself; 2nd, By direct radiation from surrounding objects which will nor mally be at the dry bulb temperature; yd, Transmission through the stem of the thermometer^ which, ofcourse, is at the dry bulb temperature. The writer has found that this error could be largely eliminated by the use of high velocities and by protecting the thermometer from radiation from warmer bodies, and also by covering the stem of the thermometer with a wicking. Thus, the error by transmis sion or conduction through the air itself is apparently small at the usual high air velocities at which wet bulb readings are taken. . The writer has found through a careful mathematical investiga tion comparing the observed depression with a theoretical depreS-^ sion, that the vapor pressure in the air for any given observed wet, bulb and dry bulb temperature of the standard sling psychrometer by the following psychrometric formula:-- (P -- e') (/^-/') 69500 2920 -- -F .0017P 80 + fp -- ( (p - *) (t _ n 69500 2920 -- + (.00000022) (/_/')* 80 + fp-- tf . where e ~ the vapor pressure of the moisture actually contained in the air, i.e., the vapor pressure corresponding to the dew point; e the vapor pressure corresponding to the observed wet bulb temperature, using a sling psychrometer or . air velocity of approximately 2000; . P ~ the barometric pressure in inches of mercury; t = the dry bulb temperature in degrees fahreriheit; Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 69 t' = the pbser.ved wet bulb temperature in degrees fahreri heit with a sling psychrometer or equivalent Wet bulb thermometer ; = the boiling point in degrees fahrenheit corresponding to the barometric pressure; for the standard baro metric pressure (29.92), <,, equals.212 deg. The general form of this was determined rationally in 1911. This has been carefully deduced by calculation in the plotting of curves covering all range of conditions between 32 and 180 deg. wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures up to S00 deg. fahr. and also for variout barometric pressures. This is particularly valuable, as it can be applied without any corrections to observed wet bulb readings for all temperatures above 32 deg. with the probability of error, less than that due to a tenth of a degree error in reading the wet bulb tempera turTeh. e dew points obtained by this formula have been compared with the corresponding dew points as given by the U. S, Weather Bureau which were based on actual flew point observations and have been, found to agree with these through their more accurate ranges, i.e., the ranges covered by a preponderance of actual observations. This formula, which is exact for all ranges of temperature and humidity above 32 deg. and for all barometric pressures, would indi cate that Professor Farrel's formula, .adopted by the U. S. Weather Bureau must be inexact for extreme conditions of low humidities and for high temperatures at all humidities. It is also apparently inaccurate for low barometric pressures. Through the usual range of normal atmospheric conditions, however, the constants employed are such as apparently to give very accurate dew point determina tions, when it is taken into consideration that the formula is based on a series of vapor pressures which are now known to be incor rect. Both the above formulae and the Government formula for vapor pressures are inaccurate below 32 deg. if ice is allowed to form on the wet bulb, although these formulae will apply if readings of the wet bulb are taken at the instant water on the wet bulb.is sub cooled to a minimum point below the freezing point without the for mation of ice crystals. The reason that a different psychrometric. equation must he used below 32 deg. wet bulb temperature is that to P, the latent heat of water vapor at the wet bulb temperature, there must be added 14-1 B.t.u., which represents the additional latent heat required in the melting of ice. For the tempe'ratures below 32 deg. the following formula is correct; ' )(P _ S (/._ /') e = P-------------------------------- :------3000 -(- 2.2P -- 1.6/' ' / 70 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers duiDE, 1922 In Figs. 1 and 2 are given the. curves'showing the, probable per cent of error in the observed wet bulb depression referred to the theoretical wet bulb depression. This is what is termed the radiation error, previously referred to. . It will be noted that at the" higher temperatures the percentage of error is exceedingly small, while at the very low temperatures the percentage of error becomes quite appreciable. The greatest error in degrees, of course, occurs iii perfectly dry air. The maximum possible degrees of error in the de pression is somewhat less at the lower temperatures than it is at the higher temperatures, as the per cent of error must necessarily fol low the increments of total heat corresponding to the various wet bulb temperatures. Also,'the maximum depressions increase some what faster with the temperature than do the increments of total heat. . The vapor pressures in these formulae are based on the Marks & Davis tables above 32 deg. and Professor C. F. Marvin's tables of vapor pressures below 32 deg., and these seem to be the most ac curate ones available and are in perfect agreement with each other Maximum Absorbiny Capacity of /ItV.--The maximum amount of moisture which a pound of air with known temperature and moisture content will absorb when brought finally to the point of saturation is given by the following formula: ." (Cp;, + Cp5IP) (/-/') (IV' -- IV) =-------------------------------------- r' where IV = the initial weight of moisture contained in one pound of dry air; W' = the pounds of moisture contained in one pound of dry air if saturated at the wet bulb temperature at the given barometric pressure; Cpu = the specific heat of air; Cps = the specific heat of water vapor; t -- the dry bulb temperature; t' = the wet bulb temperature: r' -- the latent heat of evaporation. Usually at standard barometric pressure this means that each pound of air will have a maximum absorbing and evaporating ca pacity of one and one-half grain of moisture for each degree of wet bulb depression. In practical application, air cannot usually be brought to com plete saturation and the dryer will have a per cent of efficiency de- pending upon the ratio of the actual to the theoretical maximum absorption. In the commercial types of dryers this will usually Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 71 vary from 50 to 80 per cent. In many types of compartment dryers ^t is necessary to maintain certain definite relative humidities. In these the absorbing capacity of the air can be exactly determined, as it is the difference between the maximum absorbing capacity of' the air in the dryer at known relative humidity and therefore known wet bulb depression and the theoretical moisture absorbing capacity of the air introduced. application of psychrometric principles to the drying and CONDITIONING OF MATERIALS A very interesting and practical application' of psychrometric principles is in the drying and moistening of hygroscopic materials with air. In the drying of materials two different and distinct states of the material must always be taken into consideration. In the first state there is free water present in excess of the moisturewhich will be normally reabsorbed by the material when subjected to a saturated water vapor or saturated air. It is in this `state where most of the drying has to be accomplished. In the second condi tion there is only hygroscopic material present, i.e., moisture which the material will absorb of itself from niore or less saturated air. The amount of moisture which can be contained by the material in the first state is variable and is either dependent upon its porosity, as in the sponge, or upon the limits of semi-fluid consistency as in flour dough. In both cases the moisture content is to a large extent determined by previous mechanical treatment, such as pressing or centrifugal action. There is a point at which the material will con tain a large percentage of free moisture which cannot be removed by any mechanical action. The free moisture in the material has a very simple physical relation to the material and is evaporated with practically the same ease that moisture would be evaporated from a free water surface, except as its diffusion may be retarded by the natural lack of porosity of the material, as for example in the drying of chicle. The maximum regain, that is, the maximum amount of moisture which materials will hold in saturated air due to their hygroscopic properties, is a very definite quantity for each material but varies greatly with different materials. For example, at 95 per cent rela tive humidity, cotton will hold from 19 to 20 per cent of moisture, silk will hold from 22 to 24 per cent of moisture, while wool will hold from 26 to 27 per cent of moisture. Above this to saturation the moisture content will increase rapidly to probaibly from 6 to 10 per cent higher in each case. The hygroscopic moisture in the material as distinguished from 72 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent: Engineers Guide, 1922 thfe- free moisture bears a very intimate relation to the material itself. The relation is on the border line between chemical and physical, precisely as is the case with the solution of a soluble salt in water. . .. It is a well known physical fact, that free water, whether in a vacuum or exposed to atmosphere, generates a vapor pressure at its surface which is identical with the pressure of the saturated water vapor at the same temperature as the water. In other words, a free body of water tends to saturate the space surrounding it until the vapor tension in the space and at the surface of the water are at an equilibrium. If no heat from outside were applied, then this vapor tension at the surface of the water and the final tempera ture of the air and saturated vapor in the given space would be the true or theoretical wet bulb temperature. The force producing the evaporation is the vapor pressure at the surface of the water-corresponding to the water temperature. The heat to maintain this vapor pressure, however, is supplied from the air where no other source of heat is available, as in the case of the wet bulb thermometer and similar phenomena. In insoluble hygroscopic materials the vapor tension of the water in the material is apparently the same as the vapor pressure correspending to the temperature of the material whenever the material contains more moisture than it is capable of absorbing hygroscopicaliy. Whenever the moisture in the material is less than the maximum possible hygroscopic moisture content, the vapor pres sure of the moisture in the material is less than the vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature of the material. This apparent re duction in vapor pressure of the hygroscopic material is probably caused by the affinity of the partially saturated material for moisture. The vapor pressure corresponding to a given constant tempera ture decreases in a definite manner as the content of hygroscopic moisture in the material is decreased and, of course, it increases with the increase of the moisture content up to the saturation point of the material, where it is presumably the same as the vapor pressure' for free water. The vapor pressure exerted by the hygroscopic material in a given material may be conveniently expressed as a per centage of the pressure of saturated water vapor at the same temperature. Fig. 3 gives the percentage of vapor pressure exerted by the hy groscopic moisture in American cotton at 77 deg. fahr., according to determinations made by Schloesing. It will be seen from this that the vapor pressure increases relatively slowly with a small moisture content and also with a high moisture content, while the most rapid Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 73 increase of vapor pressure occurs at about 38 per. cent of normal vapor pressure, or at about 5 parts moisture per 100 parts of dry material. This vapor pressure curve is characteristic of all hygro scopic materials, although the corresponding percentages of moisture in the material vary-widely with the nature of the material. The absolute vapor pressure of the moisture in the material is, as previously stated, dependent Upon the temperature of the material, as well as upon its hygroscopic moisture content. Material that is exposed to an atmosphere having a lower vapor pressure than that of the moisture in the material, the hygroscopic moisture will tend to evaporate from the material until an equilibrium in vapor tension FIG. 3. VAPOR PRESSURE OF MOISTURE IN AMERICAN COTTON AT 77 DEG. FATIR. between the moisture in the material, and the moisture in the at mosphere is reached. In this process sensible heat is absorbed either from the material or the atmosphere or both anti converted into latent heat of the water vapor released. Conversely, when the vapor tension in the material is lower than that of the surrounding atmosphere moisture is actually absorbed by the material from the atmosphere until the two vapor pressures are equalized. In this absorption process the water vapor is actually condensed into a liquid within the material and the latent heat of absorption is lib erated, raising both the temperature of the material and of the sur rounding, air a corresponding amount. This is an effect often over looked by engineers. A dry product will liberate heat very rapidly in the absorption of moisture and in some cases so rapidly as .to in jure the product when there is a high temperature of the saturated 74 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 atmosphere. In moistening the material air has to be supplied for removing the latent heat of absorption as well as to supply the nec essary moisture. Rate of Evaporation and Absorption.--Some years ago the writer made a series of tests to determine the laws governing the rate of evaporation from a free water surface. It was found that there were three controlling factors which determined this rate of evapora- . tion:-- FIG. 4. CURVES SHOWING B.T.U. TRANSMISSION BY EVAPORATION FROM WATER SURFACE ' With various velocities of air per inch pressure difference (mercury) in vapor pressure in air and vapor pressure of water (as determined by Carrier---1913-14) Jst, The vapor tension of the water corresponding to its tempera ture ; 1 2nd, The vapor tension of the moisture in the air corresponding to: its absolute moisture content or dew point temperature; jrd, The effective velocity of air over the surface . It was found that both in still air and under constant conditions of air velocity that the rate of evaporation from the surface was proportional to the difference in vapor pressure between the air and water regardless of the temperatures of the air. The evaporation from an unheated water surface at constant air velocity would be in direct proportion to the difference in vapor tensions corresponding respectively to the dew point of the air and to wet bulb temperature Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 75 of the air. It will be seen by referring to the psychrometric for mula, that the difference of the vapor tensions is nearly proportional to the difference between the wet and dry bulb temperatures for all atmospheric conditions. Therefore, the rate of evaporation from an unheated water surface at a given air velocity is practically pro portional to the wet bulb depression regardless of the temperature. It was also found that for a constant difference of vapor pressures, the rate of evaporation started with a fixed minimum in still air and increased from this point in direct proportion as the air velocity was increased. The rate of evaporation from a free water surface at 7,--- r o-- o-- 5 V 0-- < / ,7 7 \jt / La s / * AA i iitt7 0 -- (f yi A/ * * v* 7 . K* u too aX> 300 400 500 600 TOO aOO 900 IOOO HOO 1200 A3\OL AIOC 1500 1600 Air Velocity in Feetper Minute over Eyoporator FIG- 5. HEAT TRANSMISSION BY EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE OF WET BULB EVAPORATOR (WITH TRANSVERSE FLOW) As determined by B. H. Coffey and Geo. A. Home, 1916 varying velocities per inch difference of vapor, pressure as obtained by these experiments is shown by Fig. 4. From this it will be seen that the rate of evaporation from a free water surface with parallel air flow may be simply expressed numerically as follows:-- (95 + 0.425 V) G -- ---------------------- -(ew^ea); r .. and with transverse air flow as follows: . (201 + 0.88F) . G =--------- :--:------------ (c,,.-- <?,,) (approx.) r 76 Am. Soc. of Heat .-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 where G -- the pounds of water evaporated per sq. ft. per hr.; e,, -- the vapor pressure in inches of mercury corresponding to the temperature of the water; = the vapor pressure of the moisture in the air; . V -- the longitudinal velocity of the air in feet per minute; r = the latent heat of evaporation. The way the air current is applied to the surface will make a very marked difference in the coefficient of velocity. A similar determination, although based entirely on wet bulb tem peratures of the water was made by B. H. Coffey and George A. Home (see Fig. 5). The results of these experiments were pre sented before The American Society of Refrigerating Engineers in 1917. The surface which they used was not a flat horizontal surface and this accounted for their getting somewhat different values from those of the writer. The writer's data, however, were most cer tainly well verified by the large number of tests made and the wide ranges of temperature of water used. The test was also made in air in which the temeprature and humidity were automatically regu lated to a constant artificial condition. This gives very good data for calculating the rates of evaporation from a free water surface with known humidity and velocity conditions of the air, and from porous materials which contain moisture in excess the maximum hygroscopic moisture content. ... The above data may also be made to apply to the calculation of the rate of removal of hygroscopic moisture from material, providmg that the vapor pressure corresponding to the moisture content of the material and to its temperature is known.- The'temperature of the wet material will remain practically at the wet bulb tempera ture until all of the free moisture is evaporated; then its temperature will gradually rise until the vapor pressure in the material corres ponding to the vapor pressure in the surrounding air and the ma terial is at the same temperature as the dry bulb temperature of the surrounding air. Curve I on Fig. 6 indicates the temperature of the material of known hygroscopic quality, namely cotton, at different percentages of moisture content and subjected to a current of air having a dry bulb temperature of 100 deg. and an observed wet bulb temperature of 70 deg., with a corresponding dew point of 52.9 deg. and a vapor pressure corresponding to its moisture content of 0.4033 in. of mer cury. This shows how. the temperature of the material rises as the material loses its moisture content and the vapor pressure of the moisture in the tnaterial approaches the'vapor pressure in'the air. It is this tendency of vapor pressures to equalize that permits of Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 V uniform drying of dense and thick materials, such as wood, pottery, etc. As the evaporation from the materials falls off to a small point owing to the free moisture from the surface having been removed, the temperature of the material tends to rise to the dry bulb tem perature; then the vapor pressure of the free moisture inside the material tends- to approach the vapor pressure corresponding to the dry bulb temperature of the air, which is very much higher than the FIG. 6. EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT UPON THE TEMPERATURE AND RATE OF DRYING OF MATERIAL For American Cotton with air temperature of 100 deg. fahr. (dry bulb) and 70 deg. fahr. (wet bulb) vapor pressure corresponding to the dew point or even than the vapor pressure corresponding to the wet bulb temperature. This is an actual pressure difference producing diffusion of water vapor and tending to re-establish the equalization of vapor pressures within and without the material. ft will be found by referring to high pressure psychrometric charts, such as those which have been prepared by the writer, that the differences of vapor pressures corresponding to dry bulb tem peratures and to dew -points respectively, increase very rapidly with the temperature with constant relative humidities so that the rate of diffusion of moisture through, dense materials goes on many times as W Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 rapidly at the high temperatures which are obtained in dry kilns even with high relative humidities than under conditions that obtain at normal atmospheric conditions. Practical operation of'dry rooms would seem to. show that diffusion of moisture is also facilitated by keeping the material in a rather moist hygroscopic state. Curve II on Fig. 6 shows the relative rate of evaporation of hygro scopic moisture in cotton compared with the rate of evaporation with free moisture. It is interesting to note what happens at mois ture contents less than that corresponding to the vapor pressure of the air. At a moisture content of 3.7 parts per hundred, the vapor pressure of the moisture in. the material and the temperature are the same as that of the air and the rate of evaporation is zero. At moisture contents of material below this point, the rate of evapora tion becomes negative, i.e., there is absorption of moisture. For example, the rate of absorption with material containing two parts of moisture is exactly as rapid as the drying which occurs'when the material contains 6.3 parts of moisture. The temperature of the material, however, will be higher than the dry bulb temperature of the air. In this particular case it would be 118 deg., while with 6.3 parts of moisture content the temperature'of'the`material would be 82 deg. These relations may easily be worked out for any known material and any hygroscopic condition. . The. rate of evaporation, of course, will vary with the velocity exactly as it does with the free moisture surface, except where the diffusion of moisture is slower than the normal rate of evaporation. ' When this point is reached, increased air velocities will be of slight advantage. The formulae by which the temperature of material and the rate of evaporation in a dry material may be calculated are as follows:-- where t (tnem--e) / -- fm ------------------ a =. the temperature of the air ; .. - fm = the temperature of the material; tn = the per cent of vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature and to the per cent of moisture in the material; em = the vapor pressure corresponding to the saturation at the temperature tm; tnem = therefore, the vapor pressure of the moisture in the material in the process of evaporation ; Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineets Gjice. 1922 79 C '=: the psychrometric coefficient and is determined as follows: P--e C= 69500 . 2920 ------------------------------ (- 0:054 (t -- t') 80 + tp -- The relative rate of evaporation or of absorption compared with that of a free water surface is: mem -- e t -- /m e' -- e t -- t1 Many hygroscopic materials are very easily injured in drying, as for example, hard wood, ceramic ware, macaroni, paper, leather, etc. It has been usual to avoid injury by slow drying, b.ut this is not at all necessary, neither is it at all effective. Material can be injured in slow drying if the moisture conditions are not right and it is much more apt to.be injured by slow drying at low temperatures without regulation than by rapid drying under properly regulated conditions. There are two especially critical stages in the drying of all such products. The first stage is in the removal of the free moisture and a proportion of the hygroscopic moisture. This should be done at high humidities which will keep the materials pliable and prevent cracking, checking, warping or brittleness. The next critical point in the drying is the point at which normal regain of moisture content is to be secured at the end of the process of drying. Many processes of drying injure the product by the removal of moisture, far beyond the point which occurs under, normal atmospheric conditions. Another point is that materials do not exhibit the proper elasticity, flexibility, appearance, etc., when dried to an excessive degree. In many cases the manufacturer loses considerable in the market value of his product owing to the fact that he is selling it at a weight which is below normal owing to the excessive removal of moisture. It ha been found possible to determine and control automatically the moisture content of 'hygroscopic materials to a remarkable'de gree of accuracy in the final stages of drying and conditioning and also to secure a perfectly uniform distribution of moisture through out all parts of the product, which is also, usually essential. StTMMARY It has been shown that:-- 1. The psychrometric wet bulb temperature and temperature of evaporation-are substantially identical,----------- _________ . 60 Am. Soc. of HeaE.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 . 2. In fan system tunnel dryers and in humidifiers, the wet bulb fem- . perature remains' constant throughout, while the dry bulb- tem perature gradually falls to the wet bulb temperature when the air becomes saturated.- 3. The wet bulb temperature and temperature of evaporation are dependent simple physical relations of moisture density spe cific heat and density of air, and latent heat of evaporation, 4. The above relation may be conveniently expressed in simplified terms of vapor pressure, temperature and barometric pressure by two psychrometric equations, one of which holds for all temperatures and humidities above 32 deg. fahr. and for all barometrical pressures, the other for all wet bulb temperatures below 32 deg. fahr. 5. The wet bulb temperature or evaporation temperature is most important from the standpoint of air conditioning, as it deter mines the total heat content of the air, and any change in heat content is indicated by a corresponding change in wet bulb temperature. 6. The vapor pressure exerted by moisture in hygroscopic materials is discussed and it has been shown that the vapor pressure of hygroscopic moisture varies with the moisture content and with the temperature. 7. Experimental data has been given on the rate of evaporation from a free water surface at various air velocities and the . means for calculating the same have been indicated. - 8. A method for calculating the comparative jrates of evaporation of hygroscopic moisture in materials has been developed. 9 The fundamental principles underlying the drying or moisten- in of materials with air are shown to be based on vapor pressure and upon the wet bulb temperature or temperature of evapora tion. 10. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that the underlying prin ciples and data herein given, while exact of themselves, cannot except in a few limited cases be directly applied in cal culating the performance of the numerous types of dryers upon the market. These data must necessarily be-supplemented by practical tests upon each type of dryer or system of air circu lation. The chief value of these data is that they permit a rational interpretation of the results obtained in practice and permit very accurate determinations of the variation in results which will be secured by varying the conditions of drying, such as air velocity, temperature and humidity. APPENDIX The following data is used in the determination of the theoretical wet bulb or temperature of evaporation.. In the fundamental formula; r'fV' -- C,,a (t~n W -- -------------;----- ;------:-------- r> + C,, (t--f) and for wet bulb temperatures below 32 deg.: (r' + 144) W - (/ -- O W ------------------------------------ --=-------- (r' +' 144) + Cp* (.(--/) ' W' is determined from the formula: Se? where W' -- the weight of water contained in 1 lb. of dry air at saturation, at temperature t'; S ~ the specific weight of water vapor at the tempera ture t'; P -- the barometric pressure; e' -- the. vapor pressure in inches of mercury at f. The values of e are taken from the tables of Marks and Davis above 32 deg. and the values determined by Prof. C. F. Marvin below 32 deg. The values of S are determined from the corresponding volume, tables in which the errors have been eliminated by plotting a curve. This curve gives the formula for S in terms of e as follows: . . S= 0.6221 + 0.001S y/e -f- 0.IM04U5 e1-TM The theoretical value of S is 0.6221, which has been used by the -Government. It will be seen, however, that this rises considerably with the vapor pressure and temperature. The instantaneous heat of air is CPa -- 0.24024 + 0.000009 i deg. fahr. This is approximately the same value which the writer quoted from W. F. G. Swann (Phil. Trans.. Royal Soc., series A, vol. 210, pp. j99-238, 1909) in the writer's-paper before The American Society 81 . Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 , of Mechanical Engineers in 1911. The determination of the con stant, however, which was slightly lower (0.24024 instead of 0.24112) is the value obtained by Holbom in his experiments in Ger many in 1913. These determinations were made with the greatest accuracy and substantially confirm the/values obtained by Swann, which were considerably higher than the old value determined by Regnault of 0.2375. The instantaneous specific heat of water vapor is taken from the approximate straight line equation for the lower degrees of C,, = 0.4340 -j- 0.0135 t deg. fahr. as determined by Langen and approved by Goodenough. Both the specific heat for steam and air were taken at a temperature corres ponding to the mean between t and t'. The value of r is taken from the tables of Marks and Davis above 32 deg. The values of r below 32 deg. are assumed to conform to the practically straight line equation for values of r below 100 deg., which is as follows: . r = 1091 -- 0.57 t. The latent heat of vaporization of ice below 32 deg. is taken as r = 144, or 1235 -- 0.57 t. COMPARISON OF PIPE COILS AND CAST IRON SECTIONS FOR WARMING AIR By John R. Allen HE object' of this paper is to present to the designing engineer T data as to the comparative effects of pipe coils or cast iron sections as types of radiation, which will be useful in laying out a ventilating system. The conclusions reached are: first, that the condensation in pounds per square foot per hour for both pipe coils and cast iron sur faces depends, in properly designed surfaces, upon the friction of the coil; and, second, that the friction of pipe coils varies as the velocity to the 1.9 power and in cast iron sections as the square. The author gives a detailed report of his experiments with charts and tables computed from the data obtained showing the results which should be obtained from either type of surface under any specific conditions. As a result of his observations the author gives the following conclusions: conclusions _ It will be noticed in comparing the examples for pipe coil and cast iron surfaces that similar resistance gives almost the same condensation. If the difference in temperature in both cases had been taken as 119 deg., the condensation would have been almost identically the same; it would vary in the two cases by less than 2 per cent. Velocities are, however, quite different, the cast iron surface having a velocity 11 per cent, less than the pipe coil. If this same operation is repeated for a great many different conditions for both pipe coil and cast iron surfaces, it will be found that in all cases equal frictions give almost identical condensations, while, as the friction varies as the 1.9 power of the velocity, the velocities will necessarily show considerable variation. The condensation of a coil is the measure of its heating effect and the efficiency of a coil is approximately 100 per cent. This, therefore, shows that the heating effect of a blast heater surface--properly designed--depends upon the friction of the coil and not upon the catalogue velocities, and that in properly designed coils it is better to compare various coils by their friction losses than by velocities and free air areas. For the designing engineer it would be better to assume friction in selecting a coil than to assume velocity. This being the case, it is immaterial where the free air area of a coil is taken, as the friction depends upon theItvoisluomfecooufrsaeirppoassssibinleg ttohrocuognhstrtuhcet caoipl.oorly designed heater either in pipe coi1 or cast iron sections in which condensation will not be proportional to friction. In one case, the areas in the coils might be so open that the air could pass through the. coil without, being materially heated. It is also possible to construct a coil in which the friction would be excessive, in which case there would be a loss of effectiveness due to excessive eddy currents. In any coils properly designed the condensation should be proportional to the friction through the heater and were it possible to construct a perfect design of coil, this relation would be absolutely true. In the design of ventilating systems many engineers and architects have not given sufficient attention to the friction of air passing through the heater. The results of this paper would, seem to show that the friction through the heater is the most important consideration in the selection of a heater. Good practice requires that the friction of the heater should not exceed more than one-half the total pressure pro duced by the fan. If the heater friction is too high, excess pressure must be produced *by the fan to overcome this friction, requiring additional power to drive the fan. This additional power means an extra charge which is an operating expense and must be paid throughout the whole operating life of the plant. If the friction is taken too low, then the coil becomes ineffective arid a much larger coil must be used than is necessary to produce the heating effect desired. The heating resistance of the heater should be proportioned to the piping resistance or to the total pressure produced by the fan. The exact proportion that should be used has, as far as I know, only been roughly approximated. 83 THEORY OF HEAT LOSSES FROM PIPES BURIED DEEPLY IN THE GROUND ay JOHN K. Au.EN HE author-, realizing the small amount of information available on the subject T' of heat losses from pipes buried in the ground, presented a complete mathemathical analysis of heat losses from such pipes, and gives partial experi mental data as a check to his deductions, proving the theories advanced substantially correct. As a result of his analysis, the author draws the following conclusions: 1. (a) That the heat loss from a pipe is not proportional to the external surface of the pipe. The heat loss per square foot of pipe in small pipes is very much larger than the heat loss per square foot in large pipes. 2. (a) That the heat loss from a pipe is not inversely proportional to the thickness of the covering and the larger the pipe the thicker the covering that can be economically used. - Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 85 First--As the diameter of the pipe increases the desirable thickness of covering used should bo increased. With small pipes, 1 in. thickness will ordinarily be all that would be economical; but with larger pipe it may be economical, depending on commercial conditions, to increase the thickness to 2 in. and oyer. Second.---In multiple covering, the better covering should be placed next to the pipe and the poorer covering outside in order to insure the minimum heat transmission. The author presents many interesting charts showing the relative effect of pipe sizes, depth of burying, thickness of covering, etc., on the heat loss. 3. (a) That the depth to which a covered pipe is buried in the soil makes 'very little difference in the heat loss, provided the center of the pipe is 2 ft. or more below the ground surface. Beyond 2 ft. in depth, unless die pipes are very large, the heat loss from the pipes remains substantially the same for all depths. . . ' 4. (a) That the heat loss from a pipe is not proportional to the conductivity of the covering, as the conductivity of the ground is as important a factor in the heat losses as the conductivity of the covering. . (b) That poor covering in dry ground will give better results than good covering is wet ground. It is not possible, therefore, to guarantee the heat loss from a covering in the ground, as such a guarantee involves guaranteeing the conductivity of the ground. As a result of the discussion which followed the presentation of this paper, the author presented another paper and added the following conclusions derived from his analysis: 84 FIG. 2 Fig. 1 shows the ground temperatures at various distances from a 3 in. bare pipe buried 5 ft. 6 in. in the ground with a pipe temperature of 165 deg. fahr. Fig. 2 illustrates the comparative effect of the pipe size on the heat loss from \he bare pipes buried deeply, computed from the following equation derived by the author Ink 0,--u) H= - 1E ~ where H equals the heat loss per linear foot of pipe; h, the average temperature of . the ground at a point not affected by temperature of the pipe; rj, distance from center of pipe to point where t. is taken; ri, the radius of the pipe in feet, and k, the conductivity of the ground in B.t.u. per hr; per deg. fahr. difference of temperature per foot of thickness, k is approximately 0.2 for dry ground and 0.9 for wet ground. For the purposes of this chart, the following values were substituted in the equation : t,= 22S f. = 50 r, = 40 r, = variable k = 0.89 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 19*22 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 87 In determining rt, the author derives the equation for any isothermal t, in the ground at the distance r which will have the temperature t. '. t\ log -- 4- t* log -- t=-------- ---------------- ~ log n Eig. 3 shows similar curves for a pipe covered with 1 in. infusorial earth buried deeply in the ground for steam temperature of 225 deg. fahr. with a conductivity factor of 0.04 for the covering. Fig. 5 shows the effect of burying pipes at different depths and shows' that below 2 ft. there is little effect on the heat loss. Thickness of Covering in Inches Fig. 4 shows heat losses for various thickness of covering for a 3 in. pipe buried deeply in the ground; using for the basis for calculation, T=:225, = 0.89 for wet earth and 0.212 for dry earth and a conductivity factor of 0.04 for covering material. The curves show that for wet ground, the heat loss reduces very rapidly as the thickness of the covering increases up to 2 in. and from 2 in. up, the increase is quite gradual. For dry ground, the effect of increasing the thickness of covering, is much mdre gradual and above \ in. it becomes almost nothing : ._ Fig. 6 shows the relation of coverings of different conductivity to the heat loss in dry and wet ground. ^ Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 Fig. 7 shows graphically the effect of different sizes of pipe with different thicknesses of covering on the heat loss. In the paper as presented before the Society, the author gives complete mathe matical derivations for all cases and for different types of covering such as those made up of several materials and those which are made of various materials com bined with air spaces. > For the complete paper (See Transactions; Volume 26, page 335, 1920). WATER PIPE SIZES FOR PLUMBING FIXTURES, BRANCHES AND MAINS . By Walter S. Timmis, New York, N. Y. Member ' . HE lack of data upon which to base water pipe sizes for plumbing Tfixtures, branches and mains is probably due.to the great number of variables which enter into their proper determination. Plumbing fixtures in common use, having what is known as good water flow, deliver the quantities of water per outlet as given in the accompany ing Table 1. . PLUMBING .- TABLE 1. SUPPLY SIZES FOR FIXTURES AND MAXIMUM FLOW IN' GALLONS PER MINUTE. ' Water Closets Gal. per min...................... ' Pipe size .......... Gal. per min....................... Pipe size .......................... Number of Fixtures . 1 2 4 8 12 16 ' 24 32 40 . S 16 24 48 60 80 96 128 150 Tanks 4 4 1 li li -It 2 2 2 30 50 80 120 140 160 200 250 300 Flush 1 II IT 2 2 2 24 24 24 Valves Urinals . Gal. per min...................... Pipe size .......................... Gal. per min....................... Pipe size .......................... 6 12 20 32 4 4 1 14 .'5 37 45 75 1 14 14 34 ' . 42 56 72 90 120 Tanks 14 14 14 2 2 85 100 125 150 175 Flush 14 2 2 2 2 Valves Lavatories and Wash Sinks --based upon each faucet Gal. per min.......... ........... Pipe size ... .......... 4 8 12 24 30 40 48 64 75 4 4 4 1 1 14 14 14 14 ' . Bath Tubs Gal. per min....................... Pipe size .......................... ' 15 30 40 80 96 112 144 192 240 4 1 U 14 2 2 2 24 24 Shower Baths . Gal. per min....................... Pipe size ......................... 8 16 32 64 96 128' 192 256 320 8" rain 4 4 14 14 .2 2 24 24 3 heacf Acid and Slop Sinks, Manu- . facturing, Kitchen and ' Laundry Gal. per min........................ 15 25 40 64. 84 96 120 150 200 per bibb ** Pipe size ........................... 4 1 14 14 14 2 22-24 per bibb * NOTE.--The above sizes are based upon a pressure drop of 30 ib, per' 100 ft. In estimating risers and mains, tbe number of gallons for W.C. and urinals where flush . valves are used, are to be as given for tanks. . . The hot water faucets arc to be disregarded when estimating risers and mains. For presentation at the Semi-Annual Meeting of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Buffalo and Detroit, June, 1922. 89 90 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 Water flowing in pipes is retarded by friction, the extent of which depends upon the velocity; this amount of friction is very great and is the cause of unsatisfactory service when pipes are too small. The amount of head necessary to overcome this friction is known as the friction head, which is usually expressed in feet. It is also known as pressure drop, usually expressed in lbs. per sq. in. per 100 ft. of pipe. The source of water supplies for most buildings is below the fixtures and comes from street mains which deliver water at varying pressures on various floors; the pressure necessary to raise water from the point of entry or supply to the uppermost fixture is called the static pressure, if referred to in pounds, and the amount of elevation in feet is called the static head; the total pressure needed to discharge a given quantity of water is the pressure necessary to overcome friction in the pipes (when horizontal) plus the static pressure when the discharge is higher than the supply. . Pipes may be sized for giving any desired pressure drop per 100 ft. of run by using Table 5, from 5 lb. up to 150 lb. per sq. in. (column 4), and any pipe sizes from in. to 4 in. If the length of pipe under con sideration is longer or shorter than 100 ft., the pressure drop will be proportionately greater or less than the pressure drop used. For instance, if the pressure drop is 10 lb. for 100 ft. of run, it will be 20 lb. for 200 ft. and only 5 lb. for 50 ft. of length. If the total pressure drop on 300 ft. of pipe should not exceed 15 lb., use the 5 lb. per 100 ft. pressure table--see column 4 Table 5. ' Table 5, column 1, gives the vertical rise in feet to any fixture up to 150 ft. in height; column 2, gives the static head in lb. per sq. in. corre sponding with the vertical rise, while column 3 gives the static head plus 15 lb. which appears to be desirable for the top floor of a building having fixtures located not more than 50 ft. away from thejnain riser. The pressures shown in. column 3 do not include any allowance for friction in the main riser and these values would be greater by 1 lb. for every 10 ft. on the basis of a 10 lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. The underlying principle involved in determining the proper pipe sizes for mains, risers and branches is to so regulate the sizes of these pipes that they will carry the maximum amount of water required of them and absorb by friction and static head, all the pressure at.the source and still deliver water at the fixture in sufficient quantity but at a pressure prac tically equalling zero or slightly above except that due to velocity of flow through the fixture. ,, . '. The accompanying Table 1 gives the amount of water in gallons which should flow per minute for the number of fixtures indicated of each dif- . ferent type, together with the branch pipe size necessary to carry this amount of water with a pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. of run. The volume of water required per fixture is reduced as the number of fixtures in each group is increased, to take care of the factor of probable use. ' Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide. (922 Fixture TABLE 2. SIZES OF WATER SUPPLY BRANCHES Number of Fixtures 1 2 4 8 12 Water Closet With Flush Valves ................ Urinals ... 1 * 1 u u u Ii li ... 1 i i u u n u li Lavatories and Washing Sinks * Slop and Acid, Manufacturing and Laundry Sinks, per ........................... .... i i1i i U li i li ii i 1 li li ii 16 11 li li 2 TABLE 3. WATER RISERS FOR MANUFACTURING BUILDINGS, apartment houses, hotels LOFT buildings, Estimate gallons per minute by Table 1--Table of Supply Sizes for Fixtures, and assume the amount so determined is 100 gal. Take 60 per cent for top floor. For each lower floor add 60 per cent of its total and deduct 10 per cent of the combined floors above, down to 40 per cent Thus: Pipe size with 10 lb. drop 10th floor 10 & 9 10 & 9 & 8 10 to 7 incl. 10 " 6 10 " 5 10 " 4 10 " 3 10 " 2 10 " 1 Select from Table 5 pipe 100 gals. 200 x .60 300 x .60 400 x .60 500 x .60 600 x .60 700 x .60 800 x .60 900 x .60 1000 x .60 size for pressure 60% = 60 90% - 108 80% = 144 70% = 168 60% = 180 50% = 180 40% = 184 40% = 192 40% = 216 40% = 240 drop selected, using V 2%" 2%" 3" 3" 3" 3" 3" 3" 3" preferably 10 lb. drop per 100 ft. . TABLE 4. FOR RESIDENCES Use Table 1 and for the main supply use 25 per cent of total of gallons used by fixtures and then take pipe size from Table 5 on a basis of 10 lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. or less if water supply pressure is less than 50 lb. The pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. of run wilt give satisfactory results for branches on the top floor but a higher pressure drop can be used on floors below corresponding with the pressures as given in Table 5 which show that for a building 100 ft. in height, a pressure drop of 100 lb. can be used on the fixture branches and that for a building 50 ft. in. height, a pressure drop of 75 lb. can be used on the fixture branches; Table 1, however, can be used with safety on any of the floors but will give pipe sizes larger than necessary for the lower floors in a very tall 92 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 3! <M cp oo tj- o mO\ioO"<-NO CM CN ro vn VO t-v CO N O t}-v CM OO tT w ^ CM "3- M- lo 3 CAgV-M'OOtN.COiO Stgj O-H^N^CiAvl-Ci'MOcOOfO^ u N^OOIO^'ON <u ON cocgiofsON c2 OnfO'Orrrv'Oj-iNVCO OVOOvo\ rn O' oo r^.Tt- o ^ '-J' --< CM CM co> U% VO 8 CM rjCM ^ VO oO CM >o ts O in t\ a..2 .c2j3a uU .52 =2 "* o a, c. S I .s 3---*0vo "S eoex uS rO .5 c.oT--S & O --T3S u SjSafi;o- S OCo.xUi _*o 2 bo -- tEis.O\0 '-"CMCMfOTOfora-Tj-ioiO^'O ,, C^ F u-2.gf "g sg "|d-g=S --^2^1 slun-<7O&-=; o d a c Oi t226*vcC(>aQ. "|2| = SS -C- ^ uu (y oOo)1*_- *"" a 52 5*2 *,.oo fot %o rrzt g5 as H'oS\"*f JCr).a- .--o1 .ve u jtsi o 2 t^S^ r-t w 2 U 7i 2 H u, t> 2Sg?ggooooooo Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 93 The water supply formula herewith makes it possible to accurately compute the flow of water in gallons through any pipe with any friction head and also gives formula for the additional head due to water entering the main, which, if extremely accurate calculations are necessary, should be added to the head required for friction; generally, however, this can be neglected as it is comparatively small. TABLE 6--SHOWING WATER PRESSURE REQUIRED TO DELIVER WATER TO TOP OF VERTICAL RISER WITH 15 LB. PRESSURE AT THE TOP BRANCH Vertical rise of water from main to highest fixture branch. Static head in lb. per sq. in. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 0 4.33 8.66 12.99 17.32 21.65 25.99 30.32 34.65 38.98 43.31 47.64 51.97 56.30 60.63 . 64.96 Water pressure in lbs. :required to deliver water to top of riser with 15 lb. terminal pressure. 5 lb. 15 20.5 25 29.5 35 39.5 44 49.5 54 58.5 64 . 68.5 73 77.5 83 87.5 Pressure drop per 100 ft. 7 lb. 10 lb. 15 15 20.7 21 25.4 26 - 30.1 31 35.8 37 40.5 42 . 45.2 47 50.9 53 55.6 58 60.3 63 66 69 70.7 74 75.J 79 80.1 84 85.9 . 90 90.5 95 20 lb. 15 22 28 34 41 47 53 60 64 72 79 85 91 97 104 110 NOTE: The water pressures given in above table are the pressures at the base of the riser, necessary to deliver water to top of riser with a terminal pressure of 15 lb., when discharging the number of gallons per minute called for in. Table 5, at the pressure drop indicated. . The.following examples will be given, using Table 5: Example: * What are the sizes'required for mains and branches in a building -100 ft. high, supplied with a water pressure of 75 lb. per sq. in. with 100 gal. of water per minute required on each floor? This is worked put in Table 3 and gives the pipe sizes for the main riser with a , 10 lb. drop for 100 ft. of run and shows that a 3 in. main, reduced to 2 in., would be acquired: branches to the various groups of fixtures can be taken from Table 5 from which it will be seen that on the top floor it will be necessary to use a IVz in. branch to carry 75 gal. per min. with a pressure drop of 30 lb. but that at 50 ft. vertically from the supply, a 1% in. branch pipe will carry 74 gal. per minute, therefore 1% in. pipe could be selected for this branch. Assuming that the pres sure drop in the main riser is 10 lb. per 100 ft. run and the pressure drop on the top floor in the branch does not exceed 15 lb. in all and the static head for building 100 ft. as given in column 2 of Table 5 is 43.31 lb. making a total of 58.31 lb.; it will be seen that 75 lb. -- 58.31 lb., which equals 16.59 lb., is the amount of pressure over and above that required, and that this pressure can be utilized to overcome the friction drop in the main feed line running from the source of supply to the base of the riser. . From Table 3 it is found that 240 gal. per min. will flow at the first floor, and assuming that this water supply is to be brought in a main 300 ft. long; the .table of 5 lb. drop of Table 6 may be used, which will show that a 3% in. supply would be necessary. . Table % is a condensed form of Table 1, omitting the number of gallons per fixture, carrying the number of fixtures from 1 to 16. - _ 94 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 Table 3 gives a method for computing the sizes of mains and risers and the pipe sizes given are based upon a pressure drop in the main riser of 10 lb. per 100 ft. of run; other values such as 5 lb. or 7 lb. can be used from Table 5 if it is found advisable on account of very long runs. It will be seen that 60 per cent of the total amount of water required for all the fixtures on any floor is given as the factor of use and that a further reduction is made by deducting 10 per cent on each floor below the top floor until 40 per cent is reached. This of course is a matter of judgment and experience, but the volume of flow will be adequate for the average case; providing the pipe sizes selected are ample for the drop in pressure admissable. WHEN TANK IS ON ROOF If tank is elevated-about 35 ft. above highest fixture, which would be about 25 ft. above the roof, all the computations given herein will apply for branch connections and main risers except that the main riser will have its greatest diameter atthe top. It will beseen that 35ft. elevation will give the necessary 15 lb. pressure at the highest fixture. FRICTION IN ELBOWS Friction caused by elbows should be added to straight pipe friction. Each elbow in a line will add friction equal to a length of straight pipe at forty times the diameter of the pipe approximately as follows: Pipe size ........................... % Equivalent length of . straight pipe in feet.. 2.5 1 1% 1% 3.3 4.1 5 2 2% 3 3% 4 5 8.3 10 11.7 13.3 The pressure loss due to friction in the main leading to base of riser , can readily be added to the pressure required at the base of a riser, thus: Required--the size of riser and main for a 10-story building 100 ft. high where the water use per floor as given by Table 1 for fixtures aggregates 100 gal. per floor: The computations as given in Table 3 show that the water flow re quired on the various floors is as follows: . table 7. GIVING EXAMPLE OF RISER SIZES FOR DIFFERENT PRESSURE DROPS PER 100 '. RUN Floor Gal. per min. 51b. 71b. 101b. 201b. 10 60 . 2 2 2 . U 9 108 2i 21 21 11 8 144 3 3 21 Z 7 168 31 3 3 21 6 180 31 3 3 21 5 180 - . 31 3 3 21 . 4 184 31 3 3 21 " 3 192 31 3 3 21 2 216 3} 3 3 21 1 '240 31 31 3 21 If the system of mains and risers is based upon 10 lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. run, the pressure required at base of-riser when water is flow ing will be 69 lb., see Table 6 at TOO ft. height; or at 00 lb. drop it would be 79 lb. while at 5 lb. drop it would only be 64 lb. Pressure required at the main 100 ft. away with,10 lb. drop per 100 ft. _vyould be.69_-R IO = 79 lb. or-50-ft.away-69H-5 = 74 lb, , -7'--1 -7 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 ' WATER SUPPLY FORMULA 95 Cu. ft. per min. discharged Gal. per min. discharged Friction head of water in feet = pressure X 2.31; if water is raised vertically, deduct number of feet raised, from head due to pressure. Length of pipe in feet--including horizontal and vertical runs. j (3d)5 X 3 H CF = 0.16 \--------- ------------- (1) G = 1-2 j (3d)5 X3H \ .L x x(0.16 CFy - H -- ----------------------------- (3d)5 (1.2 G)2 XL H =----------------------(3d)5 (2) (3) (4) The above formula neglect the head due to entry, which need not be computed except when L is very short.' Hx -- head due to entry in feet. 0.83 G /0.16 CF Hx: d2X 13 or Wx= (-----------\d2 X 13 Example-- Required the discharge of a 2 in. main with pressure 30 lb. 100 ft. horizontal run and 30 ft. vertical run. H = 30 X 2-31 -- 30 = 39.3 t-___ 1_ /o\ n In the above case the head due to entry would be ( 0.83 X 100.8 \ 2 f, = ---------------------- = 2.56 ft. \ 2 X 2 X 13 / Usually this can be neglected except for very close calculations. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WARM AIR FURNACE HEATING By F, R. Still, Detroit, Mich. . Member OME years ago the furnace manufacturers formed an organization S known as the National Warm Air Heating & Ventilating Asso- ciation. In 1918 this association entered into an agreement with the University of Illinois to have the latter conduct experiments on warm air furnaces. The University has rendered three reports in bulletin form known as Nos. 112, 117 and 120. The last report, which was presented to the meeting of the association at Cleveland, April 19-20, 1922, has not yet been published. The work so far completed at the University has made. available; a wealth of valuable data which never before was obtainable. With this data in hand it is now possible to calculate the size and performance of a furnace with about the same degree of accu racy as the size and performance of a steam or hot water boiler can be determined. The unfortunate part, however, is that very few of those who have access to the reports know how to make practical use of the data given in them and these reports have been confined almost entirely to the members of the furnace manufacturers association, who have made no effort to see that they are distributed among their agents and dealers so that they could take advantage of their practical value should they be so inclined. . Like our own Society, this association has a Warm Air Furnace Code Committee which has been struggling long and arduously in an endeavor to reconcile all the) elements so as to get them to agree on a standard code. This committee submitted-a report at the last'meeting and a code was adopted. It is not perfect any more than was the first report on the boiler code, which was submitted to our Society, but it is a step in the right direction,: is founded on the right principles and can be modified and amended at subsequent meetings. Beyond a doubt it will eventually be perfected when all the members of the association become more fa miliar with it and understand the benefits to be derived by having a standard which is followed by everybody. For presentation. at the Semi-Annual Meeting of American Society of Heating and Ven tilating Engineers, Buffalo and Detroit, June, 1922. . . 96 Am.Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 97 The formula adopted in the code for determining the size of the leaders, or pipes from the furnace to the various flues and registers was devised by P. J. Dougherty, engineer of the International Heater Co., a member of our Society and also on the Research Committee of the association referred to previously. It is very simple and is based on experimental engineering data taken from the report issued by the University of Illinois. It has been checked by application to certain test problems covering quite a wide range of capacities and it has been found accurate, conservative and reliable. The rule proposed by Mr. Dougherty is based on the following: Outside temperature zero deg. fahr. , Inside temperature 70 deg. fahr. " . Heat loss per hour per sq. ft. of exposed wall surface of ordinary frame construction ... 25 B.t.u. (0.36 x 70 = 25.2 B.t.u.) Heat loss per sq. ft. of glass per hour............ 83 B.t.u. (1.18 x 70 = 82.6 B.t.u.) Heat loss per cu. ft. air space in a room, allow ing one air change per hour ............ ......... 1.25 B.t.u. (0.075 x.0.238 x 70 = 1.25 B.t.u.) If 1000 is divided by each of the factors, the result will give the square feet of wall surface, the square feet of glass surface, and the cubic feet of space, respectively, to equal 1000 B.t.u. loss per hour. 1000 For example ------ = 40 sq. ft. of wall surface per M. B.t.u. ' 25 1000 ------ = 12 sq. ft. of glass surface per M. B.t.u. 83 1000 ------ = 800 cu. ft. of space in a room per M. B.t.u. 1.25 ' Suppose a room 10 x 12 ft. and 9 ft. high, has 2 windows, each about 16 sq. ft. area. If two of the 10 ft. walls have outside exposure and only one of the 12 ft. walls is so exposed, then the wall exposure will be 10 x 9 x 2 ft., or 180 sq. ft., plus 12 x 9 ft., or 108 sq. ft. which equals 288 sq. ft. Deducting 32 sq. ft. for the 2 windows, leaves a net wall area of 256 sq. ft. A room 10 x 12 x 9 ft: contains 1080 cu. ft. of space. By dividing each of these quantities by their corresponding factors, as shown above, the result will be the heat units required in thousands; all three should be added together1 to get the total heat required for the room. This can be stated more clearly as follows: 256 32 1080 : --------- f- ------ 1--------- = 10.41 or 10,410 B.t.u. . 40 12 800 . In order to determine what size the leader or pipe should be from the furnace to this room, consult Fig. 1, which is a duplication of the chart. 96 Am. Soc. or Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 given on page 24 of Bulletin No. 120, published by the University of Illinois, and it is found that at a temperature of about 195 deg; there was obtained 125 heat units per sq. in. of leader per hour to the first story. Hence dividing 1,000 by 125 will give us 8 sq. in. per i;000 heat units. - Therefore 10.4 x 8 = 83.28 sq. in. area of pipes or leaders to the room if it is on the first floor. This is about the area of a pipe 10 in. in diameter. If the same temperature of 195 deg. is assumed for determining the second and third story pipes or leaders, the area of them should be respectively 5 sq. in. to the second story and 4 sq. in. to the third story, per thousand heat units exposure. Thus, for a similar room on the Cmcr orAm nrrc*nm aj ttoart* Uaocm Cumarc* FIG. 1. CHART FOR DETERMINING LEADER- PIPE SIZES second floor, the area of the pipes would be 52 sq. in. or an 8 in. diameter pipe to the second story, and 41.64 sq. in. or a 7 in. diameter pipe "to the third story. . It was decided by the Committee to allow 6 sq. in. to the second story, and 5 sq. in. to the third story, which is equivalent to a temperature of about 176 deg. Thus, the pipe to the second story would be 9 in. diam eter, and to the third story 8 in. diameter. Undoubtedly, the code will be amended so as to provide for a lower temperature to the first story, the same as has been provided for the second and third. This will mean allowing 9. sq. in. per thousand heat units, or 93.6 sq. in. in the leader pipe, or 11 in. diameter instead of 10 in. as the present code provides in the foregoing example. '' .' Reducing the allowable temperature from 195 deg. to 176 deg. evi dently increases the area of the leaders to. the first story more than 20 per cent above what is now the average practice, but it will avoid the necessity for maintaining such high temperatures to get sufficient heat, will be conducive to economy, and will avoid so many unsatisfactory plants. .i > i Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 99 In everyday practice when calculating the size of the leaders to the various rooms in the building, one would proceed about as follows: Wall 10 ft. + 10 ft. + 12 ft. x 9 ft. = 288 sq. ft. Glass 16 sq. ft. x 2 = 32 sq. ft. = G. Net wall surface 10 ft. x 12 ft. x 9 ft. C = 1080 w 800 = W -- 256 -f- 400 G = 32 -r- 12 1.35 M. 6.40 M. 2.GC M. = 256 sq. ft. W. -- 1080 cu, ft. space = C. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. (Heat units in thousands) 10.41 x 8 = 83.28 sq. in. -- 10 in. dia. 1st floor 10.41 x6 = 62.46 sq. in. = 9 in. dia. 2nd floor 10.41 x 5 = 52.05 sq. in. = 8 in. dia. 3rd floor Should it bethereader's opinion that an air change 1}4 times per hr. should be provided for, instead of 1 air change per hour, then substitute 600 in place of the factor 800; or if it is thought that 2 air changes per hour should be allowed because of unusual exposure to high winds, or the frequent opening of doors, or because of poor construction, then use 400 in place of 800. ' It is seldom that a contractor will undertake to connect a leader from a furnace to a sun-room and agree to heat it to the same comfortable temperature as any other room in the house. This is probably due to two reasons, one being that the sun-room usually is at a very consid erable distance from the furnace and the other reason is due to the unsat isfactory results he has obtained in his efforts to heat such a room. This latter has likely been caused by the fact that he has never realized that fully one-third more capacity would be required in the leader pipes than Would be required for a similar room of usual construction. As an example; consider a room, of the same size as in the previous case, but one that has 160 sq. ft. of glass instead of 32 sq. ft. as before, and owing to this large glass exposure 2 air changes per min. will have to be provided for; the size of the leaders would then be as follows: Total wall surface = 288 sq. ft. Total glass surface = 160 sq. ft. Net wall surface = 128 sq. ft. Cu. ft. space = 1080 1080 w 400 = 2.70 128 -r- 40 = 3.20 . 160 w 12 = 13.33 19.23 x 8 = 153.84 sq. in. = 14 in. dia. pipe 19.23 x 6 = 115.38 sq. in. = 12 in. dia. pipe 19.23 x 5 = 96.15 sq. in. = 11 in. dia. pipe It will be noted that the area ofthe leaders is almost' double the size required in-the previous-instance.- ------ ----- ------- - 100 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 NEED FOR INCREASED WALL STACK SIZES One phase of the furnace business, which has not yet been reported on by the University, but which has a very important bearing on the satisfactory operation of furnaces, is the size of the flues in the walls for conveying the heat to the upper stories. The Code Committee made practically no recommendations on this point at all. The average wall in houses heated by furnaces is framed with studs known commercially as 2 x 4's; they are more often 1% in. x 3^ in. and are usually spaced 16 in. centers. Thus the maximum space for a sheet metal flue is 3 J4 in. x \4]/2 in.; therefore, it is hardly practical to figure on a flue being more than 3in. deep x 13^4 in. wide and experi ence shows the standard maximum width to be about 13 in. FIG. 2. TWO TYPES OP RECIRCULATING DUCTS CHANGE FROM "A" TO "B" .- WILL SHOW SURPRISING RESULTS A round pipe offering the same friction for the same capacity as a ` rectangular duct of the above dimensions, would be 7j in. in diameter or it would have an equivalent area of 40 sq. in., whereas it has an actual area of 48.25 sq. in. Many are the instances where an 8 in. or a 9 in. leader is carried from the furnace to a riser of no greater dimensions ' than above mentioned, which only has the carrying capacity of a 1 in. round pipe. It is no wonder that it is so often difficult to heat rooms in the upper stories of buildings under these circumstances. The way to overcome this, is to insist that all walls carrying warm air flues are to be built of studs not less than 2 in. x 6 in. spaced 20 in. cen ters. If 6 in. studs are used in such partitions or walls, even though the studs are set 16 in. centers, which is unnecessary, then a flue measuring 5J4 x 13 in. could be built which is equivalent to 8/4 in. diameter pipe. When the studs are spaced 20 in. centers then a flue 5J4 x 17 in. can be built in, which is equivalent to a round pipe 10 in. diameter in carrying -capacity. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 101 In Bulletin No. 120, issued by the University of Illinois, is a chart on page 21 which is herein reproduced in Fig. 3. By means of this chart the size of the furnace can be readily determined, also the amount of the fuel to be burned, the draft necessary to burn that amount of fuel, the maximum temperature attainable, the heating capacity and the overall efficiency. As previously stated, the code as adopted, makes it necessary to carry a temperature of 195 deg. in order that the required amount of heat is supplied to first story rooms, when the leaders are determined by allow ing only 8 sq. in. of area to each 1,000 heat units of exposure in the building. . Comparing the effect this high temperature has, as compared with what would be the result if only 176 deg. had to be attained, it is found that the rate of combustion must be 6.75 lb. of coal per sq. ft. of grate surface per hour. This will necessitate a draft of 0.085 in. The heat ing capacity of the furnace is 140,000 B.t.u. per hour, and the overall efficiency will be 56 per cent. . At 176 deg., the rate of combustion will be only 5.5 lb. per sq. ft. of grate surface per hour. The draft need only be 0.07 in.; the heating capacity is 120,000 B.t.u. per hour and the overall efficiency will be increased to 60 per cent. Assume a house has a total exposure of 120,000 B.t.u. and com pare the operating results at the two temperatures, first determining the requirements for 195 deg. . 120,000 . -------------------------------- = 2.66 sq. ft. of grate surface, or 22.10 in. diameter. 0.56 x 12,000 x 6.75 Heating 1 lb. of air from 65 deg. to 195 deg., or through 130 deg. wili require 31 heat units; therefore, 120,000 heat units exposure will require 3,870 lb. of air per hour or about 860 cu. ft. per minute at 70 deg. temperature. For 176 deg. temperature the following results are obtained: 120,000 ------------------------------- ---- 3.03 6q. ft. of grate surface, or 23.6 in. diameter. 0.60 x 12,000 x 5i5 Heating one pound of air from 65 deg. to 176 deg., or through 111 deg., will require 26.4 heat units ; thus,-4,550 lb. of air per hour must be heated, or about 1,000 cu. ft. of air per minute. In the first case the coal burned will amount to 17.86 lb. per hour; in the second, 16 2/3 lb. per hour. From this it will be noted that the rate of combustion is about 23 per cent higher to get the high temperature, and the coal consumed to give off the same amount of heat is 7 per cent more. The volume of air at high temperature is less by about 14 per cent, hence smaller pipes are required. The grate area is about 7 per cent more for the lower temperature; in other words, the furnace having a larger grate surface would proportionately have more heating surface; thus, the same transmission could be effected at lower temperatures, by the circulation of more air, requiring less coal and still have a reserve 102 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 capacity foi quick heating by running the temperature up higher, which would not be possible with the smaller outfit, which is already working at about its maximum capacity. At Urbana it was found that by making the return air duct to the furnace the same size, or even larger than the combined area of all the leaders, and at the same time avoiding abrupt or right angle turns in this duct, that the capacity of the furnace can be increased as much as 50 per cent. It was further demonstrated that the furnace is affected much more by any restriction to the flow of air in the recirculating duct, than by a similar restriction in the leaders from the furnace to the registers. ' ' One frequently finds installations where there are two or more recir culating ducts leading back to one furnace. This generally fails to give FIG. 3. CHART WILL GIVE FURNACE SIZE, FUEL AND DRAFT NEEDED. TEM PERATURE ATTAINABLE, HEATING CAPACITY AND OVERALL EFFICIENCY as good results as one duct. It is perfectly obvious why this should be so. For example, one duct 32 in. dia., has about 8 per cent less area than would two 23 in. ducts, yet the total circumference of the two 23 in. pipes is 44 per cent more than the one 32 in. pipe; hence, for a similar length the two pipes present 44 per cent more frictional surface. One frequently settles on the area to have and because it may be easier to install, uses a rectangular duct instead of a round one. At Urbana there was an opening 17 x 47in. behind a register face, with a right angle elbow to a vertical riser of the same dimensions, the lower end of which connected to a Horizontal duct 12 x 67 in., the opposite end of which was attached to the base of the furnace. This is indicated in Fig. 2 as shown by A at the left. The modified recirculating duct is indicated by B on the right. Both of the above ducts are exactly the area of a 32 in. round pipe, but the drop leg is only equal to a pipe 30.6 in. in diameter as a con ductor of air, owing to the shape of it, and the horizontal leg is only equal-to-a-pipe 29.2-in.-diameter-for-the-same reason. In other-words, Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 103 the latter can only convey 83 per cent of the air that a 32 in. round pipe will convey because of the additional friction, when both have the same pressure head. Besides this, the right angle elbow alone presents an amount of resistance equal to 12 ft. of straight pipe 17 x 47J4 in. in size, and the right angle at the base will add as much more. In view of all this, is it surprising that the capacity of a furnace can be increased 50 per cent by a few changes in the recirculating duct ? Hardly anyone would knowingly set out to install a recirculating duct measuring 17 x 47y2 in. that would be nearly 50 ft. in length with a standard register CAP*cif* r**> fwMi r** t7~M / i/ / / /( --j ` ____ ... 7^ !_L A J\ L // Qia m t /l i !' N. * 7 /T-- / > / r-- V v's s J. J -i j 00 4.0 Ot rtt >t0 I > too CosmLCVr fcctrer fcr' **Ltr 2? FIG. 4. CHART SHOWS COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF FURNACE TESTED WITH FORCED AND GRAVITY! CIRCULATION face on the opposite end of it. He would at least feel very uncertain of the results he would get, yet that is exactly what the resistance amounts to in the installation as it was first put in Urbana and it was in no way unusual, as it is being unconsciously done every day. The restric tions in the recirculating duct and the limited area of the flues in the walls are accountable for many of the poor results obtained from furnace installations. That a furnace fails to perform satisfactorily is by no means an accident. When one knows what its limitations are and then sees what is sometimes attempted, it seems like an accident if a furnace works at all. SOME FACTS ABOUT CIRCULATION STIMULATORS When the occupant of a house finds it impossible to heat his place, he does a little experimenting on his own account, he then calls in the furnaceman who does-some-more,-usually without producing any marked-- 104 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 effect.on the job. Finally somebody suggests that "the only way to make this job work is to put in a blower." Usually that is the wrong way to go about it. Installing a blower for no other purpose than to overcome a defect by force, is an extravagance. Rightly applied, a blower will effect economies that cannot be duplicated in any other way, and they are not recommended for any other purpose. Applying a blower to a furnace, should be for no other purpose than to remove the film of air in immediate contact with the heating surface more rapidly than it can be moved by gravity. As the film of air becomes heated, it carries away heat from the heating surface as it moves for ward, and the more rapidly it moves, the faster the heat is removed because of a continuous film of cool air coming in contact with the hot surfaces. The capacity of a furnace which is operating under the most FIG. 5. DEVICE TO STIMULATE FLOW OF AIR FROM FURNACE favorable conditions, can be increased from two~to -three times by using a blower. At Urbana this was demonstrated after alterations were made which had already increased the capacity by gravity circulation 1.8 times. With a limited height of chimney and a reasonable limit to the flue gas temperature, the draft is fixed within rather narrow limits. The amount of draft fixes the rate of combustion, and the rate of com bustion fixes the amount of heat obtainable from the fuel per unit of grate area. Therefore, with a fixed ratio of heating surface to grate surface, when the maximum heat transmission from a given amount of heating surface has been reached by gravity circulation, the only way to get more heat is to increase the air movement over the surface, by a blower device of some kind, or install a larger furnace with larger flues, etc. The available pressure head is so slight in gravity work, that it needs but little resistance to stop the flow and sometimes completely reverse it. It does not require much additional pressure in many cases to set the air in motion and as soon as the ducts and flues become thoroughly heated they will continue to operate satisfactorily. ' Wherever long horizontal or crooked ducts prevail, a blower must be installed which is large enough to handle all the air that will be required to convey the maximum amount of heat into the building. Unless one is : ' Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 105 prepared to have such a blower operate continuously when heat is re quired, he may be disappointed in the results, as it becomes rather costly to pay for electric current as well as coal for continuous operation. The reason why such a blower must operate continuously and not occasionally, as a circulator can be operated, is this: Some of the leaders offer very little resistance to the flow of air, whereas some of the others offer a great deal. Therefore, dampers must be inserted in such leaders offering but little resistance, so' as to make them equal the resistance of the others. If this is not done, the bulk of the air will blow through the leaders having the least resistance, with the result that little would be gained in the delivery of more air or more heat to those rooms requiring a greater amount. By making such adjustments of the dampers to equalize the flow, it introduces so much resistance to the whole plant that the furnace is unable to heat any part of it by gravity circulation alone. That is why the blower has to run all the time, when one is installed with the expec tation that all of the air required by the building will have to pass through it. All kinds of devices have been developed to stimulate the flow of air from furnaces without having to handle! all the air required to properly heat a building. Many of such devices have long since passed out of existence,. and have been forgotten. During the past two years, a new . crop has sprung up, one of which, Fig. 5, was recently tested at the University of Illinois and reported to the last meeting of the National Warm Air Heating & Ventilating Association. This particular device is intended to make it possible to heat a building by circulating air at low temperature instead of at high temperature, thus avoiding hard firing with its inevitable waste, repairs and renewals to the furnace. Higher efficiency can be obtained under all weather and operating conditions and less attention will be demanded by the fur nace to get satisfactory results. Tests made on this device show that at a register temperature of 120 deg. it is possible to induce 60 per cent more air to flow than by gravity and at the same time get an overall efficiency 20 per cent higher. As the register temperature rises, the gain becomes gradually less; thus, at 180 deg., the amount of air induced to flow over and above what would flow by gravity is 35 per cent more and the overall efficiency is but 3 per cent more. Please bear in mind that this gain was effected after alterations had been made in the furnace so as to get the best possible results by gravity circulation. The comparative results obtainable are shown in Fig. 4. This circulator was designed to induce the flow of several times the volume of air that the blower of itself will handle. It, therefore, con sumes so little current that the cost of the fuel and the electricity com bined, even if the circulator is run continuously, amounts to less than [he fuel alone would amount to when similar results are produced, if such a thing could be effected. . It offers no obstruction to the flow of air in the recirculating pipe, so that the furnace can be operated without the blower running just the same as though nothing was there, and the result will in no way be different. When more heat is wanted, the circulator can be started, and 106 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 without opening the drafts, the same volume of heated air can be obtained as can be obtained by gravity at temperatures 60 to 80 deg. higher. If the same velocity could be produced by gravity as with the circulator at low temperatures, this device would be unnecessary. The only other way to accomplish corresponding results, would be to-make the leaders large enough to convey the required volume at the low temperatures. In most cases this would be impracticable for lack of space, and besides, the efficiency of a furnace falls off so rapidly under such conditions that nothing like the same economy could be attained as with the circulator. Some day circulators of some kind will be considered as necessary as any other part of a furnace plant. They will not be looked upon as something to fall back upon to make a defective plant acceptable, but they will be considered as an economical necessity, by means of which air can be circulated at more healthful temperatures, regardless of weather conditions. The work done by Professor Willard and his staff at the University of Illinois, under the direction of the National Warm Air Heating & Ventilating Association, is a wonderful accomplishment. It means more to the future success of the furnace business than most of those who have had direction of this work fully realize. In the adoption of the code, herein referred to, a foundation has been laid for progress and improvement. As previously stated, the code is not perfect, but with a good foundation on which to build in the future, amendments can be made to correct and improve the code as progress and further knowledge seems to indicate. Better furnaces will undoubtedly be designed, as they are certainly needed. None of the furnaces on the market are what would be con sidered a first-class design for a convector. Too much of the heat gen erated in a furnace is now wasted by radiation. There is no reason why a furnace cannot be designed which will show an efficiency ranging between 80 and 90 per cent. There is no furnace on the market today which will show better than about 60 per cent. It is estimated that there are about 10,000,000 homes without furnaces in this country in climates where heat is necessary, and it is also esti mated that 80 per cent, or 8,000,000, of these homes could be equipped with furnaces so that if this business could be developed it would amount to over two billion dollars, not including replacements. Thus one gets an idea of the importance of the work being done to standardize furnace practice. It has been further estimated that if those who have inefficient . and ancient equipment could be induced to install modern furnace:} it would be sufficient to keep the present industry busy for five years. Owing to the poor success so frequently attending the installation of warm-air furnaces in homes of moderate size the furnace business has gradually gotten down to the stiffest kind of competition and about the only thing that recommends it to the average man is its low. cost in com parison with steam or hot-water heat. Undoubtedly if it is put on a more scientific basis better installations will be the result and the public will gather confidence and will be willing to pay more money for. a would gather confidence and would be willing to pay more-money for a properly installed furnace, as it has many attractive features to. .recom mend it. In some classes of buildings it is preferred to the complicated steam or hot-water systems and the expense necessary to install this Type, of apparatus. .. ,, f<sTtib GENERAL DATA SECTION N order to supply the demand for reliable practical data which I might be considered as good practice for the design and con struction of heating installations, this section has been added to the Guide. It has not been found practicable to include in this issue complete data covering every phase of the heating and ventilating art, but further data on various subjects will be compiled in subse quent issues. The information here presented is the most reliable which it has been possible to obtain up to the time of going to press, and while it is not published as being absolutely accurate, in later issues this data will be revised and approved as being accurate, as rapidly as the Research Laboratory of the Society can complete investigations of the various Subjects, The data herein contained were compiled from many different sources, and with the assistance and co-operation of many firms and individuals, who have given liberally of their, time, their experience and their private data in order that this information might be made available to the industry at large. To all of these the Guide Publication Committee acknowledges its indebtedness and expresses its appreciation. 107 HEATING HEAT LOSSES FROM BUILDINGS N the planning of a heating installation consideration must necessarily Ibe given first to the heat losses which the heating apparatus must overcome. For convenience this loss is determined in heat units in terms of B. t. u. lost per hour. Heat losses from buildings can be classified as those due to the leakage of cold air into and warm air out of the building, commonly termed infiltration, and those due to transmission through the building material enclosing the building or space termed transmission losses. The total heat loss or amount of heat which the equipment must furnish is the sum of the infiltration and transmission losses plus an allowance, which should be made for exposure. Infiltration It has been quite common practice to estimate the infiltration of air into a building in terms of the number of air changes or number of times the air which leaks in displaces the air in the room per hour. The air changes are dependent upon the tightness of the building construction, the lineal feet of window and door cracks, the amount of air admitted for ventilation and the air admitted by the opening and closing of doors, or other openings. Air changes as usually encountered in practice are as follows: AIR CHANCES PER HOUR COMMONLY USED IN VARIOUS TYPES OF BUILDINGS Space Air Changes Space Air Changes Halls, 1st Floor................. Halls, 2nd Floor............... I-Ialls, Living Room... Living Rooms . :................ Living Rooms with fire . places without damper. Dining Rooms.................. Sleeping Rooms......... 2 to 3 1. 2 to 3 1 to 2 2 to 4 1 to 2 1 Bath and Serving Rooms. Kitchen and Offices.......... Drug Stores ...................... Clothing Stores................. Churches and Assembly Rooms......................... Factories, Lofts, Etc___ 2 1 to 2 2 to 3 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 Approximately 0.02 B. t. u. is required to heat 1 cu. ft. of air 1 deg. at 0 deg. fahr. Therefore, in order, to obtain the loss due to infiltration, multiply the cubical contents of the room by the difference in temperature between the inside and outside (for which the system is designed) and then by 0.02. Instead of assuming a certain number of air changes as a basis for estimating infiltration losses many engineers use the lineal feet of window and outside door cracks, thereby avoiding errors where the glass area is large or small in proportion to the cubical contents. Where the glass and door area is small in proportion to the cubical contents the loss should be checked with the air change method, so that a minimum equivalent to one air change is allowed. This is necessary in order that sufficient heat will be available to bring the room quickly up to temperature after it has been cooled down. 109 110 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 ' APPROXIMATE HEAT LOSS THROUGH WINDOWS BY INFILTRATION . ... Construction Poor (1/16" Sash clearance) . ............... Good (1/32" Sash clearance) ................ Weather stripped sash ........................... B. t. u. per hr. per ft. of crack 2.4 . 1-2 0.6 By this method the loss due to infiltration will be, for good construction, 1.2 times the specified temperature difference between the outside and inside, usually 70 times the total number of lineal feet of crack. As the leakage of air occurs on the windward side of the building or room and the warm air leaves on the leeward side the total lineal feet of sash and door crack existing in the one outside wall having the maximum glass and door area should be taken only, instead of the total in the room. The following tests will be of interest in this connection. WINDOW LEAKAGE . By Stephen F. Voorhees and Henry C. Meyer, Jr. (For the complete paper see A. S. H. V. EX, Transactions, Vol. 22, p. 183, 1916.) * - The authors conducted a series of experiments to determine the relative infiltration through various types and makes of window sash with and without weather strips. The original paper includes a complete . . description of the apparatus used and the method of carrying out the tests. , As pointed out by the authors, the tests cover the leakage with certain differences of pressure between the inside and outside of the window which does not simulate exactly the conditions which exist in buildings, as a pressure is built up within the building which retards the flow of air. However, the results which are here shown as curves, give a reliable comparison of the different types of sash and the approximate leakage which might be expected under various wind velocities. ' Fig. 1 shows the. total leakage for the various windows tested, while Fig. 2 gives the leakage through the perimeter of the sash only. . (See pages 111 and 112) ? Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 III 112 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 A// G/V/A1 JO A1/307JA OJIMOA// cu F~r o f a /p p s p u / v e a p f t o f s a s p p e p /m e t e p p e p f~ r/rs u r s Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 113 Transmission Constants for Building Materials Buffalo Forge Co. Fan Engineering Brick Walls hickness Inches 4 834 13 1734 22 2634 , Plain 0.52 0.37 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.19 Plastered One Side 0.50 0.36 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.18 Air Space and Plastered 0.2S 0.21 0.19 0.16 0.14 Furred and Plastered" 0.28 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16 FOR CONCRETE WALLS ADD 20 PER CENT. TO ABOVE VALUES Outside Walls of Frame Building-Lath and Plaster Inside. Outside Construction Inside Ordinary Stud Partition Clapboards 7/16" thick.................. Same with paper lining............... Same with 34" sheathing............. Same with paper and 34" sheath 0.44 0.31 0.28 Lath and plaster, one side........... Lath and plaster, both sides.... Sheet Iron siding............................. Corrugated Iron siding................. 0.60 0.34 1.20 I SO ing ......................................"......... 0.23 Thickness of Board Inches lA 1 v/2 2 2A FOR VARIOUS WALL CONSTRUCTIONS Pine Board 0.77 0.51 0.43 0.35 0.30 Double Board Paper Between 0.32 0.24 0.19 0.16 0.14 Board and Corrugated Iron 0.45 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.23 Board and Sheet-Iron 0.50 0.40 0.33 0.28 0.25 ' DOUBLE P ' BOARDS WITH SAWDUST BETWEEN Sawdust Inches 2 4 6 8 . B. t. u. 0.127 0.083 0.062 0.049 FOR FLOOR SURFACES Single wooden floor, no plaster beneath joists......................................... ............ .. 0.45 Same, lath and plaster beneath joists...... .............................. ................ ....... Double wooden floor, no plaster beneath joists......... i.................................... ' Same, lath and plaster beneath joists...,........ ..................................... ............ : 0.20 0.31 0.18 Concrete--see concrete walls , ,, , :. Assume temperature of unheated floor space beneath the floor.at one-half the difference in temperature between indoors and outdoors. ., ' FLOORS LAID ON THE GROUND . Cement or tile, no wood above........................................... Cement or tile, wood floors above................................... : Dirt, no floor whatever ................................................. .. Wood, single, laid near ground........................................... Assume temperature of earth as plus 30 to 50 F. 0.31 0.10 0.20 0.10 FOR GLASS SURFACE AND DOORS Single windows ......................................................................... Double windows ........................................................................ Single skylight ........................................................................... . Double skylight ........................................................................ Pine Doors, 1" ........................................................................... " " 134" ..................................................................... " ; " 2"...........................................,.............. 1.09 0.46 1.16 0.48 0.41 0.32 0,27 114 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 FOR ROOFING PURPOSES Sheet iron..................................................................................................................... Corrugated iron.......................................................................................................... Slate on'wooden framing......................................................................................... Slate on 1" boards ..................................................................................................... 2" boards, paper, tar and gravel....................................... .'....................................... Patent tar, gravel and paper.................................................................................... Tiling 1" thick or less.......................................................................... ............... ... 6" hollow tile covered with 2" concrete, tar and gravel................................... 2" concrete with cinder fill .................................................................................... 4" " .................................................................................................................. 6" ......................... " ..................................................................................... 1.20 1.50 0.85 0.43 0.26 0.30 0.80 0.35 0.80 0.60 0.54 L. A. Harding submitted to the Society, in 1913, a paper entitled: Heat Losses by Transmission Through Various Building Materials (see Vol. 19 of the Transactions), from which the following table is repro duced. The data was calculated by the author and checked by experiments which reproduced the conditions existing in buildings. Tests by John R. Allen (see Vol. 22, Transactions, p. 507) on the transmission through glass under weather conditions suggest a constant of 1.2 for single windows. 8 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 115 A TEST OF THE CONDUCTIVITY OF WINDOW SHADES By John R. Allen The tests reported by the author were conducted to determine the relative amounts of heat transmission through a single strength glass window, close fitting with stops on both sides; first, without window shades; second, with the inner curtain only pulled down; third, with curtains on both sides pulled down and fourth with the outer curtain only pulled down. The author summarizes his results as follows: RESULTS The results from these tests show that the saving in heat transmitted by the use of the single inside curtain was 19.2 per ceirt.^ by the outside curtain, 28.7 per cent, and by both curtains 42.7 per cent. The marked difference in heat transmission between the tests of the inner curtain and the outer curtain, was without doubt due to the fact that the inner curtain did not fit its opening tightly. ' This allowed currents of warm air to enter at the top and being cooled between the curtain and the window, to fall and go out through the clearances at the sides and bottom. The outer curtain fitted over the smooth sides of the box about inches and permitted very little movement of air between it and the window. The author desires to here render acknowledgment to Prof. Frederick Bass for his assistance in conducting these tests. . Results'of Window Shade Heat Transmission Tests . _i . Corrected Per* ' Time Elapsed Difference of Values of Heat ' centages of during Accurau- Temperature Transmission Saving of Heat Test No lation of 1000 Between Inside Factor "K" ' as Over Test No. 1, _' cc. of Melted and Outside Air.Calculated fromwith Uncovered * Water, Minutes deg. fahr. First Column Glass' 1-- Both shades up......... 35.55 21.6 1.01 .... 2-- Inner shade down........ 36.58 26.0 0.817 19.2 3-- Both shades down........ 45.93 29.3 0:578 - 42.7 4-- Outer shade down.......... 40.38 28.5 0.720 28.7 CALCULATIONS In order to calculate the transmission heat loss from a room or building multiply the number of square feet of each kind of surface by its constant and then by the difference in temperature between the air in the room or building and the outside air and add together to obtain the total. ' exposure . A certain allowance must be made for the effect of wind on the exposed sides of buildings. The prevailing wind in the coldest weather varies in different localities, and therefore it is impractical to set a definite rule for all places. Where the prevailing wind in the coldest weather is North it is usual practice to add 10 per cent, to the heat loss determined for Northern exposures. H. W. Whitten and R. C. March, (see Transactions, Vol. 22, p. 195) from observations made, give the equivalent drop in temperature for each mile of wind velocity as follows: 116 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, .1922 117 DROP IN TEMPERATURE FOR EACH MILE WIND VELOCITY Temp. Deg. Fahr. 50 deg. to 40 deg. 40 deg. to 30 deg. 30 deg. to 20 deg. 20 deg. to 10 deg. 10 deg. to 0 deg. 0 deg. to -10 deg. -10 deg. to -20 deg. Wind Velocity 1 mile per hour equals 1 mile per hour equals 1 mile per hour equals 1 mile per hour equals 1 mile per hour equals 1 mile per hour equals 1 mile per hour equals Deg. of Temp. Drop 0.75 deg. drop 1.0 deg. drop 1.1 deg. drop 1.2 deg. drop 1.3 deg. drop 1.4 deg. drop ' 1.5 deg. drop In other words a temperature of 5 deg. above zero with a 30-mile wind would be equivalent to 34 deg. below zero with no wind blowing. It will be found, however, that the coefficients for transmission allow for a wind velocity of from 10 to 15 miles per hour. EXAMPLES OF USE OF DATA IN DETERMINING HEAT LOSSES Assume a living room 15 x 15 ft. with a 10 ft. ceiling. The space below the room is heated while an unheated space exists above the ceiling. The room is exposed on the North and West and each of . these: walls have a single window 3 x 6 ft. The walls are frame construction with Vi in. clapboards, paper and in. sheathing lathed and plastered oh the inside. The ceiling is lath and plaster only. It is desired to heat the room to 70 deg. fahr. in zero weather, one air change assumed, as there are no outside doors. The calculations, on basis of infiltration by air change method, would be as follows: Cubical Contents 10x15x15 = Window Area 3x 6'x 2 = Net Wall Area (10 x 15 x 2)-r-36 = ' Ceiling Area 15x 15 = 2250cu. ft. 36 sq. ft. 264 sq. ft. 225 sq. ft. . Infiltration 2250 x 0.02 x 70 = 31.50.B.t.u, Net exposed wall 264 x 0.23 x 70 = 4180 B.t.u. Plus 10 per cent, for Northern exposure = 418 B. t. u. Windows 36 x 1.2 x 70 = 3024 B. t. u. Ceiling 225x0.6x35 = 4725 B.t.u. 15497 B. t. u. If the infiltration had been estimated by the lineal feet of Window crack, assuming poor construction, the loss would have been Ft. of crack of one window (3x3) + (6x2) = 21 ft. Infiltration -- 21 x 2.4 x 70 = 3528 B. t. u. while for good construction the loss due to infiltration would have been 24 x 1.2 x 70 = 1714 B. t. u. STEAM HEATING Selection of Radiation It is usually necessary to select the type and location of radiation to conform to the conditions and space available in the room. In general it is usually most convenient and practical to locate the radiation on the exposed side of the room. The size of the radiator to take care of any particular heat loss can be best selected from the data sheets compiled by the Society's Research Laboratory in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Mines Experiment station, which are based on experiments by the late Director, John R. Allen and F. B. Rowley. As the heat emitted per square foot of radiation varies in radiators of different heights, widths and lengths, and also with the steam pressure and the temperature of the room, errors will occur if the same factor is used for all radiators. Examples for the use of tables: Assume the heat loss in the room in the problem above, cited, which was estimated at 15,497 B. t. u. per hour, to heat the room to 70 deg. fahr. Two-column 38 in. radiators have been selected using steam at 1 lb. gage or approximately 215 deg. fahr. Solution : In Table 2 for two-column radiators, under 38 in., it will be found that a 17-section radiator will emit 15,960 B. t. u. Therefore a 17-section--2 column 38 in. radiator will be required with a rated surface of 85 sq. ft. . i ; If in the same example steam at 5 lb. pressure or approximately 227 deg. fahr. was used and the room was heated to only 60 deg. fahr. requiring 13,300 B. t. u. and three column 26 in. radiators are selected the radiation would be estimated as follows: Solution: In Table 8 following down the first column to 5 lb. gage pressure and then following over horizontally to 60 deg. fahr. room temperature the conversion factor 0.864 will be found. The heat loss 13,300 X 0.864 (the equivalent heat loss) = 11,480 B. t: u. In Table 3 for 3 column radiators under the heading 26 in. it will be found that a 13 section radiator will supply 11,242 B. t. u., under standard conditions which is the closest to the amount required. Therefore a 13 section 3 column 26 in. radiator will be required. . 118 1 1 im December, 1921 120 H-Z '' Research Laboratory Standard Data American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Result of Cooperative Work With U. S. Bureau of Mines Experiment Station, Pittsburgh, Pa. Copyright 1921 ____ 3 O *t U ! ^ S 51 co rf to VO O' IO CO - ^ N O 1 TMffIOs mO eIOi VO O' CO - I ^ 0\ 'f o i(nO O^ '^O m *0 NvO N\oNrs /0>0. ofoj 8 8 8 3 8 0$ . o s> H ` * 5 n. 2 3 D O U w w at X 'H 1 2 Oi--i H < 3 < Pi H u w :* Q W H .H W < w .X fl o J 31? O' N -d- 'O O' ' ui edg j 2 s.-a o *! u Hmg, _.-SS k co 'O N n to M 00 to fsj :; s a s s Tt m m >0 n r-s CO On ON O "S 2 n O 0\ N m to to to 1 ed 3 ja M lO N r>. On Htt & ro --< *" COONin og 00 iNomn to oo eg m i (O i--i On N m O N N CO R.S 2: -1 IO io N O' rs. to co --i O' co n- to no vo " N !fl N O N 3j 8 to G ' N tfi i S! in in io ^ T rH n n ? Cg --< ro Q -< i co in N O' SfSfeRS OON NN -* CNJ co ^ to N -t 't 00 00 V5 N 00 ON p mO O tj- Ov n aj N Q n Q in O nCN -to \mo 6^ w io o >n o ^ O to O to O fl =J3 : a : CO O N to CO O vo O ' to O to Q So OO O' O' O 0*1 <2 *?*a Hg, ? S 8 !Oio' fN. On intNO'-- N M Y >o N io N to in N Sio NOON hOO' m-N1 OCCOO' eg eg co rt- co SN t-i to O' oo co to 'T IO N CO O' :S8SS' i .CO to rs. Ii fegg CeOg iefg teog NO N C0O0 '^t Q -H N CO vt to no ts. 00 O' O <M CO *3- IO Dttcraber, 1921 tfl H-Z 122 December, 1921 124 Research Laboratory Standard Data American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Result of Cooperative Work With U. S. Bureau of Mines Experiment Station. Pittsburgh. Pa. Copyright 1921 T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. 1082 1762 ' 2441 3119 3798 13986 13304 11266 12625 11944 w* s. in 0o4 Hp < Q <3 < P4 a 1' o <t. Q Em % 1 <5 2 O H <: 3 < 04 H U W 04 --t a N N^Tf CO C 't -ni0n0 vh> O-' >0lO C N -* ti CO 0> n in n TO 00 to CM <5 to N 00 O' ON O o \o On N (5 a cioi M-- mM- fNi to CO VO 0\ CM to CO CO CO M- M" OtlOOM--- \5 to tn tn T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. 1332 2156 2979 3803 4626 9570 10395 11217 12038 12864 13686 14510 15336 16160 16988 O0 IMN- 0Q0\ M toe lOT NNOtoM1 fOi' f0t0 "c to O to jo O to O to m M on `fl (S 3 % crj n! *-! to CO WU) N O d rn ts N N to n to O to O to NON mCM ifi tMo- CT? tCoM NtoO o to O to O O n in w q qon m 05 VO lO N N m Q w Hw H 3 W *yj H < to W PC c N V. 3 w tVu. Cx. <s . H h. R a te d S surqf.afcte T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. 1708 2761 3816 4872 5930 N n OO !N O \o oo cK o ^ 12265 13320 14378 15435 16490 if 00 to o rf CN to "-1 ti to to VO N N S315 2 2 F5 n or-1 *i--0 OCM CnM o Po) O^ltoOo to o *o O to m io t-it-s. SS38S8 Co M O 'r V) <0 N 00 O' o * CM CO M- to NO ri On ^ N o.-of S e c tio n s December, 1921 - 125 Research Laboratory Standard Data American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Besult of Cooperative Work With U. S. Bureau of Hines Experiment Station, Pittsburgh, Pa. ________Copyright 1921 These conversion factors m ultiplied by the heat loss from any radiator, operating under the indicated conditions, give the heat loss by the same radiator operating at 215 deg. fahr. in a room at 70 deg. fahr. 0.822 0.806 0.781 0.756 50 deg. fahr. 1.572 1.412 1.285 1.175 1.081 0.999 0.864 0.847 0.818 ' 0.791 1.828 1.621 1.451 1.311 1.195 1.095 0.887 0.869 0.839 0.810 1.000 0.970 0.947 0.929 0.909 0.892 0.860 0.831 T A B L E 8. H E A T E M IT T E D BY D IR E C T R A D IA T IO N --C O N V E R S IO N FAC TO R S 4 --1 i> SoSo OO S3 OOOO 1.934 1.701 1.517 1.364 1.239 1.135 1.733 1.546 1.391 1.261 1.155 1.060 Sc -g 3 *0 J3 M 9 O IAim *o g O O O S?u | -s cS o-2 u z g H u. jn.2 S) w 0 JO Ov Ov <m --' --' ps, CM N O? N 5 u) N 00 c* o\ Sq 00 OOOO is 5 01 O Oi Oi d w OOOO . p\ 0 'O 't W O N 0 --; 0 0 VO Is CO ro CO C$ VO OOOO 2.188 1.898 1.669 1.488 1.339 1.215 1.064 1.030 1.004 0.982 0.964 0.943 0.907 0.875 WV . U 23 00 .5 d E V * EavS. f- ssif 150 160 170 lOOiNin NOV) Q CM m CO 4 CM CM r\J CM CM CM CM Lb. A bsolute Vs. I1s0. 00\\ 4 uS V w *T l-s CO' n c! ui n-rt December, 1921 Vacuum in . Hg. . 12.3 8.7 6.5 7.51 9J3 11.52 Lb. Gage N OO OO 'Ch VO CO 00 Ov V) >0 Is W N fO 't- VO VO OO O H4. 126 '! \ t Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 127 ojvCr cm 10 4 *0 roio *> -- CO <n 0 - <vi (O * to vd c~ <n O (SJ-4 U) r- -4N 4*4 0 N tf) r- 4*4 0 (M CM CM -to (0 (VI 5 0 co 4*4 (O tn to -4*4 VCO 0 d -V* CM v* in < Hrt P 4 O tn CM <0 4 tn (M CM CM CM svi 5 0 cb M vd 0 M *N M M 0 vP CO 0 3 ? <M m vd 0 tn VO 2 3 (M fs g 0 z: M <4*4 -M Sf 4> 4 2 4> to M HH ** CO to N to -4* -M S CM * (M tn Vo MM O vO vd -4M N S "K O 00 3 IM O <n m <n 1 T W O C O L U M N . II T H R E E C O L U M N . II F O U R C O L U M N . II r~s co* V0 O cJ m sM M- t(SI (M O CO M> CO co (O tn to CM V O Vt 5> 4 m pn 3 to vo Id 4l id id CM P- tn p- g rI CO <vi 2 0 (VI * O (Si M CM to 0 (O O 3 CM vd O 3 3 ft 0 m vd 3 $ 00 (M <0 41 vfi 41 0 0 i o 0 in 0 o NM O to 0 *0 to It (A O *0 in (O 3 vd s vO r- 3 in <D 3 m o> Om O0 02 a in 0 CM <0 s v- wi -a* CO 0} < ** -w sO M CS1 o -4M ov m M to m CO m CO vd -4*4 CO t- 4*4 v 9 O -4* 0 p- co CM O CO d cn (O 3^ vd 4 4 tn -4 4> >fi o 5 v 4 (M M CO S 3 vO co vd M ts. s 00 CO sO * <n O O CM co CM M> (O 4 4 M in O id 00 vo g 4 -co CM 4> s 00 CM P< hi 4 9** sO -* Ov -H Mt O) n <S) cv 0 CM CM CM CM eCM -t* <n CM -at "H CO CO (O sO (O -+* s 0 4 **M M 4 in 4 -tM 0? 4M 5 ,4 in 4 cn -4M 49 sO <0 m in Z 4 s 0> N in 2 sV ei <M CCM O to CO o> \D 91 (O cO CM m ct <D vt 4 P- 0 to 10 V) vd Vd 41 4 CM Is. g o -t* O' p MN -*4 -NV tf> s (SJ vO CS1 N O <n to co -tM f(O in -* 3 -a* CM -*4 M> vf m tn O Vd MM co "c^ MM vd sd MM -4*4 *M V) p- 3 (M OO id 00 0 <D MM a* (O P- <n hi cn -a4 2 "4*4 OO tLi M tM -t* to S -4M 3 tn Vt <TV "S m in 0 <0 N vd CM P- -44 -4N do m co O 0> 4 0) 41 cn <n 0 O (M p- 1V) OQn 0 tn O U> tsj (Vj S m o O m cT 0 U) tO to 0 n vd vd P O 00 3 0 41 in Cl 0 0 in O 0 tn O M in 0 N to <u 4 V*- v6 CD O (v| tT vd '0 <M CM CM vd CM N 0 CM O (O CM vjCO to M> co a> co 0 4 CM 4 4 4 3 ? 3 (M tn 4|99<i -*9 4 N <n e tM 22 - 09 0> in oO M CM CM CM 4m O CM to to a9 4n tn P- O <0 (O CO CM 4 49 s 49 3 > 4 -*9 MB cO tf> in id m 4? 0 m vd QA a N* to CO mH -n O2 2 -f9 2 at (M \0 CM <T> CM (M r~ to to (O *49 0 CM tn vr 00 4 *M -m O CO to tn d ff) 09 00 4* m5 N*9 -4* 4 Vfi OV vo Id vd az< "S VO O #9 a* 22 0 <SI M 4ta nO MN O CO -4" *cp CO sO 40 o O -40 <0 09 <0 V* 0 in 09 <0 vO 0 in in vd 4* -*9 *9 -a* *n n SO vO Vd g CO P- s 0 00 S sd 00 < w5 CO N ** 2 0 (SI d CM (VI N *0 0 O 00 v| <X> CM A vO tt) O vp V* Vd O CM id e- g O 3 00 00 tM id 4 O4 OO h10 -r4 -4*Z -V4 <0 4 v9 (- * O CV> tO -4H Hri tn sd tn CM* * CM tM (M CM tM M a O to -4*1 to <n co 4 to vd tn -a< (O O 1r 3 -1 -m CO 3 0 'sD -4 <0 O 5T M to m -m vo 00 O CM ftps cano N CM ID CM 49 *4 sO CO (Si CM 4J4 O cn o CO tn in CO d co tO 0 12 3 44 4O 4 til CO 0 2 (SJ2 2 0M CM sr sO 00 O CM <M CM (M *0 CO % vd m 00 0 cM 3 vd 4> co 4 4 44 0 (M nn A z nm -** U) 0 tn -M 0 CM -pt CM CM in CM r (M O to -a* CM tn CO co -*t Si O sf in v* 4 P 4 O n CM in u> -M O iO cn vO sm vd vd SI0 vd (D 2 10 CO t- O (O M> CM m CM M CO to cO tO * tn 4 in P in 0 id cn M> 4> sd id vd CM P- m t- g |iaS5 <n jNt) I- -+i -M 0 tn MN O (SJ M CM -4*4 ID CM rCS-i -t*t O CM CO to -4 in (O S5 -** O CM cf in 4 0 -(aSJt Hft in P- O HN CM in m in tf) tn id vd vd (SJ to 4 m Vd 'So co tr O (SJ to 0 <d p- 00 <7> 0 CM CM (M tn tsi rsi tn SO CM CM H E A TIN G S U R F A C E -- S Q U A R E FEET. 128 Am. Soc. of Hf.at.-Vf.nt. Engineers Guide, 1922 The late John R. Allen, while Director of the Society's Research Laboratory, submitted a paper as a report (see A. S. H. V. E. Journal, January, 1920), which in addition to the treatise on the heat emitted by various types of radiation, from which the above tables were calculated gives other data from which the following is taken. . EFFECT OF HUMIDITY Figure No. S shows the effect of increasing the humidity upon the heat transmission. It will be rioted that with extreme change of humidity there is a slight change in the heat transmission, the heat transmission reducing slightly as the humidity increases. Humidity can have very little, if any effect upon radiation, and the effect of humidity must there fore change the convected heat lost by the radiator. This change of convected heat is probably due to the change in the density of the air passing over the radiator. FIG. 5- EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON HEAT TRANSMISSION EFFECT OF AIR CIRCULATION . The amount of heat given off by a radiator may also be increased by increasing .the velocity of the air over the surface of the radiator. This, increase in velocity will increase the amount of heat carriedoff by con vection. No exact data are available on the effects that may be introduced by increasing these velocities over radiator surfaces, but in rooms with moving. machinery the heat transmission is increased approximately 10 per cent. EFFECT OF PAINTING The effect of painting was originally determined by experiments made with a cast iron rectangle, and in applying these to radiators of standard . type, corrections must be made to allow for the difference between the area" of the radiating and convecting surfaces. The effect of painting Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 129. is to change the radiation constant of the radiating surface and has practi cally no effect upon the heat lost by convection. It is, therefore, a surface effect and it makes no difference what paints, are placed on the radiator as a priming coat, the results are always dependent upon the last coat of paint put upon the radiator. In radiators having a large proportion of radiating surface such as pipe coils or wall coils, the effect of painting will be more marked than in four-column radiators having a comparatively small radiating surface in proportion to convecting surface. All finelyground materials have about the same radiation constant. Therefore all paints having finely ground pigments will give about the same effect. Metals have a poor radiating, effect so that any paint involving flake' metal, such as the bronze, will have a low radiating constant. The fol-; lowing Table shows the heat loss from a two-column 38 in. radiator, 10 sections long, when painted with different kinds of paints: Effect of Painting on Two-Column 38 in. Radiator, Steam Temferature 215 Dec. Room Temperature 70 Deg. Fahr. Condition of Surface Per Cent. : Cast iron bare......................... .......................... 240 Painted with aluminum bronze....,___ 200 " gold bronze............................... 205 . " white enamel............................. 242 . " maroon japan..................... ;.. 240 " white zinc paint......................... 242 " no-lustre green enaniel............ 230 WARMING THE RADIATOR . It is often very important to know the maximum condensation that occurs in a radiator when steam is turned on. Fig. 6 shows the condensa tion rate in pounds per hour for the time elapsing after steam is turned, into the radiator. It will be noticed that the maximum condensation, occurs 10 min. after steam is turned on, and in that case it amounts tq- about 3)4 times normal condensation. After the end of 25 min. the radiator had reached a normal rate of condensation. This curve was made from observations at intervals of 10 min. so that the intermediate points between the 10 min. points are not known, and the form of the curve is not exact. It shows, however, that in starting a plant, the demand made upon the boiler may be very much higher than the normal demand. Time elapsing after Steam is turned into Radiator (n Minutes) Fig. 6 130 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 . EFFECT OF ENCLOSING THE RADIATOR It is very often desirable to partly enclose or conceal a radiator by means of screens or grills. All such enclosures in general reduce the heat transmission from the radiator, the effect being both to reduce the radiant heat and the converted heat. As in most radiators, the converted heat is at least two-thirds of the heat transmission, these enclosures or screens largely affect the convected heat. It is therefore very desirable that the current of air passing over and through the radiator should be restricted as little as possible. There has been some experimental work done, particularly abroad, with reference to these screens. There are, however, so many different cases that may arise that it will not be possible to discuss all of them but only to take up typical ones. Case No. 1. In this case, Fig. 8, the radiator is enclosed in a box with a screen in front and at the bottom, and a screen at the top, these screens extending the full length of the radiator. This arrangement reduces the heat transmission of the radiator from 7 to 10 per cent, and in all cases, the spaces between the radiator and the wall and the spaces between the casing and the radiator should be at least 2j4 inches. The reduction of heat transmission will be more in narrow radiators than in wide radiators. Experiments show'that the best results are obtained when the opening at the top has twice the width of the opening at the bottom, and for radiators of ordinary type the width of opening at the bottom should be 5 inland the opening at the top, 10 in. ' . . . Case No. 2. It is sometimes desirable to place a screen in front of the . ' radiator, leaving the top entirely open with an opening at the' bottom in front for the cold air to enter the radiator, as in Fig. 9., In a case of this kind the effect of the screen is to produce a strong current of air and if this screen is high enough it may even product a chimney effect which will increase heat transmission from the radiator due to increased circulation. The effect of such screens depends entirely upon their hejght. Professor Brabbee states that, with a screen 72 in. high and a 49 in. radiator, the heat transmission will be increased 12 per cent. . - Case No. 3. Radiators often have placed over them a flat shelf, as shown in Fig. 10. In such case, they should-be provided with a deflector as shown. The effect of the shelf very largely depends upon the height of the shelf above the radiator. When the distance D--that is the height of the shelf above the radiator--is 5 in. or over, the effect of the shelf may be neglected. When the distance D is reduced to 4 in., the heat effect may be reduced by 4 per cent. ' Case No. 4. Radiators are often enclosed in boxes with a grill in front or recessed in the wall with a grill placed in front of them as in Fig. 11. In such cases, the height, D, is very important. With D equal to 2in., the heat transmission will be reduced 20 per cent., and with D equal to 6 in., the heat transmission is reduced 10 per cent. It is assumed in this case that the entire front of the box is provided with an open grill. . Case No. 5. Sometimes a grill, as shown in Case 4, is partly replaced by a solid panel -with openings above and below as in Fig. 12 . With the openings the full length of the radiator and 6 in. in height and with D not less than 4 in., the heat transmission will be reduced 25 per cent. As D is reduced in height, the heat transmission will also be reduced and with D, 2j4 in., the reduction will be 40 per cent. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 Fig. 10 Fig. 12 DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS OF RADIATORS IN ENCLOSURES 132 . Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 Case No. 6. Radiators are often placed under seats as in Fig. 13. In this case the distance between the top of the radiator and the bottom of the seat becomes'very important and should be not less than 3 in. and if possible it should be made 6 in. Under favorable conditions, when D is at least 3 in. and A is equal to 6 in., the heat transmission will be reduced {com 15 to 20 per cent. When D is small, however, say 2 in., and A is reduced to 4 in., this reduction may be 35 or 40 per cent. In tests1 by Prof. K. Brabbee will be found other cases than those cited above. EFFECT OF POSITION The effect of position on the heat transmission of a radiator is a subject that has been investigated only to a very limited extent. The experiments that are available show that the heat loss from a radiator is about the same whether it is placed at the floor, at the ceiling, cr in the center of the room. It seems to make very little difference whether it is placed close to the wall or in the middle of the room. Placing a radiator close to an outside wall heats the wall immediately behind the radiator and if no insulation is placed behind the radiator this may represent a loss of from 3 to 5 per cent. . r 1 Reported by George Stumpf, Jr., in Heating & Ventilating Magazine, May, 1914, page 23. HEAT LOSSES FROM BUILDINGS The following table from The Establishment, of Standard Methods of Proportioning Direct Radiation, by James A. Donnelly, (Vol. 21, A. S. H. V. E. Transactions, p. 535) gives the proportionate heat losses from buildings, the proportionate transmission from direct radiators, and the proportionate radiation required (with steam at 210 deg.) for various room temperatures, when the outside temperature is zero: Propor- Room tionate Tempera Loss ture in B.t.u. 35 0.50 40 0.57 45 0.64 50 0.71 55 0.79 60 0.86 65 0.93 70f l.OOf 75 ' 1.07 80 1.14 85 1.21 90 1.29 95 1.36 100 1.43 105 1.50 110 1.57 115 1.64 120 1.71 f Standard Conditions. Assuming that the rate of heaj loss from a build ing varies directly with the difference between the out side temperature and the building temperature, and considering die heat loss for zero outside, 70 deg. inside, as the standard, or 100 per cent.; the second column shows the propor tionate loss of heat from a building when the outside temperature is zero, and the inside temperature is as given in the first column. Difference in Temperature between Radiator and Room 175 170 165 160 155 150 145 140f 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 Propor tionate Trans mission in B.t.u. 1.34 1.29 1.24 1.19 - 1.14 1.09 1.05 l.OOf 0.95 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.58 Assuming that the rate of transmission from a di rect radiator to the air of a building is in proportion to their difference in tem perature, with a variation in the rate of transmission of 2 per cent., greater or less, for each 10 deg. in crease or decrease in their temperature difference, and considering 140 deg. differ ence in temperature (steam 210 deg., building 70 deg.) as standard, or 100 per cent, transmission, the sec ond column shows the pro portionate transmission when the difference in tem perature is as given in the first column. Room Tempera ture 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70t 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Propor tionate Surface Required Sq. Ft. 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.69 0.78 0.89 l.OOf 1.12 1.26 1.40 1.56 1.74 1.93 2.15 2.39 2.66 2.95 Assuming that under standard conditions of out- side temperature zero, building temperature 70 deg., and radiator tem perature 210 deg. (or 140 degrees difference between the radiator and room) the amount of radiation necessary is 100 per cent., the proportionate amounts of radiation given in the second column are those necessary to heat a build ing to the temperatures _ given in the first column, when the outside tempera ture is zero. Note.--The amount of surface required for heating is always obtained by dividing the beat loss from the building by the amount of heat transmitted per .square foot of radiation. There fore, as may be seen from the above tables, the proportionate amount of surface required for heating is obtained by dividing.the proportionate heat loss from the building by the propor tionate transmission of the radiator, in each case. 133 34 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 The preceding table may be used to find the proportionate amount of radiation necessary to heat a room to any desired inside temperature, other tHari 70, deg., when the outside minimum temperature is other than zero, ahd with a radiator temperature other than standard. Find the difference between the outside temperature and the room temperature in the first column; divide the proportionate heat loss opposite this amount, in the second column, by the proportionate transmission opposite the difference . in temperature between the radiator and the room, as given in the fourth column, and the result will be the proportionate amount of radiation required. \ Example.--What is the proportionate amount of radiation required to heat a room to 90 deg., with a temperature of 20 deg. below zero outside, and a steam temperature of 240 deg. Solution.--The difference in temperature between 20 deg. below outside, and 90 deg. inside, is 110 deg. Opposite 110, the proportionate heat loss or 1.57 is found in the second column. The difference in temperature between the radiator and the room (steam 240 deg., room 90 deg.) is 150 deg. Opposite this, the proportionate transmission 1.09 is found in the fourth column. Divide 1.57 by 1.09 and the quotient, 1.44 is the proportionate amount of radiation required. . THE BOILER In order to select a boiler to supply sufficient.steam for a given amount of radiation there must necessarily be some basis for establishing the steam-producing capacity. To establish such a basis the Society has adopted the Report of the Committee On Code for Testing Low Pressure Keating Boilers (Revision of 1919), which gives a basis for calculating the rating on different firing periods. As will be seen in the Code which is reproduced in full in this volume (page 27) the rating of the boiler in B. t. u. per hour is the product of the number of pounds of dry fuel consumed and the total B. t. u. available at the boiler outlet per pounds of dry fuel, under the test conditions outlined, divided by the duration of firing period in hours. . For house heating installations a firing period of approximately 10 hr. is selected as it permits the fire to be tended only in the morning and evening. To select the boiler, the total heat emitted by the radiators as calculated above plus that emitted by the piping and connections should be taken as a basis and a boiler selected 50 to 100 per cent, larger than the maker's rating. This factor of safety must be allowed to take care of the decrease in capacity of the boiler under poor draft conditions, soot coated surfaces and inefficient firing, poor, quality coal and other conditions which often prevail in the use of such equipment. The ratings given by the manufac turer are under test conditions. CHIMNEYS Recommendations for the construction of chimneys and flues have been made in the form of a model ordinance by the National Board of Ftre Underwriters and approved by the Council of the Society with the exception of the chimney sizes recommended. The ordinance which is reproduced (page 35) shows the sizes that have been recommended by the furnace and boiler manufacturers associations and have been found to give. satisfactory service, approval being withheld by the Society only on the ground that they were not as yet considered a recognized standard. The Research Laboratory of the Society is conducting experiments to establish some of the fundamental factors in chimney operation, and the data secured will be published at a later date. 135 36 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 Sketches Showing Some Causes of Poor Draft in Chimneys PIPE SIZES FOR STEAM HEATING HERE are two broad divisions that may be very definitely made in Tthe subject of steam main sizes. The first covers the distribution of the steam, and the second its use. The conveyance of steam for any considerable distance is a problem by itself, needing separate analysis and altogether different handling than any of the problems concerning the use of the steam after it has arrived at the building to be heated. Steam flow tables should be used for distribution, and tables giving the capacities of steam mains and branches, radiator connections, etc., under standard or average conditions of use should be applied for sizing the pipes within the buildings. The velocities of flow used in the distribution of steam are only limited by the available or allowable drop in pressure, while the velocities within the buildings where the steam is used are limited by the critical velocities or the velocities which will allow of sufficient separation of the condensa tion so that defective circulation or water hammer will not occur. During periods of maximum load on distributing mains, the velocity of flow is often so far above the critical velocity that little, if any, condensa tion is withdrawn by the drips. At the ends of the runs and especially where the pipe sizes are smaller, the velocities used should be well below the critical velocity so that the condensate is completely withdrawn and not carried into the branch supply mains within the buildings. There is no formula of flow available for estimating the friction drop of mixtures of steam and condensation or water primed from the boiler. Excessive moisture in the steam, or boiler priming, may so increase the diop in pressure that an entire failure in operation may result. It is, therefore, good practice to provide hand hole or equivalent cleaning means at the bottom of all boilers and a permanent surface blow for boiling off, so that clean water and dry steam may be always maintained. It is quite probable. that field research where boilers are priming would show a surprisingly high friction drop in the steam main. . Steam mains should not be dripped on the main trunk lines, and the riser connections and laterals pitched back to the mains. Much better results are obtained by dripping the mains to take care of their condensa- ; ticn, and then pitching the riser connections and laterals to first floor radiators away from the main, and providing additional drips to take care of their condensation separately. In a carefully designed plant, no branch or lateral larger than the supply to a single radiator should be pitched back against the flow of steam, and if it is not certain that the velocity is below the critical limit, the pipe should be provided with a separate drip. The following tables for the carrying capacities of pipes as used in steam heating installations with the exception of dry returns have been determ ined by Unwjn's formula for the flow of steam in pipes which reads as follows: / P C d` IE = 87.5 137 ! 38 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 where IV = Weight of steam flowing through the pipe in lb. per minute. P -- Difference of pressure between the two ends of the pipe. C -- Density of steam in lb. per cu. ft. d = Actual inside diameter of pipe. L = Length of pipe in feet. This formula with the capacity expressed in sq. ft. of radiation on the basis of each sq. ft. of radiation with connected piping condensing 0.3 ib. of steam per hr. will be as follows: ^ 17400 VrSS . ; where R = Sq. ft. of radiation. Capacities of dry returns have been calculated by the Chezy formula for flow in open conduits which is expressed in the form Q=a cl/r s where Q -- Discharge in cu. ft. per sec. o= Wet area of pipe in sq. ft. . r=>Hydraulic mean depth (areas of wet cross-section divided by the wet-perimeter.) c -- Constant from Kutter's formula. s -- Slope or grade. In the tables for one-pipe, two-pipe and vapor systems without the use of thermostatic traps the tables have been calculated on the basis of the water occupying % the area of the pipe while for vapor systems using thermostatic traps the capacity is based on water occupying 3/16 the area. All supply mains, branches to risers, when dripped, where steam and condensation flow in the same direction, and supply risers, (with the exception of up feed one-pipe risers) are based on a pressure drop of 1 oz. per 100 ft. length of pipe or equivalent. _ All supply mains, branches to risers, not dripped where condensation and steam are flowing in opposite directions and up feed one-pipe risers are based on a velocity of 16 ft. per sec. Branches to radiators 5 ft. in length or less are based on velocities from 10 to 19 ft. per sec. depending on the size of bfanch while branches to radiators 5 to 10 ft. in length are based on a velocity of approximately 10 ft. per sec. Wet returns are calculated on a drop of l/2 oz. per 100 ft. length of pipe or equivalent. Radiator valve sizes for one and two pipe gravity systems are based on standard practice. An allowance must be made for ells and fittings in the line of flow by adding the number of feet given in the table to the straight run of pipe to obtain the total equivalent length. . Table V .q C9Ol C9 C9 IA -- -- Jx"3 '-*<*>V'0Qv('9S>Ov(9'O~OQOOO 9 5# 9 e "C *w***** *C** j COM --00r ^iii omno WwjONmooNNCJ nmN , t) _l > H i^-oOo . ** <2= eeg JS u J3 r; to *e2 Tau?-Oo-.. <U J$ Sj.S- .2 cc li 49 Vh o V OjC ao Bv S t 6.S -.5a c .OSJBS as fcx.5 ov H - - ce S' ooOOOooo 'v-nnOOOOOO -rNVoi 5 &U M. 06 s-tvr IXaI2 >n Q(j .5.0 2 5 SSioSlMEgs> x ~ cm *> io e * 3 E < s< <bH] fa. O m 6t 0* u1 1/3 z A o --x 3 c4S 0Otu6 >*.5 ` ig**- Q* Id Sa2g'3 S9O00OOOQOO0QOO0 o ooOooo.oo -2g,1jT).XX* oe ~ --JS J M B2 g C XX --uB.'s3v* B ?-o c E o 2! Ert **2* au < -- to B * *5 .= C co "S'" 11 o2 = <SS2'SS v 5 *0 js.2 sa ~JS 3 P 01 Ca << C MS a 8 B %-z ' us n gD 2 O' nOooOOe a g Q2 5 . oiy. c l <j- OVtu^it-O^iqOovOOKOjOuOnQOOOMooOiooOOOQOOoooCCC c/i .o2Sc/5'~ i;,,o 'S:iw v S-2SS ffS'c-8 uE o E o sl O6-u Xu mo g; x,0oi *"po | J g!S soS^ g~ S-q -E " m " e2`|"_ t-2 ii-2 w - S u t. xci Sts s S=* " * | I *3* ja l g g &S 68.=2 -..' fe'S: -s 35 " S g , n, : o o o"S '.2ESaS f 2 ^ = "l' XXX "'"NNniqtinn'OMOON .2S* t tSgifgrf*a Ho-aca1^^W-E-a- a , -g <j 139 JS Z Cm CP> CM CM IO O *o e . ol 00 CO 00*i 2M"' O^CMCMM-'COOOC'i'noOCMr_i m t-< --< cm r- L o w P ressure Gravity aporV z a"g.s os -CM m 00 CM S &XXXX * OOOOOOOOO > OnnMiNonOnOcOoOoOoOo : tj > oMov-icnominoo.ooo.oojoooO.OOgi-"ij' Ca5 ?rV>.C'-xM_V<. ",",r'2N ^c/)i5 E ~ r: s A Pi. H < H 22?oOooo ll COO ooolooOOoOO CO O -< mVo'N a CU* aH 0-=j2 ,*jScu ft. o r', ^ -- O S Qc2.S rj ^ ta li S.2 ---- cm O .5 S 2 5|.sge "2 ~.Z e^ i: a'S i) 6 10 v ? Sa..C _" oo "rj u '=u es ?E-s'S1-,3"= "5Su&2*2"S "O ~"oSc 3" ^ *g OT~n 5"-2 -23> Jo{ O37(3U .rat Co iOE-2S O b3 Su' a H .nC> |a-|| 5 s .2 S *C3 be H n^'g.** ^ S'?'-5 D. u m'i* o 5^52 Ee "Aac -3 g < I 2.2.n U g^co -5O>-m'Td'O soOoooooooooo r>0*0o0\ 0n0ooO>oC>00o0o0 -TCM CM > 0 Ov to CO r-^ |/)<OIN030C<1 S *0 0c O0(0V--O 'S*o o *o> Se -CO.S.. ES-0 O ^ C o-o*2o`^S j*-: v jaowos*> r--a * u V OC nCl 'S " s| w CcC 2V.5<c `5o0*c00 ,f, 'at<c> 3 6 * go O g |:S`. -*o gs icI.e-o 8i ! .2 H -C - ` *s o o w 't2 t..lK V* 2....2f. >A* 'O 9n 2g-3 2 S KC. I xi o~ S tJ * ' O rt OO ^ M > fJSt.4V-= I '3,,cnpc5raPS2^u4'S~33VSsfO4c3-a..u5 o32os **t--T2--33. > O V V c ^ ' cj.*2>2.1 j~a fytca. 6-S 3 3 ,, 141 o j* .......................................* ` i 4 ... . wj> -- -- ~ <n ^ t*, ,,. S UOio a oo ro -- a 34' ` . E t 2 >< > 0< H 5 5 2E H> ,,*- OO00OOO0O c -''-srw oo oo oo S Sssss mioc>icON\oo SO---------- o *o J*Q* X. 21/3 <^j=5 *c5.5 55S 3.9 -----* I &*Sfi u. s $ fe*c il-E 5^3 35 -S- "o ooooooo oo - c C tOinOOOOOoWEfcyi ,j -'-cXs HPw-oN-(i*w) sotovO^pHtj *it' "#3v----3-s ~oOSC fl* U. ' } e*-> ooooooo * ` *,_cwoT<O^iWooOoOoiOo tfi jr&'S t) ft) k3*.e-- >***}S o -0c:o0o0o0o0o0e0i0-- -uc--o^ovoo oocSosooors: glatstst^ O --JCS _ "^5 : :S5 . -*~S ' ' Jf3t) 0-W> oM -- Qc.2 g *b K-fj . be-3 HC. .-tOC -nvoc -- * " E 3 s SJR cTSjS-'*~C4 Zo 3 % t> w ft) m a k* S all'-5 "2 t/) nOQOOOO ^ O"-N.NNnV^0'o0 X*5**O* 5S2 eo c"- -2g o=*s* su " g^.S &o " ` b0o e1 * a o T!*2 as o 5 3gr-j-=ac *- ou ~*> o *o- >. E in w III V O sr.. e be o*<*g> v u S v ft) .S S 3 5 g V a 2 ft) - 2 3" -0 O ftl ft)_ ft) M U 5.2 22 t5 3* *" 2 g ?c .5 v ac oEm o 3u jEojdvg.ebe. - o Jg*S. L. `l5e-a*--0,,^5*4*)o3o* = 2.5 em% ft) 2 c oo -o o o C*-5 -- 3 2? ^-v3^u-3voBcy, o >v.2a . ott; js> a j*=; o o um fs Is sis, s Q3 jaft) 3S #- ,n ) e s r o " p 0 . 2 Jl U.2 1'E.2 *1^g: n u tt ' . .Sa m** < Ex 5 >>> ""J6O""p t o co v5*M0 2c ft) -g -aS,Je*''1^^5 NH u ftt) fti .o -t OO^ <*j Q. .5 2 .2 as?*|S M OCXW.TJ3.J ft)-"CoO. CCo% '-b^5 p" e3 S 2 mie.otpie*0oINwnto<0o9o\p--o) CcoJotfd-s5. EiS X 5?X X X X u S^m 142 g;5 * ` 3> ` :S .2d, c a -2 a . *- 5 < - 2 u Sr 2-3 o*'*5tt>a a ; 2 0-aI -1 s o 2 s|1H5 Is g l|lil|.ll.; ) . c S -a o <<2 o, K>% *5? e' = > > s 31 S ^3" 39 ^=-- ^2 -CCi . 1E J2 3 2-5 = i Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 143 Table 5. Capacities of Steam and Return Mains for Vacuum Systems--Capacities in Radiation, Square Feet. A Pipe Size, Inches 'A A 1 1A lA 2 2A 3 3A 4 4A S 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 ' B Steam Rating 20 40 75 150 300 500 900 1,500 2,000 2,800 3,600 6,000 9,000 13,000 18,000 23,000 37,000 55,000 78,000 C Main Return 600 1,200 2,400 4,800 9,000 15,000 23,000 37,000 55,000 78,000 D Branch Returns Return Risers 400 600 1,200 2,400 4,800 Radiator Connections 100 200 400 600 Drips Inches H H A 1 1 1 m m m Length Factors--For supply mains where steam! and water are flowing in the same direction and for wet returns where lengths are other!than 100 ft., multiply the factor here given by the sq. ft. of radiation to obtain the carrying capacity of the pipe. Length in Feet___ 200 300 400 500 1000 2000 30CO Factor ..................... 0.710 0.576 0.500 0.447 0.316 0.223 0.182 Supply mains to be sized according to Column1 B. Where branches to risers are taken from the top of the mains the main should be dripped at the end either by separate drip line or into the main dry return line through a trap. The end of steam mains, if reduced, to be one size larger than the table calls for. Where the main changes size branch connections should be taken from the bottom of the main and either connected into separate drip main or into main dry return line through a trap. If this is not done eccentric couplings should be used for making reductions. ' ' The bottom of risers should be carried down to tbe basement level and connected to separate drip main or into dry return main through a trap. -' In buildings where risers are 100 ft. in length or over, horizontal run-outs, to take care of expansion, or where necessary due to the design of the building, should have separate drips car ried down to basement into separate drip main pr into the dry return through a trap. 144 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 Table 6. Capacities of Steam Distributing Mains, with a Total Friction of 1 Lb. for the Length of Run--Radiation in Square Feet--Unwin Formula-^-Nominal Sizes of Pipe Pipe Size, Inches 4 4A 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 Length of Run in Feet 300 3,300 4,600 5,900 9,800 . 14,700 21,000 29,400 37,600 60,400 89,800 127,400 400 2,800 3,950 5,100 8,500 12,800 18,400 25,600 32,600 52,500 78,000 110,000 600 2.300 3^00 4,100 7,000 10,500 15,000 21,000 27,000 43,000 64,000 91,000 800 2,000 2,800 3,600 6,000 9,000 13,000 18,000 23,000 37,000 55,000 78,000 1,000 1,800 2,500 3200 5,500 8250 11,900 16,500 21,100 34,000 50,400 71,500 1,200 1,600 2,300 2,950 4,900 7,350 10,600 14,700 18,800 30200 45,000 63,700 1,500 1*50 2,050 2,600 4,400 6,600 9,500 13,200 16,900 27,100 40,300 57,200 2,000 1250 1,750 2,250 3,800 5,700 8200 11,400 14,600 23,400 34,800 49,400 Calculated on the asumption that fittings, entrained water, etc., double the friction of straight pipe. .' Maximum condensation of radiating surface arid connected pipes taken at 0.3 lb. per sq. ft. per hour. . C. I.Capacities of Supply Mains in Direct Radiation Pipe Size, Inches 2'A 3 3A 4 4A 5 6 7' 8 10 Length of Main' in Feet---J4-Lb. Pressure Drop 400 520 950 1,430 2,020 2,750' 3,770 6*50 8,300 12,840 23,440 500 470 890 1,280 1,810 - 2,460 3,370 5,400 7,420 11,480 20,950 750 370 720 1,030 1,460 1,980 2,700 4,410 5,970 9210 17,840 1,000 330 630 . 900 1,280 1,740 2,380 3,890 5,240 8,110 14,810 . 1,250 290 560 810 1,140 1,560 2,130 3,480 4,680 / 7260 13,250 . 1,500 260 500 710 1,000 1,350 1,880 3,080 4,000 6,400 11,700 Note: Allowance must he made for ells and fittings in the line of flow. Sizes o f Steam M ains fo r D ire ct R a d ia tio n S h o w in g oss o pL P r e s s u r e i n O u n c e s f o r 100 F t . R u n . . C o n d e n s a t io n T h r e e -t e n t h s L b . p e r Sq. F t . p e r H o u r . Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 N o m in a l Sizes o f P ip e U sed . =* p Ti 't>S ".p*a I- Id bS dOJQ Q SSMSSdiSDgQSOSmSftSsoSoSioSt'OS8oi8on8n -- Nioe>o "WWiQt r> o *o o *- 55 o Ohm OOOOO Id *bg data o a.pey *Id *>S data Q Id *>s doja *0 Id &S d<UQ *0 Id *>S dOJQ *0 ooiooaojcoaoNoS NNMjinei 3S30M0NM0qV0OoCqHIONOOfOIH.OQMI-.OO3QeONOOO8 noaad Qisav) e3 wOqqr.r._O5qO-OoO2OO|woQ> Oem<O- cnOo nnOBoQqOn . Mddn'i>iQoaottddi. Dl3<OtDC3r no"nToOoTCMBMoOaOoSMiOnnoMaOoSot _J*oo_o0o0>f ondN eor. o5 , jdr.ioNd--*< *O.PH 1d**>S doaa *0 0,PH Id *>s dS--ooS3w"SS ;IO<lnMNHH ' CeM0000ONOVOQ *4ndnrto5omMNoO5oi.3n(o95iot doaa sf4nodao_doadoOC *0 ^Oh^ndHHHH* *a.P*H 1d`l>8 data *0 a P*H oievooNisoi' id :*>s 9 data o Sdon coSSnI aowM^^ * * * id t>8 data jssss *0 a.pH 9E2g Id bS data o o,pH id *>6 doia o 2-a .s3oS~ .1 i S S. -9<^,*adSMMX(0*<4Ct<C0OON4 U n w in F orm ula 145 146 Am. Soc. or Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. (922 Flow of Steam in Pipes Pressure Drop in 87 \/ Drop Ounces T 100 i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 20 24 28 32 40 48 80 160 320 480 2.175 3.076 3.767 4.350 4.863 5.328 5.754 6.152 6.878 7.534 8.138 8.700 9.727 10.655 11.509 12.290 13.756 15.069 19.454 27.512 38.863 47.652 Iaside Dia. Pipe V Inches p` i .522 IK 1.177 IK 1.828 2 3.709 ' 2'A 6.109 3 11.183 3K 16.705 4 23.630 4K 32.098 5 43.719 6 69.718 7 105.35 8 150.33* 9 205.37 10 271.16 12 437.51 14 733.90 16 925.19 Steam Pressure t/DensV ity Length Pipe in Inches J 100 Length 0 .3 1.3 2.3. 5.3 10.3 15.3 20.3 30.3 40.3 50.3 60.3 75.3 100.3 125.3 ISO. 3 175.3 200.3 .193 .195 .201 .207 .223 .248 .270 .290 .326 .358 .388 .415 .452 .507 .557 .603 .645 .648 1- 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1400 2.240 1.580 1.290 1.120 1.000 .912 .841 .793 .741 .710 .632 .578. .538 .500 .477 .447 .407 .378 .354 .333 .316 .267 4Br.jXoXx|un. 15i3i(Xn22iy3XH1.00=`T10n.^8i4T'ilkbs.wUp1erflom"intuhtreo--11^10.\84pXip6e0f-or6a50g.4iveInbac.opnedritiohnou. r. Example p *=> Drop in pressure in lbs. d --inside dia. pipe in inches L -- Length of pipe in feet D--Density of steam percu.ft. W -- ibs. of steam per minute w- /- PDd> . p - ,oooi3i(i+lt5N^t. ' d / Dd1 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 METHODS OF EQUALIZING BOILERS 147 WATER HAMMER Water hammer in steam pipes is caused by condensation in the pipe forming waves and allowing pockets to form holding steam--similar to A. The air around the pipe being cooler than the steam causes the steam to condense, thereby making a vacuum which pulls the water B*-B together with a slap or bang. If the pipe is large enough to permit the steam to travel at a low velocity it will not pick up the water and form waves; like the above drawing and water hammer will not occur. . CARE OF STEAM BOILERS Cleaning Steam Boilers The steam boiler should be cleaned within one week after it is installed arrd in operation. This should be done to remove any accumulation of oil, grease, etc., which has a tendency to cause the boiler to foam, producing a very unsteady water line. It is thus necessary to blow, off the boiler under pressure. If one blowing-off does not result in a steady water line and clear gauge-glass, the operation must be repeated a second and if necessary a third or fourth time. Gose all radiator valves, or, if the mains are equipped with valves, close both flow and return valves tightly. , . Fill the boiler to.the top of the gauge with water. Build a hot fire in the boiler and get up a pressure of 10 to 15 lb. Open the blow-off cock and be careful that sufficient fire is carried to maintain a pressure until the boiler is empty. After doing this, draw the remaining fire and allow the boiler to cool down thoroughly. This will require one-half to one hour's time, after which close the blow-off cock and slowly fill boiler to water line. - Open all radiator valves or valves on flow and return mains and rebuild fire, and the heating plant is ready for operation. How To Clean a Water-Gauge Glass on a Steam Boiler Without Removing It '' y 1. Draw a cupful of hot water from the boiler, into which pour at least a table spoon of raw muriatic or other acid. 2. Close both water-gauge valves. 3. Open top water-gauge valve and also pet cock at bottom, and blow water out of glass. Then immediately close the top valve and submerge the end of the pet cock in cup of hot-water solution. A vacuum is at once created in the gauge glass which causes the solution in the cup to rush in. -- 4. Keep the pet cock immersed and operate the top valve, slightly opening and closing, alternately expelling and drawing in the solution until all grease, oil, or other matter adhering to the inside of the glass is cut out. Then close pet cock and open both water-gauge valves. It is necessary to have 1 lb. pressure of steam or more on the boiler before com-' mencing this operation, which need not occupy more than 10 minutes. The result is a clean glass without the risk of breakage and probable renewal of gaskets, which is frequently the case when removing the glass for cleaning. 148 PIPE SIZES FOR GRAVITY HOT WATER HEATING (From Mechanical Equipment of Federal Buildings, By Nelson S. Thompson) Two-Pipe Hot-Water Basement Mains, Gravity Circulation, Direct Radiator Tappings First Floor 40 70 110 180 ' 300 Second Floor 50 80 120 195 350 Third Floor 60 90 135 210 400 Fourth Floor 70 100 150 230 500 Pipe Size Inches A 1 VA IA 2 At ends of mains increase tapping one size. No main to be less than l'l in. ' To get size of mains and risers serving more than one radiator, add area of tappings together and use the following: Inches Yi equals 2 equals 5 1 equals 10 equals 20 V/2 equals 30 2 equals 60 2J4 equals 110 Equalizing Table . Inches 3 equals 175 3l/2 equals 260 4 equals 380 5 equals 650 6 equals 1,050 7 equals 1,600 8 equals 2,250 To get size pipe to serve a -kt-inch pipe and a 1-inch pipe: in. equals 5 1 in. equals 10 15 equals 1% in. Expansion-tanks are made 1 gal. to 30 sq. ft. radiation up to 1,000 sq. ft.;1 gal. to 40 sq. ft. 1,000 to 2,000 sq. ft.; 1 gal. to 50 sq. ft. 2,000 to 5;000 sq. ft., and 1 gal. to 60 sq. ft. for jobs above 5,000 sq ft. in radiators. THE FRICTION OF WATER IN IRON PIPES AND ELBOWS By F. E. Giesecke Data and experiments carried out by the Division of Engineering, Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology of the University of Texas, led to the establishment of the formula v 177 h = 0.00685 --- d1275 . showing the relation between the friction of flow of water (h) and the velocity (v) for clean iron pipes ranging in size from ^ to 3 in. when the water has a temperature of about 68 deg. fahr. and flows at velocities up to 3 ft. per sec. ' The friction of water at temperature of about 68 deg. fahr. in. one standard short-radius steam elbow is given by t)1-96 h = 0.0141 d -26 (For the complete paper see Transactions A. S. H. V. E., Vol. XXIII, 1917, p. 499.) 149 150 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 EXPANSION CONNECTIONS Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 151 NOTE--Allowance for expansion must' be made in long runs of mains both vertical and horizontal. One expansion joint or swing should be installed in any run over 100'-0* long and one for each additional 100'-0" of run. All branch connections should be made so as to allow a swing both at the main and the other end connections. 152 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 TYPICAL RADIATOR CONNECTIONS NOTES--In making radiator connections allowance must be made for expansion. All branch connections to pitch down at least 1" in 5'-O'* in direction of arrows. Automatic valves or traps plugged with grease or dirt can be cleaned in gasoline. ' - Safety Valve Si2es. Low Pressure Boilers. A. S. M. E., Std. Up to 3.25 sq. ft Grate = l%" 326 to 4.50 sq. ft. Grate = 15^" 4.51 to 8.00 sq. ft. Grate = 2" 8.01 to 12.50 sq. ft. Grate = 2^4" 12.51 to 17.75 sq. ft. Grate = 3" 17.76 to 24.00 sq. ft. Grate = 3^" Over 24 sq. ft. Grate = 2 Valves Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 153 .2 -S -g *3 sjj > -- 4*; 0- _'o &I f*e ot9 6e * Z e.JO -- t if i ! 3 I 2 ; t IS ; . 2 i : 5 X Ss 5 1 - j r- * Hi : ;s i s ! 8 1a I\t e ft n ;r -5 m n 0 0 0 0 0 0i O ft ft << < ft ft 0 4 i< 4 ( * ft 0 ft * : = 2 (4 o s O o e 0 5 0 a V V V - O ft <1 n 2 4 * 0 0 ft ft sr 0<- 3 9 3 2t r4 V ft 4 V < 4 V s o ft 4 r W ? 0 0 4 0 2? 0 04 0 3 i O 0 0 ** a * $ 5 * 0 0 A A A ft ft ft A 5 VV 44 0 *0 9 st Cft ft * nA ft M ft Am - t ft - ft A-00 4 00 - 0 4 4 a 0 ft - - - y <4 Aft - - - 4 S N - 5 * i * 4 - - - A ft ft ft N *** * * r 4 - - * < j A 4? y 3l * A i f i - - - A * Udl > if 12 YJ i It S ite r O ft <4 4 o o 4 4 4 = o *4 (4 4 ! 4 4 # 4 4 4S 9 ft ft 0 V 0 0r < 4 m4h Jj 3 0 3 0 0V f 0 4 ft b| fl 0 0 ?0 0 ft a V % o e O o O a 00 83 0 ft 8 1 3 o o O oo 0 OO oo | 90 s fOt O4 V O9 3 490 a 3 900 0 00 9 m ft 0O9 I| f9t ?. 0 90t 0 S 8 0| I a{ HW* u *<* v*,**'l 4 9 4 0 0 4 41 0 0 O ft * 0 4 4 0 4 4 0 0 0 e 0 O ! 3 *1*0 *4VA 4 jq e1 ft n 4 01 44 J V 4 44 0 0 5< dl V V 0 4 4 r 9 - O 0 0 ft ft ft ftINd a m N 4 4 41 ft ft = ft 0 4 V V V 00 4 r A 0 0 0 ! ft ft 5 Q o a 9 9 e O Q 0 ft O ft a o o ft oo 4 o 4 0 4 0 4 O 0 4 0 04 0 4 % 3 O4 0 4 O 3 0 ' D im ensions and capacities o f steam d riv e n vacuum pum ps. C apacities based on p isto n displacem ent o f 15 to 20 tim es that necessary to Handle th e w a te r o f condensation. 154 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM Vacuum in ins. of Mercury Absolute TotaJ Heat above or Gage Pressure Temperature 32 fahr. Pres, in in lbs. in Deg. B.t.u. in B.t.u. in lbs. per sq. in. fahr. the Water the Steam Latent Heat of the Steam in B.tu. Volume in cu. ft. of 1 lb. of Steam 27.88 25.85 23.81 21.78 19.74 17.70 15.67 13.63 11.60 9.56 7.52 5.49 3.45 1.42 0.00 0.3 1.3 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.3 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.3 15.3 20.3 25.3 31.3 35.3 . 41.3 45.3 51.3 61.3 71.3 81.3 90.3 100.3 125.3 140.3 150.3 J65.3 175.3 200.3 1. ' 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 14.70 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 30. 35. 40. 46. 50. 56. 60. 66. 76. 86. 96. 105. 115. 140. 155. 165. 180. 190. 215. 101.83 126.15 141.52 153.01 162.28 170.06 176.85 182.86 188.27 193.22 197.75 201.96 205.87 209.55 212.00 213.00 216.3 219.4 222.4 225.2 228.0 230.6 233.1 235.5 237.8 240.1 250.3 259.3 267.3 275.8 281.0 288.2 292.7 299.0 308.5 317.1 324.9 331.4 338.1 353.1 361.1 366.1 373.1 377.6 388.0 69.8 94.0 109.4 120.9 130.1 137.9 144.7 150.8 156.2 161.1 165.7 169.9 173.8 177.5 180.0 181.0 184.4 187.5 190.5 193.4 196.1 198.8 201.3 203.8 206.) 208.4 218.8 227.3 236.1 244.8 250.1 257.5 262.1 268.5 278.3 287.2 295.3 302.0 309.0 324.6 332.9 338.2 345.6 350.4 361.4 1104.4 1115.0 1121.6 1126.5 1130.5 1133.7 1136.5 1139.0 1141.1 1143.1 1144.9 1146.5 1148.0 1149.4 1150.4 1150.7 1152.0 1153.1 1154.2 1155.2 1156.2 ' 1157.1 1158.0 1158.8 1159.6 1160.4 1163.9 1166.8 1169.4 1172.0 1173.6 1175.7 1177.0 1178.8 1181.4. 1183.6 1185.6 1187.2 1188.8 1192.2 1194.0 1195.0 1196.4 1197.3 1199.2 1034.6 333.0 1021.0 173.5 1012.3 118.5 1005.7 90.5 1000.3 73.33 995.8 61.89 991.8 53.56 988.2 47.27 985.0 42.36 982.0 38.38 979.2 35.10 976.6 32.36 974.2 30.03 971.9 28.02 970.4 26.79 969.7 26.27 967.6 24.79 965.6 23.38 963.7 22.16 961.8 21.07 960.0 20.08 -958.3 19.18 956.7 18.37 955.1 17.62 953.5 16.93 952.0 16.30 945.1 13.74 938.9 11.89 933.3 10.49 927.2 9.20 923.5 8.51 918.2 7.65 914.9 7.17 910.2 6.56 903.0 5.74 896.4 5.10 890.3 4.60 885.2 4.23 879.8 3.88 867.6 3.219. 861.0 2.920 856.8 ' 2.753 850.8 2.533 846.9 2.406 837.9 2.138 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 Hi USEFUL DATA Diameter................................................... X Diameter' ................................................ X -^54 Area of Circle......................................... X .63662 Dia. of circle........................................ X Dia. of circle......................................... X -7071 Circumference of circle...................... X J.12o4 Side of square........................................ X J 4142 Side of square...................................... X 1-1^4 Perimeter of square................... ' - X -8623 Diameter' ...............................................X 3.1416 Diameter ' .............................................. X 5236 Dia. of sphere........................................ X .806 Dia. of sphere.........................................X -6667 Area of base............................................. X A height Base.......................................................... X lA height Radius .................................................- X J 1547 Sq. ins......................................................... X 1.2732 Sq. ins. ..-.............................................. X .00695 Sq. ft.......................................................... X .111 Sq. yds.......................................................X .0002066 Cu. in.......................................................... X- .00058 Cu. ft. ....................................................... X .03704 Cu. in.......................................................... X .004329 Cu. ft. .......................................................X 7.4805 Cu. in.......................................................... X .000466 Cu ft .......................................................X -8036 U. S.'bu......................................................X 2150.42 U. S. bu....................................................X 1-242 U. S. bu....................................................X .046 U. S. gal.................................................... X 231. U. S. gal.................................................... X .13368 Cu. in. water......................................... X .36127 Cu. ft. water.................................. X 62.4283 U. S. gals, water............................^68.8 Column of water I" dia. x 12" high .. Cu. in.......................................................... X Cu. in.......................................................... X Cu. in.......................... X Cu. in............ '......................................... X Cu. in...........................................................X Cu. in.......................................................... X Cu. in.......................................................... X Cii. in.......................................................... X Cu. in.......................................................... X .263 .281 .283 .3225 .3037 .26 .4103 .2636 .4908 12 X weight of pine pattern.............. . 13 X weight of pine pattern................ 14 X weight of pine pattern................ = Circumference = Diameter = Area of circle = Area of circumscribed square = Area of inscribed square = Side of equal square = Side of inscribed square = Perimeter of equal square = Dia. of circumscribed circle = Dia. of equal circle = Circumference of equal circle = Surface of sphere = Volume of sphere = Dimensions of equal cube = Length of equal cylinder = Volume of pyramid or cone = Area of triangle = Side of inscribed cube = Circular inches = Sq. ft. = Sq. yd. = Acres = Cu. ft. = Cu. yd. -- U. S. gal. U. S. gal. = U. S. bu. = U. S. bu. = Cu. in . = Cu. ft. = Cu. yd. Cu. in. = Cu. ft. = Pounds (avoirdupois) = Pounds (avoirdupois) = Tons = .34 lb. (avoirdupois) = Lb. Av. Cast Iron = Lb. Av. Wrought Iron ' Lb. Av. Cast Steel = Lb. Av. Copper Lb. Av. Brass -- Lb. Av. Zinc = Lb. Av. Lead -- Lb. Av. Tint = Lb. Av. Mercury . = Iron casting . = Brass casting . = Lead casting VELOCITY OF STEAM To find the velocity of steam multiply the condensation in pounds by the volume in cu ft corresponding to the pressure, which gives volume of steam passing through the pipe per hour. Dividing this product by 3600 times the area of the pipe in sq. ft. gives velocity in ft. per second. 156 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 Specific Heat of Bodies Material Specific Heat Cast Iron............ Wrought Iron... Lime..................... Copper................. Brass..................... 0.12983 0.11379 0.09555 0.09515 0.09391 0.05701 0.05695 0.03332 Material Specific Heat Gold........... ... Platinum........... Lead.......... .. Bismuth............ Nickel................. 0.03244 0.03243 0.03140 0.03084 0.10860 0.50400 0.27770 0.20085 . Material Specific Heat Glass....................... Burnt Clay........... Brickwood............. Water at 32........ Alcohol (S.G.793). Air........................... 0.19768 0.18500 0.20000 1.00000 0.62200 0.43400 0.30960 0.2415* *W. H. CARRIER Specific Gravity of Bodies Body Water........................................................... .............................. Aluminum....................................................... <........................ Tin (cast).................................................................................. Steel..................................................... ...............................t . . . Cast Iron................................................................................... Wrought Iron.......................................................................... Brass............................................................................................ Copper........................................................................................ Lead (cast)............................................................ Mercury................................................................................. Platinum..................................................................................... Specific Gravity 1.00 2.50 7.29 7.84 7.21 7.68 8.38 8.79 11.35 13.60 21.50 Weight per Cu. Ft. in Lb. 62.5 156.3 455.6 490.0 450.6 480.0 523.8 549.4 709.4 850.0 1343.8 Decimal Equivalents of Fractions Frac tion Dec. . Equiv. ' 1-64 1-32 3-64 1-16 5-64 3-32 7-64 1-8 9-64 5-32 11-64 3-16 13-64 7-32 15-64 1-4 0.015625 0.031250 0.046875 0.062500 0.078125 0.093750 0.109375 0.125000 0.140625 0.156250 0.171875 0.187500 0.203125 0.218750 0.234375 0.250000 Frac tion Dec, Equiv. Frac tion 17-64 9-32 19-64 5-16 21-64 11-32 23-64 3-8 25-64 13-32 27-64 7-16 29-64 15-32 31-64 1-2 0.265625 0.281250 0.296875 0.312500 0.328125 0.343750 0.359375 0.375000 0.390625 0.406250 0.421875 0.437500 0.453125 0.468750. 0.484375 0.500000 33-64 17-32 35-64 . 9-16 37-64 19-32 39-64 5-8 41-64 21-32 43-64 11-16 45-64 23-32 47-64 3-4 Dec. Equiv. 0.515625 0.531250 0.546875 0.562500 0.578125 0.593750 0.609375 0.625000 0.640625 0.656250 0.671875 0.687500 0.703125 0.718750 0.734375 0.750000 Frac tion Dec. Equiv. 49-64 25-32 51-64 13-16 53-64 27-32 55-64 7-8 57-64 29-32 59-64 15-16 61-64 31-32 63-64 1- 0.765625 0.781250 0.796875 0.812500 0.828125 0.843750 0.859375 0.875000 0.890625 0.906250 0.921875 0.937500 0.953125 0.968750 0.984375 1.000000 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 157 Square Feet of Surface per Lineal Foot of Pipe ON ALL LENGTHS OVER 1 FT., FRACTIONS LESS THAN TENTHS ARE ADDED TO OR DROPPED SIZE OF PIPE Length of Pipe 1 .275 2 .5 3 .8 4 1.1 6 1.4 1.6 7 1.9 8 2.2 9 2.5 10 2.7 11 3. 12 3.3 13 3-6 14 3.S 15 4.1 16 4.4 17 4.7 18 5. 19 5.2 20 5.5 21 5.8 22 6. 23 6.3 24 6.6 25 6.9 26 7.1 27 7.4 28 7.7 29 8. 30 8.3 31 8.5 32 8.8 33 9.1 34 9.4 35 9.6 36 9.9 37 - 10.2 38 10.5 39 10.7 40 n. 41 11.3 42 11.5 43 11.8 44 12.1 45 12.4 46 12.7 47 12.9 48 13.2 49 13.5 50 13.8 1 .346 .7 1. 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.8` 4.1 4.5 4.8 5.2 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.6 6.9 7.3 7.6 8. 8.3 8.6 9. 9-4 9.7 10. 10.4 10.7 n.i 11.4 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.2 14.5 14.9 15.2 15.6 15.9 16.3 16.6 17. 17.3 154 .434 .9 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.6 ' 3. 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.1 6.5 6.9 7.4 7.8 8-3 8.7 9.1 9.6 10. 10.4 10.9 11.3 11.7 12.2 12.6 13. 13.5 13.9 14.3 14.7 15.2 15.6 16.1 16.5 16-9 17.4 17.8 18.2 18.7 19.1 19.5 20. 20.4 20.8 21.3 21.7 2 .494 I .622 1. 1.5 2. 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.4 5.9 6.4 6.9 7.4 7.9 8.4 8.9 9.4 9.9 10.4 10.9 11.3 11.9 12.3 12.8 13.3 13.8 14.3 14.8 15.3 15.8 16.3 16.8 17.3 17.8 18.3 18.8 19.3 19.8 20.3 20.8 21.3 21.8 22.2 22.7 23.2 23.7 24.2 24.7 1.2 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.4 5. 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.5 8.1 8.7 9.3 10. 10.6 11.2 11.8 12.5 13. 13.7 14.3 14.9 15.6 16.2 16.8 17.4 18. 18.7 19.3 19.9 20.5 21.2 21.8 22.4 23.23.7 24.3 24.9 25.5 26.1 26.8 27.4 28. 28.6 29.2 29.9 30.5 31.1 2A 3 .753 .916 45 1.175 1.455 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.9 2.3 2.7 3.5 4.4 3. 3.6 4.7 5.8 3.8 4.6 5.8 7.3 4.5 5.5 7. 8.7 5.3 6.4 8.2 10.2 6. 7.3 9.4 11.6 6.8 8.2 10.6 13.1 7.5 9.1 11.8 14.6 8.3 10. 12.9 16. 9. 11. 14.1 17.4 9.8 11.9 15.3 18.9 10.5 12.8 16.5 20.3 11.3 13.7 17.6 21.8 12. 14.6 18.8 23.2 12.8 15.5 20. 24.7 13.5 16.5 21.2 26.2 14.3 17.4 22.3 27.6 15. 18.3 23.5 29.1 15.8 19.2 24.7' 30.5 16.5 20.2 25.9 32. 17.3 '21.1 27. ,33.5 18. 22. 28.2 34.9 18.8 22.9 29.3 36.3 19.5 23.8 30.5 37.8 20.3 24.7 31.7 39.3 21. 25.6 32.9 40.7 21.8 26.6 34.1 42.2 22.5' 27.5 35.3 43.6 23.3 28.4 36.4 45il 24.1 29.3 37.6 46.5 24.8 30.2 38.8 48. 25.6 31.1 40. 49.5 26.3 32. 41.1 SO.9 27. 33. 42.3 52.4 27.8 33.9 43.5 53.8 28.5 34.8 44.6 55.2 29.3 35.7 45.8 56.7 30.1 36.6 47. 58.2 30.8 37.6 48.2 59.6 31.6 38.5 49.4 61.1 32.3 39.4 50.6 62.5 33.1 40.3 51.7 64. 33.8 41.2 52.9 65.5. 34.6 42.2 54. 67. 35.3 43. 55.2 68.4 36.1 43.9 56.4 69.8 36.8 44.8 57.6 71.2 37.6 45.8 58.7 72.7 6 1.739 3.5 5.2 7. 7.7 10.5 12.1 13.9 15.7 17.4 19.1 20.9 22.6 24.3 26.1 27.8 29.5 31.3 33.1 34.8 36-5 38.3 40. 41.7 43.5 45-2 47.. 48.7 50.4 52.1 53.9 55.6 57.4 59.1 60.8 62.6 64.3 66. 67.8 69.5 71.3 73. 74.8 76.5 78.2 80. 81.7 83.5 85.1 87. 76 1.996 2.257 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. 30. 32. 34. 36. 38. 40. 42. 44. 46. 48. 50. 52. 54. 56. 58. 60. 62. 64. 66. 68. 70. 72. 74. 76. 78. 80. 82. 84. 86. 88. 90. 92. 94. 96. 98. 100. 4.5 6.8 9. 11.3 13.5 IS.8 18. 20.3 22.6 24.9 27.1 29.4 31.6 33.9 36.1 38.4 40.6 42.9 45.2 47.4 49.7 52. 54.2 56.4 58.6 61. 63.2 65. S 67.7 70; 72.2 74.4 76.7 79. 81.3 83.5 85.8 88. 90.2 92. S 94.8 97. 99.3 101.6 103.8 106. 108.4 110.5 112.8 Table Showing Expansion of Wrought Iron Pipe Initial Increase in Length per 100 Ft. when Heated to Temperature 32 in. 64 in. '. 160 180 200 212 228 1.28 1.02 0.77 1.44 1.18 0.93 1.60 1.34 1.09 1.69 1.43 1.18 1.82 1.S6 1.31 ' Hot Water Water 5 Boils lb. 240 1.92 1.66 1.41 10 lb. 250 2.00 1.74 1.49 15 lb. 259 2.07 1.81 1.56 . 20 lb. 267 2.13 1.87 1.61 25 lb. 274 2.20 1.94 1.69 30 lb. Wrought iron pipe expands, in inches, per 100 ft., 4/5 of the increase in temperature of steam or water it is subjected to, over the temperature at the time of installation, divided by 100. Example--Temperature when installed, 32, 10 lb. pressure=240, difference 208, 4/5 of which equals 1.66 in. expansion per 100 ft. A c tu a l N om inal E xter Internal nal Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Sq. In. 158 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide. 1922 rt u t-D S-Msti -p : : : MCNfOfO No. of Threads per Inch o f Screw rCM- oo o-o H --< oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oooo oooo Feet Feet Lbs. C ontain W eight 10.665 12.34 14.502 18.762 of Pipe nal 1.115 1.668 2.244 2.678 1^001 i -4 O' *-- cm ^ t/> oo 0'0''0-H O>6OMOOOO o 55 oooo po o O' Length fON>^ p--)t oo t/i rr--j CM -H 270. 166.9 96.25 70.66 42.91 30.1 19.5 1.4.57 PO-* CM CM 0O0' CrM- 0oo0 O' cm CoMo * O' r-- ^ PO CM-CM -H ing One Cu. Ft. TABLE OP STANDARD DIMENSIONS ao- QOJ.WOm ^ oU' Inter nal Surface lOO'tOf'O Tj'Ot-'O 4.635 3.645 2.768 2.371 1.848 1.547 1.245 1.077 O' O' 0oro0f ftfo- 'POO OOOO rj* OP~O- PCM- CCOM lOtt^CO OOOO < & ZF cj <6 Ja U vU 0) U") p-- l--. ^ O 'O tfi r- ** -- r'O-5 OO' O poo oO'oPcomoOO*O-' Ottoo' OxOvOt'po-c'Oro--'ptO--- otoHTOfPOCO-'ItOtoo x c s ti. Cb T-- hO ro CM CM CM -tH0 oooo oooo w .CO ' CO tutJ < 4CuO> >CO 13 4J S <5 is d N-xOj"vOWONv NOCN'OC'#M 6* (/) oooo rO --< P-- OO d 1o0-H0--0<'Sro C/5 OOOO tMrf--oOi^Oo^'oO'OOPrO**' oooo ftrp^*o-55COvOSOO'OO'cOpOO OOhN ^ OO PO O' Ot'CN'O * CN CM 'O *3< oo tpoopo-o oo po oooo PO t- O' N--iPvT-O*-HNPOOOt0o PO PO to Cp-O--o'OOO'vOooOoo CM tO O' 00 VCOM V0O0 PO rCMf O' to o O' M3 00 O -h P0PO0-Orf NPO0OP0O' 0to0 OiooCMp0-0 2 :h OM-H' NON'WIofojltlOfl OOOO P"O31 cO-emj*' C>--0S< 'otOo NO O. CM 15.904 19.635 24.306 34.472 0.848 1.144 1.552 1.957 0.866 1.358 2.164 i 2.835 6.494 7.753 9.636 11.146 i 12.648 14.162 15-849 19.054 Exter Inter Exter nal nal nal 7.461 9.032 10.996 12.566 14.137 15.708 17.477 20.813 0<ucv&1>u e lpol <3 1.272 1.696 2.121 2.639 3.299 4.131 5.215 5.969 60L0 160 0 880 0 890 0 0.113 0.134 0.14 0.145 oo, COM' l/> po o-* I^NfOO C4 fO tO 0.154 0.204 0.217 0.226 r-- pCMo 0 CM *OCoM* oCMo OOOO T h ic k ness 7.023 7.982 8.937 10.019 0.27 0.364 0.494 0.623 0.824 1.048 1.38 1.611 A c tu a l Inter nal O >o0o t>--0 oTof Oxtoio CM CM PO PO 'tOOsoOtoo 'tOto'OtOo st* -xfr to O 0.405 0.54 0.675 0.84 1.05 1.315 1.66 1.9 rtP--oO tor--oo to CM CM PO ^ 4.5 5. 5.563 6.625 tC'OoM 'CtOoM Ct'OoM tro *- 00 O' O Diam eter CM CM PO CO ->* tO 'Q r~ oo O' o 0.301 23.955 22.063 45.664 0.322 27.096 25.076 58.426 0.344 30.238 28.076 72.76 0.366 33.772 31.477 90.763 23.271 28.177 33.701 40.065 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, .1922 159 Circumference and Areas of Circles Circum Dia. ference A A H A H K A l A A A A A A . 2A A A A 3 A A A 4 A 5 A 61 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A a A 12 A 13 , A 14 A 15 A .3927 .7854 1.1781 1.5708 1.9635 2.3562 2.7489 3.1416 3.5343 3.9270 4.3197 4.7124 5.1051 5.4978 5.8905 6.2832 7.0686 7.8540 8.6394 9.4248 10.210 10.996 11.781 12.566 14.137 15.708 17.279 18.850 20.420 21.991 23.562 25.133 26.704 28.274 29.845 31.416 32.987 34.558 36.128 37.699 39.270 40.841 42.412 43.982 45.553 47.124 48.695 Area 0.0123 0.0491 0.1104 0.1963 0.3067 0.4417 0.6013 0.7854 0.9940 1.227 1.484 1.767 2.073 2.405 2.761 3.141 3.976 4.908 5.939 7.068 8.295 9.621 11.044 12.566 15.904 19.635 23.758 28.274 33.183 38.484 44.178 50.265 56.745 63.617 70.882 78.54 86.59 95.03 103.86 113.09 122.71 132.73 143.13 153.93 165.13 176.71 188.69 Circum Dia. ference Area 16 50.265 J4 51.836 17 53.407 A 54.978 18 56.549 34 58.119 19 59.690 34 61.261 20 62.832 34 64.403 21 65.973 34 67.544 22 69.115 34 70.686 23 72.257 A 73.827 24 75.398 34 76.969 25 78.540 26 81.681 27 84.823 28 87.965 29 91.106 30 94.248 31 97.389 32 100.531 33 103.673 34 106.814 35 109.956 36 113.097 37 116.239 38 119.381 39 122.522 40 125.664 41 128.805 42 131.947 43 135.088 44 138.230 45 141.372 46 144.513 47 147.655 48 150.796 49 153.938 50 157.080 51 160.221 52 163.363 53 166.504 201.06 213.82 226.98 240.52 254.46 268.80 283.52 298.64 314.16 330.06 346.36 363.05 380.13 397.60 415.47 433.73 452:39 471.43 490.87 530.93 572.55 615.75 660.52 706.86 754.76 804 ..24 855.30 907.92 962.11 1017.8 1075.2 1134.1 1194.5 1256.6 1320.2 1385.4 1452.2 1520.5 1590.4 1661.9 1734.9 1809.5 1885.7 1963.5 2042.8 2123.7 2206.1 Circum Dia. ference Area 54 169.646 2290.2 55 172.788 2375.8 56 175.929 2463.0 57 179.071 2551.7 58 182.212 2642.0 59 185.354 2733.9 60 188.496 2827.4 61 191.637 2922.4 62 194.779 3019.0 63 197.920 3117.2 64 201.062 3216.9 65 204.204 3318.3 66 207.345 3421.2 67 210.487 3525.6 68 213.628 3631.6 69 216.770 3739.2 70 219.911 3848.4 71 223.053 3959.2 72 226.195 4071.5 73 229.336 4185.3 74 232.478 4300.8 75 235.619 4417.8 76 238.761 4536.4 77 241.903 4656.0 78 245.044 4778.3 79 248.186 4901.6 .80 251.327 5026.5 81 254.469 5153.0 82 257.611 5281.0 83 260.752 5410.6 84 263.894 5541.7 85 267.035 5674.5 86 270.177 5808.8 87 273.319 5944.6 88 276.460 6082.1 89 279.602 6221.1 90 282.743 6361.7 91 285.885 6503.8 92 289.027 6647.6 93 292.168 6792.9 94 295.310 6939.7. 95 298.451 7088.2 96 301.593 7238.2 97 304.734 7389.8 98 307.876 7542.9 99 311.018 7697.7 160 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 General Data 1 CaJorie ......................................................... = 1 B. t. u. ......................................................... = 1 lb. per sq. in................................................. = 1 Kilogramme per m*.................................. = 3.968 B.t.-u. 0.252 .Calorie 703.08 kilogrammes per m* 0.00142 lbs. per sq. in. 1 Calorie per m*............................................ = 0.3687 B. t. u. per sq. ft I B. t. u. per sq. ft..................................... = . 1 Calorie per m3 per deg difference ) = ( cent. ................................................ ) = j 1 B. t. u. per sq. ft. per deg. differ- ' ) = J 2.712 calories per m3 0.2048 B. t. u. per sq. ft. per deg. difference fahr. . 4.882 Calories per m* per deg. differ- ence fahr........................................... J = \ ence cent. l B. t. u. per lb.............................................. = 0.556 Caloriesper kilog. 1 Calorie per kilog. .................................. = 1.8 B. t. u. per lb. 1 Litre of Coke at 26.3 lb. per cu. ft... = 0.93 lbs. , I lb. of Coke at 26.3 lb. per cu. ft........ -- 1.076 litres. Water expands in bulk from 40 deg. to 212 deg.......... ............................................ =: One twenty-third. A cubic inch of e/cj).>.v.vjd ui? :.dinary atmospheric pressure is converted into 1 cubic foot of steam (approxima:*:>). ` 1 cu. in. of Cast Iron......... 1 cu. in. of Wrought Iron 1 cu. in. of Water ........... 1 U. S. gal............................ 1 Imperial gal....................... I U. S. gal............................ 1 Imperial gal....................... . 1 cu. ft. of Water............... 1 lb. of Steam....................... 1 lb. of Air........................... Weights .............weighs.. weighs.. ............ weighs.. .............weighs.. ............weighs.. .............equals... ............. equals... .............equals... ............. equals.. ....... equals.. .............0.260 lb. ............. 0.280 lb. .............0036 lb. .......8.330 lb. ...........10.000 lb. .231.000 cu. in. . .277.274 cu. in. 7.480 U. S. gal. . .27.222 cu. ft. ..13.817 cu. ft. Weights and Measures . SURVEYORS MEASURE 7;92 in...................................................................................................... 25 links................. '.....................................1 rod 4-rods................ 10 sq. chains or 160 sq. rods.......................................................... 640 acres................. '.................................................................... .. 36 sq. miles (6 miles sq.)............................................................... ...... 1 link ____ 1 chain .........1 acre .. 1 sq. mile ;l township 1728 cu. in.... 27 cu. ft.......... 2150.42 cu. in. 231 cu. in. ... 1 cu. ft............ CUBIC MEASURE . . ` 1 cu. ft. 128 cu. ft............................... 1 cord (wood) 1 cu. yd. 40 c. f..........................................1 ton (shpg) .................................................... .........................1 standard bu. ........................................................... ,1 U. S. standard gal. ..................................................................... about 4/5 of a bu. METRIC EQUIVALENTS--LINEAR MEASURE 1 decimeter ........... ......... 3.937 in. 1 ft 1 meter .................. ......... 39.37 in. ..... 1.9884 rods 1 kilometer .......... ......... 0.62137 m. * 1 rd. ...................... 1 m............................ 2.54 centimeters 0.328 ft. 3.048 decimeters 1.0936 yards 0.9144 meter 0.5029 dekameter 1.6093 kilometers Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 161 1 sq. centimeter 1 sq. decimeter . 1 sq. meter .... 1 are ................. 1 hectare ......... 1 sq. kilometer . l gram. ...; 1 kilogram . 1 metric ton SQUARE MEASURE 0.1550 sq. in. 0.1076 sq. ft. 1.1% sq. yd. 3.954 sq. rods 2.47 acres 0.386 sq.m. 1 sq. in. 1 sq. ft. 1 sq. yd. 1 sq. rd. 1 acre .. 1 sq. m. 6.452 sq. centimeters 9.2903 sq. decimeters 0.8361 sq. m'r 0.2529 are 0.4047 hectare 2.59 sq. kilometers WEIGHTS 0.03527 ounce 2.2046 lbs. 1.1023 English tons 1 oz.......................... 28.35 grams l ib........................... 0.4536 kilogram 1 English ton------ 0.9072 metric ton 1 decimeter ..................... 1 meter ............................ 1 kilometer ..................... 1 hectare .............1.......... 1 stere, or cu. meter___ approximate metric equivalents 4 in. 1.1 yds. 46 of a mile 254 acres 54 of a cord 1 liter..................... ................................... 1 hektoliter .......... 1 kilogram ........... 1 metric ton........ 1.06 qts. liquid 0.9 qt. dry 254 bu. 2V* lb. 2,200 lb. - troy weight ' 24 grains .;......................... ......................................................................................................... l pwt. 20 pwt.......................................................... loz.. 12 oz............. :................................................lib. Used for weighing gold, silver and jewels.. apothecaries weight 20 grains .......................................... 1 scruple 8 drams ... 3 scruples................. .........................1 dram 12 oz................ Ounce and pound are the same as in Troy Weight. 1 oz. 1 lb. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT 27n/ grains .................................... 1 dram 4 quarters . 16 drams........ ;........................................ 1 oz. . 2,000 lb ... 16 oz............................................:.............. 1 lb. 2,240 lb. ... 25 lb.................... 1....................... 1 quarter .........1 cwt. 1 short ton . 1 long ton dry measure 2 pints ................... ....................l qt. 4 pecks ... 8 qts........................................................ l peck 36 bushels . LIQUID MEASURE . 4 gills........................................................ 1 pt. 31^2 gals. . 2 pts............................................................. 1 qt. 4 qts.......................................................... l gal. 2 barrels . .........1 bu. 1 chaldron . .`...1 bbl. 1 hogshead . LONG MEASURE 12 in. ............................................................ 1 ft. 40 rods ... 3 ft................................. ...........................1 yd. 8 furlongs 554 yds.............................. ....................... 1 rod 3 miles ... CLOTH MEASURE 2J4 in. i...................................................1 nail . 4 quarters 4 nails ............................................. 1 quarter .1 furlong 1 sta. mile ... 1 league 1 yard 144 sq. in, .. 9 sq. ft.. . ,3054 sq. yd SQUARE MEASURE ... 1 sq. ft-. 1. sq. yard ., 1 sq. rod 40 sq. rods 4 roods . . 640 acres ... ... 1 rood ___ 1 acre 1 sq. mile 162 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 1 .3048 1 2.54 1 25.4 1 Metric and English Measure MEASURES OF LENGTH Metric English metre ...................................... = 5 39.37 in. . _ 1 3.28 ft. metre.......................................... -- 1 ft. centimetre .............................. = .3937 in. centimetres ............................= ' 1 in. millimetre .............................. = .03937 in. (1/25 in., nearly) millimetres ............................. == 1 in. kilometre...................................= 1093.61 yds. 1 .0929 1 6.452 1 645.2 MEASURES OF SURFACE sq. metre................................. = sq. metre.................................. = sq. centimetre.........................== sq. centimetres ....................... = sq. millimetre ...................... = sq. millimetres........................= 10.764 sq. ft. 1 sq. ft. 155 sq. in. 1 sq. in. . .00155 sq. in. 1 sq. in. 1 .02832 1 28.32 16.387 1 MEASURES OF VOLUME cu. metre ..............................= cu. metre ..................... .....= cu. decimetre ..................... " cu. decimetres ....................... = cu. centimetres ..................... = cu. centimetre ....................... = 35.314^ cu. ft. 1 cu. ft. J 61.023 cu. in. i .0353 cu. ft. 1 cu.ft. 1 i1 cu. in. millimetre 1 .061 cu. in. 1 28.317 4.543 3.785 MEASURES OF CAPACITY f 61.023 I .0353 litre = l cu. decimetre... = 1 .2202 t 2.202 litres ........................................... = litres ........................................... -- litres...................................= 1 1 1 cu. in. cu. ft. gal. (Imperial) lb. of water at 62 deg. fahr. cu. ft. (6.25 Imperial gal.) gal. (Imperial) gal. (American) 28.35 1 .4536 1' 1000 1.016 1016 ' MEASURES OF WEIGHT Metric grammes ................ = kilogramme......................~ kilogramme ............................= metric ton 1 kilogrammes ) ..................... metric tons l _ kilogrammes ) ................... 1 2.2046 ,1 j 1 19.68 . English oz. avoirdupois lb. lb. ton of 2240 lb., or cwts. or 2204.6 lb. 1 ton of 2240 lb. . MISCELLANEOUS 1 . gramme persq. millimetre. = 1 kilogramme per sq....milli metre .. -- 1 kilogramme per sq. centi- metre ..................................= 1.0335 kg. per sq. centimetre ) __ 1 atmosphere ........... J . = 0.070308 kilogramme per sq. centi metre ................................ -- . 1.422 1422.32 14.233 . 14.7 1. lb. per sq. in. lb. per sq. in. !b. per sq. in. lb. per sq. in. lb. per sq. in. W ~~~ Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent- Engineers Guide,. 1922 - 163 I lb. per sq. in. MEASURES OF PRESSURE AND WEIGHT 144 2.0355 2.0416 2.309 27.71 lb. per sq. ft. in. of mercury at 32 deg fahr. in. of mercury at 62 deg. fahr. ft. of water at 62 deg. fahr. in. of water at 62 deg. fahr. 1 Atmosphere (14.7 lb. per sq. in.)... = 1 ft. of Water at 62 deg. fahr ' 2116.3 33.947 30 29.922 760 lb. per sq. ft. ft. of water at 62 deg. fahr. in. of mercury at 62 deg. fahr. in. of mercury at 32 deg. fahr. millimetres of mercury at 32 deg. fahr. ( 0.433 lb. per sq. in. | 62.355 lb. per sq. ft. 1 in. of Mercunry at 62 deg. fahr.... 0.491 1.132 13.58 lb. or 7.86 oz. per sq. in. ft. of water at 62 deg. fahr. in. of water at 62 deg. fahr. . WEIGHT OF ONE CUBIC FOOT OF PURE WATER At 32 deg. fahr. (freezing point) ...................................................................... At 39.1 deg. fahr. (maximum density)............................................................ At 62 deg. fahr. (standard temperature)....................................................... At 212 deg. fahr. (boiling point, under 1 atmosphere)............................ Imperial gal. = 277.274 cu. in. of water at 62 deg fahr....................... = American gal. = 231 cu. in. of water at 62 deg. fahr............................= 62.418 lb. 62.425 lb. 62.355 lb. 59.76 lb. 10 lb. 8.3356 lb. BOILING POINTS OF VARIOUS FLUIDS Degrees Fahr. Water, Atmospheric Pressure........... 212 Alcohol ................................................... 173 Sulphuric Acid ...................................... 240 Refined Petroleum Turpentine ....... Sulphur .................. Linseed Oil............. Degrees Fahr. ............... 316 ............... 315 ............... 570 ............... 597 Aluminum .. Antimony .. Bismuth ... M Brass ......... Bronze ..,. Copper .... Glass ........... Gold (pure) MELTING POINTS OF DIFFERENT METALS Degrees Fahr. ............... 1400 ............... 810 ............... 476 ............... 1900 ............... 1692 ............... 1996 ............... 2377 ............... 2590 - Iron (cast) ... Iron (wrought) Lead ................. Platinum ......... Silver (pure) . Steel ................... Tib..................... Zinc ................. Degrees Fahr. ................. 2450 ........ 2912 ............... 608 ............... 3080 ............... 1873 ............... 2500 ............... 446 ............... 680 PROPERTIES OF AIR * Air is a mechanical mixture of various gases, ordinarily considered as consist ing of oxygen and nitrogen, but also containing a portion of moisture and carbonic acid, and a very small part of other constituents. The proportion of these components will vary under different conditions, but ordinarily pure dry air is composed as follows, in per cent.: By Volume By Weight Oxygen......................................................................... 20.9 23.1 Nitrogen .......................................................................... 79.1 76.9 The moisture will vary with the humidity of the air, from 0 to 4 per cent, and the carbonic acid will vary with the purity of the air from perhaps 0.03 to 0.30' per cent, or as usually expressed from 3 to 30 parts in 10,000. Weight of Air ' The weight of the air varies with its temperature and barometric pressure and also with the amount of moisture it contains. The weight of one cubic foot of pure dry air expressed in pounds may be determined by the formula 2.6982 p W =--------------- ' . (1) 459.2 4-t . where p = absolute pressure in pounds per square inch. t = temperature of the air in degrees F. . A convenient formula for expressing the weight of dry air at any conditions of temperature and pressure as used by Frank H. Kneeland 1 is 1.3253 b W ~--------------- 459.2-ft (2) where b = corrected barometer reading in inches of mercury t = temperature, deg. F. 1.3253 = weight in lbs. of 459.2 cu. ft. of air at 0 F. and 1" barometric pressure. - A formula expressing the= weight of humid air is given in the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables as 0.080723 - b --0.378 e W =------------------------------------- :------- X-------------------- 1 -f 0.0020389 (t -- 32) 29.921 ' (3) . where t = temperature, deg. Fahr. ---------- b = height of barometer in inches of mercury e = pressure due to vapor in the air in inches of mercury. ' According to the latest data the above values should be slightly changed, and we will then have the following formulae as convenient forms for calculating the weight per cubic foot of either dry or moist air. . For dry air 0.0028862b . W = -----------------------------. 1 +0.00217581 (4) . - For moist air . 0.0028862 b --0.001088 e W =---------------:--------------------- -------1 4-0.0021758 t (5) This last gives the weight of a cubic foot of the mixture of air and vapor, either for saturated or partly saturated air.* * From Fan Engineering, Buffalo Forge Co. . . 1 "Some Experiences with the Pitot Tube on High and Low Velocities, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., Dec., 1911. 164 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 165 The weight of the dry air contained in one cubic foot of saturated air may be determined from the formula 0.0028862 b -- 0.002886 e (6) . W =--------------------------------------------- . . 1+0.00217581 . The weight of vapor or density in pounds per cubic foot of saturated vapor at temperature t is given by the following: S (144 X 0.4908 e) (7) ' 53.35 (459.2 + t) where S is the specific weight of water vapor and may be found as S = 0 6221 +0.001815 l/e +0.00000511/? ' (8) The relationship between the temperature and specific weight of vapor is shown by the diagram on this page taken from W. H. Carrier's paper on "Ra tional Fsychrometric Formulae/' . An approximate value for the weight of water vapor contained in one pound of dry air saturated with moisture may be determined from 0.624 e (9) . .. b--e It may be noted from the curve that the value of 0.624 for S in the above is only correct at about 70. . Specific Weight of Water Vapor . '. The table No. 1 gives the properties of dry air for various temperatures, and the table No. 2 the properties of saturated air. These are both based on the standard barometric pressure of 29.921 inches. The table No. 3 giving the weights of saturated and partly saturated air for various barometric and hygrometric conditions will be found especially con venient in making calculations based on other than standard conditions. The weight in pounds per cubic foot of saturated air is given for even barometric pressures and temperatures. The decrement per degree rise in temperature and the increment per 0.1" increase in barometer are also given, thus readily giving the weight of saturated air at any other temperature and pressure. The last column in the table gives the approximate average increment per degree wet- bulb depression which is to be added to the weight of saturated air to obtain the corresponding weight of partly saturated air. . '"Rational Psyohrometric Formulae," Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., Dec., 1911. - 166 ' Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 Table-No. 1 PROPERTIES OF DRY AIR Barometric Pressure 29.921 Inches Weight per Cd. Ft. Pounds Temperature Degrees Fahr. B. t. u. Absorbed by OneCu. Ft. Dry A ir per Degree F. Cu. Ft.'Dry A ir Warmed One Degree per B. t. u. Per Cent..of Volume at 70 F. Temperature 1 Degrees Fahr. W eight per Cu. Ft. Pounds V' E 3 O >IL OS, JN 5 C8 u awV | 0 .08636 5 .08544 10 .08453 .8680 .02080 48.08 .8772 .02060 48.55 .8867 .02039 49.05 i 130 .66732 i .1133 .01631 135 .06675 1.1230 .01618 140 .06620 1.1320 .01605 61.32 61.81 62.31 15 .08363 .8962 .02018 49.56 20 .08276 .9057 .01998 50.05 25 .08190 9152 .01977 50.58 145 .06565 1.1417 .01592 62.82 150 .06510 1.1512 .01578 63.37 160 .06406 1.1700 .01554 64.35 50 .08107 .9246 .01957 51.10 35 .08025 .9340 ,01938 51.60 40 .07945 .9434 .01919 52.11 170 .06304 1.1890 .01530 65.36 180 .06205 1.2080 .01506 66.40 190 .06110 1.2270 01484 67.40 45 .07866 .9530 .01900 52.64 SO .07788 .9624 .01881 53.17 55 .07713 .9718 .01863 53.68 200 .06018 1.2455 .01462 68.41 220 .05840 1:2833 -.01419 70.48 240 .05673 1.3212 .01380 72.46 60 .07640 .9811 .01846 54.18 65 .07567 .9905 .01829 54.68 70 07495 1.0000 .01812 55:19 260 .05516 1.3590 .01343 280 .05367 1.3967 .01308 300 .05225 1.4345 .01274 74.46 76.46 78.50 75 .07424 1.0095 .01795 55.72 80 .07356 1.0190 :01779 56.21 85 .07289 1.0283 .01763 56.72 350 .04903 1.5288 .01197 83.55 400 .04618 1.6230 .01130 88.50 450 .04364 1.7177 .01070 93.46 90 .07222 1.0380 .01747 57.25 95 .07157 1.0472 .01732 57.74 100 .07093 1.0570 .01716 58.28 500 .04138 1.8113 .01018 98.24 550 .03932 1.9060 .00967 103.42 600 .03746 2.0010 .00923 108.35 105 .07030 1.0660 .01702 58.76 no :06968 1.0756. 3)1687 59.28 its .06908 1.0850 .01673 59.78 700 .03423 2.1900 .00847 118.07 800 .03151 2.3785 .00782 127.88 900 .02920 2.5670 .00728 137.37 120 .06848 1.0945 .01659 60.28 1000 .02720 2.7560 .00680 147.07 125 .06790 1.1040 .01645 60.79 1200 .02392 3.1335 .00603 165.83 1 B .t. u. Absorbed by One Cu. Ft. D ry A ir per Degree F. Cu. Ft. Dry A ir W armed One Degree per B. t. u. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 167 Table No. 2 PROPERTIES OF SATURATED AIR Weights of Air, Vapor of Water, and Saturated Mixture of Air and Vapor at Different Temperatures, Under Standard Atmospheric Pressure of 29.921 Inches of Mercury o Total W eight of 2 the M ixture 5" Pounds c . ! fl> B. t. u. Absorbed by One Cubic Foot Sat. A ir per Degree F. Cubic Feet Sat. A ir W anned One Degree per B. t. u. . Temperature Degrees Fahr. Vapor Pressure Inches of Mercury Weight in a Cubic Foot O .- J,~omBJ<Q>5,&3co *3 -C n *3 Cl 12 3 o 0383 10 0631 20 1030 30 50 . 1640 2477 3625 60 5220 70 7390 80 1 0290 00 1.4170 too 1.9260 110 2.5890 170 3.4380 170 4.5200 140 5.8800 ISO 7.5700 (60 9.6500 170 ' 12.2000 iso 15.2900 190 19.0200 200 23.4700 08625 08433 08247 08063 07880 07694 07506 07310 07095 06881 06637 06367 06062 05716 05319 .04864 04341 .03735 .03035 .02227 01297 45 .000069 .000111 .000177 .000276 .000409 .000587 .000829 .001152 .001576 .002132 .002848 .003763 .004914 .006357 .008140 010310 012956 016140 .019940 024465 029780 .08632 .08444 .08265 08091 .07921 .07753 .07589 .07425 .07253 .07094 .06922 .06743 .06553 .06352 .06133 .05894 .05637 .05349 05029 04674 .04275 6 7- .02082 .02039 .01998 .01955 .01921 :01883 .01852 01811 01788 01763 .01737 01716 .01696 01681 01669 .01663 01664 01671 01682 .01706 01750 48.04 149.05 50.05 51.15 52.06 53.11 54.00 55.22 v 55.93 56.72 57.57. . 58.27 58.98 59.50 59.92 60.14 60.10 59.85 59.45 58.80 57.15 T a b l e o.N 168 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, , 1922 .000090 .000103 1000118 .000026 .000029 .00027 .000019. .00027 .000021 .00026 .000023 .00029 .08654 .00019 .00029 .000016 .00028 .08468 .00018 .00028 .000016 .00028 .08286 .00018 .00028 :000017 uoissajdag q|ng }a\\ aajSag J3d u; asBajsuj Ctf 8,J3av -xoJddv IHti jBg ui 3s!il ,,r0 Jad C JAV s.J3ui > r qing Aig *3U| WQ J3d a M s.J33a z < nv 0 pajBjnjBS `Id `n3 J3d -J/W 5 H UJ S jcg ui 3S|>1 ,,|'0i3d o tM S.J3UI 01 < 09 t/5 qing Xjg N DU] `Sag J3d M Srioaa 2 (*" <U > xtQuf:Ji. J.'V pajBjnjBS 'Id "n3 Jad JAX T&<3 CO p * jng ui "<.8, t/J ^ o VSt<ou) fc* cl N00 >A\ S.J3UI qing ,tig 3U| -Slag jad y A\ s^jaag <</) at 30 Eo S3 V)Q CO >Z HV pajBjnjBS -JJ no Jad ja\ JBg ur asi)j ,,1`OJad S.J3UI Of < CL o z rts> qing Ajg 3u| *8ag jad M s.Jaag < Q UHI J!V pajBjniBS -d n3 jad /v\ < e* D H jBg ui 3SM*ro < ,W s.iaui t/5 U. o <c q|ng Aig in 3U| 'Sag jad V) H AV s.-*dag r UJ J|V pajBjnjBS -d no Jad -jm 6 jqoj SMiJag ojnj I -BJadiuaj. qing Aig 1 1 .07500 .00016 .00029 ' .07788 .00016 .00029 .08077 .07338, .00016 .00028 .07620 .00016 .00028 .07903 .07180 .00016 .00028 .07456 .00016 .00028 .07733 .00029 .00028 .00028 .07027 .00015 .00027 .07297 .00016 .06879 .00015 1.00026 .07143 .00015 .06732 .00015 .00026 .06992 .00015 .07569 .00016 .00027 .07839 .00017 .00027 .08110 .07409 .00016 .00027 .07675 .00016 .00027 .07942 .07252 .00016 .00026 .07512 .00016 .00026 .07773 t-t- ooOoOo 0000 CO ooooooo eCOo00or00-ooo OoO' t<oN-Oc--OoCJ OO--Ocs eo*5 o-VoiO OvoOr> .06588 .06442 .00015 .00015 .00026 .00025 .06843 .06692 .00015 .00015 .00026 .00025 .07098 .06943 .00015 .00015 .00026 .00025 .07353 .07193 .00016 .00016 .00026 .00025 .07609 .07440 .00016 .00016 .00026 .00025 .06297 .00015 .00025 .06542 .00015 .00025 .06789 .00015 .00025 .07034 .00015 .00025 .07280 .00016 ,00025 .000034 .06146 .00015 .05991 .00016 .05828 .00016 .06388 .06228 .06060 .00024 .06629 .00016 .00024 .06870 .00016 .00024 .07112 .00024 .06465 .00016 .00024 .06703 .00017 .00024 .06939 .00024. ,000039 .00024 .000044 .00023 .000051 .00023 .06293 i .00017 .00023 .06526 .00018 .00023 .06759 t'00 ocoooooo N OoOOo OCMOofriotN OOO OOO .05653 .00018 .00023 .05882 .00018 ,00023 '.06111 .00018 .00023 .06339 .00019 .00023 1.06569 .00020 .00023 .000059 .05467 .00019 .00023 .05692 .00019 .00023 .05917 .00019 .00023 .06142 .00020 .00023 i.06367 .00022 .00023 .000068 .05262 .00021 .00022 .05483' .00021 .00022 .05704 .00021 .00022 .05925 .00022 .00022 .06147 .00024 .00022 ,000078 .05036 .04788 .04509 .00022 .05253 .00023 .00022 .05001 .00025 .00021 .04720 .00028 .05471 .00023 .00022' .05689 .00024 .00022 .05906 .00026 .05216 .00026 .00021 .05430 .00026 .00021 .05644 .00029 .04931 .00029 .00021 .05141 .00031 .00021 .05352 .00033 CNOOC*NOO.-HMOO--1 <OhN<OOhoN<OOoCN CCCooro-Oorr-}(* <ON O04O(M C(ONO040C04 OOO OooOoOo .04197 .00031 .00021 .04404 .00031 .00021 .04611 .00032 .00021 .04818 .03845 .00035 .00021 .04049 .00036 .00021 .04253 .00036 .00021 .04457 .03449 .00040 .00020 .03650 .00040 .00020 .03851 .00040 .00020 .04052 .05026 .00036 .00021. .000134 .04662 .00038' .00021 .000153 .04254 .00041 .00020 .000173 Am. Soc. of HeaT.-Vent. Engineers Cuide, 1922 f69 Example. As an example of the use of the table No. 3 we will assume a case where it is desired to find the weight in pounds per cubic foot of air at a temperature of 83 dry- and 68 wet-bulb (or a depression of 15) when the barometric pressure is 29.40 inches. From the table No. 3 we find that the weight of saturated air at 80 and 29.00 inch barometer is 0.07034 lb. per cu. ft. Also the decrement to be subtracted is 0.00015 lb. per degree of temperature above 80. That is, the weight at 83-and 29.00 inches would'be 0.07034 -- (3 X 0.00015) = 0.06989, lb. per cu, ft.. The increment is to be added per 0.1" increase in. barometer above 29.00 inches is 0.00025, so that the weight of the saturated mixture at 83" and 29:40 inches will be 0.06989 + (4 X 0.00025) = 007089 lb. per cu. ft. From the last column in the table we find the increase in weight for each degree wet-bulb depression for a temperature of 83 to be 0000034 + 0.3 (0.000039 -- 0.000034) = 0.0000355. . Then the weight of moist air at 83, 15 wet-bulb depression, and 29.40 incli barometer will be' ... 0.07034 -- 0.00045 + 0.001 + 0.00053 = 0.07142 lb. per cu. ft. Specific Heat of Air . The specific heat of air is the ratio of the heat required to. raise the tempera ture of a given weight of air through one degree as compared to the heat re quired to raise the temperature of the same weight of water from 62 to 63 degrees Fahr., i. e., it is the B. t. u. required to raise one pound of air one degree Fahr. ' The specific heat of air may be expressed as either of two factors, specific heat at constant pressure or at constant volume. It is the specific heat at con stant pressure that is ordinarily referred to. The factors commonly used here tofore have been those determined by Renault--specific heat at constant pressure = 0.2375, and at constant volume = 0.1689. But recent investigation tends to show that the value 0.2375 is too low. and that it should be Cp = 0.24112 + 0.00CKX)9t or for ordinary purposes approximately 0.2415.* ' For the specific heats of.various substances see the table on page I5C. Relation of Velocity to Pressure The laws governing the flow or air are perhaps less understood than almost any other branch of engineering data. The flow of air under high pressures must necessarily be investigated thermodynamically and the formulae are more or less complicated. For ordinary fan work, however, where air is at low pressure but slight error is introduced if. the same formulae are applied to the flow of air. as are commonly used for the flow of water. The basic formula for such calcu lations is' ' ' ' :: V. = l/2^h . (10) where V3 = velocity in ft. per second, or . .. V = 60J/2gh where V = velocity in ft, per min. . g = acceleration due to gravity in feet per second -h = head in ft. causing flow But we also have '` ' 'd ^ -- h J2W ` . !; ' (ii) . (12) where h' = head expressed in in. of water d = density of water W = weight of air in lbs. per cu. ft. _____ * "Rational Psychrometric Formulae," by Willis H. Carrier, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., De cember, 1911, also W. F. G. Swan, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc., Series A, Vol. 210, pp. 199-238J 170 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, (922 Then at 70 F. and 29.92" barometer and with dry air d 62.31 12W -- 12 X 0.07495 ~ 6975 and we have V = 60^2gh' ~ =4005 1/h' (13) Thus we see that the velocity at standard conditions stated for a pressure of one inch of water will be 4005 ft. per rain., and for one ounce per square inch will be .. 4005 1/1.734 = 5273 ft, per min. (14) The weight of dry or saturated air at other temperatures may be found from the tables No. 1 and' No. 2, or for any special condition of temperature, barometer,, or humidity from the table No. 3, the use of which has already boen explained. . . The most convenient formulae for determining the velocity or pressure of air under different conditions of temperature, barometer and humidity, when computing test results are the following: V-5rV = 1096.5 (15) hence =Gofe)'P=vi09fi?rw (16), Where V = velocity in ft. per min. p = pressure in in. of water. W = weight of air in lbs. per cu. ft. , The quantity of air discharged through an orifice or nozzle due to a difference in pressure may be determined from Q = 1096.5' C A yj P_ W where. C --coefficient of discharge. A = area of orifice in sq. ft. p = pressure head in in. of water causing flow of air through orifice. W = weight of air in lbs. per cu. ft. For values of coefficient of discharge see "Coefficients of Discharge for Air Measurements", Pg. 177. In case the pressure is expressed in ounces per square inch these formulae' become: . V = 1444.5 \Vl--W- P-V( 14v44.5V/ w (17) (18) and . Q = 1444.5 C A /-_ VW The value to be used for W to be determined for each specific case, as already explained. ' Example. As an example of the application of the above we will assume a case of a fan test made under the same atmospheric conditions as those as sumed for the last example. That is. the air to be at 83 F. and 15 depression, with the barometer at 29.40 inches. What will be the velocity of this air at a pressure of 1.5 inches of water as measured by a pitot tube? As determined in the preceding example the weight of air under the above conditions will be 0.07142 lb. per cu. ft. Then from formula (15) we find the velocity to be V =1096 5 = 5024 peri The above formulae are sufficiently accurate for low pressures such as are ordinarily used in fan work, but for high pressures such as are met in com pressed air work, the error becomes excessive and it will be found necessary to use the following thermodynamic formulae. For the flow through an orifice from a higher to a lower pressure, where the absolute initial pressure is less than, twice the absolute pressure of the discharge region, V. = 6SS2^T. [>-()*"] (19) Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers-Guide, 1922 171 where Vj = velocity in ft. per min. at discharge. Pi = absolute initial press, in lb. per sq. in. P, = absolute final press, in lb. per sq. in. Ti = absolute temp, degrees F. of entering air.. The discharge through an orifice into a region where the pressure is greater than half the initial pressure, expressed in cubic feet of free air per minute, may then be determined by the formula Q = 218667 CAp^(|f) (20) where Q = cu. ft. free air per min. C = coefficient of discharge. A = orifice area in sq. ft. '. As already shown for dry air at 70 F. and 29.92 inch barometric pressure, the velocity due to a pressure of one inch of water is 4005 feet per minute and for a pressure of one ounce per square inch is 5273 feet per minute. Since the velocity varies as the square root of the pressure, we have -Y = JpIorV = V. J2. V. V p. \ P. . (21) Taking p. as unit pressure, and Vo the velocity corresponding thereto, assuming dry air at' 70 F. and 29.92 inch barometer, the above relation reduces to V = 40051/ p (22) When the pressure is taken in inches or V = 52731/T (23) when the pressure is expressed in ounces. . The table No. 4 gives the velocity of dry air at standard conditions for various pressures expressed both in inches and ounces. The two tables, No. 5 and No. 6, give the corresponding velocities of dry air under standard barometric pressure of 29.92 inches for different pressures and temperatures. One table gives the velocity for even parts of an inch and the other, for even parts of an ounce, with the corresponding pressure in the other unit. Effect of Temperature and Barometric Pressure on Velocity . If considered at the same pressure the effect, of changing the temperature of the air will change the corresponding velocity in direct proportion as the square root of the absolute temperatures. That is . VV = V 460d-t 460+to (24) The tables No. 5 and No. 6 give the corresponding velocities for dry air at various pressures and temperatures, but. the velocity for any other temperature may be determined from the above formula. *?. In connection with fan work we have the same relation--that is at constant pressure, the speed, capacity and horsepower of the fan varies as the square root of the ratio of the absolute temperatures. At constant velocity the weight and pressure of the air handled will vary inversely as the ratio of the absolute temperatures. The velocity of air at constant pressure not only varies with any change in temperature, but also with every change in barometer. The velocity of the air varies inversely as the square root of the ratio of the barometric pressures. Then we will have 172 Am. Soc. of . Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 Table Xo. A CORRESPONDING PRESSURES AND VELOCITIES OF DRV AIR AT 70 AND 29.92 INCHES BAROMETER Velocity Ft. per Min. Ounces per Sq. In. . Inches of Water 1 Velocity Ft. per Min. Inches of Water Ounces per Sq. In. . .05 .10 .20 .25 .30 .40 .43 .50 .60 .70 .75 .80 .87 .90 1.00 1.25 1.30 1.50 1.73 1.75 2.00 2.17 2.25 2.50 2.60 2.75 3.00 3.03 3.25 3.47 3.50 3.75 3.90 4.00 4.25 4,34 4-50 4.7S .0289 .0577 .1154 .1443 .1730 .2308 .2500 .2884 .3460 .4037 .4326 .4614 , .5000 .5190 .5768 .7209 .7500 .8650 1.0000 1.0092 1.1535 1.2500 1.2975 1.4418 1.5000 1.5860 1.7300 1.7500 1.8740 2.0000 2.0185 2.1630 2.2500 2.3070 2.4510 2.5000 2.5950 2.7395 896 1266 1791 2003 2193 2533 2637 2832 3102 3351 3468 3582 3729 3800 4005 4478 4566 4905 5273 5298 5664 5895 6007 6332. 6457 6641 6937 6976 7220 7457 7492 7756 7910 8010 8256 8337 8496 8729 . 4.77 5.00 5.20 5.50 6.00 6.07 6.50 6.94 7,00 7.50 7.80 8.00 8.67 9.00 9.54 10.00 10.40 11.00 11.27 12.00 12.14 13.00 13.87 14.00 15.00 15.61 16.00 17.00 17.34 18.00 19.00 19.07 20.00 20.81 22.54 24.28 26.01 27,74 2.750 2.884 3.000 3.172 3.460 3.500 3.749 4.000 4.037 4.326 4.500 4.614 5.000 5.190 5.500 5.768 6.000 6.344 6.500 6.921 7.000 7.497 8.000 8.074 8.650 9.000 9.227 9.805 10.000 10.380 10.960 11.000 11.535 12.000 13.000 . 14.000 15.000 16.000 8745 8943 9134 9392 9810 9864 10210 10545 10505 10968 11187 11328 11792 12015 12367 12665 12915 13282 13445 13875 ' 13950 14440 14913 14985 15510 15820 16020 16513 16675 16990 17456 17488 17910 18265 19012 19730 20420 21090 Inches Ounces 1242 1757 1965 2151 2485 2778 3043 3287 3402 3524 3728 3929 4393 4812 5197 5556 5892 6211 6514 6807 7867 1255 1776 1986 2175 2512 2808 3076 3323 3439 4440 4864 5254 5616 5956 6278 6585 6879 7942 1266 1791 2003 2193 2533 2832 3102 3351 3468 3582 3800 4005 4478 4905 5298 5664 6007 6332 6641 6937 8010 8943 9810 1278 1808 2022 2214 2557 2859 3131 3383 3501 3616 3836 4043 4520 4952 5348 5718 6064 6392 6704 7003 8086 9027 9903 1300 1841 2059 2254 2603 2911 3188 3445 3565 3682 3906 4117 4602 5042 5446 5822 6174 6508 6827 7130 8233 9192 .10083 1358 1921 2149 2352 2717 3038 3327 3595 3720 3843 4076 4296 4804 5262 5683 6076 6443 6792 7124 7440 8592 9593 10523 1413 2000 2235 2447 2827 3160 3462 3740 3870 3997 4241 4470 6320 6704 7066 7412 7742 8940 , 9980 10950 1516; 2145 2399 2626 3033 3391 3715 4013 4153 4290 4550 4796 5362 5874 6344 6783 7193 7582 7952 8307 9581 10710 11750 1704 2411 2696 2952 3409 3812 4175 4510 4668 4821 5114 5390 6027 6602 7131 7624 8085 8523 8938 9336 10780 12037 13203 1830 .2590 2895 3175 3660 4095 4490 4850 6020 5185 5500 6795 6470 7100 7655 8195 8690 9150 9600 10000 11680 12900 14180 Am. Soc. of (-(eat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 o O u) if) Hi CU U 3 H < U IaU. u. H. Z Hi U3 U 3 Hi Hi tti a C/JUJ 3H ou "o h# ^ Hi <o >- oS OfN LU Hi U H ti a. 3oIm W Q 3 tu4Qs1. Eat H S ttl > o oz Cl 2 oaatt o 3 s a Ooo to oo o f*> o ooto b Oe ts e oto 80 .0577 .1154 .1443 tf-CJ .njtioto MQO-H tACOt* tot* A coeo.oo .4614 .5190 .5768 .3460 .4037 .4326 .1730 .2308 .2884 to eo^rio Hi aOOtQ too to CJtots .7209 .8650 1.0092 1.1535 1.2975 1.4418 1.5860 1.7300 2.3070 m S3 ook . 00 0) ts 00 $ 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 4.00 5.00 2.8840 6.00 j 3.4600 Ounces 1635 2313 2833 3272 3658 4007 4329 4626 4907 5172 5426 5664. 5896 6120 6335 6543 6942 7315 7672 8012 8338 8654 8960 1653 2338 2864 3307 3698 4051 4375 4677 4960 5229 5485 5725 5960 6186 6404 6614 7017 7395 7755 8099 8429 8748 9057 1667 2358 2888 3335 3729 4085 4412 4716 5002 5273 5531 5774 6011 6238 6457 6670 7076 7457 7820 8168 8500 8822 9134 1683 2380 2915 3367 3765 4124 4454 4761 5050 5323 5584 5828 6068 6297 . 6520 6734 7143 7528 7894 8245 8581 8906 9220 100 1714 2424 2969 3428 3833 4199 4535 4848 6142 5420 5685 5935 6856 7274 7665 8038 8396 8737 9068 9388 150 1788 2530 3098 3578 4000 4382 4733 5059 5366 5656 5933 6194 6448 6692 6928 7155 7591 8000 8462 8762 9118 9464 9798 1860 2632 3223 3722 4162 4559 4024 5263 5582 5884 6172 6443 6708 6962 7207 7444 7897 8322 9845 10193 1996 2824 .3458 3994 4466 4892 5283 5647 5990 6314 6623 6914 7987 8473 8930 9364 9781 10179 10564 10938 2244 3174 3887 7098 7444 7772 8090 8396 8692 8977 9524 10037 10525 10996 11440 11873 12293 2410 3405 4175 4850 5395 5900 6380 6820 7250 7625 , 8000 1 8350 8700 9020 9345 9650 10220 10780 11300 11800 I 12280 12760 13200 \n \ Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 (IAA T a b le N o. iS ot D f*6r U cl S u H Z < t/3 tu * 3CO fa JS CU ' uu 8 </> 4f>r a 2s ofo 3 > < aafa>' OE H eOn orooO oec* ii oO00 2 $ ooIN a oj u b > a z 5 z o o1/9 CL $ Ctf . ctf oo 3 .toueCfi s$fa O. -- .1734 .3468 .5202 .6936 .8670 .0400 40*310i-Q40t*Q0* OOKCO toco-in o^4o<Ion*cC|oNO 0KcInn0tO^eo^Oo e*oo *-4 4T CO <>50 ^4 Oo^-<e4Oot0>0uiQd ' 't'ctNcoQo nt-ao>op HHH O^tOiliQNniOO-4 C4MC* CIN4.C1Q-4Q0O0 cscoco tQiSO ^-040--C44D0400 88 a?(N INOOCK 1.0 1.2 'OOO fT'*' 00 ririci Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 175 or where we wish to correct for both temperature and barometer (25) . v=v-\lsg$ix Vt . / <26) In the above formulae V represents the velocity of the air at temperature t degrees Fahr. and barometer b, while Vo is the corresponding velocity at temperature to and barometer bo. ' . Relation of Altitude to the Properties of Air The diagram, Fig 2, shows graphically the effect of different altitudes on the properties of air, and the two lines of relative air velocity and of air pressure and density are especially convenient in fan calculation. As an illustration of the use of this diagram assume a case where a fan is to handle 150,000 A. P. M. at 0.5 inch static pressure at an altitude of 5000 feet. We must determine what sea level conditions correspond to these conditions at the given altitude and so be able to select a fan of the required capacity. From the chart we find the relative pressure at this altitude is 0.825, so that sea level pressure corresponding to. 0.5 inch at 5,000 feet altitude will be 0.5-^0.825 = 0 6 inch. The horsepower required to operate this fan will be 82.5 per cent, of the rated horsepower as given in the fan tables for the corresponding pressure of 0.6 inch static. . Any given amount of air as commonly specified will be increased in volume by this same ratio when we consider an altitude of say 5000 feet. Thus if we ordinarily require a definite quantity of air for a certain purpose this volume should be divided by 0.825 to determine the capacity required if. the apparatus is to be installed at an altitude of 5000 feet, and a fan selected to handle this greater volume. Effect of Temperature on the Volume of Air Air at constant pressure changes its volume almost exactly in proportion to its absolute temperature (460 -f- temperature deg. Fahr.). The table No. 1 gives the relative volume of a given quantity of air at various temperatures as compared to the volume at 70. For instance, the volume at 160 will be 1.17 times the volume at 70. Expressed as a formula for use with other tempera tures than those given in the table we will have, where Q is the volume at temperature t and Qo the volume at to . . o = Q.(-gy '> The effect of temperature on the various properties of air is shown graphically by the diagram, Fig. 3. As air at 70 is commonly used as a standard, these curves give the various relationships relative to air at 70. Inasmuch as fan tables are usually based on air at 70 F., the upper curve of this diagram is especially applicable to fan calculations. Thus we see that if the air to be handled by a fan is at 140, the velocity and fan speed would have to be increased to 106.5 per cent, of that given in the tables. Or if the velocity remains the same, the pressure and weight of air handled at 140 will be only 88 per cent, of the rated capacity. Effect of Humidity on Velocity It may be noted that the tables herein given, consider the various properties of dry air at the standard temperature and barometric pressure. But as a matter of fact, atmospheric air is not dry, so that a correction is necessary in order to reduce the actual observed velocity to the standard condition of dry air. This may be accomplished by means of the following relation, the cubic feet per pound of air being determined from the Psychrometric Chaits, Figs. 6 and 7. _________ ___________________ Actual vel. __ /Cu. ft. per lb. air as observed Vel. Dry Air \ Cu. ft. per lb. dry air (28) 176 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 Fig. 2 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 177 Coefficients of Discharge for Air Measurements Various coefficients are used in the calculation of fan performance or in air measurements, and the following summary is given merely as a matter of convenience, but the factors should not be used without first having an intelligent understanding of their proper application. In case of special requirements it may be found necessary to modify the given coefficient accordingly. Coefficient for sharp orifice in thin plate - -- -- -......................... 0.600 Coefficient for orifice at end of pipe - -- --................................ 0-60 Coef. for short pipe attached to end of larger pipe - 0-82_ yl^TW Coefficient for short length of pipe - -- --............................. - - 0.82 . (blowing from plenum chamber) . Coefficient for short pipe on outlet of fan - -- -- -- -- -- 0.95 Coefficient for round pipe (pitot tube in center) - -- -- -- -- 0.91 Coefficient for converging nozzle (see curve). The quantity of air to be measured may be calculated by means of the formula Q = 1096.5 C A \I~S- . v \W , where . p = static pressure in inches causing flow of air. . Q = cu. ft. air per min. . C = coefficient of discharge. A = area of pipe in sq ft. , W = weight of air in lbs. per cu. ft. . For values of the weight of air in pounds per cubic foot for various atmos pheric conditions see the table No. 3. . The coefficients given above are to be applied to velocity, capacity, or to the effective area of pipe or outlet. The proper coefficients to be applied to the pressure readings will be the square of the ones given above. Thus the co efficient for pressure in a round pipe varies from 0.81 to 0.82. These are to be applied to the pressure readings of the pitot tube when taken at the center of the pipe or duct. This coefficient for round pipes is based on test data, but should be decreased for pipes below 12 inches in diameter and increased by a small amount for pipes above 24 inches in diameter. Coefficient ot Discharge (or Converging ftuirte* When tsed for Fan Test} 178 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 Fig. 3 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 179 Dry-Bulb and Wet Bulb Thermometers Usually the temperature of the air is determined by means of an ordinary or dry-bulb thermometer. The wet-bulb thermometer has the bulb covered with a. piece of clean soft cloth and should be wet or dipped in water before taking a reading. Care should always be taken to keep the cloth free from dirt and to use pure clean water. This thermometer will give a depressed or lower reading than that of the dry-bulb thermometer in proportion to the evaporation from the wet surface of the cloth, and this depression is a measure of the amount' of moisture in the air. This depressed reading corresponds to the temperature at which the air would normally saturate without any change in its heat contents. That is, the total heat in the air remains constant at a constant wet-bulb tem perature. In order to obtain a true reading it is necessary that the thermometer be placed in a strong current of air. HUMIDITY Humidity is the moisture or water vapor mixed with the air in the atmosphere, and the weight of water vapor a given space will hold is dependent entirely on the temperature. The amount of vapor in any given spacers independent of the presence of air, the only effect the air has being due to its temperature. Absolute Humidity Absolute humidity is the weight of a given volume of water vapor at a given temperature and percentage of saturation and is usually expressed as grains per cubic foot. The following tables give the weight of water vapor per cubic foot at different temperatures and percentages of saturation. . Relative Humidity . Relative humidity is the ratio of the weight of water vapor in a given space as compared to the weight which the same space is capable of containing when fully saturated at the same temperature. It is the ratio of the absolute humidity for the given condition to the absolute humidity at saturation. The quantity of- moisture mixed with the air under different conditions of temperature and saturation is usually determined by means of some form of instrument in which :a dry-bulb and a wet-bulb thermometer are used. ' Dew-Point . The dew-point is the temperature at which saturation is obtained for a given weight of water vapor, or the point where any reduction in temperature would cause condensation of some of the water vapor. Any given amount of moisture must have some temperature at which saturation will occur and any further lowering of the temperature will cause condensation. This then will be iti dew-point. The Sling Psychrometer . This instrument consists of a wet-and a dry-bulb thermometer mounted on a strip of metal and provided with a handle which permits of the, thermometer being rapidly whirled through the air. When being used the instrument should be whirled continuously until no further drop in the wet-bulb reading is noted. The difference between the readings of .the two thermometers, is the wet-bulb depression, and by referring to the tables or to the Psychrometric Charts, Figs. 5, 6 and 7, the corresponding psychrometric conditions may be determined. There are other forms of instruments, generally of some stationary type, used for taking humidity readings, but the instrument described is reasonably accurate and is the one used by the United States Weather Bureau. . Relation of Humidity to Heating To understand more thoroughly the relation of humidity to heating, it is ; necessary to know that the temperature felt by the human body, or the sensible ' temperature, as it is called, corresponds to the temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer; hence, the drier the air the greater is the difference between the 1 actual and sensible temperatures. Dry air heated much above the normal will ` still be chilly, slight drafts are very noticeable and colds are easily contracted. The excessive evaporation from the skin lowers the temperature of the body very rapidly, and as a result higher temperatures are required than would benecessary for comfort if the proper amount of humidity were present. On the other hand, if the percentage of humidity is excessive, evaporation from the body is below normal, with the result that the body heat is not radiated as speedily as is necessary for comfort. In general, the higher the humidity main tained the lower the temperature required for the same degree of personal comfort. Relation of Dry-Bulb, Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperatures . The relation between the temperature as shown.by the dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometer, and the relation to the dew-point should be thoroughly understood by those expecting to become at all familiar with the subject oEhumidity. Dew-point, as previously stated, is the temperature at which saturation is obtained for a given amount of water vapor. In other words, the air is at the dew-point when it contains all the moisture it will hold at a given temperature, and when it is impossible to get the air to absorb more water vapor withoutraising the temperature. When air has been reduced to the dew-point, both wet- and dry-bulb thermometer register exactly the same; for instance, air at 50 temperature and 100 per cent, saturation will contain 4.076 grains of moisture - oer cubic foot, under which condition the dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers  80 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 will both register 50. If this air is heated, both thermometers will rise, but the wet-bulb temperature will rise more slowly and the relative humidity will be rapidly reduced: the dew-point remains constant at 50, since any given number of grains of moisture per cubic foot has a fixed and definite dew-point { or temperature of saturation. * If a cubic, foot of air at a temperature of 87, containing 4.076 grains per cubic foot with the wet-bulb temperature at 65, is passed through a fine spray ' of recirculated water, it will absorb moisture; the dry-bulb temperature will immediately begin to fall, but the wet-bulb temperature will remain absolutely constant at 65 until the dry-bulb temperature has dropped to the wet-bulb temperature, namely, 65. As the absorption takes place the dew-point will be gradually rising from 50 to 65, when saturation is obtained. At ordinary temperatures the absorption of one grain of moisture per cu. ft. lowers the dry-bulb temperature approximately 8H. Sensible, Latent and Total Heat The total heat of air is composed of the sensible heat or heat due to the temperature of the air as indicated by the thermometer, and the* latent1 heat or heat of vaporization of the moisture or vapor in the air. The total heat is a constant quantity for any certain wet-bulb temperature irrespective of any change in the dry-bulb temperature. This fact has been termed by W. H. Carrier* "One of the four fundamental pjhychrometric principles/' tend expressed as "The true wet-bulb temperature of the air depends entirely on . the total of the sensible and the latent heat.in the air and is inde pendent of their relative proportions. In other words, the wet-bulb temperature of the air is constant, providing the total heat of the air is constant." Thus, if sufficient moisture is introduced into a certain quantity of air, the dry-bulb temperature of the air will be lowered until it is the same as the wetbulb temperature: This is simply an exchange from sensible heat into latent heat required to vaporize the moisture, keeping the total heat the same. If a further lowering of the temperature takes place, the wet-bulb temperature will lower and the corresponding total heat will be less. If the air should be heated without the addition of more moisture, the dew-point temperature of the air would remain constant but the wet-bulb, as well as the dry-bulb temperature would increase, and the total heat of the air would increase a corresponding amount. The two Psychrometric Charts, Figs. 6 and 7,^wijl_be found especially convenient for determining the total heat of the air for any wet-bulb temperature. * Psychrometric Charts and Tables Psychrometric Charts giving the .properties of air as calculated by W. H. Carrier and published in his paper entitled "Rational Psychrometric Formulae," which was presented before the. A. S. M. E. at the 1911 annual meeting, are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. These two charts are to be used when calculations are being made in terms of pounds, of air, while the chart, Fig. 5, should be used for cubic feet of air. For most purposes of calculation it will be found preferable to use the pound as aunit. The various curves shown .on these charts will be found especially valuable in making air calculations. The grains of moisture per pound of dry air are. read by passing directly from the dew-point, or intersection of the wet- and dry-bulb temperatures, to the scale on the left edge of the chart. The B. t. u. required to raise one pound of dry air one degree when saturated with moisture, as also the vapor pressure, may be determined by passing vertically from the dew-point to the proper curve, and then to the corresponding scale on the left edge of the chart. The total heat, in B. t. u., above zero degrees contained in one pound of dry air saturated with moisture may be found by passing vertically from the wet-bulb temperature to the total heat curve and then to the left edge of the chart. The volume of air in cubic feet per pound may be found by passing vertically from the dry-bulb temperature to either of the two volume . curves and then to the left edge of the chart. One curve gives the volume of dry and the other of saturated air. * "Rational Psychrometric Formulae." Am. Soc. Mech. Eners.. Dec.. I9H Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guidf, 1922 181 Example. As an example of the use of this chart we will assume air at 75 dry-bulb temperature and 60 per cent, relative humidity. From the chart we find that the wet-bulb temperature will be 65.25, the dew-point 60, the grains of moisture per pound of dry air 77; the heat required to raise one pound of dry air saturated at 60 through one degree is 0.24664 B. t. u.; and the vapor pressure of air saturated at 60 is 0.523 inches of mercury. Passing vertically from the wet-bulb temperature of 65.25 to the total heat curve and thence to the scale on the left, we find the total heat above zero in one pound of 'dry air when saturated at 65.25 to be 29.75 B. t. u. This, then, is also the measure of the heat in a pound of air at 75 and 60 per cent, relative humidity, since the wet-bulb temperature is the same. The cubic feet per pound of air may be found by passing vertically from the dry-bulb temperature to either of the two volume curves, depending on whether the volume of dry or of saturated air is desired. To determine the volume of one pound of partly saturated air as here assumed, we will have from the chart/ Cu. ft. per lb. at 75 sat.-- 13.88 Cu. ft. per lb. at 75 dry = 13.48 .40 == Moisture :60=Rel. humidity .24 13.48 Cu. ft. per lb. at 75 and 60% = 13.72 . The Psychrometric Chart, Fig. 5, and the following tables are taken from, the catalog of the Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America. They show the grains of moisture per cubic foot of saturated air at various tempera tures, as well as the relative humidity, the dew-point temperature and the grains of moisture per cubic foot of air for different temperatures as determined by the wet and dry-bulb of the sling psychrometer. As an example of the use of the chart, Fig. 5, we will assume a case where the dry-bulb temperature is 80 and the wet-bulb thermometer reads 70 , or a 10 depression. From the intersection of the corresponding lines through these two temperatures we find the relative humidity to be 62 per cent. Passing horizontally to the left from this point of intersection to the wet-bulb temperature line (called the saturation curve) we find the dew-point temperature to be 64.5. If the temperature of the air should be reduced, both the dry and wet-bulb readings will be lowered until they both read 64.5, when the air will be saturated. The grains of moisture contained in each cubic foot of this air will be found by continuing to the left on the horizontal line through the 64.5* .dew-point to the left edge of the chart, where we have a reading of 6.65 grains. If the temperature of the air be further reduced, part of the moisture content will be condensed, the dew-point or saturation temperature, will be lowered, and the grains of moisture per cubic foot will be correspondingly less. *, in case more accurate readings are desired than can be determined from ft fhart on as small a scale as Fig. 5, the psychrometric tables may be used. PER CENT SATURATION m Ah. Soc. or Hcat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, f$22 Dr> tK/'P 'e /ftp e ri'u 'f Psychrometric Chart-r-29.92" Barom Dew Point % Rel, Hum. Dew Point % Rel. Hum. Dew Point % Rel Hum. Dew Point Grs. pe Cu. Ft Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 185 RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW-POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER CUBIC FOOT Barometric Pressure--30 Inches A W-J- C , .-2 ?E S qh ga| C/3 Degrees Wet-Bulb Depression 1 . 2 3 od)U-**i -. 4Q).U-w. a = OOI-Lw, 3 oy 4 b. 0 .48j 67 -7 2 .53 70 -5 4 .58 72 -2 6 .64 74 0 8 .70 76 3 10 .78 78 5 .32 33 .37 39 .42 44 .47 49 .54 53 .61 56 -20 -15 -11 -8 -5 -2 .16 .21 9 .26 17 .32 23 .37 29 .44 34 -40 -28 -21 -15 -10 .05 .10 .15 .20 6 .26 13 -42 -27 .04 .11 12 .86 80 14 .94 81 16 1.03 82 18 1.13 84 20 1.24 85 22 1.36 86 7 10 12 14 16 19 :69 .76 .85 .95 1.10 1.17 59 62 65 68 70 71 2 6 7 10 12 15 .51 39 .58 44 .65 48 .72 52 .86 55 .96 58 -6 -2 +1 5 8 11 .33 19 .41 26 .50 31 .59 36 .68 40 .79 44 -19 -12 -7 -2 +2 5 .16 .25 .32 .41 .49 .60 24 1.48 87 26 1.62 87 28 1.77 88 30 1.94 89 32 2.11 89 34 2.28 90 21 23 25 27 30 32 1.30 1.41 1.56 1.72 1.88 2.05 73 75 76 78 79 81 17 1.10 60 20 1.22 63 22 1.37 65 25 1.50 67 27 1:67 69 29 1.85 71 13 .89 47 16 1.02 51 19 1.15 54 21 1.30 56 24 1.46 59 26 1.62 62 9 .70 12 .83 15 .96 18 1.08 21 1.25 23 1.41 36 2.46 91 34 2.24 82 38 2.65 91 36 2.41 83 40 2.85 92 38 2.62 83 42 3.06 92 40 2.82 85 44 3.29 93 42 3.06 85 46 3.54 93 44 3.29 86 31 2.02 73 33 2.20 75 35 2.36 75 38 2.61 77 40 2.80 78 42 3.04 79 29 1.79 64 31 1.98 66 33 2.14 68 35 2.36 69 37 2.57 .71 40 2.80 72 26 1.57 28 1.74 30 1.94 33 2.12 35 2.34 37 2.54 48 3.80 93 .46 50 4.08 93 48 52 4.37 94 50 54 4.69 94 52 56 5.02 94 54 58 5.37 94 56 3.53 3.79 4.11 4.40 4.71 5.05 86 87 87 88 88 88 44. 3.27 79 46 3.55 80 48 3.80 81 50 4.13 82 53 4.41 82 55 4.73 83 42 3.00 73 44 3.26 74 46 3.54 75 48 3.84 76 51 4.11 76 53 4.46 77 40 2.77 42 3.02 44 3.28 46 3.56 49 3.81 51 .4.14 59 5J56 94 60 5.75 94 61 5.94 94 62 6.14 94 63 6.35 95 64 6.56 95 57 58 59 60 61 62 5.22 5.40 5.58 5.77 6.03 6.24 89 89 89 89 89 90 56 4.95 83 57 5.11 83 58 5.29 84 59 5.46 84 60 5.65 84 61 5.91 84 54 4.61 78 55 4.77 78 56 4.99 78 57 5.16 79 58 5.23 79 59 5.51 79 52 4.33 53 4.48 54' 4.64 55 4.85 56 5.01 57 5.19 65 6.78 95 63 6.44 90 66 7.01 95 64 6:66 90 67 7.24 95 65 .6.88 90 68 7.48 95 67 7.10 90 69 7.73 95 68 7.34 90 70. 7.98 95 69 7.58 90 62 6.10 85 63 6.31 85 64 6.52 85 65 6.73 85 66 6.95 85 67 7.18 86 60 5.77 80 61 5.96 80 62 6.16 80 63 6.36 80 64 6.57 81 65 6.86 81 59 5.43 60 5.61 61 5.79 62 5.98 63 6.26 64 6.46 71 8.24 95 72 8.51 95 73 8.78 95 74 9.07 95 .75 9.36 96 76 9:66 96 70 7.83 90 71 8.08 91 72 . 8.34 91 73 8.61 91 74 8.89 91 75 9.27 91 68 7.42 86 69 7.74 86 70 7.99 86 71 8.25 86 72 8.51 86 73 8.79 87 67 7.09 81 68 7.31 82 69 7.55 82 70 7.80 82 71 8.05 82 72 8.40 82 65 6.67 66 6.97 67 7.20 68 7.43 69 7.67 70 7.92 Dry-Bul Temp. % Rel. Hum. Dew Point % Rel. Hum. Dew Point %Rel. Hum. Dew Point %Re!. Hum. Dew Point Grs. Cu. [ Grs. | Cu. D ry -B u lb Temp. % Rel. Hum. Dew Point Grs. per Cu. Ft. % Rel. Hum. Dew Point 1... i_ Dew Point j 1 Grs. per Cu. Ft. % Rel. Hum. Dew Point 136 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Cuide, 1922 RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW-POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER CUBIC FOOT--Barometric Pressure, 30 Inches 1 a ..2 i" E <i> e c olqh " 3 6?= Degrees Wet-Bulb Depression- 2 bOI~L. e 06 3 aV o 6?= QQ. - 3 U4> * "a 3 06 ("vV ee3 6?= Qcl 4 fa .aii. ("yo cC3 1 a a. Iff 5* 77 9.96 96 78 10.28 96 79 10.60 96 80 10.93 96 81 11.2S 96 82 11.63. 96 83 11.99 96 84 12.36 96 85 12.74 86 13.13 87 13.53 88 13.94 89 14.36 96 96 96 96 96 90 14.79 92 15.69 94 16.63 96 17.63 98 18.67 96 96 96 96 96 100 19.77 104 22.13 108 24.72 112 27.88 116 30.10 t20 34.80 96 97 97 97 97 97 OSaaUOt3,f.3r2n2M 76 9.56 91 77 9.87 91 78 10.18 91 79 10.50 91 80 10.82 92 81 11.16 92 82 11.51 92 83 11.86 92 84 12.22 92 85 12.60 92 86 12.99 92 87 13.38 92 88 13.99 92 89 14.20 92 91 15.06 92 93 15.97 93 95 16.92 93 97 17.92 93 99 18.98 103 21.46 107 23.98 111 27.02 115' 29.20 119 33.76 93 93 93 94 94 94 5 4obaw.. oL>3 74 9.02 87 75 9.35 87 76 9.65 87 77 9.95 87 78 10.37 88 79 10.70 88 80 11.03 88 81 11.37 88 82 11.72 88 83 12.08 88 84 12.44 88 85 12.82 88 86 13.21 88 87 13.61 89 89 14.44 89 92 15.47 89 94 16.39 89 96 17.36 89 98 18.38 89 102 20.58 90 106 22.99 90 110 26.19 90 114 28..29 91 118 32.71 91 6 b. ou. 3 ou 73 8.67 83 74 8.94 83 75 9.21 83 71 8.27 72 8.53 73 8.80 76 9.51 83 77 9.92 84 78 10.23 84 79 10.55 84 80 10.87 84 74 9.08 75 9.47 77 9.77 78 10.07 79 10.38 81 11.21 84 82 11.55 84 83 11.90 85 84 12.26 85 85 12.64 85 80 10.70 81 11.03 82 11.50 83 11.85 84 12.21 86 13.16 85 .88 13.96 85 90 14.81 85 92 15.69 86 94 16.62 86 85 12.57 87 13:34 89 14.14 91 15.16 93 16.06 96 17.59 86 100 19.91 87 104 22.25 87 109 25.07 87 113 27.39 88 117 31.67 88 T 95 17.00 99 19.25 103 21.51 107 24.24 111 27.21 115 30.62 8 focW-. u ' . J<3 2a ou 20 1.24 26 22 1.36 31 24 1.48 35 26 1.62 39 28 1.77 43 30 1.94 46 32 2.11 49 34 2.28 52 36 2.46 55 38 2.05 58 40 2:85 60 42 3.06 62 44 3.29 63 46 3.54 65 48 3.80 66 50 4.08 67 -7 .32 12 -21 _o .42 17 -12 + 2 .52 22 -t> 7 .63 27 -1 10 .76 32 + 4 14 .89 36 17 1.03 39 20 1.19 43 23 1.35 46 25 1.54 50 8 12 16 19 22 28 1.71 52 25 30 1.90 55 27 32 2.08 56 30 -35 2.30 58 32 37 2.51 60 35 40' 2.73 61 37 .15 .23 4 .33 10 .44 16 .52 21 -36 -20 -11 -4 .70 .82 .98 1.13 1.32 26 30 34 38 42 +2 7 11 15 18 1.48 1.69 1.85 2.05 2.28 2.49 45 47 49 52 54 55 21 24 27 29 32 34 .05 .15 .26 4 -32 .37 10 -17 .50 16 -7 .63 20 -1 :78 25 5 .93 29 . 10 1.11 33 14 1.28 1.44 1.61 1.84 2.05 2.24 37 40 43 45 47 49 18 21 24 27 29 32 .07 .18 .31 .42 .57 .71 .87 1.06 1.23 1.42 1.59 1.79 1.98 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 187 RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW-POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER CUBIC FOOT Barometric Pressure--30 Inches Degrees Wet-Bulb Depression 5 6 T 8 Qafa.LL.- p fa&a>U.. 3 ou 3 o<-> 52 69 54 70 56 71 58 72 59 72 42 44 47 49 50 3.02 3.28 3.61 3.87 4.00 63 64 65 66 67 40 42 44 47 48 2.75 3.00 3.26 3.55 3.72 57 59 60 61 62 37 40 42 45 46 2.49 2.77 3.01 3.28 3.44 51 53 55 56 57 34 2.23 37 2.48 40 2.76 42 3.01 44 3.17 60 73 61 73 62 74 63 74 64 74 51 52 53 55 56 4.19 4.34 4.54 4.71 4.86 68 68 69 69 70 49 50 52 53 54 3.91 .4.04 4.24 4.38 4.59 63 63 64 64 65 47 48 50 51 52 3.62 3.74 3.93 4.07 4.27 58 58 59 60 60 45 3.33 46 3.45 47 3.62 49 3.81 50 3.94 65 75 66 75 67 75 68 76 69 76 57 58 59 60 61 5.09 5.26 5.43 5.69 5.87 70 71 71 71 72 55 56 57 58 59 4.75 4.98 5.14 5.31 5.56 66 66 66 67 67 53 54 55 57 58 4.48 4.63 4.78 5.01 5.18 61 61 62 62 63 51 4.14 52 4.28 53 4.49 55 4.64 56 4.87 70 77. 62 71 77 63 72 77 64 6.15 72 6.35 72 6.55 73 6612 63 5:75 68 5.93 68 6.21 69 59 60 61 5.43 64 57 5.11 5.60 64| 58 5.27 5.87 65 59 5.53 73 78 66 74 78 67 6.85 73 64 7.07 74 65 6.41 69 62 6.71 69 63 6.06 65 60 5.71 6.26 65 62 5.89 75 78 76 78 77 79 78 79 79 79 68 69 70 71 72 7.30 7.53 7.87 8.12 8.38 74 74 74 75 75 66 67 68 69 70 . 6.92 7.14 7.37 7.71 7.95 70 70 71 71 71 64 66 67 68 69 6.59 6.76 7.07 7.30 7.53 66 66 67 67 68 63 6.18 64 6.37 65 6.67 66 6.89 67 7.21 80 79 81 80 82 80 83 80 84 80 73 74 75 76 77 8.64 9.02 9.30 9.59 9.89 75 76 76 76 76 72 73 74 75 76 8.20 72 70 8.57 72 71 8.84 72 72 9.11 73 73 9.39 73 .74 7.87 8.12 8.37 8.75 9.02 68 69 69 69 69 68 7.44 70 7.78 71 8.02 72 8.27 73 8.53 85 81 86 81 87 81 88 81 89 81 78 10.32 77 77 9.81 73 79 10,63 77' 78 10.11 73 80 10.96 77 79 10.42 74 81 11.29 77 80 1073 74 82 11.63 78 81 11.20 74 75 9.30 70 76 9.58 70 78 10.01 70 79 10.31 70 80' 10.63 71 74 8.92 75 9.19 76 9.47 77 9.76 78 , 10 19 90 81 92 82 94 82 96 82 98 83 83 11.98 86 12.87 88 13.64 90 14.45 92 : 15.50 78 78 79 79 79 82 11.54 74 84 12.24 75 86 13.14 75 88 13.93 76 90 14.75 76 81 10.94 71 83 11.77 ,72 85 12.48 72 87 13.40 73 89 14.19 73 79 10.50 81 11.30 84 11.98 86 12.87 88 13.63 100 83 104 83 94 16.41 80 98 18.36 B0 93 15.81 77 97 1-7.70 77 91 15.22 73 95 17.04 74 90 14.43 94 16.37 JOS 84 .102 20.77 81 101 20.02 78 100. 19.28 75 98 18.54 112 84 106 23.40 81 105 22.57 79 104 21.60 76 103 20.90 116 85 110 26.31 82 109 25.40 79 108 24.50 76 107 23.60 .120 85 114 29.58 82 113 28.88 80 112 27.84 77 111 26.78 D ry -BB u lb Temp. % Rel. Hum. Dew P oint % Rel. Hum. Dew P oint ' Grs. per Cu. Ft. Dew P oint Qrs. per Cu. Ft. % Rel. Hum. Dew P oint Ids Am. &>c. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW-POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER CUBIC FOOT Barometric Pressure--30 Inches______ ____ ________ 9 bVOi-iw.. Degrees Wet-Bulb Depression 10 ID *3 p 12 koi W CkU. 3 ao 3 40 29 42 33 44 36 46 39 48 41 50 43 13 17 20 23 26 29 52 46 54 48 56 50 58 51 60 53 62 54 32 34 37 40 43 45 64 56 66 57 67 58 68 58 69 59 70 59 71 60 72 61 73 61 74 61 75 62 76 62 48 50 52 53 54 55 56' 58 59 60 61 62 77 63 78 63 79 64 80 64 81 65 82 65 63 64 66 67 68 69 83 66 84 66 85 66 86 66 87 67 88 67 70 71 72 73 75 76 89 68 90 68 92 68 94 69 96 69 98 70 77 78 80 82 . 84 87 100 70 104 71 108 72 112 73 116 74 120 74 89 93 97 101 105 110 0.83 1.01 1.19 1.38 1.56 1.75 22 26 30 32 35 38 2.01 2.25 2.51 2.74 3.04 3.32 40 42 44 46 48 50 3.68 3.99 4.20 4.34 4.56 4.71 51 53 53 54 55 55 4.94 5.19 5.36. 5.53 5.80 5.99. 56 57 57 58 58 59 6.28 6.47 6.79 7.00 7.33 7.56 59 60 60 61 61 61 7 0.63 15 12 0.80 19 16 0.99 23 20 1.13 26 23 1.33 29 26 1.55 32 29 1.75 35 32 1.97 37 34 2.21 39 37 2.47 41 40 2.76 43 43 3.07 45 46 3.35 .47 48 3.71 48 49 3.84 49 51 4:04 50 52 4.25 51 53 4.39 51 54 4.62 52 56 4.86 53 57 5.01 53 58 5.26 54 59 5.43 54 60 5.70 55 62 5.88 56 63 6.17 56 64 6.36 57 65 6.67 57 66 6.88 58 67 7.09 58 7.91 62 69 7.43 59 8.16 62 70 7.66 59 8.41 63 71 8.02 60 8.67 63 72 8.27 60 9.06 64 73 8.66 61 9.34 64 74 8.92 61 9.76 10.06 10.67 11.48 12.16 13.07 65 75 65 76 65 79 66 81 66 ,. 83 67 85 9.33 9.61 10:20 10.98 11.63 12.51 61 61 62 63 63 64 13.84 68 87 13.44 65 15.71 69 92 ' 15.27 66 17.80 70 96 17.30 67 20.34 70 too 19.50 68 22.99 71 104 22.05 69 25.71 72 108 25.01 69 -1 6 11 15 19 22 26 29 32 35 38 40 43 46 47 49 50 51 52 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 65 66 67 68 69 70 72 73 74 75 77 79 82 84 86 90 95 99 103 107 0.43 0.58 0.76 0.92 1.11 1.30 7 -14 12 -3 16 4 20* 10 23 14 27 18 0.20 0.37 0.53 0.71 9.88 1.10 1.53 1.73 1.96 2.20 2.47 2.76 29 32 34 37 39 41 22 25 29 32 35 38 1.27 1.49 1.71 1.99 2.25 2.52 3.09 3.36 3.55 3.74 3.94 4.07 43 44 45 46 47 48 41 44 45 46 48 49 2.82 3.08 3.19 3.44 3.63 3.83 4.29 48 50 3.96 4.5V 49 52' 4.17 4.65 50 53 4.39 4.90 50 54 4.53 5.05 51 55 4.77 5.31 51 57 4.92 5.58.. 5.76 6.04 6.23 6.54 6.74 52 53 53 54 55 55 58 59 60 62 63 64 5.18 5:45 5.62 5.90 6120 6.39 7.07 7.29 7.64 7.88 8.25 8.50 56 56 57 57 57 57 65 66 68 69 70 71 6.71 6.92 7.26 7:48 7.71 7.94 8.76 58 72 8.33 9.09 58 73 8.58 9.73 59 76 9.26 10.48 60 78 9.98 11.11 61 80 10.75 11.95 61 82 11.39 12.85 62 85 12.26 14.60 63 89 13.94 16.56 64 93 15.82 18.94 65 98 18.11 21.45 66 102 20.55 23.95 67 106 23.24 D ry-B ulb Temp. % R el. I Hum. Dew P oint Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 189 RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW-POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER CUBIC FOOT Barometric Pressure--30 Inches Degrees Wet-Bulb Depression 13 > 14 15 Dew P oint j ! j Dew P oint % Rel. Hum. *411c b. CkU. {>= 3 00 % Rel. Hum. Dew P oint 16 Ow CbU. (3 Grs. per Cu. Ft. Grs. per Cu. Ft. 50 21 52 24 54 27 56 30 58 32 59 33 13 0.86 16 18 . 1.05 19 22 1.27 22 25 1.51 25 29 1.72 27 30 1.83 29 8 13 18 22 25 27 0.65 0.83 1.03 1.25 1.45 1.61 10 14 17 20 23 24 0 7 12 17 21 23 0.41 5 -13 0.20 0.61 9 -2 0.39 0.80 12 6 0.56 1.00 16 12 0.80 1.24 18 17 0.97 1.33 20 19 111 60 34 61 35 62 36 63 37 64 38 32 33 35 36 38 1.95 2.08 2.21 2.34 2.49 30 31 32 33 34 29 30 32 34 35 1.72 1.84 1.97 2.17 2.23 26 27 28 29 30 25 27 29 30 32 1.50 1.60 1.72 1.S4 1.97 21 22 24 25 , 26 21 23 25 27 29 1.21 1.31 1.47 1.59 1.71 65 39 66 40 67 41 68 42 69 43 40 41 43 44 45 2.65 2.80 2.97 3.14 3.32 35 36 37 38 39 37 2.37 31 34 38 2.52 32 . 35 40 2.68 33 37 42 2.84 34 39 43. 3.01 35 40 2.10 2.24 2.39 2.54 2.70 27 29 30 31 32 31 1.83 32 2.03 34 2.17 36 2.32 37 2.47 70 44 71 45 72 45 73 46 74 47 47 48 50 51 52 3.51 3.71 3.83 4.04 4.26 40 41 42 42 43 44 46 47 49 50 3.19 3.38 3.57 3.69 3.90 36 37 38 39 39 42 43 45 46 48 2.87 3.05 3.23 3.43 3.54 ,33 '33 34 35 36 39 2.63 41 2.72 42 2.89 44 3.07 45 3.26 75 47 54 76 48 55 77 48 .56 78 49 57 79 50 59 4.40 4.64 4.7$ 5.04 5.30 44 44 45 46 46 51 53 54 55 57 4.12 4.25 4.48 4.73 4.88 40 41 42 43 43 49 51 52 53 65 3.74 3.96 4.18 4.42 4.56 37 38 39 39 40 47 3.46 48 3.67 50 3:89 51 4.01 53 4.24 80 50' 81 51 82 51 83 52 84 52 60 61 62 64 65 5.47 5.75 5.93 6.23 6.43 47 48 48 49 49 58 5.14 59 . 5.41 60 5.58 62 5.87 63 6.06 44 45 45 46 46 56 57 59 60 61 4.81 5.07 5.23 5.52 5.68 41 42 42 43 43 54 4.48 55 4.74 57 4.88 58 5.01 59 5.31 85 53 86. 53 87 54 88 54 89 55 66 67 68 69 71 6.75 6.96 7.17 7.53 7.90 50 50 51 51 52 64 65 67 68 69 6.37 6.56 6.90 7.11 7.47 47 47 48 48 49 62 5.99 64 6.17 65 . 6.49 66 6.69 67 7.04 44 61 44 . 62 46 63 46 64 47 66 5.60 5.78 6.22 6.41 6.75 90 55 72 8.13 52 70 7.69 49 69 7.25 47 67 6.95 92 56 74 8.79 53 73 8.32 50 71 7.84 48 69 7.53 94 57 76 9.48 54 75 8.98 51 73 8.48 49 72 8.15 96 58 79 10.22 55 77 9.69 52 76 9:17 50 74 8.81 98 58 81 10.83 56 79 10.46 53 78 9.90 50 76 9.34 100 104 106 112, 116' 120 59 60 62 63 64 65 83 .88 92 96 101 105 11.66 13.28 15.33 17.55 19:95 22.40 56 58 59 60 61 62 82 86 . 91 95 99 104 11.07 54 80 12.83 55 85 14.59 57 89 16.72 58 94 19.05 59 98 21.46 60 102 10.67 12.17 14.09 16.16 18.45 20.75 51 53 54 55 57 58 79 83 88 92 97 101 10.08 11:73 13.35 15.39 17.85 20.07 % Rel. Hum. l Dew| P oint % Rel. Hum. Dew P oint % Rel. Hum. Dew P oint % Rel. Hum. Dew- 1 P oint Grs. per Cu. Ft. D ry-B u ll Temp. % Rel; Hum. Dew P oint % R el. Hum. Dew P oint % Rel. Hum. Dew P oint Dew P oint 190 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW-POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER CUBIC FOOT Barometric Pressure--30 Inches 3& 17 Wcm*-.. Degrees Wet-Bulb Depression 18 , 19 o&UU. 0 *.- OIL 20 2a 3 u. 3 a o<-> C<-> o<-> 52 4 54 8 56 11 58 14 59 16 -17 -4 5 11 14 0.18 0.38 0.55 0.75 0.89 3 -20 7 -5 10 4 11 8 0.14 0.35 0.54 0.61 2 -25 6 -6 70 0.10 0.32 0.42 1 -30 3 -20 0.05 0.14 60 17 17 0.98 13 11 0.75 9 4 .0.52 5 -8 0.29 61 18 19 1.07 14 14 0.83 10 8 0.63 6 -1 0.39 62 20 21 1.23 16 16 0.98 12 11 0.74 8 3 0.49 63 21 23 1.33 17 19 1.08 14 14 0.86 10 7 0.60 64 22 25 1.44 18 21 1.18 15 17 0.98 11 11 0.72 65 24 66 25 67 26 68 27 69 28 27 29 31 33 34 1.63 1.75 1.88 2.00 2.16 20 21 22 23 24 24 26 28 29 31 1.36 1.47 1.59 1.72 1.85 16 17 18 20 21 19 22 24 26 28 1.09 13 14 0.86 1.19 14 17 0.98 1.35 15 19 1.09 1.50 16 22 1.20 1.63 17 24 ,1.36 70 29 71 30 72 31 73 32 74 33 36 38 40 41 43 2.31 2.47 2.64 2.81 2.99 25 27 28 29 29 33 35 37 38 40 2.00 2.23 2.38 2.55 2:63 22 23 24 25 26 30 32 33 35 37 1.76 1.85 2.04 2.20 2.36 19 20 21 22 23 26 28 30 32 34 1.52 1.66 1.79 1.94 2.09 75 34 76 34 77 35 78 36 79 37 44 46 48 49 50 3.18 3.28 3.49 3.70 3.92 30 31 32 33 34 42 43 45 46 48 2.81 2.99 3.19 3.39 3.60 27 28 29 30 31 39 41 42 44 46 2.53 2.70 2.89 3.08 3.29 24 25 26 27 28 36 38 39 41 43 2.25 2.41 2.59 2.78 2.97 80 38 81 39 82 39 83 40 84 40 52 53 55 56 57 4.16 4.40 4.53 4.65 4.94 35 36 36 37 37 50 51 52 54 55 3.83 4.06 4.19 4:44 4.57 32 33 33 34 35 47 49 50 52 53 3.50 3.72 3.84 4.08 4.33 29 30 30 31 32 44 46 48 49 51 3.17 3.38 3.49 3.72 3.95 85 41 86 42 87 43 88 43 89 44 59 60 61 62 64 5.22 5.52 5.82 5.99 6.32 38 39 40 40 41 57 58 59 61 62 4.84 6.12 5.41 5.58 5.89 36 54 36 56 37 57 37 . 59 38 60 4.59 .4.73 5.00 5.16 5.46 33 33 34 35 36 52 54 55 57 58 4.20 4.33 4.60 4.88 5.17 90 44 92 45 94 4696 47 98 48 65 68 70 72 75 6.51 7.06 7.65 8.28 8.96 41 42 43 44 45. 63 66 68 71 73 6.06 6.59 7.15 7.76 8.40 39 40 41 42 43 61 5.77 64 6.28 67 . 6.82 69 7.40 72 8.03 36 37 38 39 40 59 62 65 67 70 5.33 5.81 6.32 6.87 7.47 100 49 104 50 108 52 112 53 116 54 120 55 77 82 86 91 95 100 9.69 11.06 12.85 14.84 16.87 19.05 46 48 49 51 52 53 76 9.09 44 80 10.62 46 85 12.11 47 90 14.28 49 94 16.21 50 98 18.37 51 74 8.70 41 72 8.10 79 10.18 43 .77 9.51 84 11.62 45 82 11.12 88 13.70 47 87 13.12 93 15.62 48 91 14.98 97 17.69 49 96 16.06 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 191 RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW-POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER CUBIC FOOT Barometric Pressure--30 Inches 21 hV 42 -W qU 3 o'J Degrees Wet-Bulb Depression 22 U. 4c>m. 23 u d3 aO OU H e?E 24 h. <U *2 cm. 3 ou 66 10 68 13 70 15 72 18 74 20 11 17 22 26 30 0.70 0,97 1.20 1.53 1.81 7 10 12 15 17 2. a 17 22 27 0.49 0.75 0.96 1.28 1.54 3 -11. 62 9 11 12 17 14 23 0.21 0.45 0.72 1.02 1.27 0 3 -11 62 9 11 11 18 0.22 0.48 0.77 1.00 75 21 76 22 77 23 78 24 79 -25 32 34 36 38 40 1.96 2.12 2.29 2.47 2.65 18 19 20 21 22 29 31 33 35 37 1.68 1.84 1.99 2.16 2.33 15 16 17 18 19 25 27 29 31 34 1.40 1.55 1.69 1.85 2.01 12 13 14 16 17 21 23 26 28 30 1.12 1.26 1.39 1.64 1.80 80 26 81 27 82 28 83 29 84 29 42 43 45 47 48 2.74 3.04 3.26 3.48 3.58 23 24 25 26 26 39 41 42 44 46 2.52 2.71 2.91 3.12 3.31 20 21 22 23 24 36 38 39 41 43 2.19 . 2.37 2.56 2.76 2.97 18 19 20 21 21 32 34 36 38 40 1.97 2.14 2.33 2.52 2.59 85 30 86 31 87 32 88 32 89 33 50 52 53 55 56 3.82 4.07 4.33 4.46 4.74 27 28 29 30 31 48 49 51 52 54 3,44 368 3.92 4 18 4.45 25 26 26 27 28 45 47 48 50 51 3.18 3.41 3.52 3.76 4.02 22 23 24 25 26 42 44 46 47 49 2.80 3.02 3.25 3.48 3.73 90 34 92 35 94 36 96 37 98 38 57 60 63 66 68 5.03 5.49 5.99 6.52. 7.10 31 32 33 35 36 55 58 61 64 66 4.59 5.02 5.49 6.17 6.72 29 30 31 32 34 53 56 59 62 64 4.29 4.71 5.16 5.64 6.35 26 28 29 30 32 51 54 57 60 63 3.85 4.39 4.82 5.29 5.98 100 104 108 112 116 120 39 41' 43 44' 46 47 3d CO fi io CH a 71 7.71 37 76 9.07 39 81 10.63 41 85 12,26 42 90 14.33 44 94 16.28 45 25 U 42 w oa. - *3 c <*i o2u= 69 74 79 84 88 93 26 7.31 8.63 10.14 11.68 13.69 15.60 35 37 39 40 42 43 67 72 77 82 87 92 27 6.92 8.19 9.64 11.10 13.04 14.92 33 35 37 38 40 41 65 71 76 81 86 90 28 6.52 7.75 9.15 10.54 12.40 14.24 *3 e c*i % Rel. Hum. Dew P oint Dew P oint Grs. per Cu. Ft. % Rel. Hum. Dew- . P oint Grs. per Cu. Ft. Dew P oint | GCrus.. Fpte.r 75 9 76 11 77 12 78 13 79 14 15 18 21 24 26 0.84 1.06 1.20 1.34 1.48 7 8 8 12 9 16 10 19 11 22 0.66 4 2 0.77 5 4 0.90 6 9 1.03 8 13 1.17 9 16 0.37 0.48 0.60 0.82 0.95 1 -23 3 -10 4 -2 55 6 10 0.09 0.29 0.40 0.51 0.64 80 15 28 1.64 81 16 31 1.80 82 17 33 1.98 83. 18. 35 . 2,16 12 13 14 15 24 27 29 31 1.31 1.47 1.63 1.80 10 11 12 13 20 22 25 27 1.09 1.24 1.40 1.56 . 7 9' 10 It 13 17 20 23 0.77 1.02 1.16 1.32 (92 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW-POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE . PER CUBIC FOOT Barometric Pressure--30 Inches 1, 1: u atf-2 * b$3: 25 *3 aS, t. , eu, 2a ou Degrees Wet-Bulb Depression 1 \ 3 e?3: 26 *1o b0O>U-J,, to <-> 27 B 2 1M = S.E "o Da &U, tua 28 O B:1 | 0s : s *c 5*5 e?5: a& ba> -*2. OU, to CL) 84 19 85 20 8< 21 82 22 88 22 89 23 90 24 92 25 94 27 96 28 98 29 loo 30 104 33 108 35 112 36 116 38 120 40 sd E Be h 0i 3 D 37 2.35 16 39 2.55 17 41 2.76 is 43 2.98 19 45 3.07 20 46 3.30 21 48 3.55 22 51 3.92 23 55 4.49 24 58 4.94 26 61 5.41 27 63 5.93 28 69 7.30 31 74 8.65 33 79 9.98 35 84 11.78 89 13.90 29 ** fc.5 OA, <bu +Z. 2a OU 36 38 *3 c <*3 6?= 34 36 38 40 42 1.98 2.17 2.36 2.57 2.79 14 15 16 17 18 44 3.02 19 45 3.25 19 49 3.61 21 52 3.99 22 55 f-58 24 58 5.04 25 61 5.54 26 67 6.86 29 72 8.16 31 78 9.42 33 83 11.16 87 13.20 30 y 34 36 am *e o Q& a -w OU. ta oo "3 c 30 1.73 12 32 1.91 13 34 2.10 14 36 2.30 15 38 2.51 15 41. 2.73 16 43 2.81 17 46 3.30 19 50 3.66 20 53 4.23 22 56 4.67 23 59 5.14 24 65 6.42 27 71 7.66 29 76 8.86 31 81 10.56 86 12.49 31 y S.S Da b S w9 33 34 if 26 28 31 33 35 37 39 43 47 61 54 57 63 69 74: 79 . 84 32 t 4- o Oa 1.48 1.66 1.84 2.03 2.091 2.30 2.52 2.98 3.33 3.88 .4.29 4.74 5.98 7.17 8.58 10.25 11.79 - Is is 78 3 79 4 80 5 81 6 82 7 83 8 84 9 85 10 86 11 87 12 88 13 89 14 90 15 92 17 94 18 96 20 98 21 100 22 104 25 08 27 12 29 21061 31 33 -9 0.31 -1 0.42 1 6 0.55 3 10 0.68 4 14 0.81 5 18 0.96 6 21 ' 1.11 7 24 1.27 8 27 1.44 9 29 1.62 10 31 34 36 40 44 1.81 2.01 2.22 2.67 2.99 11 12 13 15 16 48 3.53 18 52 3.92 19 55 4.35 21 61 5.53 23 67 0.67 25 72 8.03 27 78 9.61 29 83 11.44 31 -20 -7 0 7 11 15 19 22 25 27 30 32 37 41 45 49 52 59 65 71 76 81 0.11 0.33 0.45 0.58 1 -18 2 -6 0.72 0.87 1.02 1.18 1.35 32 58 6 12 7 16 8 20 1.53 9 23 1.72 10 26 1.92 11 28 2.35 13 33 .2.66 14 38 3 17 3.55 4.15 5.09 6.18 16 17 19 21 24 42 46 50 57 63 7.49 8.99 10.73 26 28 29 69 74 80 0.11 0.23 0 0.36 0.62 0.77 0.92 1.08 2 -15 3 -4 43 59 6 13 1.26 7 17 1.44 8 21 1.63 9 24 2.04 11 29 2.33 12 34 2.82 3.17 3.76 4.65 5.93 14 15 17 20 22 39 43 47 54 61 7.2? 8.68 10.04 24 26 28 67 73 78 0.24 0.37 0.51 0.66 0.81 0.98 1.15 1.33 1.73 2.00 2.47 2.80 3.36 4.43 5.44. 6.63 8.06 9.70 MODERN ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT PRACTICE As Exemplified in Actual Construction The purpose of this section is to present some of the modern build ings installed in the United States during the past few years in order to exemplify the present methods of heating and ventilation, and the equip ment used. It is hoped that this section will illustrate practical applica tions of the theory given in the Data Section, Those responsible for this book regret that the difficulties surrounding this, our initial issue, have unavoidably restricted the number and type of installations covered. This is due to the short time available for obtaining and compiling this infor mation. It is hoped in future editions of The Guide to amplify and greatly improve this section. In order to do this every Member of the Society must co-operate, as the Committee in charge can only compile and edit the data furnished by Members. - All Members of the Society are requested to send pictures and data covering representative buildings; so that for the 1923 Issue a large list may be available for selection. There is no charge for this Section. 193 Cunard Building ir? CUNARD BUILDING 25 Broadway . New York, N. Y. Office Building; 216 feet by 220 feet; Twenty-two stories; 12,700,000 cubic feet, volume of building; 228,000 sq. ft., wall surface; 86,000 sq. ft.,-glass surface; 47,520 sq. ft., floor area. Heating System--Two-pipe vacuum. . . Radiation--70,000 square feet direct. Boilers--Five 175 H.P., low pressure, and one 30 H.P. medium pressure, horizontal return tubular. Stoker Equipment--Harrd fired mechanical with provisions made for future stokers and oil fuel. Vacuum Pumps--Motor driven. Automatic Temperature Control--Principal offices of the Cunard Steamship Co., and ventilation. , Ventilation--Ventilation is provided for the Banks; the Cunard Steamship Co.. offices in basement, first, second, third floors and all toilets. Temperature and Humidity Regulation^-70 temperature. No humidity control. Fans--Supply fans of 121,700 cubic feet per minute capacity. Exhaust fans of 193,200 cubic feet per minute capacity. Number of water closets, 468; toilet lavatories, 152; office lavatories, 752; urinals, 205; slop sinks,-80; bath tubs, 2; laundry trays, 4; kitchenette sinks, 3; showers, 5; plumbing stacks, 31; leaders, 16; fire stand pipes, 5. . (3'8" ; 2'4" with 100 feet of hose at each outlet at each floor.) House Tanks--Two, 10,000 gal. steel. Suction Tank--One, 2 compartment 10,000 gal. steel. House Pumps--Two, 250 g.pm. each. Fire Pump--One, 750 g.p.m. Hot Water Circulating Pump--For quick circulation. Hot Water Generators--'Three units 700 gal., storage type, capacity 3,000 gal. per hour, each. Sump. Pumps--Two duplex units, one unit 500 g.p.m., one unit 300 g.p.m. Ejectors--Two cylinders, each 150 g.p.m. capacity. Air Compressors--Two units, each 200 c.f.m. capacity. Elevators--`Gearless Traction: . 10 Broadway, local 1st to 14th floors inclusive. . 8 Broadway, express 1st and 12th to 20th inclusive. 2 Broadway, local all floors. 4 Morris Street, locals Morris St. to 14th floor inclusive. 4 Morris Street, express Morris St. and 12th to 21st floors, incls. 2 Broadway, service all floors to roof. Geared Traction: 2 Bank locals--5 floors. 3 Cunard locals--5 floors. 1 Sidewalk. 1 Ash hoist. 1 Dumbwaiter. . . ' . 195 Canadian Pacific Building 196 CANADIAN PACIFIC BUILDING West Side Madison Avenue, between 43ed and 44th Streets . New York, N. Y. Office Building, with Christian Science Church occupying 650,000 cubic feet, at the southwest corner of the building; twenty-one stories; volume of building, 6,000,000 cu. ft.; wall surface (without glass), 197,000 sq. ft.; glass surface, 67,300 sq. ft.; maximum floor area, 28,000 sq. ft.; cost of building, $6,500,000.00; cost of heating equipment, $225,000.00; cost of plumbing equipment, $200,000.00. Heating System--Heated by down-feed vacuum system. The Church is heated by direct radiation and ventilation. Boilers--Four, 250 H.P. each, portable fire box. . Vacuum Pumps--Three, 65,000 sq. ft. each. . Toilet Exhaust Fan-^\$,QOO cu. ft. per minute. Radiation--68,500 sq. ft. direct. Stoker Equipment--Hand fired. Automatic Temperature Control--Church (ventilation and radiation). Parts Ventilated--Principal parts of Church and all Toilet Rooms throughout build ing. Air changed for Church Auditorium eight times per hour. Air changed for Toilet Rooms ten times per hour. Temperature and Relative Humidity of Air Supplied^Temperature, 70; humidity, 60%. Ventilation System--Church, 48,000 c.f.m., air washer; 48,000 c.f.m., supply fan; 40,000 c.f.m., exhaust fan. These two fairs supply and exhaust air for Church, Auditorium, Sunday School rooms and other principal parts of Church. Special Equipment-- a. Hot Water--700 gal. storage tank; 700 gal. per hour steam coil; 500 gal. per hour summer heater. b. Fire Service--Two 6-inch stand pipes with 100 ft. hose at each outlet at each floor. c. Express Elevators--Six 1 to 1 traction. . d. Local Elevators--Six geared traction. e. Size of Elevators--6'2" wide, 5'3" deep. ' . f. Speed of Elevators--Express, 600 feet per minute. Local, 500 feet per minute. Plumbing Fixtures--Number'of Lavatories: men, 55; women, 50- Waftff closets: men, 125; women, 75. Urinals, men, 70. Lavatories in offices, Y95. Slop sinks, 30. Showers, 2. . FEDERAL RESERVE BANK East Side of East 6th Street ' Between Superior Avenue and Rockwell Avenue . Cleveland, Ohio . Bank on first floor, about 250 office rooms, above, security vaults in basement and - sub-basement, a gymnasium, recreation room, cafeteria, storage space and security court; building 200 ft. long and 150 ft. wide; fourteen stories; volume of build ing, 6,500,000 cu. ft.; wall- surface, 80,500 sq. ft.; glass surface, 31,100 sq. ft.; floor area, 30,000 sq. ft.; cost of building, $5,500,000.00; total cost of mechanical equipment, $500,000.00. Heating System--Two-pipe down-feed vacuum system, using exhaust steam from engines and pumps. Radiation--40,000 sq. ft. direct. 4 Boilers--Four 300 H.P. high pressure water tube boilers with superheaters. Stoker Equipment--Natural draft stokers of "V" type. Vacuum Pumps--Two, motor driven; capacity, 100,000 sq. ft. direct radiation each. Automatic Temperature Control--All radiation and ventilation.- Power Plant Equipment--Three 300 K.W. generators direct-connected to three uni flow steam engines. Ventilation--Practically throughout. .. Air Changes--Four per hour for office rooms. For other rooms varies from 4 to 20 per hour, depending upon purpose for which rooms are used. Temperature and Relative Humidity--In sub-basement, basement and part of ground floor air supplied at 85 and 60%.. For other floors, 70 and 60%. Supply Fans--Twelve, total capacity 334,000 cu. ft. per minute. . Exhaust Fans--Fifteen, total capacity 197,400 cu. ft per minute. Air Washers--Eleven, total capacity 334,000 cu. ft. per minute. 197 OSGOOD-BRADLEY BUILDING Grafton and Franklin Streets Worcester, Mass. Factory Building; concrete with brick and concrete exterior, terra cotta first floor; length, 100 ft.; width, 200 ft.; eight stories and basement; volume of building, 2,175,800 cu. ft. - Heating System--All parts heated by vacuum system. Radiation--17,900 sq. ft. direct. Boilers--Two, 150 H.P., H.R.T. boilers; 72" diameter x 18* long. Temperature Ranges--Maximum, 70 F. Vacuum Pumps--5/"xH"x7". Elevators--Two passenger cars 2,500 lbs., 200" per min. electric. Three freight cars 3,500 lbs., 150' per min. electric. Sprinkler Equipment--1929 heads. E. W. BLISS MACHINE SHOP Bliss Road Cleveland, Ohio Factory Building; length, 370 ft.; width, 120 ft.; height) 55 ft.; one story; volume of bldg., 1,620,000 cu. ft.; wall surface, 3,800 sq. ft; glass surface, 24,500 sq. ft. Heating System--All parts heated. Hot blast used. . Boilers--Two, 150 H.P. each. Temperature Ranges--Maximum, 60F. Minimum, --10F. Parts Ventilated--All parts. Ventilating Equipment--Two, 45,000 cu. ft. per minute, multivanre type fans, belt driven. * Air Washers--Two, 45,000 cu. ft. air washers delivering air at 125 and final humidity of 60%. . Vacuum Pumps--Capacity in sq. ft. of radiation, 50.000. . CAPITOL THEATRE Southwest corner Broadway and 51st Street New York City . * Theatre with office building connected. Volume of building, 1,100,000 cu. ft. in theatre proper, 2,000,000 cu. ft. gross; plot area, 200' north and south, 32V east and west, with 90'x90' corner out at south-east corner of lot; cost of building, $1,125,000.00; cost of heating and ventilating equipment, $70,000.00, including heating of office building. . Heating System--Up-feed gravity system and ventilation; 9,000 sq. ft. direct radia tion, including office building. Boilers--Three, 135 H.P. each, portable fire box. -' Stoker Equipment--Hand fired. Automatic Temperature Control--Ventilation aiid radiation. Farts Ventilated--Auditorium, 11 air changes per hour; Toilets, 12 air changes per hour. ^ Temperature and Relative Humidity--70& and 40%. Ventilation System--Two supply fans, 75,000 c.f.m. each; one supply fan, 6,000 . c.f.m. each; two exhaust fans, 75,000 c.f.m. each; two .toilet fans, 7,000 c.f.m. each; two air washers, 75,000 c.f.m. each. . ' 199 198 4 Osgood-Bradley B u ild in g tE. W. Bliss Co. View of Heating System. E. W. Bliss Co. 200 201 METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY PRINTING BUILDING Jackson Avenue, Long Island City * New York, N. Y. Factory Building; reinforced concrete. Triangular shape with center court, con taining about 60,000 sq. ft. per floor. Length, 530 ft.; width, 395 ft!; height, 75 ft.; six and one half stories; volume of building, 5,9l40,000 cu: ft.; maximum floor area, 390,000 sq. ft.; cost-of heating and ventilating equipment (approx.), $172,000.00. Heating System--All parts heated by vacuum system. Radiation~-60,Q00 sq. ft. direct. Boilers--Four 200 H.P. smokeless portable. One smaller for summer use. Temperature Ranges--Maximum, 70 F. ' Temperature Control--Automatic thermostatic. Parts Ventilated--Switchboard and transformer room. Ventilating Equipment--One. 36" multivane type fan, handling 6,000 cu. ft. at %" resistance with 1 H.P. motor direct connected. Vacuum Pumps--Two, 10"xl4"xl2". Hot Water System--Two heaters, 36"xl0', 1,000 gal. per hour; two house tanks, 15,000 gal. each. Elevators--'Two hydraulic plunger 3,000 lbs. basement to 1st. Seven electric geared traction machines 100 and 200* per minute. Automatic levelling device on all electric elevators. Electrical Accessories--Battery charging; dictagraph lamp annunciators; program time clocks; fire alarm; inter-office telephones; signal call bell system; electro static neutralizer. ` CHAS. M. JORDAN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 28th St. and James Ave. North Minneapolis, Mtnn, Junior High School; $540,000.00, approx, cost of building; cost of heating and ventilating equipment, $60,547.00; length, 352 ft.; width, 260 ft.; height, 44 ft.; two stories and basement; 2,554,203 cu. ft., volume of building. Heating System--AH parts heated by Direct Radiation^ ' Temperature Ranges--Maximum, 68F. Minimum, 30F. Temperature Control--Automatic. Parts Ventilated--All ventilated,, mechanical system. Ventilating Equipment--9 fans, capacity 127,000 cu. ft. per minute, belt driven, equipment in basement. Six to eight air changes per hour. . Parts Air Conditioned--Auditorium, gymnasium, swimming pool rooms, all class rooms and laboratories. Two units located in basement. Capacity, 74,000 cu. ft. per minute.. Six to.eight air changes per hour. Temperature, 68F. Humidity, 55% R.H. Closed. heater with automatic control. Total Direct Radiation--18,000 sq. ft. .' Boilers--3 D.D. Fire Box'Boilers. Combined rating 42,000 RAD.' ` . Vacuum Pumps--Two, capacity 40,000 sq. ft. each: Hot Water System--60"xl20"- Service Heater and Storage Tank, capacity 1,770 gallons per hour, 50F. to 150F., 3" steam, 2" water. . Water Treatment---Violet. Ray--Pool. Refrigerating Equipment--Ammonia--self-contained. Elevators-^One 6x6 Car Switch type--Freight, 100 ft. speed. , Dumbwaiters--One, 20x24. Electrical Accessories--Docks, fire alarms, program bells, scenic stage lighting. Electric motor drive for all machinery. Sprinkler Equipment--On stage. 203 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Printing Building 205 Chas. M . Jordan Junior H ig h School TYPICAL SCHOOL BUILDING OF LARGE SIZE Steel framing, brick walls with 2" T.C. furring on inside; wooden floors in rooms; . T.C. partitions; furred roof; width, 60 ft.; height, 85 ft.; five stories and cellar; cost of building (approx.), $1,000,000.00; cost of heating and ventilating equip- mcrrt (approx.), $90,000.00. Heating System--All parts heated except cellar. Hot blast used for auditorium. Direct radiation (steam) for all other parts. (Vacuum system.) Radiation--15,000 sq. ft. direct. Boilers--Four, each 1,303 sq. ft. of heating surface. Internally fired, return tubular pattern. Temperature Ranges--Maximum. 68F. Minimum, 62F. Temperature Control--Automatic in all occupied rooms. Parts Ventilated--All occupied parts. Plenum and exhaust. Ventilatmg Equipment---Supply, 4 blowers: 2 in classrooms and corridors, each 48,500 cu. ft. per minute. Auditorium, 22,800 cu. ft. per minute. Playroom and Gymnasium, 35.650 cu. ft. per minute. Exhaust, 7 units: Classrooms, 2, each 39.000 cu. ft. per minute. Auditorium, 19,030 cu. ft. per minute. Playroom, 27,200 cu. ft. per minute. Toilets, 2, one ' of 3,200 and one of 2,200 cu. ft. per minute. Kitchen, 550 cu. ft. per minute. (Shower baths and pools, often add units.) All electric motor driven, mostly belted. Supply units in cellar, exhaust units in roof houses or cellar. Class rooms, etc., about 5 minute changes. Toilets and lavatories, 4 minute changes. Vacuum Pumps--Each with a capacity in sq. ft. of 65,000. (Duplicate units fur nished.) Hot Water System--Suction tank and storage, each 500 gal. Heater, 800 gal. per hour. Where shower baths occur added units are used. Dumbzvaiters--Hand type dumbwaiter for handling books, etc. 206 HORTICULTURAL GROUP. LONGWOOD. INC., ESTATE OF PIERRE S. Du PONT Longwood near Mendenhall, Pa. Growing Houses (Typical green house construction)--Total area, 22,000 sq. ft.; volume, 196,000 cu. ft.; wall surface, 4,800 sq. ft.; glass surface, 36,600 sq. ft.; direct radiation, 7,900 sq; ft. (pipe coils); average temperature, 60F. Main Building (including orangerie, exhibition hall, peach houses, display houses and organ loft)--Total area, 44,000 sq. ft.; volume, 1,130,000 cu. ft.; wall surface, 20.000 sq. ft.; glass surface, 64,000 sq. ft.; direct radiation, 8,500 sq. ft. (con cealed) ; gravity ind. radiation, 12,000 sq. ft. (in tunnel) ; primary ind. radiation, 3,400 sq. ft. (in fresh air intakes) ; average temperature, 65F. Reception Suite (underground in terrace, one wall only exposed, tunnel to main building)--Size, 65x54, one story; area, 3,500 sq. ft.; volume, 56,000 cu. ft.; wall surface, 6,600 sq. ft. (75% against earth) ; glass surface, 450 sq.^ft.; heat ing surface, 450 sq. ft. (tempering and heater coils) ; temperature, 70F. Service Building (basement-storage (not heated) first floor, office and work rooms, second floor, living quarters)--Size, 70x60 plus wings; area, 5,200 sq. ft.; volume, 90.000 cu. ft.; wall surface, 6,600 sq. ft.; glass surface, 2,000 sq. ft.; radiation. 1,550 sq. ft.; temperature, 706F. . ... Note--Boiler plant located under terrace in front of Service Building. Cost of Building {approx.)--$1,850,000.00. Cost of Heating and Ventilating Equipment {approx.)--$160,000.00. , Heating System--All parts heated with vacuum system, direct radiation in Growing Houses and Service Bldg., gravity indirect and part direct in Rose House and Main Bldg.; Reception Suite hot blast separate duct system. Parts Not Heated--Store rooms in basement of Service Building. Radiation--18,000 sq. ft. direct, 12,000 sq. ft. gravity indirect, 3,000 gravity temper ing (equivalent direct radiation 40,000 .sq. ft.). Boilers--Four 110 H.P. water tube, set in single battery, 8'6" floor to header, designed for fuel oil. Temperature Ranges--Maximum, 75F., Minimum, 40F. Temperature Control--Hand in Growing Houses and bed rooms of Service Building, automatic for Rose House, Main Building' reception suite and working space of Service Building. Parts Ventilated--Reception Suite hot blast divided duct system, automatic temper ature control on by-pass dampers. ` Ventilating Equipment--Reception Suite one blower 3,600 cu. ft., motor belt drive; about 2lA air changes. Two exhaust fans, propeller type, direct connected motors, each fan 1,600 cu. ft. per minute. Parts Not Ventilated--Growing Houses and Main Building not mechanically venti lated, but have sash /ventilation, fresh air intake in connection with gravity indirect systems. Humidity--In Main Building; Orangerie, Exhibition Hall and Organ Loft are equipped with pan humidifiers with steam coils at each indirect heater in tunnels; 39 units, 23,000 cu. ft. per minute, 65F. at 70% relative humidity, room type humidistats operating diaphragm valves in steam main to pan humidifiers. Stoker Equipment--Fuel oil furnaces, oil storage consists of 300,000 gal. concrete reservoir underground with gravity supply line 400 ft. to service tank at Boiler House, oil equipment includes pumps, heaters, automatic temperature control for oil in storage. Vacuum Pumps--Two 8*xl0"xl2" steam, 900 sq. ft. each. Hot Water System--Domestic hot water Service Building, copper tube storage tank . heater 200 gal. per hour. Tempered water 1,100 gal., tank cap. 5,000 gal. water per hour 35F. to 65F. with temperature control. Elevators--Elevator special design with track for industrial car used in Green Houses. Escalators, Dumbzvaiters, Etc.--In Orangerie and Exhibition Hall, Main Building, ventilating sash equipment with 22 remote control motor driven sash operating mechanisms. . 207 Electrical Accessories--Main switch board 2,200 volt incoming service transformers at Service Building for Growing House: 2,200 volt to Main Building, separate transformer-station; special-remote control for lighting-in Orangerie and Exhi bition Hall. Theatre dimmers for Exhibition Hall and Stage. - * Additional Data--:So far as known, this is the largest horticultural group under taken by a' private estate and the first application of gravity indirect heating and temperature control as in Rose House and Main Building.' Thermostats special . in waterproof boxes. Boiler plant and facilities provide for increase to present buildings. .. d 4J 'eu 3 cS . CA D ow X o> C/5 u ou bfi '(U -VM- *3 O 0J rwt JS 4- (A w 208 209 V iew T hrough Orangerie Estate o f P ie rre S. d u P o n t 10 w 210 B oiler P lant in Service B uilding ate o f P ie rre S. d u P o n t Directory of Consulting Engineers in Heating &. Ventilating Clark, MacMullen & Riley, Inc. Consulting Engineers Design and Supervision Heating, Ventilating, Plumbing and Electrical Industrial Sites Selected Factory Buildings Designed New York, 101 Park Avenue Cleveland, Marion Building Walter S. Timm is, M. E. 315 Fifth Avenue, New York Member American Society Mechanical Engineers President American Society Heating and Ventilating Engineers - Complete Building Equipment Engineering . Heating arid Ventilation Sprinkler Systems Power Plants Elevators Electrical Work Examinations . Plumbing Reports and Tests Seismograph Tests for Building Vibration 212 Samuel E. Dibble Consulting Engineer Heating Ventilating Sanitation 3307 Parkview Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa. Member A. S. M. E. Member A. S. H. & V. E. Robert P. Schoenijahn Consulting Engineer Industrial Trust Bldg., Wilmington, Del. Reports Designs Supervision Mechanical Equipment of Structures Power Plants Heating and Ventilating Plumbing Sanitation Refrigeration Electrical Equipment Frederick D. Mensinc Mensing & Co. Consulting Engineers Presser Building Philadelphia Samuel M. Dodd 213 CATALOG DATA SECTION INDEX TO ADVERTISERS AND INDEX TO MODERN EQUIPMENT IN LAST PAQES OF BOOK Air Conditioning Atmospheric Conditioning Corporation General Western Office 841 Monadnock Block Chicago Main Office 921 Lafayette Building Philadelphia Territorial Offices in the Principal Cities of the United States Also Throughout Canada and London, Eng. Humidifying, Dehumidifying, Cleansing, Cooling, Humidity Control Modern Ventilation Modern Ventilation practice demands the removal of dust and foreign matter from incoming air whether it be for in suring comfort or providing healthful conditions for audience, student or em ployee and applies to efficiency and ac curacy in many manufacturing processes. Of more importance however is the maintenance of the proper relative hu midity by the addition or removal of moisture from the air according to season or local conditions. The design, manufacture and in some cases the installation of air conditioning apparatus in many types of buildings is our sole undertaking and during fifteen years of research and practice we. have furnished hundreds of equipments with remarkable results. In Schools, Auditoriums, Theatres, Ball Rooms, Dining Rooms, Cafes, Court Rooms and all spaces where people gather in large numbers our type of equipment has become essential. Webster Spray Nozzle used in all atmos pheric installations. Humidifiers have been furnished for producing and maintaining the proper relative humidity. Dchumidifiers have been installed in Industrial Plants where excessive hu midity must be removed, for drying or process work. This being accomplished either by evaporation of the spray water or the use of artesian well water. In many cases it is found necessary ^ to resort to refrigeration and in this type of equipment we have excelled. Equipment for Maintaining Artificial Atmospheric Conditions in Industrial Plants View of Spray Chamber showing nozzles t'n operation. The addition of the proper percentage of humidity to make up deficiency. The removal of excessive humidity when high moisture content in the air prevents proper drying or carrying out ' of certain processes. Maintaining either high or low tem peratures where local conditions or spe cific materials demand such treatment. The maintenance of uniform humidity conditions within 2% of that for which control is set. 216 Atmospheric Conditioning Corporation Air Conditioning Webster System of Humidity Control may be applied to the various types of Webster Air Washers, Humidifiers and Dehumidifiers. Perfect in principle and accurate in operation--the chief con trolling thermostat subject to water, a medium with four times the specific heat of air. Service Air Conditioning apparatus, a duplicate of which was furnished after one season's trial of first installation. Each Air Conditioning problem is a separate study and it has been found impossible to set forth in catalogue or bulletin form such information as would apply to any specific case except in a general way. . We have such catalogues and bulletins as would give the prospective purchaser The maintenance of working spaces at the Comfort Zone to insure efficiency of employees. ' The cleansing and cooling of air for the Ventilation of Turbo Alternators, equipment commonly known as Gener ator Coolers. Webster Air Washers Type "A" Apparatus, designed pri marily for air washing in connection with ventilating systems in public build- . ings, where a moderate cooling effect by evaporation is desired. Type "B" Apparatus, designed for air washing in public buildings and indus trial plants, where the greatest possible cooling effect by evaporation is desired. Type "A" Webster Air Washer equipped with humidity control. Atmospheric Dehumidifier, in successful operation since 1918 *n large plant manufac turing food products. a general idea as to what the apparatus would consist but wc find that in the end a personal interview is desirable. We gladly render service to those in terested, in the form of recommenda tions and quotations, no charge being made except for actual equipment fur nished. We will not undertake a contract where wc cannot accomplish just the re sults the buyer wishes, but where we do accept an undertaking we will give our best thought and skill to its complete accomplishment. 217 A ir^Conditioning Carrier Fnqineerinq Corporation ml Laboratories * 7 SO brelinghuysen Ave. Newark, N. J. Boston, 176 Federal St. Buffalo, Frudcuti&l Bldg. New York, 39 Cortlandt St. Chicago, Transportation Bldg. Philadelphia, Land Title Bldg. Carrier Engineering Co., Ltd. 24, Buckingham Gate, London Engineers, Manufacturers, Contractors, specializing in the design and installation of automatically controlled Air Conditioning Equipment, Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Humidification, Dehumidification, and the scientific appli cation of Conditioned Air in Drying and Processing. Design and installation of Industrial Piping. Manufactured Weather to make "Every day a good day," Air Conditioning is the science of mechanically regulating-the (1) tempera ture, (2) humidity, (3) cleanliness and (4) effective distribution of the air within buildings or enclosures, such as dryiooms. Based upon the pioneer research and invention of Willis H. Carrier during the last, twenty years, this Corporation has developed scientifically effective and mechanically adequate equipment and automatic control for the conditioning of air. . Carrier Equipment has been in stalled in more than one hundred dis tinctly different industries, as varied as the manufacture of chewing gum aud cottcn goods. The tremendous fund of engineering and construction experience acquired in meeting these widely varying require ments enables us to offer a valuable ser vice in the design of air conditioning equipment for any purpose. The limitations of space herein pre clude a complete technical description of the principles involved, the apparatus and the methods of automatic control em ployed. Broadly, wherever weather or the var iations of atmospheric temperature and humidity affect either the labor or the processes of manufacture, Carrier Equip ment can be applied to make "Every day a good day.'' . 218 Typical Carrier Hu midifier, with Sprays in operation, showing Rotary Strainer (R) -----------at Pump Inlet, Ejector Water Heater (E) in Pump Suction Line, Pump (P), Pump Motor (M), and Pot Strainer (S) in Pump Discharge Line. \ Air enters the Hu midifier at the right, thru the Distributor Plates, Passes .across the Spray Chamber where it is cleaned and saturated at the Spray Water tempera ture, and leaves the Machine thru the Eliminator Plates, : which, by means of their wet Surfaces, complete the Cleans-. ing Action, and elim inate entrained or free ' moisture. ' Carrier Engineering Corp. Air Conditioning Manufactured Weather (as we gen erally speak of air conditioning) can be provided in exact accordance with speci fic requirements. Humidifying equipment provides air that is clean, heated to any desired degree in winter, cooled to the outdoor Wet Bulb temperature in sum mer, moistened as required, and distrib uted uniformly and effectively to the area wherein it is to perform its func tions, whether this be an entire building, separate departments of a building, the interior of a dryer or enclosed machines. Dehumidifying equipment, during the winter season, performs all the functions of humidifying apparatus and, in addi tion, by the use of naturally cold water or mechanical refrigeration, meets every summer requirement; providing any tem perature desirable and any degree of humidity or moistness required. Thus dehumidifying equipment makes possible the uninterrupted production, in summer, or in localities where the climate is un favorable, of those materials which are affected by temperature or humidity, or both. Or dehumidification will relieve excessive temperature and moisture con ditions which affect the labor. The application of Conditioned Air in Drying or Processing is becoming more and more important every day. Con ditioned Air drying is a natural, efficient process, susceptible to accurate control and remarkably flexible in its adapta bility to given requirements. The most delicate products, both physically and chemically, can be processed or dried under automatic control, quickly and at minimum cost. For the more rugged product, where speed and cost are the principal factors, conditioned air drying or processing is, in nearly every instance, the most desirable and economical method available. On account of the multiplicity of fac tors involved in a comprehensive expla nation of our business, we publish, pri vately, a monthly magazine, The Weather Fein, which relates, not too technically, the constantly lengthening story of Man ufactured Weather and its industrial ap plications. We invite any interested per son to become a "regular subscriber." The subscription price is your request. fn addition to the Weather Vein we have published a number of Bulletins describing Carrier Apparatus and certain of its specific applications. These Bul letins are at your disposal, upon your request. We invite you to avail yourself of the opportunity to become familiar with the principles and practice of. scientific air conditioning, through our publications. Manufactured Weather has proven an invaluable ally in scores of industries, and the list is growing rapidly. Typical Carrier Self-Contained Dehumidificr. A--Distributor Plates. B--Sprays. C-- 7irmna/or Plates. D--Outlet. E--Fan Connection. F--Fan. G--Fan Motor. H--Fan Outlet Connection to Duct System. I--Pump Suction Screen. J--Pump Suction Line. K-- Three-wy Mixing Valve. L--Line from Upper Tank to Three-way Valve. M--Pump. H-- Pump Motor. O--Pump Discharge Line. P---Pot Strainer. Q--By-pass to Upper Tank for quick [coding at start. R--Drip Troughs over Baudelot Costs. S--Baudelot Cooling Coils. T--Refrigerant Inlet. U--Refrigerant Outlet. V--Air Compressor for Automatic Control. W--Overflow from Lower Tank. X--Upper Tank Drain. Y--Lower Tank Drain to Sewer. Z--Fresh Water Connections for Make-up and Cleaning. 219 Air Conditioning W. L. Fleisher & Co., Inc. 31 Union Square West New York, N. Y. Chicago, Til., 530 South Clinton St. Philadelphia, Pa., 135 North 3rd St. Consulting and Contracting Industrial Engineers for Air Conditioning and Drying Slurlevanl -FTeisher AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS The Sturtevant-Fleisher air conditioning systems cover the whole field of humidifying, dehumidifying, cooling and heating in all their branches. Thesesystems are based on a combination of the 60 years' engineering and manufacturing experience of the B. F. Sturtevant Co., with the 10 years' industrial engineering and contracting experience of W. L. Fleisher & Co., Inc. All Sturtevant-Fleisher air conditioning systems are composed of B. F. Sturte vant Co. apparatus exclusively, and are designed and installed by W. L. Fleisher & Co., Inc. Systems are designed for estimating and installation only after exhaustive, tests both in the Sturtevant-Fleisher laboratories and in the factory; all installa tions are covered by a guarantee to "Deliver the climate" which is ideal for the specific product. A comprehensive engineering and construction organization carries the problem through from the preliminary investigation to the completed installation, turning the system over to the client in operation, with guarantees demonstrated. Many prominent concerns have made use of our research laboratory; it is at the service of anyone who has difficult problems to solve by experimentation. Pre liminary experimental work is furnished without charge. 220 Boilers and Engines Ames Iron Works Oswego, N. Y. Boilers for heating and power, Una-flow and heavy duty single valve engines, smokestacks, breechings, tanks. Sixty-six years of boiler manufacturing experience is behind every Ames Boiler. Plain Furnace Type Downdraft Furnace Type Ames Firebox Heating Boiler with Plain Furnace Diam. Shell Length Furnace i Width Furnace i Height Furnace Above Grates Heating Surface. Sq. Ft. Capacity Steam Rad. Sq. Ft. Capacity Water Rad. Sq. Ft. Size Return Diam. Chimney Weight in Lbs. Boiler Complete s as 840 . 78" 36" 48" 48" 54" 54" 54" 60" 60" 60" 66" 66" 72" 72" 84" 72" 5 34" 37" 40" 40" 40" 43" 43" 43" 43" 46"' 46" 46" 49" 49" 55" 55" 55" e 0< t/i 10.5 12.25 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.5 22.5 24.5 24.5 27.5 30.0 30.0 33.0 35.75 36.0 42.0 42.0 249 403 511 613 661 726 763 826 900 1027 1158 1255 1349 1501 1644 1877 2017 2500 4000 5150 6500 7200. 7700 8250 9000 10000 11500 13000 15000 16500 18000 20000 22500 25COO . E(B ' 07 JD 55& 3750 6000 7725 9750 10800 11400 12375 13500 15000 17250 19500 22500 24750 27000 30000 33750 37500 5" 6" 6" 6" 6" 8" 8" 8" 8" 8" 8" 8" 8" 8" 10" 10" 10" 3" 14" 4" 16" 4" 20" 4" 20" 4" 20" 6" 22" 6" 22" 6" 22" 6" 22" 6" 26" 6" 26" 6" . 26" 6" 30" 6" 30" 6" 32" 6". 32" 6" - 32" 7100 iz32u 131/U - 14120 15340 16040 2O7S0 21860 23920 25340 27840 30730 32640 Ames Firebox Heating Boiler with Downdraft Furnace No. of Sizo Diam. Shell Length Fomace Width Fornace Height Furnace Above Lower Grates Length Grates Grate Area Sq. Ft. A.S.M.E. Rat'O Sq. Ft. Heating | Surface Sq. Ft. Cap. Water Rad. Sire Steam Outlet Size Return Diam. Chimney Weight in Lbs. Boiler Complete as u! s . vf 36" 41" 42" 13.13 42" 44" 42" 15.31 258 408 2625 4100 3938 6150 5" 3" 14" 6" 4" 16" 7880 10230 48" 47" 48" 20.00 597 5200 7800 6" 4" 20" 12010 48" 47" 54" 22.50 622 6100 9150 6" 4" 20" 13170 48" 47" 60" 25.00 718 6500 9750 6" 4" 20" 13870 54" 50" 60" 28.12 76S 7500 11250 8" 6" 22" 15480 85" 54" 50" 60" 28.12 54" 50" 66" 30.94 831 901 8200 12300 9000 13500 8" 6" 22" 8" 6" 22" 15880 17160 54" 50" 66" 30.94 1009 10250 15375 8" 6" 22" 17770 54" 72" 33.75 1154 12000 18000 8" 6" 22" 19230 60" 53" 72" 37.50 1286 13500 20250 8" 6" 26" 23040 60" 53" 78" 40.63 1330 15250 22875 8" 6" 26" 24300 60" S3" 84" 43.75 1500 16000 24000 8" 6" 26" 26000 66" 56" 78" 44.69 1662 18000 27000 10" 6" 30" 27160 66" 56" 78" 44.69 1810 20000 30000 10" 6" 30" 27740 937 72" 114" 66" 56" 88" 50.39 23500 35250 10" 6" 30" 30230 221 Boilers (ontinental Heater (orporation Home Office and Factory Dunkirk, N Y. Manufacturers of Boilers and Radiators CONTINENTAL-BERNHARD WATER TUBE BOILER Lowest in Stature--Highest in Efficiency A highly efficient hoilcr which sends dry steam to the mains and which has the added advantage *f a very low water line. There is good circulation of water in each individual section and throughout entire boiler. Highly favored for vapor installations because of low, steady water line. Firing short way of the grate makes possible the easy utilization of entire grate surface. The file rises to crown sheet completely enveloping the water tubes, then passing to rear combustion chamber, it travels to one end of boiler, enters rear flue and travels full length of hoilcr to smoke exit. . The flue ways because of their design arc practically self-cleaning. Smoke exit may he taken from cither end or rear. Also built in double scries with separate fire boxes which may be used independently. Single Grate Up-Draft Boiler--Smokeless and Regular Type Anthracite and Bituminous can be satisfactorily used in both types. Continental Heater Corp. Boilers The smokeless type has an air jet for each intermediate section. These jets introduce intensely heated air, which becomes thor oughly mixed with the gases in the combus tion chamber, result ing .in- the elimina tion of objectionable smoke. Interior View--Showing location of air jets Boiler Data--Smokeless and Regular Type Nnmher Steam Ratios Water Ratino Grate Area Flow & Retcrn 2 Each v Front . Length of Boiler Extreme Overall Depth Chimney . Area Icehet Chimney Height Feet 20 SERIES WATER LINE 38?. HEIGHT OF FLOW 43" 25 700 1150 3.88 3" 35" 39" 8x12 . 35 26 900 1500 ' 4.85 3" 42" 39" 8x12 35 27 1100 1850 ' 5.82 3" 49" 39" 8x12 40 28 1300 2200 6.80 3* 56" 39" 8x12. . . ......40 _ 30 SEBIES WATER LINE 43" HEIGHT OF FLOW 48" 35 36 . 37 38 39 310 311 312 . 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 '2000 2650 3300 4000 4650 ' ' -5300 . 6000 6650 ; ' S.83 ' 7.29 8.75 10.21 11.67 13.13 14.59 ' 16.05 4" 35" 54" 4" --- r 42"'. _ 54" 4" 49" ~ 54" 4" 56" 54"' 4" 4" ` - 1 673o"r 54" 54" 4" ) 77" 54" 4" / 84" 54" . 40 SEBIES WATER'LINE 47" HEIGHT OF FLOW 54" 12x12 12x12 12x12 12x12 12x16 12x16 16x16 16x16 40 ' 40 40 .. 40 40 45 45 45 46 . 47 48 49 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 2500. . . 4150 '3200 ' ' 5300 3900 . - 6450 4600 7600 ' '5300 * * 8750 6000 9900 6700 . 11100 7400 12250 8100 13400 8800 14550 9500 15700 10200 16850 10900 18000 .. 9.72. 11.66 - 13.60 15.54 17.48 19.43 21.35 23.32 25.27 27.22 29.17 30.12 32.07 ;* 5" 5" 5" 5" 5" 5" *5" 5" *5" *5" **S" **5" 5" 42" 49" 56" 63" 70" 77" 84" 91" 98" 105" 112" 119" 126" ' - ' 78" 78? 78" 78" 78" 78" 78" 78" 78" 78" 78" 78" 78" 12x16 12x16 16x16 16x20 16x20 20x20 ' 20x20 *' -24x24 24x24 24x28 28x28 28x28 28x32 50 50 50 55 55 55 60 65 65 65 70 70 70 * Also one 4" flow. * * Also two 4" flows. Cost of these specially designed water tube boilers will compare favorably with cost of the ordinary type. .- Double series boilers 2,600 to 22,300 square feet steam capacity. Small square sectional boilers 190 to 825 square feet steam--340 to 1,400 square feet water. 223 Boilers 4EDavis Sms taPiNf 1122-1123-1124 Harris Trust Bldg. Ill W. Monroe St. eiA@ ILK.. , LIST OF AGENTS: ' RUSS & LYON 702 Balboa Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. MECHANICAL SERVICE COMPANY Metropolitan Life Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT SALES CO. Metropolitan Block Milwaukee. Wisconsin MR. B. C. MOSS 707 Mutual Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. MOUNTAIN STATES MACHINERY CO. U. S. National Bank Bldg., Denver, Colorado MR. P. W. SCHUBERT 220 Railway Exchange, Seattle, Wash. MR. W. E. HYLAND 728 World-Herald Bldg., Omaha, Nebraska This Company designs and builds: Standard Longitudinal Drum Water Tube Boilers from 100 to 1500 Horse Power, and all pressures from 175 . pounds to 350 pounds. Standard Cross Drum Water Tube Boilers from 75 to 1000 horse power and from 175 pounds to 300 pounds pressure. Medium pressure Cross Drum Water Tube Boilers for heating or power, from 50 to 300 horse__power and for 125 pounds pressure. Return Tubular boilers from 54 inches in diameter to 84 inches in diameter and for 125 and 150 pounds pressure. All boilers will be built on a factor of safety of five in accordance with the requirements of the A. S. M. E. Code, and represent the best judgment of years of experience in the design of these types. The .Company is prepared by experi ence and equipment to design and exe cute the most intricate and exacting work in steel plate construction, including Stacks, Smoke Flues, Storage Tanks for Oil and Water, Pressure Tanks and Coal Bunkers. 224 Boilers Keystone Boiler & Foundry Co. Landisville, Pa. ``Keystone" Spiral Water Tube Boilers--welded and riveted. This type of boiler has been built here by us for more than 30 years and the first boilers are still in use. . Heating surface extraordinarily effec tive, even if boiler is not cleaned. Rocking grates, all connections on out side of base. Supply openings out of top of shell. No straight or rigid fire surface. Not affected by expansion or contraction even when overheated. Complete catalogue giving all dimen sions, etc., sent on application; also list of buildings heated by Keystone Boilers. Trimmings, for Steam: Safety Valve, Automatic Damper Regulator, Draw-off Cock, Water Column with steam gauge and syphon, water gauge and two gauge cocks attached. For Hot Water: Draw-off Cock and Thermometer. Dimensions and Price Lists of Boilers Steam and Hot Water, Welded or Riveted No. Boiler Diameter Grate Smoke Pipe, Rear D raft, Oval Ends Tappings, Two M ains, Two Re turns, Twins 4 Height Comp. l Guaranteed Rating, W ater Price, W ater Guaranteed Rating, Steam Price, Steam 18 13X" i6y<" 19X" 35 is 42-6 48 Twin 42 . Twin 42-6 Twin 48 I win 48-6 Twin 48-12 25" 28" . 31" 35" 35" 41" 41" 41" 2-35" 2-35" 2-41" 2-41" 2-41" 5X"x8" 5"x9K" 5"x9K" 6"xl2K" 6"xl2K" 86"xl2K" "xlS;' 8"xl5" 8"xl5" 7K"x22J<" 7K"x22K" 7X"x22K" 2-8"xl5" 2--8"xl5" 2-7K"x22K" 2-7K"*22K" 2-7K"*22X" 2" 2" 1lA" 2K" 3" 3" 3" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 55" 60" 63" 65X" 66" 66" 69" 75" 81" 76" 82" 86" 75" 8l" 76" 82" 86" 280 460 620 800 1025 1350 1640 2500 2800 3350 4100 4600 5000 5600 6700 8200 9200 9 120.00 160.00 200.00 240.00 300.00 350.00 410.00 540-00 590.00 660.00 720.00 760.00 1080.00 1180.00 1320.00 1520.00 175 400 525 675 875 1075 1600 2175 2700 $ 130.00 220.00 260.00 320.00 370.00 560.00 6000. 1560.00 Above prices subject to discount. The ratings shown are based on a firing period of 8 hours. . Can furnish Brass and Copper Coils at an additional cost. Special size Boilers with greater capacities than those listed built to order. The larger sized Boilers can be buitt in sections, where cellar openings will not admit standard sizes. 225 Boilers Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Established 1886 Works: Oswego, N. Y. General Offices: 47 West 42nd Street, New York City Fitzgibbons Power and Heating Boilers, 30 to 350 H.P., for 150, 125, 100 and 15 lbs. working pressure. Built to A.S.M.E. Boiler Code. Adapted to Bituminous, Semi-Bi tuminous, Anthracite and Oil Fuel. Compact. Accessible. Do not require Brick Setting Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. ISO and 125 Libs. Pressure F--ft. in. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 325 350 10-3 11-5 12-5 3-6 3-11 4-3 7-9 8-1 8-8 6-4 6-6 7-1 2-!0 2-10 2-1(1 12-6 4-8 9-2 7-5 2-10 13-8 4-11 9-5 7-1! 2--1C 13-9 5-1 10-0 8-2 3-1 14--10 5r3 10-1 8-2 3-1 15-8 5-5 10-4 8-4 3-1 16-9 5-9 10-10 8-10 3-3 17-1 6-3 11-6* 9-6* 3-7* 18-1 6-7 11-9 9-7 .1-11 18-7 19-9 6-11 7-1 12-3 12-3 10-2 10-2 3-9 3-9 20-6 7-3 12-10 10-10 4-1 22-0 7-9 17-10 These upon 23-9 17-10 17-10 boilers set brick fur- 2-10 3-1 3-8 4-0 4-2 4-6 4-6 4-8 5-0 5-4 5-9 5-11 6-0 6-2 naces shown on op posite page 100 Lbs. Pressure Number. -------F--ft. in. 5 6 7 8 9 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 9-8 10-6 11-5 11-5 1 ?--4 12-7 3-11 4-3 4-8 4-11 5-1 8-:I 8-8 9-2 9-5 10-0 6-4 6-6 7-1 7-5 7-8 8-2 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 3-1 2-10 3-1 3-8 4-0 4--2 4-6 11 12 13 14 15 -- 16 17 18 19 21 21 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 2S0 300 325 350 13-6 14-2 15-0 15-5 16-1 16-7 17-5 18-3 22-0 23-9 24-9 5-3 5-5 5-9 6-3 6-7 6-11 7-1 7-3 7-9 7-1! 10-1 10-4 10-10 11-6* 11-9 12-3 12-3 12-10 17-10 17-10 17-10 8-2 8-4 8-10 9-6* 9-7 10-2 10-2 10-10 These boilers set 3-1 3-1 3-3 3-7* 3-11 3-9 3-9 4-1 upon brick fur- 4-6 4-8 5-0 5-4 5-9 5-11 6-0 6-2 naces shown on op- posite page Note--*The height of above boilers and water lines includes a circular brick base and ash pit, which is 14 in. for 150 H.P.; 16 in. for 175 H.P.; 18 in. for 200 and 225 H.P.; and 20 in. for 250 H.P. Boilers above 250 H.P. set on brick furnace. 15 Libs. Pressure--For Heating 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Horse power_ 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 34 35 36 37 38 225 250 300 325 350 Steam Radia tion, eq. ft-- 3200 4300 5400 6400 7500 8500 9500 11000 13500 16500 19000 22000 9-8 10-6 11-S 11-5 12-4 12-7 13-6 14-2 15-0 IS-5 16-1 16-7 3-11 4-3 4-8 4-11 5-1 5-3 5-5 5-9 6-3 6-7 6-11 17--5 18-3 22-0 23-9 24^-9 7-1 7-3 7-9 7-10 7-n 7-3 7-6 8-0 8-5 8-10 9-5 9-5 6-4 6-6 7-1 7-5 7-8 8-2 8-2 9-7 10-1 10-10 ll-9t 11--St 11--lit 12-4t These boilers 8-4 8-1C 9-6 10-tt 10-3t 10-3t l0-8t set upon brick 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-lC 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-3 3-7 3-11 3-9 3-9 4-1 furnaces F-^ft. in. 2-10 3-1 3-8 4-0 4-2 4-6 4-6 4-8 5-0 5-4 5-9 5-11 6-0 6-2 shown on opposite page Note__ tThe height of above boilers and water lines includes a circular brick base and ash. pit which is 16 in. for No. 32; 18 in. for Nos. 33 and 34; and 20 in. for No. 35. No brick base or pier on boilers No. 31 and smaller. ... The horsepower rating listed is the guaranteed horsepower the bovler vs capable of developing when burning a good grade of semi-bituminous coal with Proper draft. ., The Steam Radiation is the equivalent total direct radiation including all exposed pxfvng which 4 the boiler will readily carry when burning a medium sise anthracite coal with proper draft. This rating is approximately 20 per cent, less than the horsepower equivalent, thereby allowing ample reserve capacity in the boiler to meet adverse conditions arising in operation. 226 Sectional view of Fitzgibbons Boiler with underfeed stoker. Adaptable as well to inclined and chain grate stokers. 227 Boilers Sectional view of Fitzgibbons Boiler with Dutch Oven for sawdust, shav ings, wood, refuse, small size anthra cite and other low grade fuels. Adapt able to oil and pow dered coal burning equipment and wasteheat furnaces. Sectional view of 300 H. P. Fitzgib bons Boiler with circular extension furnace for medium size anthracite, bi tuminous and oil fuels. Boilers InTERn/mon/iL He/tter Cocop/my Utica, N. Y. .. CHICAGO 1933-35 Wentworth Ave. BRANCHES: NEW YORK NASHUA, N. H. Broadway & 57th St. 369 Main St. CLEVELAND, O. 1441 Davenport Ave., N. E. ' Manufacturers of Heating Apparatus InTERn/mon/iL No. 8-47 International Economy Steam Boiler Economy Boilers On the following pages we present condensed data on the International Economy Sectional Boilers. -' Both the Regular and the Smokeless patterns have the fol lowing distinctive features in com mon : They will absolutely deliver dry steam to the system without the use of a special header. The grate bars have their connections entirely outside the boiler and shaking attachment may be placed on either side. They have a low water line. The water gauge is tapped directly into the section. Large doors give easy access for cleaning from the front.. They have a high evaporative power and they are conservatively rated from actual tests according to the A. S. H. & V. E. Code. In the regular pattern boilers provision is made so that tongues of flame pass up; between the sections of the crown sheet and thoroughly ignite the gases in the mixing chamber, as the lower row of flues is called. This is' the well known carburetor principle winch has always been a feature of Economy Boilers. The International Economy Smokeless Boiler is an up-draft boiler. It is built on the Kent Wing Wall principle so that the smokeless feature is entirely outside of the fire box and practically independent of the fireman. It has no special grates or arches in the fire box, holds several hours' supply of coal and requires the least possible attention. Excess air is al ways under control,--an im portant feature that pro motes fuel economy. Cutaway View of No. 130-47 Smokeless Boiler 228 International Heater Co. Boilers InTERn/mon/iL He/tter Cocop/my STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR SMOKELESS BOILER INSTALLATION Low pressure up-draft smokeless steam boilers, of the push nipple sectional cast iron type, shall be furnished complete; boiler to be equipped with an all metal automatic damper regulator, water gauge, try cocks, pressure gauge, safety valve, firing and cleaning tools, etc. In burning bituminous coal of high volatile content of over 30 per cent, the smoke density produced by the boilers shall come within the regular smoke ordinance requirements of not to exceed 10 per cent, in density per hour accord ing to Ringlemann's standard. To meet this smoke requirement special exacting methods of firing and special expert skill shall not be required of the fireman in charge, and the excess air required over the fire shall be under convenient con trol of the fireman. Boiler, when operating under standard code conditions, shall be capable of pro ducing at least four thousand pounds of dry steam per hour, an equivalent of sixteen thousand square feet of direct steam radiation. The rated capacities of the boiler shall have been determined according to the Testing Code of the A. S. H. & V. E. and the soft coal rat ings shall not exceed that -of the hard coal ratings for the same size boiler of similar overall dimensions. To minimize the frequency of firing fuel, fire box shall contain ample fuel to develop the rated capacity of the boiler for at least two and one-half to three hours, and the depth of the fuel on the grates shall in no place be less than sixteen inches, with the top of the fuel .bed at. least four to six inches below the lower projection of the crown sheet. A fuel capacity of one ton is ample in . the largest size boilers and the length of the fire box shall not exceed 80 inches. The fuel capacity and evaporative power of each boiler at the rated, capacity given shall be stated in the bid. The height of the water line shall not exceed sixty-four inches and shall be so located that all heating surfaces ex posed to the fire and hot flue gases shall be backed up by water and not steam. The boiler shall be capable of delivering dry steam at the boiler outlet when sub jected to overloads of 50 to 100 per cent, for short periods when forced to the limit in cold spells. Boiler construction features such as accessibility for keeping the heating surfaces clean, the absence pf soot pockets, the direction of the flue travel and its effect on the. positive water circulation within the boiler sec tions, dry steam conditions, quality of heating surface, etc., shall be considered before any boiler is accepted as meeting the requirements for this particular in stallation. ' ' An ashpit twelve inches deep of good concrete or hard brick construction shall be placed under the entire grate of the . boiler. In-mounting the boiler, as each section is pulled up" into position it shall, be thoroughly cemented with boiler cement (not regular asbestos covering) or joints packed with asbestos rope to pre vent short circuiting of the hot gases within the boiler. After the boiler is mounted and the push nipples made water tight under 15 pounds water pres sure, the space between each section' around the outer edge shall be thorough ly cemented with boiler cement (not as bestos covering), also along base of sec tions and around smoke box, to prevent air leakage into the fire or flue travel, and the nuts on the tie rods shall be . loosened up to allow for expansion of the sections. No rigid flow or return headers shall be allowed. During tem porary heat none of the condensed water shall be permitted to return to the boiler until all oil, grease, sand, etc., shall be eliminated from the system. The boiler, piping and radiation shall be free from oil, grease and foreign matter before the plant is. accepted. A durable damper with quadrant adjustment shall be placed in the smoke pipe from boiler and an other in the main breeching near the chimney. 229 international Heater Co. Boilers I m e r n/rri o n/i l jIzcojsfomy Reg. V. S. Pat. Off. SMOKELESS BOILERS Sirfact STEAM WATER of Length Feel Betf Of ' Bomber Biting Nimber Rating Inches Boiler 62-26 71-26 72-26 81-26 82-26 71-31 80-31 81-31 90-31 91-31 100-31 101-31 110-31 80-38 81-38 90-38 91-38 100-38 101-38 110-38 111-38 120-38 71-47 72-47 81-47 82-47 91-47 100-47 101-47 110-47 111-47 112-47 121-47 130-47 131-47 140-47 141-47 142-47 151-47 2000 26-62 3300 2100 26-71 3475 2300 26-72 3800 2400 26-81 3975 2600 26-82 4300 2700 31-71 44S0 2850 31-80 4700 3100 31-81 5100 3250 31-90 5350 3500 31-91 5750 3650 31-100 6000 3900 31-101 6400 4050 31-110 6650 4150 - 38-80 68S0 4450 38-81 7350 4700 38-90 77S0 5000 38-91 8250 5250 38-100 8650 5550 38-101 9150 5800 38-110 9550 6100 38-111 9950 6350 38-120 10450 6900 47-71 11500 7500 47-72 12500 7900 47-81 13150 8500 47-82 14150 8900 47-91 14800 9300 47-100 15500 9900 47-101 16500 10300 47-110 17150 10900 47-111 181S0 USOO 47-112 19150 11900 47-121 19800 12300 47-130 20450 12900 47-131 21450 13300 47-140 22100 13900 47-141 23100 14500 47-142 24100 14900 47-151 24750 26x28 26x32 26x36 26x40 26x44 31x28 31x32 31x36 31x40 31x44 31x48 31x52 31x56 38x32 38x36 38x40 38x44 38x48 38x52 38xS6 38x60 38x64 47x40 47x45 47x50 47x55 47x5S 47x60 47x60 47x60 47x65 47x65 47x65 47x70 47x70 47x70 47x75 47x75 47x75 53 57# 61 6554 69 57 54 61 65 54 69 73 # 77 8i # 85 61 65# 69 73 # 77 8154 8S 89 54 93 69 75 79 85 89 94 99 104 109 114 119 124 129 134 139 144 149 TAPPIM6S STEAU WATER Snpply 2-3# 3-3 # 3-3# 3-3 54 3-3# 2-4 2-4 2-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 2-5 2-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 2-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4.-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 Retorn Sopply 2-354 2-354 2-354 2-3 # 2-354 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-3# 3-354 3-354 3-354 3-354 2-4 2-4 2-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 2-5 2-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 2-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 Retorn 2-3}4 4-354 4-354 4-354 4-354 2-4 2-4 2-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 2-5 2-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-S 4-5 4-5 2-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 6-6 6-6 6-6 6-6 6-6 Inside Cfaim. Chim. Dim. of Dim. Height Ashpit Inches Feet Inches 12x12 50 25#x32 12x12 50 2514x35# 12x16 50 2554x40 12x16 55 25 54x43# 12x16 60 25 # x48 12x16 55 30#x32 12x16 55 30#x35# 16x16 50 30#x40 16x16 50 30#x43# 16x16 50 30#x48 16x16 55 30#x5l# 16x16 55 30#x56 16x16 60 30#xS9# 20x20 55 36#x35# 20x20 55 36#x40 20x20 60 36#x43# 20x20 65 36#x48 20x20 70 36#x51# 20x20 70 36#xS6 24x24 60 36#x59# 24x24 60 36#x64 24x24 65 3 6#x67# 24x24 65 48#x44 24x24 65 48#x50 24x24 65 48#x54 24x28 65 48#x60 24x28 65 48#x60 24x28 65 48#x64 28x28 65 48#x64 28x28 65 48#x64 28x28 65 48#x70 28x28 65 48#x70 30x30 6S 48#x70 30x30 65 48#x74 30x30 65 48#x74 30x30 70 48#x74 30x30 70 48#x80 30x30 75 48#x80 30x30 75 48#x80 SERIES 26 " Height of Water Line........... --......... 47 " Height to Supply Outlets................ 58#" Add to height for Trimmings--------- 11 " Add to length of Boiler for Smoke Box .................................................... 7X~ Width of Boiler.................. ............. ..... Width of Boiler includ. Trimmings 40 " Height from floor to Center of Re- turn Tappings................................... 20 " Height of Fire Box to Crown____ 22 " Height, Grate to Middle of Feed 16 " Size of Smoke Flue............................... 10 " STEAM 31 " 50 " 62#" 11 " .38 " 54- " 67yt~ 11 " 7#" S'4" 45 " 53 " 20#" 21 " 24 " 26 " 18 " 20 " 12 " 16 " 47 " 59 " 73 " 12 " 61 " 21#" 26 " 20 " 20 " Size of Feed Door_......................... 9x17 9xL7 11x21 10x17 00 * WATER .26 " "31 "' 38 " 47 " 55 " 59 " 66 " 73 " 7#" 7#" 8#" 8 #" 36 " 42 " 48 " 59 " 20 " 20#" 21 " 21#" 22 " 24 " 26 " 26 " 16 " 18 " 20 " 20 " 10 " 12 " 16 " 20 " 9x17 9x17 11x21 10x17 Trimmings as listed below are sent with each Steam Boiler without extra charge. One 8-incb Economy Deegan Regulator with lever, weight, chains and pulleys. One Water Gauge complete with glass and brass rods. ' Two Brass Compression Cocks. - One Steam Gauge with Pigtail Syphon. One Safety' Valve. Outlets for Safety Valves are tapped in accordance with the A. S. M. E. Code. ` No Trimmings are sent with Water Boilers. Fire Tools. With every Steam and Water Boiler there is sent free a Brush, Poker and iper. _ SPECIAL CATALOG WILL BE SENT ON APPLICATION 230 international Heater Co. Boilers InTERH/ITIOn/IL ECONOMY SECTIONAL BOILERS STEAM Member 35-19 4-19 45-19 5-19 4-26 45-26 5-26 55-26 6-26 5-31 55-31 6-31 65-31 7-31 75-31 8-31 85-31 5-38 55-38 6-38 65-38 7-38 75-38 8-38 85-38 9-38 95-38 10-38 105-38 11-38 Bating 700 825 975 1100 1000 1200 1300 1500 1600 1650 1900 2050 2300 2450 2700 2850 3100 2500 2800 3050 3350 3600 3900 4150 4450 4700 5000 5250 5550 5800 Coal Capacity Poinds 195 225 265 295 290 340 375 42S 460 480 545 590 645 70S 770 825 890 685 770 835 920 985 1070 1135 1220 1285 1370 1435 1S20 1585 Evaporative Power 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.7S 9.75 9.75 Surface of Feel Bed Inebes 19x20 19x24 19x28 19x32 26x24 26x28 26x32 26x36 26x40 31x32 31x36 31x40 31x44 31x48 31x52 31x56 31x60 38x32 38x36 38x40 38x44 38x48 38x52 38x56 38x60 38x64 38x68 38x72 38x76 38x80 Length of Boiler Inches 25# 29 33# 37 29 .33# 37 41# 45 37 41# 45 49# 53 57# 61 65# 37 41# 45 49# 53 S7% 61 65# 69 73# 77 81# 85 loside Dim. of Ashpit Inches 22x24 22x27# 22x32 22*3554 25#x27# 25#x32 25 #x35# 25#x40 25#x43# 30#x35# 30#x40 30#x43# 30#x48 30#x51# 30#x56 30#x59# 30#x64 36#x35# 36#x40 36#x43# 36#x48 36#x5l# 36#x56 36#x59# 36#x64 36#x67# 36#x72 36#x7S# 36#x80 36#x83# TAPPIH6S** Sewft_______Betara 2-3" 2-3" 2-3" 2-3" 2-3#" 2-3#" 2-3#" 2-3#" 2-3#* 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 3-4" 3-4" 3-4" 3-4" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 3-5" 3-5" 3-S" 3-5" 3-S" 3-5" 3-5" 2-3" 2-3" 2-3" 2-3" 2-3#" 2-3#" 2-3#" 2-3#" 2-3#" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2*5" 2-5" 2-5" timber 6-47 65-47 7-47 75-47 8-47 85-47 B9-47 9-47 B95-47 95-47 B10-47 10-47 B105-47 105-47 Ratios 5300 5900 6300 6900 7300 7900 8300 8300 8900 8900 9300 9300 9900 9900 Surface of Evaporative Enel Bed Power_______ inches . 9.7 9.7 9.7 - 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 '9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 47x50 47x55 47x60 47x65 47x70 47x75 47x70 47x80 47x70 47x8S 47x70 47x90 47x70 47x95 Length of Boiler Inches 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 * 84 89 89 94 94 99 99 loildeDlm. of Ashpit Inches 48#xS4 48#x60 48#x64 48#x70 48#x74 48#x80 48#x74 48#x84 48#x74 48#x90 48#x74 48#x94 48#x74 48#x!00 TAPPIMGS Sipply Retire 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 3-6" 3-6" 3-6" 3-6" 3-6" 3-6" 3-6" 3-6" 3-6" 3-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" SERIES 19" Height of Water Line.......................................................... 44" Height to Supply Outlets................................................. 53" Add to height tor Trimmings.......................................... 9" Width of Boiler, including Trimmings................... 32" Add to length of Boiler for Smoke Box......... .......... 6" Height from floor to Center of Return Tappings.. 18" Height of Fire Box to Crown....... ................................ 22" Height, Grate to Middle of Feed Door...................... 16" Size of Smoke Flue.--........................................................ 9" Size of Feed Door.............................................................. 9x14" 26" 47" 56#" 11" 40" 7#" 19" 22" 16" 10" 9x17" 31" 38" 47" 50" - 54" 59" 62 y," 67J1" 72#" 11" 11" 12" 45" 53" 61" 7H" 8 w 19J4" 19#" 21#" 24" 26" 26" 18" 20" 20" 12" 16" 20" 9x17" 11x21" (2) 10x17' Trimmings as listed below are sent with each Steam Boiler without extra charge. One 8-inch Economy Deegan Regulator with lever, weight, chains and pulleys. One Water Gauge complete with glass and brass rods. Two Brass Compression Cocks. One Steam Gauge with Pigtail Syphon. Sutlets^fbr Safety Valves are tapped in accordance with the A. S. M. E. Code. Sizes marked with a star as regularly shipped have a bridgewall limiting the grate to con venient length for hand firing. Full length grates are shipped only when specified on the order. The Economy Line of Boilers does not require any headers. Plug and bush flow and return openings to suit size of flow arid return mains. SPECIAL CATALOG. WILL BE SENT ON APPLICATION In addition to Boilers listed in this book we also manufacture a complete line of Round Steam and Hot Water Boilers and Hot Water Supply Boilers. 231 International Heater Co. Boilers InTERn/mon/iL Economy Sectional BOILERS water Number Rating ` Coal . Capacity Pounds Surface of Fuel Bed laches - Length, of Boiler Inches . Inside Dim. of Ashpit Inches TAPPINGS Supply Retaro 19-35 19-4 19-45 19-5 26-4 26-45 zo-i 26-55 zo-o 31-5 Jl-bS 31-6 3i-6b 31r7 31-75 31-8 31-85 38-5 38-55 38-6 38-65 38-7 38-75 38-8 38-85 38-9 38-95 38-10 38-105 38-11 1150 1325 1600 1825 1650 1975 2150 2475 2650 2725 3125 3375 3800 4050 44SQ 4700 5125 4125 4625 5025 5525 5950 6450 6850 7350 7750 8250 8650 9150 9550 195 . 225 265 295 290 340 375 425 460 480 545 590 645 705 770 - 825 890 68S 770 835 920 985 1070 1135 1220 1285 1370 1435 1520 1585 19x20 19x24 19x28 19x32 26x24 26x28 26x32 26x36 26x40 31x32 .31x36 31x40 31x44 31x48 31x52 31x56 31x60 38x32 38x36 38x40 38x44 38x48 38x52 38x56 38x60 38x64 38x68 38x72 38x76 38x80 2554 29 33# 37 29 33% 37 41% 45 37 41% 45 49% 53 57 >4 61 65% 37 41% 45 49% 53 57% 61- ' 65/ 69 73% . - 77 81^4 85 22x24 22x27% 22x32 22x35% 25%x27'% 2554x32 25*4x3554 2554x40 2554x43*4 30%x35% 30*4x40 30*4x43*4 30*4x48 30*4x5154 30*4x56 30*4x5954 30*4x64 36 54 x35 54 36*4x40 3654x4354 3654x48 3 6 54 x 51*4 3654x56 36*4x5954 . 3654x6754 3654x72 36*4x7554 3654x80 3 654 x83 54 . 1-3" 1-3" 2-3" 2-3" 2-354" 2-354" 2-354" 2-354" 2-354" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 3-4" 3-4" 3-4" 3-4" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 3-5" 3-5" 3-5" 3-5" 3-5" 3-5" 3-5" 2-3" 2-3" 2-3" 2-3" 2-354" 2-354" 2-354" 2-3 }4" 2-354" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 4-4" 4-4" 4-4" 4-4" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 4-5" 4-5" 4-5" 4-S" 4-5" 4-5" 4-5" Number Rating Surface of Fuel Bed Inches Length of Boiler Inches Inside Dim. of Ashpit Inches TAPPINGS Supply Return 47-6 47-65 47-7 47-75 47-8 47-85 *B47-9 47-9 `B47-95 47-95 B47-10 47-10 *347-105 47-105 . 8750 9750 10400 11375 ' 12050 13025 13700 13700 14700 147 )0 153S0 15350 16350 16350 47x50 47x55 47x60 47x65 47x70 47x75 47x70 47x80 47x70 47x85 47x70 47x90 47x70 47x95 54 ' .48*4x54 2-6" S9 48*4x60 2-6" 64 48*4x64 2-6" 69 48*4x70 2-6" 74 48*4x74 3-6" 79 48*4x80 3-6" 84 48*4x74 3-6" 84 48*4x84 3-6" 89 48*4x74 ~------ -'3-6" 89 48*4x90 3-6" 94 - 48*4x74 3-6" 94 48*4x94 3-6" 99 48*4x74 3-6" 99 48*4x100 3-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" 2-6" . 2-6" SERIES 19" 26" 31" 38" 47" Height to Supply Outlets................ Width of Boiler............. Add to length of Boiler for Smoke Box....... Height from Floor to Center of Return Tappings.. Height of Fire Box to 3rown....... ........ Height, Grate to Middl e of Feed Door............ Size of Smoke Flue.....: Size of Feed Door....... 50" 33" 6" 18" 22" 16" 9" 9x14 ' -54" 36" 7%" 19" 22" 16" 10" 9x17" 5854" 42" 7%" 1954" 24" 18" 12" 9x17" 65" 854" 1954" 7254" 21}4" Hx21" (2) 10x17" No Trimmings are sent with Water Boilers. Fire Tools--With every Steam and Water Boiler there is sent free a Brush, Hoe and Slice Bar. `Sizes marked with a star as regularly shipped have a bridgewall limiting the grate to con venient length for hand firing. Full length grates are shipped only when specified on the order. SPECIAL CATALOG WILL BE SENT ON APPLICATION The INTERNATIONAL HEATER COMPANY also manufactures an extensive line of Warm Air Heating Apparatus and will be glad to send catalogs to anyone interested. 232 Boilers ' L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Established 1857 207 Reed Street Milwaukee, Wis. New York--132 W. 42nd St. Chicago--60 E. Lake St. Detroit--426 Jefferson Ave. E. St. Paul--158 E. Fifth St. Branches: St. Louis--1409-11 Olive St. . Minneapolis--631 Third Ave. So. Seattle--410 Occidental Ave. Portland--609 Panama Bldg. ` Makers of Cast Iron House Heating Boilers, Hot Water Supply Boilers, Garbage Burning Hot Water Supply Boilers, Registers, Ventilators, Grilles, Furnaces, Convectors, Tin and Galvanized Pipe and Fittings. Mueller Garbage Burning Hot Water Supply Boilers are made of cast iron. They are designed and constructed to supply an abundance of hot water for residences, small apartment houses, gar ages, factories, barber shops, etc., with a small amount of fuel and labor. They are simple in construction, hav ing but few parts, are quickly and easily erected and offer a sanitary solution of the garbage problem. . The ratings given in the table below are based uppn 8 hour firing periods and a temperature rise of 20 degrees per hour using anthracite coal as fuel. Complete list of capacities under differ ent firing periods, details of dimensions, Note deep combustion chamber, uniform thickness of castings, water-filled garbage grate, large garbage chamber and smoke travel by-pass. etc., sent upon request. Mueller- Garbage Burning Hot Water Supply Boiler Number 10G 12G 14G 16p Grate Diameter Inches 10 12 14 16 Sizes and Capacities Nominal Capacity Gals, per Hour 168 239 383 600 Garbage Capacity Bushels A l 1A 2 233 Number and Size Inlets 1-1*4 2-1*4 2-2 2-2 . Number . and Size Outlets 2-1*4 2-1*4 2-2 2-2 Boilers 5Kewanee ?iler Company Kewanee, Illinois Branches in All Principal Cities Steel Heating and Power Boilers, Water Heating Garbage Burners, . Tabasco Heaters, Tanks and Radiators The Kewanee Boiler Company is ap proaching its thirty-fifth year in the making of steam heating, fire-box boilers and its product now is recognized as a standard fire-box boiler for low pres sure heating purposes; The Kewanee Smokeless Boiler is designed and constructed to efficiently burn any kind of coal without smoke. The Straight Draft Boiler has proven to be exceptionally long-lived, as many of the first which were built thirty-five years ago are still in operation and giv ing good service. High Fire-Boxes The height of the fire-box of a boiler is a most important factor, as this af fects the completeness of combustion. Kewanee Boilers have amply high fire boxes ; ample room in the combustion chamber for air--and ample room for the air and heat-giving gases to mix. Ample Heating Surface The heating surface of a Kewanee Boiler is that portion of the boiler con taining water, against which the fire and gases come in contact. This includes the fire-box of the boiler--which is sur rounded by water; the tubes; and, in the case of brick-set boilers, the outside surface of the cylinder or shell, below the water-line. Hence Kewanee Boilers are practically all heating surface. Kewanee Boilers are built of steel according to the rules of construction adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, known as the A. S. M. E- Boiler Code. In addition to the above, we have embodied in the design and construction of these boilers methods which are not only suggested by modern engineering knowledge but also by the results of thirty-five years of practical experience and study--the use of riveted joints, the staying of flat surfaces, arrangement of tubes with relation to each other and to the boiler shells allowing free circulation, together with ample steam space to insure dry steam and a steady water level; also handhole and manhole plates for cleaning and inspection. The list of all brick-set boilers includes Century rocking .grates, fire-door and frame, ash-pit front with ash door and draft doors,- the necessary soot doors, bearing plates with expansion rollers for supporting boilers upon brick pier at rear of boiler shell. Firing tools include hoe, poker, slice bar and tube scraper. With all Kewanee Smokeless Boilers, brick-set type, we include extra clean-out doors and frames for side and rear walls. Back arch bars and manhole shield are furnished with all brick-set boilers. Special fire-brick tile, to fit header, is furnished with all smokeless boilers. With portable type boilers we furnish all castings for erecting the boilers, in cluding cast-iron ash-pit base for the smaller sizes. . The trimmings for steam boilers are listed separately, consisting of water column with water gauge and compres sion gauge cocks; steam gauge with syphon and cock; pop safety valve; Sylphon Combustion Regulator with lever, weights, pulleys and chains. No trimmings of any kind are regu larly furnished with--water boilers. Sufficient handholes are provided for cleaning purposes and in brick-set boilers 42 inches in diameter and larger, and in portable boilers 54 inches and larger, manholes are included. Ratings The rated capacity of Kewanee Boilers, as printed in this book, is the number of square feet of direct radiating surface or equivalent which the boiler will carry, if sufficient radiation is installed to heat the building to the required temperature. The ratings are based on a standard for steam of two pounds pressure at the boiler, and for water on a mean temper ature of 180 degrees Fahrenheit as the water leaves the boiler. , The Century Rocking Grate The Century Rocking Grate is furn ished with all Kewanee Boilers. It is made of the best selected iron, is heavy, strong and durable, and has an air space of 55 per cent., which renders it highly efficient. . 234 > 235 Kewanee Boiler Co. Boilers KEVMUVE& SMOKELESS BOILER-* Brick-set--Showing Setting with Stack Connection at Front. Kewanee Boiler Co, Kev&ne SMSKELESS B?ILEK Brick-set--Showing setting with Stack Connection at Rear. Boilers Section K E W A N E fi BQILEH. -- Brick-set-- Showing Setting w ith Stack C onnection at F ront Number | Boikr................ A--Diameter Boiler.............. B--Leant) Boiler ...... fi--Rear &pace.................. D--Thickneaa Wall .... . J--Width Ash-pit r--Thkkneas Bridge Wstt . O--Grate to Tube Sheet . . U--Header to BridEe Wall . K--Location Steam Supply L--Length Over-all ..... M--Height Water-line . . N--Height Side Flue . . . . O--Diameter Breeching Connectxm R--Height Brkk Shell . . 8--TopTine Space .... T--UrwthBnckShell; . . V--Length of Arch.............. W--Width Over-all . . ... Z--Width Double SetLin* . . Number Common Bride . . Number Fire Brick .... Common Brick lor Two Boiler* 110 111 112 120107 loe 109 U3 114 115 116 J 117 118 119 66 6642 42 42 48 48 - 48 u .-54 60 60 72 72 12-10. It. in. 9-10 n-i 12-4 13-10 15-4 15-9 18-3 17-10 20-4 18-4 20-4 18-4 20-4 22 22 22 22. . in. a 24 24 24 24 24 24 28 28 66 669 37 9 43 49 43 9 49 55 13 55 13 13 61 13 67 13 61 13 67 13 67 13 73 37 37 37 43 43 43 49 49 54. 54 60 60 99 13 13 13 16 18 17 17 17 23 23 23 23 23 10 12 10 11 12 19 X 13 14 10 120 120S3 B3 83 90 90 90 96 96' 6-0 8-10 11-6 11-10 12-0 12-1. ft. in. 7-6 8-9 9-8 10-4 U4> 20-11. ft- in. 12-5 13-11 15-5 14-11 16-5 17-11 18-10 21-4 66S8X SSK sax 61 61 61 - 66 29 18 29 it 14 SX 14 b . 106 114 13-0 23-5 ' 21-5 75 75 80 18 29 ISX 114 13-0 23-6 80 18 29 16 21-9 BSX 18 29 17 13-1 23-9 asx 39 - 39 29 22 66 66 '} SO . 24 SO SO 10 10 10 7 66 10236 - 48 GO 6-1 8-11 10-10 12-0 11-0 12-07-0 7-6 - 8-0 42 - 24 53 54 42 42 40 48 SI 27 27 30 30 34 53 53 56 56 63 ' 80 84 90 9-9 10-0 10-6 SI 58 34 36 63 106 90 56 63 63 36 38 38 69 69 10 10 106 84 ICC 11-1 6-0 6-0 6-0 6-6 6 &-2 8-2 8-8 8-6:ilS: 11-3 11-3 11-3 12-3 -6. 12-3 12-3 f-8 14-3 7-6 14-3 15-3 15-3 16-3 16-3 9-2 17-3 9-2 17-3 100 100 100 212G00 2850 3100 3700 4000 4300 6000 6600 73S6 '7900 7800 8300 6700 9300 4500 4950 5350 130 6500 130 7000 130 7550 1SS 10500 iiioo 215 12750 S 13700 250 13200 250 14200 310 15000 310 16000 .. Key letter* N and V apply only to boOer e(tin*5 with breedung couaectiae at (root. 'Key letten R sod T apply only to boiler eeuinp with breeching conoectioo m 236 237 Supporting Strap Kewanee Boiler Co. Boilers islir J ----------,---------- -4--------------------------r-------- Kewanee Boiler Co. Boilers Boilers Monitor Bi-Loop Radiator Co. Lancaster, Pa. Sales Department: Finance Building, Philadelphia, Pa. . Branch Offices, in Principal Cities Monitor "U" Tube Boilers, Monitor Bi-Loop Radiators, Steam Water Heaters, . Bi-Loop Main Line Vent Valves ATRREUEF^ALVE) Monitor "U" Tube Boilers are con . structed of steel, in accordance with A. S. M. E. Boiler Code. They are highly efficient due to the construction of the heating surface, which is nearly . all direct, there being no place for soot or -fine ash to accumulate and retard transmission of heat. Constructed for any working pressure and suitable for steam and hot water heating, domestic hot water and for producing steam for dairies, bakeries, candy factories, dyeing establishments, hotel and restaurant' kitchens, etc. We will be glad to send descriptive literature upon request, if further infor mation or data are desired. 240 Monitor "U" Tube Boilers Boiler Crate Number Area 17 1.6 20-1 2.2 2 2.2 23-1 2.9 2 2.9 25-1 3.7 2 3.7 28-1 4.3 2 4.3 31-1 5.3 2 5.3 3 5.J 35-1 6.7 , 2 6.7 3 6.7 40-1 8.8 2 8.8 40-01 10.75 40-02 13.44 48-01 16.32 48-02 19.02 Steam Rating Sq. Feet .400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1150 1300 1500 1800 2150 2500 3000 3500 4000 4750 5600 7000 8500 10000 Water Rating Sq. Feet 640 800 960 1120 1280 1340 1600 1840 2080 2400 2880 3440 4000 4800 5600 6400 . 7600 8960 11200 13600 16000 . Monitor Bi-Loop Radiator Co. Boilers WATER HEATER RATINGS Boiler Grate No. Area 25 Temperature Degree Rise Per Hour Per Gallon 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 17 20-1 2 23-1 2 25-1 2 28-1 2 31-1 2 3 35-1 2 3 40-1 2 1.6 2.2 2.2 2.9 2.9 3.7 3.7 4.3 4.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 8.8 8.8 480 640 695 827 958 1056 1167 1356 1550 1751 2064 2472 2916 3522 4026 4626 5544 400 490 577 688 797 878 971 1128 1288 .1457 , 1720 2056 2428 2932 3352 3852 4620 300 400 433 517 600 660 729 847 ,968 1094 1290 1542 1821 219.92514 2789 .3465 240 320 347 413 479 528 583 678 775 875 1032 1236 ; 1458 1761 2013 2313 2772 200 245 288 344 398 439 485 564 644 728 860 1028 1214 1466 1671 1926 2310 170 225 247 295 342 376 416 484 553 625 7 38 880 1041 1256 1436 1650 1981 150 200 216 258 300 330 364 423 484 544 645 771 910 1099 1307 1394 1732 120 160 173 206 240 264 291 339 387 437 516 618 729 880 1006 1156 1386 120 150 100 125 145 172 199 220 242 282 322 364 430 514 607 733 838 963 1155 80 100 115 137 160 175 195 226 258 292 344 412 486 587 671 771 924 Monitor Bi-Loop Hot Water Radiators are partly filled with water which is heated by steam within the radiator, thereby eliminating the large volume of water to be circulated in . the direct hot water system, and eliminating 95% of the air that is found in a steam or vapor radiator. They are constructed of cast iron having same heating sur face as any standard make At this level from end to end f I radiator steam comes in direct Condensation at too kep! contact with water causing Quick radiator automatically est heat absorption known to fitlod "' ' of radiator; the end sec tion has a diaphragm which acts as a dividing Staam in contact c withthis diaohrap j cause, the water f to rise in the Bi loop section. line between the water and steam; it also acts as a transmitting medium to and never fai to operate. Why pay For pumping 7 circulate the water in the radiator. bushing .ml, the radiator against vapor from return Tine Has no movable farts and wilt ast as long as the radiator. Monitor Bi-Loop Radi ators are assembled in any standard units and will transmit approxi mately 200 B. T. U. per sq. ft. of surface. We will gladly send catalogue describing the system more fully. 241 Boilers Oil City Boiler Works Oil City, Pa. NEW YORK, 501 Fifth Avenue BRANCH OFFICES: PITTSBURGH, House Building CHICAGO, 1224 Marquette Building Cleveland, Ohio REPRESENTATIVES: Sail Francisco, Cal. . Philadelphia, Pa. Baltimore, Md. Oil City Boiler Works Boilers `"Oil City" Direct Draft Boiler `"Oil City'" Smokeless Boiler "OIL CITY" low pressure boilers are offered to the trade as the last word in "Heating Economy" comprising in one unit all the elements of a modern plant for steam or hot water heating, especially adapted for Schools, Office Buildings, Hotels, Churches, Club Houses, Hos pitals or for any purpose where the service of a universally recognized fire box boiler of high merit is desired. "OIL CITY" boilers are designed and constructed to meet all requirements of modern engineering as formulated by the American Society of Mechanical Engi neers, the boiler laws of the various states and cities, and are backed by thirty-five years of successful practical experience. Description "OIL CITY" boilers are built in smokeless and straight draft types for portable and brick settings, self con tained with all steel construction thor oughly braced, stayed, inspected, and tested for 15 lbs. working pressure. These boilers have large fire boxes thereby insuring ample combustion space in which heat-giving gases and air freely mix before entering tubes. The arrangement, of tubes in relation to shell allows free circulation of water at all times, together with large steam space, insuring dry steam and steady water level. All parts of the boiler are made ac cessible for cleaning by the use of man holes, handholes, and washout plugs. Ratings Ratings are very conservative, only such parts of the boiler coming in actual contact with passage of the hot gases, and lying below the zone of normal water level being considered as heating surface. Equipment . Equipment with all boilers includes, in addition to complete set of shaking grates, all the necessary castings, safety valves, steam gauge, water column, etc., required for a complete installation. In General In addition to the foregoing, the object of the OIL CITY BOILER WORKS is to furnish a boiler that has embodied in it the best features of modern construc tion and free from the recognized faults. Every "OIL CITY" boiler bears the official stamp, or symbol of the A.. S. M. E. Boiler Code, indicating the pres sure at which the boiler may be worked. At a small increase in cost "OIL CITY" boilers are furnished, braced and stayed, for a safe working pressure of 100 lbs. SPECIFICATIONS AND GENERAL DIMENSIONS ON NEXT PAGE. "Oil City" Smokeless /tnott ar OTUX 007 TOO <509 4JO a// art tots a/4 <xs ate a/7 ata a/s aao 07/ 070 073 004 xm m? 4000 4X0 3COO 3X0 tax 63C0 7300 0300 WX OOO 7030 6000 43030 7XOO XW XOX omarr - vr7Zf J7* jzoo jaao 6400 7400 0X0 9X0 9900 OXO 17400 WOO 0300 (3000 OOO 9X0 1X00 KCCO 0000 A Jk 49 40 40 34 34 34 60 60 6D 60 46 66 to 70 a 9-t 0-3 tt-3 7>-tt tMt ttv/ Oit to-J dt-J 0-9 /T-9 *4-7 tTtt f7-C XO 704 744 c /test j-t J-9 4-7 33 J-9 4-7 07 4-0 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 3-0 S~9 3-6 4-t 4-J 9/ to to to to0 *t a a 779 779 7T9 77fi 73 3 73 3 3 3 73 to to toH 7! Tt Tt 07 07 07 07 90 90 94 94 97 97 403 as to tor TrMt 70 70 70 73 73 73 0-3 0-4 0-3 0-3 04/ 0-tt 93 S3 9-7 97 7H tH G ft&h to to to to 77/7/7/7/7/7 t7 /7 /7 /7 // /7 tt 4 4 4 4 4 4 7*770000 0 0 C C H 4 4 4 4 4 4 3. 3334464 4 4 4 tt C.U ax ajf OtoT an an oat Oiit to** aat 3.x ax otst tr^s* <7too t7too <04* <04* * 77 77 77 74 74 74 74 to 70 03 JO 37 J4 J4 36 34 40 tt JO JO JO 34 J4 M 3OJ04O4O4446JO3O X X 34 33 tott 70 TO 70 TO 70 TO 7T tt tt 7470047403303737 34 J4 33 y X X 343434X40474644 40 4to 34 40 A JO 33 33 33 S3 tO 60t0*J456Stoto to 00 90 X rt 40 43 43 43 43 to to to 73 73 73 00 00 03 so eo 730 anpo 7u aFcrr tone sears * 74 74 74 TO to as Jt X 37 37 33 33 J7 37 40 40 "Oil City" Direct Draft Type toCQV 7V TXtoTt toEOto POOC3 707 309 SO 3// 9/0 9/3 9/4 9/5 9/6 9/7 9/a 9/9 XV X/ X ay 94 7400 7X0 1300 4000 4300 3000 1300 4000 tooo 0OOO 9300 tooo 13000 tooo <7300 bool aooo 0300. 4X30 4000 3300 ucc 7400 6X30 900 ssat moo 3700 (StoO itax TOOO 4000 essot cm 40 40 40 34 34 34 60 60 60 60 66 66 7 7 03 04 0-7 3-4 H-t too tt-l 47/ tt-S 197 /4-4 44-7 13-3 t7-4 iS-tt /7-t ton ts-st t-tf 4-3 4-0 4- 4-3 4-t 4-7 4-tt S-tt 6-3 4-3 7-7 4-3 4-3 6-0 7-/t to19 79 /* to to 77* tt* 77* 77* 3 3 73 3 7/ 7t to to 07 07 07 07 X X 94 96 37 37 to to to to to to743 TO 7-0 7-3 73 7-3 0-3 0-3 a-3 a-s a-tt a-t/ 93 9-3 9-7 9-7 77 /7 /7 /7 /7 /7 /7 / /7 t7 /7 6 4 6 4 6 6 77 7 7aa a0a 4 4 4 4 4 4333 34 6 6 ax a* as 0*47 ax 0.47 ff.S ft,*6 a.*e aas ask (4.40 <7,34 17.3* <7r60 77 77 77 74 74 74 74 76 70 TO 30 X 34 34 36 Jf to to a 3344 00 X7 30 30 to 34 34 30 33 40 40 44 46 XI JO X X TO TO TO 77 70 77 74 74 76 76 03 X X X 34 30 JO X at 70 at X X X 34 34 34 36 40 47 06 46 00 X so X 14 33 33 60 60 to 43 63 43 TO to to ao X too no tt 04 60 64 74 06 65 63 TO to to 73 73 TO 03 03 X X X X 73 00 X ao X zoo too 33 33 37 37 X 40 43 243 Boilers The Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. GENERAL OFFICES: 141-145 West 36th Street New York .. Branches: 379 Commercial Street, Boston. 1718 Sansom Street, Philadelphia. Rose Building, Cleveland. Factory: Meadville, Pa. ' Manufacturers of a Complete Line of Round and Square Steam and Hot Water Boilers -. Boilers, Valves, Specialties Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Liggett Building New York City . Factories: Eastu-ood, Syracuse and Oswego, N. Y.; Huntingdon, Pa. Branch Offices: New York, Brooklyn, Syracuse, Newark, Worcester, Boston, Philadelphia, Detroit. Cast' iron water boilers 100 to 14,950 sq. ft. capacity. Cast iron steam boilers 325 to 9,000 sq. ft., capacity. Firebox heating boilers, capacity steam radiation 2,500 to 25,000 sq. ft.; capacity water radiation 4,000 to 40,000 sq. ft. Radiators--all types. The Pierce-American Boiler Number 8 Hour Rating* ' Sq. F t Steam 8 Hour Rating* Sq. Ft. Water Area 0! Grate, Sq. Ft. I Height Over All, 1 Inches Steam Width Over All, Inches Steam Height Over All, Inches Water Width Over All. Inehes Water Total Length, Inehes : Water Line, Inches Steam Outlets and Inlets, Inches Size of Smoko Pipe, Inches Sq. F t. Boilers Monarch Up-Draft Smokeless Monarch Regular Type, Sectional View * "{"Monarch Sectional Steam and Water Boilers Dimensions and Ratings 4+ e P604 ' P605 P606 P607 P608 P504 P50S P506 P507 P508 PS09 PS10 P511 P512 P40S P406 P407 P408 P409 P410 P411 P412 P413 P414 P415 P416 650 850 1050 1250 1450 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400" 6000 6600 7200 7800 8400 9000 00 853 1075 1400 1725 2050 2400 22x20 22x26# 22x32% 22x39# 22x45# 3.35 4.03 5.00 5.98 6.95 1975 28x24# 2625 28x33# 3300 28x41# 3950 28x49# 4600 28x58# 5275 28x66# 5950 28x66# 6625 28x66# 7300 . 28x66# ' 4.82 6.45 8.07 9.70 11.32 12.96 12.96 12.96 12.96 3975 4950 5925 6925 7925 8900 9900 10900 11875 12875 13850 14850 40x33# 40x41# 40x49# 40x58# 40x66# 40x75 40x83# 40x91 40x91# 40x91#. 40x91# 40x91# 9.55 11.52 . 13.85 16.18 18.50 20.82 23.13 25.50 25.50 25.50 25.50 25.50 62 62 62 62 62 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 82 82 . 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 41 41 41 41 41 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 52 52 52" 52 52 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 - 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 34 34 34 40# 34 46# 34 53# 34 59# 40 43# 40 52 40 60# 40 68# 40 77# 40 85# 40 93# 40 102# 40 non 54 52 54 60# 54 68# 54 77# 54 85# S4 93# 54 102# 54 no# 54 119 54 127# 54 135# 54 144# 41 2-3 41 2-3 41 2-3 41 2-3 41 2-3 51 2-5 51 2-5 51 2-5 51 2-5 51 2-5 51' 2-5 51 2-5 51 2-5 51 2-5 55 2-5 55 2-5 55 2-5 55 2-5 55 2-5 55 2-5 55 3-5 55 3-5 55 3-5 55 3-5 55 3-5 55 3-5 10 10 10 10 10 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 X Bridgewall sections are furnished for shortening grates, if desired, and are recommended for boilers above nine sections. They are regularly shipped with boilers larger than P509.-and P412 to reduce grate to length in-table of dimensions. . t These boilers can also be .furnished with Header Connections, and in both Up-Draft and Down-Draft Smokeless types. Monarch boilers are built in conformity, with the Boiler. Code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; and ratings as given are conservatively made in accordance with the Standard Formula of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, are derived from careful and exhaustive tpsts which proved their safety, and are based on a standard- gf 2 lbs. pressure maintained at the boiler for steam and 180 degrees for hot water, -- 244 Sizes and Dimensions 8 266 268 325 327 40S 406 407 408 409 4010 466 467 468 469 4610 4611 4612 4613 0 "ta0c , . 0 !j .e M *n a0*CeD u .. * 0 Boe s sl "z -- 0 ,, 3z z z z 47 55" 6 63 7 71 5 55 6 63 7 71 8 79 5 55 6 63 7 71 8 79 9 87 5 55 6 63 7 71 8 79 9 87 10 . 95 6 68 7 76 8 84 9 92 10 .100 11 108 12 116 13 124 45 45 45 45 51 51 51 51 59# 59# 59# 5 954 59# 66# 66# 66# 66# 66# 66# 78# 78# 78# 78# 78# 78# 78# 78# 56# 56# 56# 58 64# 64# 64# 64# 67 67 67 67 67 69# 69# 69# 69# 69# 69# 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 ' 40# 40# 40# 40# 47# 47# 47# 47# 49 49 49 49 49 51 51 51 51 51 51 55# 55# 55# 5s5s## 55# 55# 55# 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 to0 s EBB z 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-3 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 is; a 9# 9# 9# 9# 11# n ti 11# 11M 14 14 14 14 14 15# 15# 15# 15# 15# 15# 19# 19X 19X 19X 19# 19# 19H 19H u. to 8x12 8x12 12x12 12x12 12x12 12x12 12x16 12x16 12x16 12x16 16x16 16x16 16x16 12x16 16x16 16x16 16x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 24x24 24x24 24x24 24x24 0E 0 S * 35 ft. 35 ft. 40 ft. 40 ft. 40 ft. 40 ft 50 ft. 50 ft. 40 ft. 40 ft. 40 ft. 50 ft. 50 ft. 40 ft. 40 ft. 50 ft. 50 ft. 50 ft. 50 ft. 50 ft. 50 ft. 60 ft. 60 ft. 60 ft. 60 ft. 70 ft. 70 ft. it C S1 -i 0<Qs V*) as b. 0s. 600 1000 800 1325 1000- 1650 1100 1400 1700 2000 1750 2100 2450 2800 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900 4400 3750 4500 5250 6000 6750 7500 8250 9000 6 J0U 2325 3475 4050 6450 4625 3150 t>62S 7250 6200 7450 8700 9950 11200 12450 13700 14950 All measurements are in inches, except where otherwise noted. Special sizes or location of tappings can be furnished at prices shown in discount' sheet. Blank grate sections for brick fire wall to reduce size of grate will be supplied without extra charge with boiler if so ordered. * Steam boilers are designated by the letter "S" before the number, as S-214, S-215, etc. Water " boilers are designated by the letter "W," as W-2I4, W-215, etc. 245 Boilers Manufacturers of "Prudential" Smokeless Down Draft Bailers, "Prudential" Line Direct Radiation, "Prudential" Laundry Tank Heaters, "Prudential" Down Draft Boilers Will burn any grade soft coal smoke lessly. Double Water Legs permit the use of each section to the rear for firing. Extreme depth and height of upper combustion chamber permit large stor age of coal, requiring less attention by owners. Long, round, smooth flues. Guaranteed ratings. "Prudential" Smokeless Down Draft Boilers--Steam. Boiler Number Combined Grate Ares. Sq. Ft. i------------------------------- lenqth Front Section to Bsek ol Smoke Hood, Inches e s3 c ta te Ul a. 12 -1 =5 I5 * e 2 5c oo * 5 Wb | J* Sb e a: CL. * i5 8 wE z 250 1250 $ 580.00 8.33 57 65 37 60 2-4" 2-3" 12 5 260 1550 $ 445.00 10.27 57 65 37 68 2-4" 2-3" 12 6 270 18S0 $ 507.00 12.50 57 65 37 76 2.4" 2-3" 12 7 280 2150 $ 564.00 14.72 57 65 37 82 3-4" 3-3" 12 8 360 2400 $ 621.00 17.88 61 70 48 66 2-4" 2-3" 12 6 370 2700 $ 678.00 21.00 61 70 48 75 2-4" 2-3* 14 7 380 3000 $ 735.00 24.11 61 70 48 83 3-4" 3-3" 8 390 3500 $ 830.00 28.00 61 70 48 93 3-4" 3-3" 14 9 366 4000 $ 925.00 23.00 68 80 63 67 3-4" 3-3" 6 3100 4500 $1,020.00 31.11 61 70 48 101 2-5" 2-4" 14 10 376 5000 $1,115.00 27.00 68 80 63 75 2-5" 2-4* 16 7 386 5600 $1,210.00 31.00 68 80 63 83 3-5" 3-4" 16 8 396 6400 $1,475.00 35.50 68 80 63 92 3-5" 3-4" 18 9 3106 7200 $1,680.00 40.00 68 80 63 101 3-5" 3-4" 3116 8100 $1,885.00 44.50 68 80 63 3126 9000 $2,090.00 49.00 68 80 63 3136 9900 $2,29S.00 53.50 68 80 63 110 119 128 3-6" 3-4* 18 11 3-6" 3-4" 18 12 3-6" 3-4" 18 13 246 Boilers and Heaters Reading Heater & Supply Co. - Incorporated GENERAL OFFICES Woodward and Church Streets . Reading, Pa. . Manufacturers and Distributors of The Reading Tank-in-the-Basement Systems for Hot Water Heating and The Reading All-Metal Temperature Regulator for Hot Water Heaters, Domestic Heaters and Storage Tanks, Wholesale Dealers in Boilers, Radiators, and Heating Specialties. The Reading Tank - in - the Basement Sys tem, for Hot Water Heating, is a long step in advance of the old method of placing the Ex pansion Tank above the high est radiator, in that it removes the tank to the basement, obvi ating many objectionable features and * removing the liability of fracture by freezing of the expansion Kne or over flow. The Reading Tank is proportioned ac cording to the amount of radiating sur face on the job, and provides ample air space to allow for expansion. The gauge glass enables the operator to detect any air leakage and to maintain a sufficient air space. The Reading Relief Valve permits a slight pressure on the system, even when the water is cold. This means increased efficiency and prevents the accumulation of air in the upper radiators. The in- creased pressure will not cause leaks as the air cushion prevents undue strains. We furnish complete instructions for in stallation. Capacities and Prices (Subject to trade discount) No. 1, 300 to 500 feet ofRadiation $38 No. 2, 500 to 800 feet of Radiation 40 No. 3, 800 to1000. feet of Radiation 41 No. 4, 1000 to1300 feet of Radiation 45 No, 5, 1300 to1800 feet of Radiation 50 No. 6, 1800 to2600 feet of Radiation 56 In ordering Reading Tank-in-the-Basement Systems the following information is required: Amount of radiation on job, square feet; number of stories to be heated. The Reading All-Metal Regulator can be used to control water temperatire in any system, regardless of pressure car ried. The Regulator is easily applied and the action is sensitive and reliable. We will be glad to send a catalog describing our complete line of Special ties, upon request. Our Engineering De partment will welcome the opportunity to assist the trade in difficult problems per taining to our line, and we invite such inquiries. We carry a large stock of boilers of all capacities, Round or Sectional, and can make prompt shipments. etAUHO ZVw *v TM ttOU*r*T 3rrz** ZrrTEP/o* We* ecAONCt All /tETAi. 7&&a*rueficctMATCR 247 r. R a tin g F t. Steam r. R a tin g Ft. W ater m. D ta m . e, Inches e Area, F t. In le ts and ets and , inches Number Steam Rating Tapping ' Return , length Over All 1 Inches Width In. . > Water Line Number Water Rating Boilers Richardson & Boynton 260 Fifth Avenue New York City" BRANCHES ' Boston . 60 High Street Chicago 171-173 West Lake Street Providence 429 Industrial Trust Building . /' Philadelphia 1332 Arch Street . Rochester `Rockwood Street Round List Prices and Data Sectional 6 uo XX Paz to tn OO C/3 in V* .13 / - E O 0<n ZOc/3 hJO s '-a -E JU u ^6 oa mz . 2 06 . X c.r oo cn X2* C7 oo m <j vb u O' Oin V) y ON Km 3u 161 250 400 16 1.40 2-2 118.00 162 275 425 16 1.40 2-2 135.00 190 300 500 19 1.97 2-2# 142.00 191 192 221 222 350 375 450 500 575 19 1.97 2-2# 158.00 625 19 1.97 2-2# 175.00 750 22 2.64 2-2# 194.00 825 22 2.64 2-2# 207.00 223 550 900 22 2.64 2-2# 220.00 251 625 1025 25 3.41 2-3 242.00 252 675 1100 25 3.41 2-3 258.00 2S3 ' 725 1200 25 3.41 2-3 283.00 281 875 1350 28 4.28 2-3# 295.00 282 950 1550 28 4.28 2-3# 322.00 283 1025 1675 28 4.28 2-3# 355.00 2000103.00 255 1000 1600 4.57 27#x35# 2-3# 113.00 256 1250 5.70 27#x42# 2-3# 257 1500 2400 6.83 27#xS0 2-3# 116.00 258 1700 2800 7.97 27#x57# 2-3# 361.00 430.00 490.00 547.00 328.00 397.00 457.00 514.00 133.00 355 1950 3125 7.85 39 x33# 2-4 590.00 548.00 146.00 160.00 356 357 358 2400 3850 9.81 39 .x41# 2-4 2850 4575 11.75 39 xSO 3-4 3300 5300 13.70 39 x58# 3-4 700.00 810.00 900.00 658.00 768.00 850.00 177.00 359 3750 6025 15.65 39 x66# 3-:4 990.00 940.00 192.00 427 428 *210202.00 429 215.00 3500 4050 4600 5150 5600 13.82 45 6500 16.11 45 7400 18.40 45 8300 20.69 45 x50- .2-'5;'-. *58^ 2-5 x66# 2-5 x74# 3-5 942.00 892.00 1,035.00 985.00 1,150.00 1,085.00 1,245.00 1,180.00 4211 5700 9200 22.98 45 *83" 3-5 242.00 536 6300 10000 18.94 55 x5S 2-6 1.345.00 1,275.00 1.553.00 1,495.00 250.00 537 7300 11600 22.68 55 x65# 2-6 1.748.00 1,685.00 273.00 538 539 8300 13200 26.40 55 x76# 3-6 9300 14800 30.12 55 x87# 3-6 1.950.00 1,870.00 2.143.00 2.060.00 308.00 5310 10300 16400 33.88 55 x98 3-6 2.354.00 2,250.00 248 - - " .* . - -f'iUhlF&x. Boilers Standard Heater Company NEW YORK Williamsport, Pa. PHILADELPHIA BOSTON BALTIMORE DETROIT CHICAGO DENVER DULUTH Builders of Spencer Heaters BUFFALO Spencer Heaters Give uniform heat over long periods and use small size cheap hard coal with least attention . to the fire. The Magazine-feed feature is built into the heater and requires no ad justment. The Magazine holds a supply of coal sufficient for 8 to 12 hours in severe weather or for a proportionately longer period in milder weather. Economical and efficient. Due to the Magazine-feed-feature of the Spencer Heater it is impracticable to obtain a firing period of less than 8 hrs. There fore ratings of Spencer Heaters are based upon an evaporation of 8 lbs. of water per pound of coal burned, the rated evaporation having been obtained in actual test made in accordance with the A. S. H. & V. E- code Tubular--Spencer Steam Heater Spencer Sectional Steam and Water Heaters w e . g| 15-4S 30-9S 375 500 750 1000 1800 2100 2800 V) (S 2.29 3.02 3.7S 4.54 5.30 4.38 5.84 7.31 8.78 10.29 8.60 10.32 12.04 13.76 1-4"' 1-4" 1-4" 2-4" 2-4" 3-4" 3-4" 3-4"' 3-4" 3-4" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5". 2-5" 2-3" 2-3" 2-3" 4-3" 4-3" 3-4" 3-4" 3-4" 3-4" 3-4" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 33" 39#" 47" 54" 62" 41#" 49#" 58" 66" 74" 56" 64" 73" 81" 33#" 33#" 33#" 33#" 33#" 55#" 55#" 55K." 55#" 55#" 64". 64" 64" 64" 49M 49" 49" 49" 49" 53" S3" 53" 53" 53" 54" 54" . 54" 54" 15-4W 15-5W 15-6W 15-7W 15-8W 27-4W 27-SW 27-6 W 27-7 W 27-8W 30-6W . 30-8W 30-9W Spencer Tubular Steam Heaters 9 11 13 15 17 19 20 21 *3-45 *3-50 *3-55 *3-60 *3-70 *3-90 *3-105 *3-120 *3-140 1100 1400 1700 2000 2500 30b0 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 7000 8000 9000 10500 12000 14000 7.00 8.16 9.33 9.50 10.68 11.87 13.06 14.25 12.5 14.0 15.6 17.2 18.75 21.9 25.0 28.1 31.25 34.4 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" 2-4" ' 2-4" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 2-5" 1-8" 1-8" 1-8" 1-8" 1-8" 2-3" " 57" 2-3" 63" 2-3" 70" 2-3" 71" 2-3" 77" 2-3" 83" 2-3" 89" 2-3" 95" 1-4" 101#" 1-4" 107 H" 1-4" 114" 1-4" 120#" 1-4" 12654" 1-4" 95#" 1-4" 101#" 1-4" 107K" 1-4" 114" 1-4" 120#" 51" 51" 51" 60" 60" 60" 60" 60" 81" 81" 81" 81" 81" 108" 108" 108" 108" 103" * Heaters No. 3-45 to 3-140 are furnished with and smoke pipe ell. 51" 51" 53" 56" 56" 56" " 56" 56" 59" 59" 59" 59" 59" 66" 66" 66" 66" 66" 600 1000 1200! lbUU ifbOU 3100 36UO 33UU o 8x 8x30 8x 8x30 10x10x35 10x10x35 10x10x40 10x10x35 10x10x40 12x12x35 12x12x40 12x12x40 12x12x35 12x12x35 12x12x40 12x12x40 12x12x40 12x12x40 12x12x45 16x16x50 16x16x55 16x16x60 16x16x65 16x16x65 18x18x50 18x18x50 18x18x60 18x18x60 18x18x65 20x20x65 20x20x65 22x22x65 24x24x70 24x24x70 also pipe header Boilers The H. B. Smith Company Works: Westfield, Mass. Westfield, Mass.: 57 Main Street New York: 10 E. 39th Street Boston: 640 Main Street, Cambridge Philadelphia: 17th and Arch Streets Manufacturers of Boilers and Radiators for Steam and Water Heating No. 60 Smith Boiler performance CURVES 250 H. B. Smith Company Boilers Smith Boiler With Smokeless Furnace Smith Boiler Without Smokeless Furnace GO Nominal Size 2 jc UV of Fire Pot, 1/3 Jj Inches -c .2 o'o .CQ Width Length oo Hffl * S "5-g _o!Uo.e No in No. 27 10 27 30 77 62 11 27 30 83 68 11 27 36 83 68 12 27 36 89 74 12 27 42 89 74 13 27 42 95 80 13 27 48 95 80 14 IT 48 101 86 IS 27 54 107 92 16 27 60 113 98 No. 36 11 36 36 87 68 12 36 36 93 74 12 36 42 93 74 13 36 42 99 80 13 36 48 99 80 14 36 48 105 86 14 36 54 105 86 15 36 54 111 92 16 36 60 117 98 17 36 66 123 104 18 36 72 129 110 No. 60 12 60 36 HO 73 13 60 36 116 79 13 60 42 116 79 14 60 42 122 85 14 60 48 122 85 15 60 48 128 91 15 60 54 128 91 16 60 54 134 97 17 60 60 140 103 18 60 66 146 109 19 60 72 152 1 IS 20 60 78 158 121 PS E^ Z2 v V)U-< 1S00 1650 1800 1950 2100 22S0 2400 2550 2725 2900 2750 3000 '3250 3500 3750 4000 4250 4500 4800 5100 S400 6600 7200 7800 8400 9000 9600 10200 10800 12000 13200 14400 15600 .5 a ps V^ V 2475 2725 2975 3225 3475 3725. 3950 4200 4500 4775 4550 4950 5375 5775 6200 6600 7000 7425 7925 8425 8900 10900 11900 12850 13850 14850 15850 16850 17800 19800 21800 23750 2S750 Additional Data Applying to Boilers Both With and Without Smokeless Furnace Bciler No.......................' 27 36 60 Width at foundation.... 35 in. 48J4 in. 72 in. Width of boiler, steam 56 in. 72 .in. 98 in. Width of boiler, water 59 Height of boiler........... 80 in. 76 in. 83 in. 98 in. in. 87 in. Height of water line....57 in. 59 in. 66 in. Oval smoke pipe equiv alent to........... ................ 13j in. 17 in. 26 in. round round round r"/c1` *V-. _ .Nom.inal Si-ze .-- -_=j<t=*n of Fire Pot, "So ^ _. cG PJ3. Inches JT_ oo .m Width 2.5 Length oo Htt ^c %g.o2 *5 j? ? PS s^ S V)Ui PS a No. 27 5 27 24 47 6 27 30 . 53 7 27 36 59 8 27 42 65 9 27 48 71 10 27 54 77 11 27 . 60 83 12 27 60 89 12 27 66 89 13 27 66 95 13 27 72 95 14 27 66 101 14 27 78 101 32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 74 80 80 86 86 1200 -1975 1500 2475 1800 2975 2100 3475 2400 - 3950 2700 4450 . 3000 "4950 3300 5450 3300 5450 3600 5950 3600 5950 3900 6425 3900 6425 No. 36 7 36 36 . 63 44 8 36 42 69 50 9 36 48 75 S6 10 36 54 81 62 11 36 60 87 68 12 36 60 93 74 12 36 66 93 74 13 36 66 99 80 13 36 72 99 80 14 36 66 105 86 14 36 78 105 86 15 36 72 111 92 IS 36 84 111 92 16 36 72 117 98 16 36 90 117 98 2300 2800 3300 3800 ' 4300 4800 4800 5300 S300 5800 5800 6300 6300 6800 6800 3800 4625 5450 6275 7100 7925 7925 8750 8750 9575 9575 10400 10400 11225 11225 No. 60 8 60 9 60 10 60 11 60 12 60 13 60 14 60 IS 60 16 60 17 60 17 60 18 60 18 60 36 86 42 92 48 98 54 104 60 110 66 116 72 " 122 78 128 84 134 78 140 90 140 84 146 96 146 49 6000 55 7200 61 8400 67 9600 73 10800 79 12000 85 13200 91 14400 97 '15600 103 16800 103 16800 109 18000 109 . 18000 9900 11900 13850 15850 17800 19800 21800 ' 23750 25750 27700 27700 29700 29700 Note.--For additional data pertaining to these boilers, see table at bottom of opposite column. Tappings Supply Drum* ^ Outside diameter.......................-............................ 12 in. Tapped for 2-in. lock-nut nipples. Front end tapped 2 in. Rear end tapped one 4 in. and one 2 in. Tappings on Top Number Size of Tappings, ins. of 4 5 6 Sections 8 9 2 2 Numbe r of Tappings 2. 2. 10 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 . 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 19 2 20 2 -- Return Drums* Steam Boilers ' Outside diameter......................--................................8 in. Tapped " for 2-in. lock-nut nipples. Front ends tapped................................. 2J4in. Rear ends tapped..................................................... 5 in. Undersides tapped....................................................\% in. Fire Tools Furnished Poker, hoe, slice bar, flue brush with handle and ash shovel. Trimmings - Furnished with Steam Boilers Water column, gage cocks, water gage cocks, water gage glass, steam gage (with cock), steam gage siphon. Damper regulator complete with chain. ' *VVhen boiler is to be used for water warm ing, specify on order the size of supply and return pipe tappings. Tappings other than those listed are special. Order must specify sizes. 251 H. B. Smith Company Boilers Mills Water Tube Steam and Water Boilers Sectional cast iron boilers which are moderate in first cost, low maintenance and' extremely economical in fuel. Sectional view shows large combustion chamber and vertical waterways of small area. The latter absorb the heat quickly, circulate the water rapidly and make dry steam. May be fired with anthracite coal, wood, coke . or fuel gas. Size of Boiler No. 24 No. 34 No. 44 No. 48 Nominal Width fire Pot 24" 34" 44" AS" Commercial Rating Capacity in Sq. Ft. Steam 900 to 2025 2000 to 5200 3600 to 9000 4800 to 12000 Water 1500 to 3350 3300 to-8575 1 SOSO to 14850 2925 to 19800 Max. Allowable Working Presser Steam 15 lbs. 15 lbs. IS lbs. 15 lbs. Water (open Tank) 60 lbs. Water (Closed Tank) 15 lbs. 15 lbs. 15 lbs. 30 lbs. H-B Steam and Water Boilers H-B Boilers have three waterways be tween sections. They are the only boiler in which ascending and descending cur rents of water are circulated througl ----' separate connections giving a steady watei line and rapid circula tion without back pres sure. Smith Service Boiler W-17 tor Hot Water Supply A. S. M. E. Standard .; Maximum allowable working pressure, v 160 lbs. Open Tank; 80 lbs. Closed Tank. COMMERCIAL RATINGS Dlam. of Fire Pot Inches 15 to 27 Steam Rating Feet 250 to 1000 Water Rating Feet 425 1650 252 H. B. Smith Company Boilers Princess Direct Radiators For sanitary reasons, radiators with wide spacing should be demanded. If ordinary radiators are not sanitary enough for hospitals, they are not sani tary for the home. To meet hospital specifications some manufacturers make special radiators with wide spacing -and charge an increased price. * Princess Radiators are the standard radiators of The H. B. Smith Co. and are sold at regular list prices. Princess Wall Radiators Suited for all places where direct radiators or pipe coils cannot be used. Espe cially desirable in locations where floor space is valuable and where wall, column or ceiling space is more available. They possess extreme flexibility of size and arrange ment. Made in two heights, 15 and 22 inches. Can be furnished with heating sur faces from 5 sq. ft. up, in multiples of 2y2 sq. ft*. Corresponding lengths in 22 in. radiator are from 9 in. up, in multiples of 4 in. (1 in. allowed in over all length for plugs and bushings). In the 15 in. radiator, corresponding lengths are from 13 in. up, in multiples of 6 in. By combinations of the two.heights, these radiators can be arranged in tiers, either for horizontal runs or for column work. Hung horizontally, they make excellent ceiling radiators. s "Princess" Wall Radiator 253 Boilers United jStates Radiator (orporation GENERAL OFFICES: DETROIT, MICHIGAN Branch Offices in Principal Cities Manufacturers of Capitol Boilers and United States Radiators . Performance Curve for No. 411 Capitol Smokeless Boiler PERCENT or RATING DEVELOPED. The performance curves shown illustrate the effi ciency of Capitol Smokeless Boilers. Attention is called to the high volatile coal used'in these tests. Capitol Smokeless. Boilers burn these coals without smoke and with great economy. Size 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 400 Series Ratings and Dimensions Rating Sq. Ft. Steam Water Height Water Line Inches Coal Capacity Cu. Ft. 3300 3850 4400 4950 5500 6050 6600 5280 6160 7040 7920 8800 9680 10560 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 9.00 10.40 13.30 14.70 16.30 17.70 19.25 Base Dimensions Inches 47x 63% 47x 71% 47x 79% 47x 87% 47x 95% 47x103% 47x111% Outlets 2-5" 2-5" 3-5" 3-5" 3-5" 3-5" 4-5" Minimum Chimney Sizes Diameter 'Inches Height Feet 18x18 18x18 20x20 20x20 22x22 24x24 24x24 50 50 55 55 55 60 60 All 400 Series Boilers have two six-inch inlets on rear of back section. Dimensions, inclusive of trimmings: Height &8 inches. Width 77 inches. Diameter of Smoke Pipe. 18 inches. 254 fip P R L B . c o a l f ip c o United States Radiator Corporation Boilers Performance Curve for No. 511 Capitol Smokeless Boiler PERCENT OF RATING ' DEVELOPED. The Capitol Smokeless Boiler will burn any of the bituminous coals of theUnited States, including the lignites of the far West--burn them smokelessly, and within the requirements of any smoke ordinance of any city, of the United States. 500 Series Ratings and Dimensions Size 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 Rating Sq. Ft. Steam Water 6275 7150 8025 8900 9775 10650 11525 12400 13275 10000 11400 13000 14250 15650 17050 18450 19850 21250 Height Inches Coal Capacity Cu. Ft. 66 18.87 66 23.73 66 25.80 66 28.59 66 29.58 66 34.51 66 37.80 66 41.09 66 44.37 Base Dimensions Inches 57%x 67% 57%x 77 57%x 86% 57%x 95% 57%xl04% 57%xll3% 57%xl22% 57%xl31% 57%xl40% Outlets and Inlets 3-5" 4-5" 4-5" 4-5" 5-5" 5-5" 5-5" 6-5" 6-5" Minimum Chimney Sizes Diameter Inches Height Feet 24x24 24x24 24x28 28x28 28x32 32x32 32x32 32x36 36x36 60 65 70 80 85 85 90 90 90 Dimensions, inclusive oi trimmings: Height 92 inches. Width 82 inches. Diameter of Smoke Pipe, 21 inches. Boilers Thatcher Furnace Co. CHICAGO 341 N. Clark St. 131-133-135 W. 35th St. New York ' NEWARK 42 St Frands s, Boilers. Ranges,. Furnaces, Hot Water Supply and Garage Heaters Thatcher "Round" Boiler Since 1850 Thatcher "Sectional" ' In actual competitive tests with standard heaters of same rated capacity, the "Thatcher" Round Boiler proved to be the most efficient in heat transmission and length'of time between firing periods. Made in four sizes, 19, 22, 25 and 28" fire- pot. Rated capacities of from 300 to 1000 square feet for the Steam boiler and 500 to 1650 for the- Hot Water boiler. The steam dome has. ample space to in sure dry steam. The water dome is consider ably lower than in most hot water boilers; thin waterways; heavily cor rugated under surface, making it unnecessary to circulate a large volume of water. The Boiler ' Body. The three ports or legs extending into the fire increase heating effici ency. The Boiler Sections. The staggered fire-travel causes the. fiames and hot gases to mushroom between sections. The Base is high with ample space under the grates so that the ashpit is readily cleaned. Grates are of the re volving triangular type, easily operated and very efficient. The Butterfly Damper Door is con nected with the draft chamber door in the smoke hood by a chain through regulator arm. ' The Regulator is of the disc type. Extremely sensitive. Boiler The Sectional Boiler is of the end feed type of square sectional boiler with an unusual amount of prime heat ing surface. The smoke and gases pass THREE times the length of the ` boiler. They come in contact with heating surface at every point. All sections are tested ' to eighty pounds hydro static pressure before leaving plant. Height of feed door allows carrying ample charge of coal resulting in fuel economy. Grates are' of heavy crown top pattern. All sections made water tight by a heavy cast ' ^ iron nipple. Feed door being particularly wide ; affords easy access to the interior of the boiler and permits entrance of large shovel into mouth of the feed door, greatly facilitating the firing. Castings accurately machine fitted. Regulator is very sensitive, set to . operate the drafts at a very slight steam pressure. Water tight' joint. All sec- tions are joined by a heavy cast iron nipple, lathe turned. . This boiler is conservatively rated and is the result of over seventy years of study and experience. 256 Control Equipment Johnson Service Company Milwaukee, Wis. BRANCHES: BOSTON. MASS., 31 Waltham Street BUFFALO, N. Y., 2 Erie County Bank Bid*. CHICAGO, ILL., 177 North Dearborn Street CINCINNATI, OHIO, 405 Gwynne Building CLEVELAND, OHIO, 2028 East 22nd Street DENVER, COLO., 517 Boston Building DES MOINES. IOWA, 210 Masonic Temple DETROIT, MICH., 42 Montcalm Street, West INDIANAPOLIS, IND., Ill Pembroke Arcade KANSAS CITY, MO., 411 East Tenth Street MILWAUKEE, WIS., 149 Michigan Street LOS ANCELES, CAL., 60S Van Nuys Bldg. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., 308 Third Avenue, South NEW YORK, N. Y., 18 East Twenty-eighth St. OMAHA, NEB., 609 Paxton Building PHILADELPHIA, PA., 1521 Sansom Street PITTSBURGH, PA., Century Building * PORTLAND, ORE., 404 Failing Building SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, 301 Templeton Building SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., 314 Rialto Building SEATTLE, WASH., 452 Colman Building ST. LOUIS, MO., 14 North Twelfth Street CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVE: Johnson Temperature Regulating Company of Canada, Limited . OFFICES: . CALGARY, ALTA, 605 Second Street, West TORONTO, ONT., 118 Adelaide Street, West VANCOUVER, B. C., 550-6th Avenue, West WINNIPEG, MAN., 259 Stanley Street - MONTREAL, QUE-, 284 Beaver Hall Hill Products and Services . Engineers and Contractors' for the Control of Temperature or Humidity for any purpose and over every range used in manufacturing purposes or build ings, furnishing.and installing: Temperature Controlling Apparatus for any and all kinds of heating and ventilating systems. Temperature Controlling Apparatus for any industrial process requiring the medium of heat. ' Control of Humidity in industrial processes requiring artificial humidity. Temperature Control of hot water tanks and all liquids. Control of Temperatures of refriger ating and cold storage plants.' Thermostat Control of electric motors on automatic refrigerating. Manufacturers of Thermostats and Other Apparatus for the Control of Temperatures and Humidity, including': Pneumatic Room and Insertion Thermostats and Humidostats. Electric Room and Insertion Thermo stats and Humidostats. "Sylphon'.' `Metal Diaphragm and Rub ber Diaphragm Valves. Low Pressure, Limited Capacity, Elec tric Air Compressors. Low Pressure, Limited Capacity, Hy draulic Air Compressors. Air and Water Reducing Valves. Pneumatic Switches or Push Buttons. 257 Johnson Service Company Control Equipment Specific Applications of Temperature motor, connected with the thermostat in Control such a way that the damper blades will Bake ovens for enamels, japans, etc. Core drying ovens. Drying room for paint, varnish, patent leather, etc. automatically assume the correct inter mediate position necessary to deliver the right mixture of hot and tempered air to the room and to maintain a constant Storage room for tobacco, rubber or and proper temperature therein. similar goods. Cold storage rooms, fur vaults, etc. Canning machinery, cookers, ex Thermostat Covers hausters, processors. Corn and oats drying apparatus. Fruit drying apparatus. The covers which conceal the thermostat proper Johnson Positive Acting Metal are small, incon Diaphragm Thermostat spicuous and very The only thermostat on the market neat in design and provided with positive snap action for workmanship! , closing and opening the radiator valve quickly, positively and fully, which is necessary with steam heat. There are two ' distinct styles : one called the R Indicator and Cut-off It is the only thermostat having an indicator which will show at a glance whether the thermo stat has the heat turned on or off. A cut-off is provided for shutting the heat off permanently when desired. type and one called the F type. The R type is a die-casting, very beautifully de signed and used generally in resi dences and other handsomely dec orated buildings. The P type is a pressed metal Model R. I. Cover 4#" x 2" x deep Johnson Graduated Acting Thermostat For controlling the temperatureof rooms heated by steam, hot blast or hot air fur-. cover, very finely finished but not as ornamental and artistic as the R cover, and used more generally in schools, of fice buildings, hospitals and places where simple and neat design is desired rather than artistic and ornamental. naces. It controls a mixing damper lo Johnson Pneumatic Insertion cated at the plenum chamber. The dam Thermostat per, which is fur- Modtl PcsUive lUtat Designed to control temperatures with nished, together with Diaphragm Thermo- in closed air chambers or ducts. The the thermostat, etc., ftot body of thermostat is a dust-proof case is operated by a containing the two working parts and diaphragm damper extending outside the chamber. 258 Johnson Service Company Control Equipment This thermostat is made either positive or graduated acting. Applications Adaptable for use in bake ovens for . enamels, japans, etc.; ^*dryirig rooms for ^Saints, varnishes, i^&p'atent leather, etc.; . i^stbrage. _ rooms for i "'` tobacco, rubber similar goods; ster- . ilizers or. pasteur izers; cold storage rooms, fur vaults, etc.'; refrigerator Pneumatic Insertion Thermostat machine control; hu midity control for air washers; flue gas temperature con trol; hot blast heating plants; combin ation tempered ventilation and hot blast systems; greenhouses, turkish bath rooms, etc.; tempered ventilation for buildings. Johnson Calibrated Thermostat . This is an especially high grade in sertion thermostat for use where it is desired to change frequently the adjust ment to operate at different temperatures. It is operated by compressed air at 15 lbs. per sq. in., and used to control temperatures of liquids and air by auto matically opening and closing a dia phragm valve or damper. Graduations made to meet requirements, limited to a total range of 60 and to minimum space of 254. Multiple Insertion Thermostat Similar to the insertion duct thermo stat, excepting that one multiple thermo stat takes the' place of a number of separate duct t h ermostats set for dif ferent tem per a t ures. The 3-point multiple thermos tat shown will operate 3 separate dia- p hragtn valves at as many differ- . ent tempera tures. It has Multiple Insertion Thermostat become very popular with heating engi neers for the control of heating and tempering coils where it is desired to have these coils turn on at different temperatures.. It is made to work with positive action when controlling valves; with graduated action when controlling dampers; or with both positive and graduated action when'controlling valves and dampers^ Tank Thermostat Designed for insertion through 1-in. tapped hole in tank and controlling, in the case of hot water tanks, a diaphragm valve on the supply pipe to the steam coils in the tank. It can be used to control the temperature of any liquid. 259 Johnson Service Company Control Equipment either hot or cold. It is especially adapt able for controlling the temperature of . Pneumatic Switch Control Remote valve and damper control water in hot water boiler heating plants plays, by means of our pneumatic by its control of the boiler draft doors. switches, a very important part' in the e c o nomical Humidity Control . The supplying of moisture to theheated air in buildings and the automatic control of the percentage of moisture in this air are recognized by authorities to be as important as 'maintaining prop:r temperatures. operation: of the modern heatingplant especially in schools. It saves t h r janitor's time f or other Humidostats and Humidifiers duties, and makes ltpos- Pneumatic Switch The humidostat automatically controls sible to ac the supply of moisture delivered to the complish results in the operation of the air by a humidifier and maintains a con heating plant which can not be obtained stant percentage of relative humidity. in any other way. It makes it easy to It operates a diaphragm valve on the operate the fresh air, return air and vent steam coils in the''pan humidifier. The m dampers, with the corresponding assur pan is provided with float box to .main ance that these dampers will be economi tain constant water level and is located cally operated as intended by the heat in the ventilating air duct leading ing engineer. throughout the building. Steam jet and water spray types of humidifiers are also furnished. The following types of pneumatic switches for different purposes and dif ferent conditions are made: ``Sylphon" Metal Diaphragm Valves This valve having an in destructible 1- piece metal diaphragm, is permanent and requires no repairs. Its value for the control of steam is ob vious and par ticularly so in conn e c tio n with steam coils, registers in wall boxes "Sylphon'* Metal Diaphragm where exces- Valve siv e heat would destroy rubber diaphragms. Lever Handle Switch, , Push Button Switch, Indicating Switch, to open-and close dampers partially as desired. Electro Pneumatic Switch, to open ; and close dampers automatically with the starting and stopping of fan motors. Time Valve Control Simple device for automatically and -periodically opening and closing a dia phragm valve. Has many applications, such as peri odically. flushing' of toilets, etc. Beingsimpler and .more powerful in action, it is much superior to float tanks. Eightday clock, valve mechanism operates dia phragm valve on water supply by means of compressed air. Valve may be ope rated from 1 to 4 times per hour and for periods of 15 seconds to 5 minutes. 260 Johnson Service Company Control Equipment How to Specify Furnish and install a complete system of- automatic temperature regulation and humidity control, furnishing all neces sary thermostats, valves, dampers, hu compressor shall'* be of sufficient size to operate the system, with a factor of safety not less than 3, and requiring that it be provided with all necessary govern ing devices, fittings, gage, etc. midifiers, special devices, air compres Humidostats--Specify Johnson Hu sors, piping and fittings, and labor of midostat and Humidifier, stating the installing system, except setting valves kind of humidifier, whether perforated and dampers in position--all in accord steam or copper evaporating pan. ance with the following schedule and detailed specification: Dampers--Specify that dampers shall . be made by the heat regulating contrac Schedule--State the rooms to be con tor, but installed by the galvanized iron trolled and number of thermostats in contractor, and that dampers shall con each; the manner in which the tempered sist of wrought iron frames, sheet steel air, if there is any, is to be controlled; blades, strongly cleated, with brass the manner in which the drafts of the bearings. ' boiler are to be controlled; and specify the manner of the control of any fresh . Guarantee--Require that system be air, vent or return air dampers, stating complete in every respect, and that all the location and number of switches. . necessary material and special fittings shall be furnished whether specifically Thermostats--Specify Johnson Metal mentioned or not. Require that entire Diaphragm Model Thermostat, size, 4jw system be guaranteed -free from all orig by 2" by 1"; and state whether, it is to inal defects in material and workman ; have residence or school cover, indicating ship, and that any parts proving defec device, positive shut-off, and whether-it is to be positive or intermediate motion. : Specify the number and kind of inserted | tive or wearing out within 2 years from date of completion: shall be replaced free of charge. Require that thermostats thermostats. . shall operate the valves or dampers to Valves--Specify Johnson Metal Dia phragm Valve having the "Sylphon" Metal Bellows for its diaphragm. State which they are attached, at a variation of not to exceed, 1 above or below any given point. whether valves are to be plain or .nickelplated with or without, unions; add: Contracting Valves to be placed in position by heat ing contractor. This company contracts to furnish and install in complete working order the Air Compressors--Specify kind of air compressor (steam, hydraulic, electric or power driven), requiring that the air Johnson System of Temperature Con trol, including thermostats, valves, pip ing, etc. 261 toe-aerating Heaters H. S. B. W.-Cochrane Corporation 17th Street below Allegheny Ave. Philadelphia, Pit. Also Offices in Atlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Hazleton, Houston, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New Orleans, New York, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Rochester, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Seattle, Syracuse, Tucson; Toronto,- Montreal, .Halifax, Canada. . Feed Water Heaters, V-notch Meters and Metering 'Heaters, De-Aerating Heaters, Hot and Cold Process Water Softeners,' Steam and Oil Separators, Flow Meters, Multiport Back Pressure Valves, Multiport Drainers. "To Economize--Cochranize" Improving the economy of steam plants by the better utilization of exhaust steam and the heating, metering, softening, and de-aeration of water has constituted the work of the Cochrane Engineering staff for more than thirty years. Cochrane apparatus particularly adaptable to heating systems includes the following: Cochrane Feed Water Heaters The Cochrane Open Feed Water Heater utilizes exhaust steam to heat water up to 210F. or higher, depending upon, the back pressure carried. The exhaust * steam passes through an oil separator be fore entering the heater, all oil and grease being thereby1 effectively removed before the steam comes into contact with the water. Where the surplus of exhaust steam not consumed in the heater is to be used in heating or drying coils or processes, the separ ator can be made large enough to purify the entire amount of steam and valves can be provided, as in the Cochrane Steam-stack and Cut-out Valve Heater, by means of which the body of the heater can be isolated while the separator remains in service. The heater water storage space serves as a return tank or hot well for condensate and can be made extra large to provide extra storage if desired. The drips from the separator and any overflow"' from the heater are discharged through a trap. The shell is constructed to stand pressures up to ten pounds gauge. Cochrane De-Aerating Heaters Where entire removal of free oxygen from the water is desired in order to prevent corrosion in pipe lines, economizers and boilers, a special type of Cochrane heater is supplied. With this apparatus the following benefits are obtained: 1. Oxygen-free water at any temperature above 120F. De-aeration can . be secured with only a small amount of steam. 2. The water is heated to the maximum temperature obtainable with the amount of exhaust steam available. . 3. Turbines, engines or pumps receive the benefit of a vacuum corres ponding to the temperature to which the water is heated. Units not suitable for vacuum operation can exhaust at atmospheric pressure. 4. Apparatus can be installed to operate at first under atmospheric pres sure, delivering water at 212F., and subsequently can be easily con verted if it is desired to de-aerate the water while heating it to as low a temperature, as 140F. 5. The apparatus is simple and compact and can be installed where head . room is limited. It is recommended for hot water heating systems, as well as for hot-water service and boiler feeding. 262 - H. S. B. W.-Cochrane Corp. Separators Steam and Oil Separators . Cochrane steam separators stop slugs of Water brought over from the boiler or due to condensation in the steam line. Some moisture is always present in steam, unless super-heated, and sometimes even then. If this moisture is allowed to enter engine cylinders it will wash '' "" *1 2 3 4 5 away the cylinder oil, or in turbines cause erosion of the blades. Cochrane oil separators remove oil and grease from exhaust steam before it is used in heating or drying coils or processes. Exhaust steam purified of oil by passing through a Cochrane Oil Separator is just as good as live steam at the same pressure for cooking, operating .low pressure turbines, operating ice machines, heating, drying or in calendering rolls, etc. The condensed returns will be free of oil and can be brought back, and used over and over again for boiler feeding. Over 16,000,000 horsepower of boilers are being fed satisfactorily with water condensed from steam purified by Cochrane Oil Separators. Cochrane Separators are made in all sizes, for vertical, horizontal and angle pipes. Cochrane Multiport Drainer Cochrane Vertical Separator The Cochrane Multiport Drainer removes condensate or drips from heating or drying coils, radiators, steam rolls or drums, steam and oil separators, etc. The hollow cylindrical valve is absolutely balanced and has large ports, giving large capacity with low operating pressure. It never leaves its seat and is self-cleaning and always water sealed. The complication of pilot valves, springs and links is avoided. Upon taking off the cover the float and attached valve can at once be lifted out. The valve seat is also easily removable. There are no stuffing boxes or packings. It cannot become air bound. Cochrane Multiport Back Pressure Valve The Cochrane Multiport Safety Exhaust Outlet Valve, or back pressure valve, is used in connection with exhaust steam heating or Multiport Drainer drying system, open feed water heaters, exhaust steam turbines, evaporators and, in a slightly modified form, with surface and jet condensers. It has a number of small disks instead of one large disk, hence there is no possibility of failure by sticking. A large exhaust area is obtained in moderate size, as there is 100% greater disk area than' in a single-disk valve. Only a small lift is required and the disks are light, hence there is no hammering of the seats. Each disk is cushioned by an individual dash pot, hence no rattle. There are no heavy moving parts, as the disks are held to their seats by independent springs having little inertia. The tension on all springs is - - regulated from outside the housing by a hand wheel or from a distance by means of rods, chain or electric motor. The motion of the pressure plate is limited so that a predetermined back pressure cannot be exceeded. There are no moving parts outside the casing directly connected to the disks, hence no possibility of obstruction, jamming or tying down. The disks are easily accessible for grinding in. Cochrane Multiport Valves are built for horizontal,. vertical and angle pipes and for vacuum and back( pressure service. i . . Cochrane Multiport Valve 263 Drying Equipment Drying Systems, Inc. 11-17 So. Desplaines St., Chicago CLEVELAND LOS ANGELES Varnish Drying, Air Conditioning and High Temperature Baking Equipment Drying Systems, Inc,, specializes in Drying Problems and our equipments have been applied with conspicuous suc cess to the drying of Varnish and Under coatings, Low and High Temperature Enamels, Dimensioned and Core Stock, Veneered Panels, Coated Cloth and Leather, and many other products. We design and install air conditioning ap paratus for Finishing Rooms. dation, an essential factor in the process of hardening. The vital element in the drying of all siccative coatings is hu midity. Moisture in the air functions to prevent surface-drying and detrimental changes. With adequate circulation of properly humidified and heated air dry ing becomes a perfected and rapid pro cess, insuring a coating of finest quality, both in appearance and in durability. The rapid drying of the various siccative coatings applied to furniture, cabinets, pianos, automobile bodies, chas sis, wheels and, in fact, everything that requires a coating, is of great importance to the manufacturer when orders,, large or small, must be delivered on a planned schedule without delay. The artificial hastening of the drying must, however, be so effected that the coating will be thoroughly and uniformly dried throughout its entire depth. Heated air, alone, causes surface-drying and certain chemical and physical changes which impair the quality of the finish. Surface-drying impedes the completion of the .drying by covering the coating with an almost impervious surface film * through which the volatiles escape with great difficulty, and which retards oxi And, of even greater importance, con ditioned air drying insures a positive and unvarying time schedule, each coat drying in the same time all of the time, regardless of outdoor 'weather. This permits the establishment of an efficient drying routine, on an exact schedule, greatly increasing production and mini mizing costs. Our broad experience in drying and conditioning, gained through hundreds of successful installations, is at the disposal of our clients and we invite corre spondence with reference to such prob lems. We manufacture several 'types of equipment each adapted to specific re quirements. 264 Drying Systems, Inc. Drying Equipment The Drying Unit consists of a substantially constructed sheet metal casing in tehich are compactly assembled a multi-blade fan, radiators (for either high or lore pressure steam), an air washer-humidifier, automatic temperature and humidity control, steam supply and return, water supply and drain, and the necessary valves, all ready for quick connec tion. The Unit is manufactured in three sizes and can be installed in connection with any of the old-style dry rooms, without radical changes in construction. With each Drying Unit we furnish a properly designed system of supply and vent ducts- These Units will supply dry rooms up to 800 sq. ft. of floor-space and are in use in many plants for drying varnish, undcrcoatings, dimensioned and glned-up stock, etc. The Harrison Aertube Heater The Harrison Aertube Heater is a complete plant of the direct-fired indirect type, utilising any of the ordinary fuels, but preferably 11* Beaurnc oil. This Heater is used for heating air in large volumes to temperatures up to 1000*l!., avoiding contamination of the air with the products of combustion. The heat is transferred, by convection, from the fuel directly, to the air, through tubes of special metal, and this Heater is exceptionally economical and effective, as well as entirely safe, for High XemPeroture Baking of Enamels, Drying and Processing. The Grecff System of Drying and Conditioning comprises the Greeff Static Air Washer- HnmUlifier, Fan, Heaters, Automatic Temperature and Humidity Control. The equipment is placed close to the dry room series of dry rooms and the conditioned air is sup plied to the dry room through carefully de signed ducts, insuring uniform circulation throughout the en closure. A report of our tn* stallation at the plant of Ghbe-Wcrnicke Co. Cincinnati, shows that the annual saving in floor-space and interest on capital tied up in unfinished material, is $16,000.00, or 225% on the investment. The Greeff System of Drying ' Descriptive Bulletins will be sent upon request . . 265 Electrical Equipment, Pans, Etc. ^pRAGUE ELECTRIC WOR American Blower Company /tBfau,'*, Of General Electric Company ornZ. I!7W]4l!kl!tewVNk ' ',ift l>Hoeipl Chill Sprague Ventilating Equipments - From the early efforts,,it ventilati.ng large~ Detroit, Mich. M/grs. of Heating, Ventilating, Cooling, Purifying, Humidifying, Drying, Mechanical Draft and Blast Equipment; Vertical Self-Oiling Steam Engines, Steam Traps; Fans and Blowers for All Purposes. buildings twenty years ago-to the present day, thej System of Purifying, Cooling and Humidifying Sprague Electric Works has been co-operating! with architects and engineers in the making of practical ventilating'; equipment. Resulting in stallations are now found in many well knowo For Purifying and Humidifying air in Schools, other Public and Semi-Public Buildings. . For Humidifying and Cooling air in Textile Mills, Food and Confectionery Plants, Printing Houses, and other hotels, office buildings and department stores, where they have distinguished themselves for Industrial Plants. For Dehumidifying and Cooling in Candy Factories, exceptional reliability and economical operation. Bakeries, Photo Film Drying Rooms, Blast Furnaces, Three typical pieces of modern Sprague equip- Electric Generators, etc. ^ ment are illustrated below: . Sprague* Electric controllers for varying speed A. C. fan motors with magnetic Air Washer main line contactor, under-voltage and overload protection, large* number of speed stepSj-and complete enclosure live parts^iare the ideal equipment for architects .'* t*A3 Vftgineers to specify whe'afthe circuit is'alternating current. 0- J-/ " r ... . . i . The Sprague type LC D. C. ` slow speed motor is especially adapted for driving ventilating Multiblade Fans and- Blowers For Heating, Ventilating and Cooling in Public, Office, Industrial and Educational- Buildings. For Drying and Mechanical Draft. Sirocco Multiblade Fans will handle more air, consum ing less power than the ordinary steel plate fan having fans. The steel field, laminated twice the wheel diameter. poles, commutating poles, sub . stantial end-brackets, correct .. ABC Air Washing and Cooling Fan oiling systems, ideal electrical design, well built commutators, rigidly supported brush hold*ers--these insure a long life, lowest possible current con sumption and the smallest maintenance charges. Sprague Electric remote controlled push button operated, automatic self-starting speed regulators (D. C. here illustrated) for either A. C. or D. C. motors are being used to an increasing extent. These controllers are simple in operation, with negligible The ABC Air Washing and Cooling Fan combined does the work of the centrifugal fan, the air washer and the* pump'required for circulating water in a separate washer and does this with less power and with material reductions in maintenance and attendant costs. It is an automatic, 'highly efficient,,and durable unit that adequately provides for purification^humidification and cooling. The '"ABC^Aflr-^Washing and Cooling Fan is used in Schoolsheatres| Clubs, Churches, Auditoriums, Stores .jtjdvI^usttigF^iSldings, and insures good air conditions, :i>bdrj?5canjfprf> artd increased working capacity, i ':;H~rcquircs-a minimum of attention and occupies small ' floor space. A.;special bulletin descriptive of this fan will be sent ufc% rapiest. up-keep expense, and control the motor, at any de sired predetermined speed, from a remote point.. They are destined to be adopted generally for all classes of work .to supplement manually operated controllers as the standard- for the future. We shall be glad to co-operate with Architects "Ventura*' Disc Ventilating Fan For delivering large volumes of air. at low pressure or against small resistance. Low price--small power consumption and inexpensive to install. For ventilating rooms and buildings--Ventura, motor driven, ventilating fans, 650'C. F. M. to 17,500 C. F. M. and Engineers in laying out their Ventilating Equipments. For ventilating small mines or at any mine where a disc fan can be used--engine or motor driven--from 12,000 C. F. M. to 100,000 C. F. M. resistance not to exceed 1" Buffalo Forge Company Fans Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America Buffalo, New York NEW YORK, 39-41 Ccrtlandt St. BRANCHES: PHILADELPHIA, 1303 Land Title Bldg, WASHINGTON, Washington Loan & Tr. Bldg. BOSTON, 88 Broad St. ST. LOUIS, 515 Chemical Bldg, CLEVELAND, 368 Rockefeller Bldg, CINCINNATI, 607 Mercantile Library Bldg. PITTSBURGH. 917 Union Arcade MINNEAPOLIS, 120 South Ninth St. DETROIT, 1772 W. Lafayette Blvd. DENVER, 1713 California St. CHICAGO. 562 W. Washington Blv'd. LOS ANGELES. 636 H. W. Heilman Bldg. INDIANAPOLIS, 2439 College Ave. PORTLAND, ORE., Power Equipment Co. ' CANADIAN BRANCH, Canadian Blower and Forge Co., Kitchener* Ontario Offices in AU Principal Cities of Canada "BUFFALO" PRODUCTS Conoidal Multiblade Fans Carrier Air Washers Pipe Coil Heaters Ventilating Sets Disk Fans Humidifiers . Dehumidifiers Generator Coolers Gas Scrubbers Stoker Fans Induced Draft Fans Planing Mill Exhaust Fans Dust Collectors Pressure Blowers Sintering Fans Drying Apparatus Spray Nozzles Forge Shop Equipment Direct-Connected Fan Side Casing Removed. We have catalogs covering most of the above products individually. They contain not only specifications and performance tables, but also a wealth of engi neering data on the application of such equipment. . Individual catalogs or complete binder furnished on request. 268 Electric Blower Company 352 Atlantic Avenue Boston 9, Mass., U. S. A. B" and "C" Ventilating Sets The `/B" Ven tilating Set, 4" inlet, 4" outlet, convertible tc any discharge, equipped with a ring oil bearing variable speed mo t o r, is de signed especial ly for ventilat ing toilet seats that are pro- v`ded with an " outside vent No. 4 and 7 Exhausters - connection. The "B" size will handle from 1 to 4 closets, and can be installed for automatic operation when seat is occupied. Intended to be installed in the attic with pipes from each closet connected to inlet, and outlet discharging into the outside vent pipe or chimney. With attention once a year, it will last indefinitely. No. of Blower Watts Height Con sumed Cub. Ft. Water per Col. Minute Pressure O. D. Inlet O. D. Speed Weight Outlet of Fan lbs. Net Price in. "B" Ventilating set.. 11 *C" Ventilating set.. 13 18 in......................... ....... 18 No. 3 Special.............. 22 No. 4 Exhauster. 21 No. 4 Exhauster......... 21 No. 5 Exhauster... 29 No. 7 Exhauster....-- -- 33 No. 7 Exhauster. 33 - 100 85 225 350 300 600 550 1100 225 400 485 650 1450 2175 2500 2500 3750 in. IX X 2 2X 1 2 5 2 4 in. in. 44 55 6 .5 6S 8 .8 88 99 12 12 12 12 3600 ,2400 1750 1750 1130 1750 1750 1150 1700 4$ 50 95 135 165 185 280 390 425 $50 60 90 150 "Marvel" Blowers For Gas and Oil Combustion The No. 0-R Blowers are designed especially for use on gas doughnut cookers and candy kettles besides blow pipes and 'soldering outfits. 2 to 4 oz. pressure is ample for gas combustion. ' Our No. 1-R Blowers with our special wound split phase induction motors for use with our Patented Protective Device are superior outfits for forced draft on gas and oil burners and fine coal for house heating. These ring oil bearing motors have very large oil wells (also the motors on the other type "R" Blowers), and used with the Protective- Device, will operate indefinitely under conditions where standard wound motors would fail. ' Sizes No. 2-R, No. 3-R, No. 3 Special and No. 4-R can be equipped with high speed motors to give up to 10 oz. air pressure with corresponding increase in Volume ' No. of Blower Motor Height H. P. Motor Cub. Ft. free air Water per Col. HOUR Pressure O. D. Inlet O. D. Outlet Speed of Fan Weight lbs. Net : Price No. 0-R No. 1-R No. 2-R No. 3-R No. R-4 Brush Type Induction.. Induction.. Induction.. Induction.. Induction*. Induction.. in. 12 12 12 20 22 14 26 1-1S 1-15 1-15 1-6 1-4 1-4 1-2 3000 3000 4500 8000 11000 5500 45000 in. 6 3 3 3% 3X 76 in. m 2H 3'A 3K 2H 6 in. m 3 3 3X 3 6 4000 3600 3600 1600 1800 3600 1800 35 35 40 .110 130 65 230 $50 50 50 95 100 80 150 Fans, Etc. lersh Brothers Company Fans, Etc. Hersh Brothers Company Allentown, Penna. LEHIGH MULTIBLADE FANS--TYPE "M" FOR USE IN HEATING AND FENTILATING ' iCOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS, 70" F., 29.92" BAR s a = `2 i .3 a > K" STATIC PR. H" STATIC PR. H" STATIC PR. H"'STATIC PR. K" STATIC PR. s i Total Pres.. ..356" Total Pres... 507" Total Free... >41" Total Pres... 785" Outlet Vd'... 1300 ft. Outlet Vel.... 1400 ft. Outlet Vd... 1500 ft. Outlet Vd... 1600 ft. Outlet Vd. ..1700ft Per. Speed.. .1610ft. Per. Speed... 955 ft. Per. Speed.. .2145 ft. Per. Speed...2371 ft. -Per. Speed.. .2578 ft s 3 CT.M. Rer. H.P. C.F.U. Rer. HJ. C.F.M. Rer. H.P. CJ.M. Rer. H.P. C.F.M. Rer. H.P. *U 1185 K 2! 24 W 27 30 33 30 42 43 54 60 66 73 78 84 90 96 102 108 120 1.24 1.78 2.43 3.17 4.02 4.96 6.0 7.25 9.72 12.7 16.1 194 24.0 28.6 33.6 38.9 504 57.3 64.3 79.3 1,610 409 2,320 341 3.160 292 4,120 256 5,150 22/ 6,450 209 7.800 186 9.280 1/1 12,600 146 16,500 128 20.850 114 25.750 103 31,200 93 37.100 86 43.600 79 50.600 73 58,000 66,000 64 74,500 61 57 .18 1,735 497 .28 2,500 415 24 3,400 355 55 1560 546 56 2,680 455 .48 3,650 390 .34 1.980 603 .48 2,850 503 .65 3,890 431 .44 2.110 too 44 .62 3,030 547 .78 44 4,130 409 1.1 .44 4.500 311 .63 4,750 341 54 5,075 377 1.1 5.400 410 1.4 55 .63 5,620 276 6.950 249 .79 6,020 303 156 .97. 7,450 273 14 6.430 335 157 7,960 303 1.7 6.830 8.430 S' ii 1 8.400 226 1.16 9.000 248 1 56 9,600 274 2.1 10,200 298 2.6 .96 10,000 207 1.37 10,700 227 155 11,400 262 2.4 12.150 273 3.0 15 13,600 178 155 14,600 195 24 15400 216 355 16400 234 4.0 . 1.7 2.1 17.750 156 2.4 22,500 138 3.0 19,000 170 3.2 24.100 151 4.0 20,300 188 4.2 25,700 158 5.2 21400 S ti 27.100 2.6 27500 124 3.7 29,700 137 5.0 31,700 151 6.4 33,700 164 8.0 3.1 33.600 113 45 36,000 124 6.0 38.400 137 74 40,800 0.7 3.6 40,000 104 6.2 42.800 114 7.0 45,700 126 9.1 48,500 4.2 47,000 96 6.1 50,250 105 8.1 63,700 116 10.6 67,000 126 134 45 54.400 89 7.0 58,300 98 94 62500 108 12.2 66.200 117 154 55 62500 83 7.9 67,000 91 10.6 71,450 101 13.8 76,000 6.2 71.200 78 8.9 76,200 86 11.9 81,200 95 154 86.400 103 194 7.0 7.8 9.7 80.250 90,000 111,000 73 10.0 69 115 63 135 66.000 96.500 119,000 81 13.4 76 15.1 69- 18.6 91,700. 89 174 102,800 84 19.6 127,000 76 244 97,400 109.200 135,000 97 214 91 24.4 82 30.0 ' * Lehigh Multxblade Fans--Type "M"--For Use in Heating and Ventilating This type of fan is designed particu wheel are those of tension, in which all larly for use in connection with heating metal is strongest, rather than shear, in and ventilating systems in public and which it is weakest. No wobbling side industrial buildings where large volumes thrusts occur with this construction. of air are handled at comparatively low The curvature of the Multiblades does pressures. It is proportioned to give not restrict the area of discharge and low velocities of air throughout with therefore the capacity of the wheel. the least resistance both at the entrance and at the. discharge. The housing, being rigidly braced with angle iron and the inlet and outlet with The special construction of this type tee iron punched .for sheet metal con of wheel combines in one the desirable nection, is free from vibration under the qualities of the older steel plate fan highest speeds and pressures. .wheel with the large capacity and effici ent operation of the Multiblade Type. - The. bearings are of unusual1 quality This wheel requires no stay-rods to keep, (ball and socket type)- with double ring it in shape under any speed. The. oiling and best babbit. They are self strength and rigidity of construction aligning jn all directions. This prevents can be readily ascertained from examina the sh^ft from becoming bounds . - tion of the radial blades which run to _ * " ' . the hub of the wheel, so placed'in order The; shaft is constructed of,the best to give the greatest strength in the direc grade of DRAWN STEEL'containing tion of . rotation. The strains : on .this ; from 30 to 40% carbon. * . ' .... . -~r ,-.-270 -- t; _ 8 s 1" STATIC PR. IK" STATIC PR. IK" STATIC PR. IK" STATIC PR. 2" STATIC PR. Total Pres... 1.202" Total Pres... 1.5" Total Pres.. .153" Outlet Vel... 1800 ft. Outlet Vd. ..2000ft. Outlet Vd...2300 ft. 1 Per. Speed,..2950ft. Per. Speed...3300 ft Per. Speed.. .3625 ft. Per. Speed.. .3930ft. Per. Speed...4220 ft. .9 a -i C.F.M. Her. H.P. C.F.M. Rer. H.P. C.F.M. Rer, H.P. C.F.M. Rer. HIP. CSM. Rer. H.P. ` 15 24 S 33 3B 48 60 66 78 84 102 144 2.230 3.17 5.710 6.0 10,800 17,600 12.7 22.900 16.1 19-8 35,700 24.0 43,150 33.5 60,400 38.9 70.000 SO.8 .57.3 103,000 115,700 751 .73 1.1 636 1.4 2.480 838 1.0 3,540 698 15 4550 600 9.0 2,850 922 14 4.100 768 2 1 5580 659 24 3,100 1000 4.460 0,070 714 469 1.9 25 2.9 6,350 524 2.6 8,010 466 3.2 9,900 419 4.0 7500 676 3 6 9,250 513 4.6 11.400 441 5.6 7.950 674 10,000 555 12,400 500 341 *881 45 4i' $42t -349 5.6 268 55* 4;*o0'?aoo 7.6 13,800 419 67 16.450 3H4 86 22,400 330 10.7 15.000 454 17.850 24500 357 235 23500- ,262- *t95 -'29.200 288 134 '36,900 254 175 188 *J04' ,15JO}: j45,600 231 214 31.700 312 40500 278 49400 250 171 D3.0' 155 145 175 'v5t200 ^210 25 4 *60.000 727 *514 { *45*700. 7192 30.0 71,500 208 24-7^ '77,000 :i7s 34.9 83,700 192 134 205 77.700 YSO 285 -89300 165 40.0 97,200 179 235 89.400 140 325 103,000 154 455 111.600 167 265 101500 131 365 116,800 145 515 127,000 156 107 29.4 114.600 124 40.7 132.000 135 57.6 143,000 147 33.0 40.7 128.500 117 455 189.000 .105 565 147,600 64.7 160.500 139 182,500 116 794- 198500 125 1.85 3550 1073 34 6450 768 '4.6 8480 6.8 7.1 13,400 537 84 13.6 26,200 384 17.6 34,300 22.0 43500 299 26.9 53400 269 325 64500 38.1 77,100 224 444 90400 207 504 58.0 120.600 654 137500 163 734 155,000 82.2 173400 1014 214,000 135 2.4 4.6 74 94 175 28.8 354 60.0 584 66.7 854 964 1334 271 Fans Massachusetts Blower Company General Offices and Factory Watertown, Mass. ' Offices In All Principal Cities Heating & Ventilating Apparatus, Fans, Blowers, Exhausters, Mechanical Draft Ventilators, Air Washers, Heaters, Etc. Forced or Induced Draft makes it possible to burn low grade fuels. In creased economy of present boilers or the addition of boilers may also be accom plished without change in the present chimney. Fan systems used in connection with drying of commercial products permit continued operation in all seasons and weather. Reduced costs and increased production mean a continual return from a small outlay. be aided by. using a fan for drying, cool ing, conveying, etc., are innumerable. Portable Service Sets, suitable for Ventilating Moving Picture Booths, Telephone Booths, Laboratories, etc., are built in sizes ranging from 100 c.f.m. to 2,000 c.f.m. capacity. Adjustable for different discharges, this is an ideal type of fan for handling small volumes. Heating and Ventilation of Public Buildings, Schools, Theatres, Factories, Tunnels, etc., require fans of specific types. We make a full line of Fans and Blowers to suit,such installations. Propeller and Disc Fans are designed to handle large volumes of air under low .pressure and are arranged for either pulley drive or direct connection to motors. For handling acid fumes the blades are constructed of acid-resisting material. '' Massachusetts Heaters of return.bend type or mitre* type are built in various sizes to suit requirements, both for. hot water and for high pressure steam. We have heaters working under 400 pounds pressure. ' '' Squirrel Cage Fans. Wheels or run ners are composed of shallow blades, permitting a large inlet area. Small size and great capacity in small space, make these fans ideal for Schools, Public Buildings, Factories, etc. They are suit able for all classes of work done form erly by the Steel Plate Fan. They are not, however, designed for moving materials. . Steel Plate Fans are built to suit requirements for Ventilation, Mechanical Draft or for Conveying purposes. The special kinds of manufacture which can Massachusetts Air Washers are built in various sizes to meet requirements for efficient cleaning, cooling, humidifying and de-humidifying of air. 272 Fans, Etc. B. F. Sturtevant Company Atlanta, Ga. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, -N. Y. Chicago, 111. Cincinnati, ,0. . Cleveland, O. Dallas, Tex. . Detroit, Mich. Hartford, Conn. Kansas City, Mo. Los Angeles, Cal. Hyde Park, Boston, Mass. crecsn Canadian Offices: Galt, Ontario Montreal, Que. Toronto, Ontario Minneapolis, Minn. New York, N. Y. Omaha, Neb. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. Rochester, N. V. St. Louis, Mo. Salt Lake City, Utah San Francisco, Cal. Seattle, Wash. Washington, D. C. PRODUCTS Heating and Ventilating Equipment Multivane Volume Blowers and Ex hausters; Propeller and Disc Type Volume Exhaust Fans; Heaters; Air Washers; Engines and D. C. Motors; Galvanized Duct Work; Portable Ven tilating Sets; Autoforce Ventilators. Power House Equipment Fuel Economizers; Mechanical Draft Apparatus; Turbine and Steam Engine Generator Sets; Gasoline Electric Gener ator Sets; Generator Cooling; Steam Engines; Steam Turbines; Transmission Gears. # Industrial Equipment High Pressure, Medium Pressure and Low Pressure Blowers; Volume Blow ers; Planing Mill Exhausters; Cupola Blowers; Gas Blowers and Boosters; Gas Exhausters; Forges and Forge Blowers; Acid Proof Fans; Pneumatic Collecting and Conveying Systems; Steam Exhaust Heads. ^ Air Conditioning Equipment Paper, Glue, Wood and Leather Dry ing, Vapor Absorption Systems; Air Washing, Humidifying arid Dust Re moving Systems;' Dehumidifying Sys tems. # Vacuum Cleaning Equipment Stationary Plants for Home and In dustrial Use; Portable Vacuum Cleaners of all sizes for all work. ENGINEERING SERVICE As each installation is unique, it is usually necessary that an engineer ana lyze the conditions before making recom mendations. The engineering staff of the B. F. Sturtevant Company has been trained to analyze conditions and to properly apply our apparatus accordingly. Consult them, they are at your service without obligation. PUBLICATIONS The STURTEVANT line is so varied that a comprehensive presentation in one publication is undesirable. We have, therefore, issued a special bulletin on each particular line, covering the mechanical details. CATALOGS Air Conditioning No. 226 Air Washers--Types H. and C. 225 Air Washers--Type S. 25 Air Washers--Canadian Climate Doctors 278 Air Conditioning 246 Generator Cooling ' Drying No. 254 High Humidity Lumber Dry Kiln 248 Paper Drying 1052 Vegetable Drying 278 Veneer Kilns 282 High Humidity Dry Kiln 289 Low Temperature Forced Circulation Hosiery Dryer Heating and Ventilating No. 288 Autoforce Ventilators 280 Heaters ., 215 Heating and Ventilating Treatise 1015 Heating and Ventilating Book, Com plete. Installations 1014 Heating and Ventilating Government Buildings . 227 Heating, and Ventilating Layouts --Blue print Books . 1018 Heating and Ventilating_ Public Build ' ings 1012 Heating and Ventilating Schools 271 Multivane Pans, Design 8 287 Ready-to-Run Ventilating Sets 279 Disc and Propeller Fans 290 Silentvane Fan Mechanical Draft No. 286 Forced Draft Fans 276 Turbo-Undergrate Blowers, Design 8 285 VD-7 Turbo Blower, Instruction Book 286 VD-7 Turbo Blower 288 Forced and Induced Draft with Me chanical Stokers Pneumatic Collecting and Conveying Systems No. 262 Granite Dust Removal Systems 245 Cotton Fans, Design 7 284 Steel Plate Blowers and Exhausters 252 Steel Plate Fan Performance Chart 291 Collecting and Conveying Power Apparatus No. 150 Sturtevant Fuel Economisers _ 222 Fuel Economisers in Paper Mills 255 Gasolene Electric Generating Sets 239 Steam Engine Generating Sets 256 Steam Turbines . 256 Steam Turbine Generating Sets 264 Electrical Apparatus 263 VS-7 and 8 Engines Instruction Book 268 Marine Gasolene Engine 274 Turbo Transmissions . 275 Gear Transmissions 284 Polyphase Motors 273 Heating Equipment American Radiator Company 104 West 42nd St., 816 So. Michigan Ave., New York Chicago Ideal Boilers, American Radiators, Heating and Vacuum Cleaning Equipments We present sample pages taken from various catalogs issued by us. The pages selected illustrate a few of our new products, and in part suggest the efforts our Com pany is putting forth to meet the demands of Engineers for utmost-refinement in heating devices. '- Catalogs containing valuable data for Engineers are being constantly issued or supplemented, such as the "Ideal Fitter" catalog (384 pages), Vento Data Book for Engineers (48 pages), American Wall Radiator Installation Book (48 pages). Heat Transmission Book (24 pages), Areola Outfit Installation Book (24 pages), Lower ing the High Cost of Cleaning Buildings Through Arco Warid Vacuum Cleaners catalog (12 pages), How to Run the Steam and Hot Water Boilers catalogs (12 pages), Specifications for Steam and Water Systems (8 pages)) Ideal Gas Boiler Manuals (16 pages each), Drying of Lumber, Paint and Varnish catalog (48 pages), etc. May we not, therefore, request that all Heating Engineers kindly keep their names on file at our nearest local Sales Branch that they may obtain or have mailed to them latest technical catalogs. Faithfully, j[MI{IGANpIATO^OMPANY Illustrates (at left) the CORTO Radiator, of classic design. Its heating surface equals, or exceeds, the best; its water content is three-fourths of a pound per square foot of . heating surface, or about onehalf the contents of the usual' form of radiator; and its con densed spacings permit of plac ing 30% more heating surface in a given area of floor space than with any other type of radiator. Send for complete CORTO Radiator Catalog. (Pat. Sept. 4, 1917, May 10, 1921, July 19, 1921) 274 American Radiator Company Heating Equipment IDEAL Type "A" Boilers are made in three series, ranging in Steam from 450 to 6,500 sq. ft., and in Water from 750 to 11,000 sq. ft. They specially lend themselves to installation in battery form. IDEAL Boiler ratings conform with the rating formula of the A.-S. H. & V. E. Steam Water Boiler No. 8-Hour Rating Sq. Ft. No. of Total Grate SafetyValve Sec Length Area Size tions Inches Sq. Ft. Inches Boiler No. 8-Hour No. of Grate Ratings Sec Total Area Sq. Ft. tions ' Length Sq. Ft. 3-A-5 2600 5 38 3-A-6 3250 6 46 3-A-7 3900 7 54 4550 8 62 5200 9 70 5850 10 78 3-A-ll 6500 11 86 8 1-2X 10 1-3 12 1-3 14 2-2 y, 16 2-2M 18 1-3, 1-2X 20 1-3. 1-2X 3-A-50 4400 5 38 .8 3-A-60 5500 6 46* 10 3-A-70 6600 7 S4 12 3-A-80 7700 8 62 .14 3-A-90 8800 9 70 ` 16 3-A-100 9900 10 78 18 3-A-110 1J000 11 86 "20 Height of Water Line, 49 inches. Steam Boilers have one 8-inch Outlet, and one 5-inch Inlet. Water Boilers have one 8-inch outlet and two 8-lncb inlets. " For.list price, see Current Trade Discount sheet. - ` Safety Valve sizes accord with A. S. M. E. boiler code. - Factors determining boiler capacities (derived from actual tests)- Number of Boiler--Steam or Water 567 Fuel available, lbs.----...............................--.............. .... 578 722 866 Evaporative power, lbs......................................... .......... .... 9.0 9.0 9.0 Total steamfrora.one fuel charge, lb3.... ................. .,,5200 6500 7800 Chimney area (sea level), sq. in........................ .......... ... 256 256 320 Chimney height*, ft........ .......... ....................................... .... 40 45 45 For additional chimney flue sizes, see page 36 of "Ideal Fitter." 8 1012 9.0 9110 400 50 9 1156 9.0 10410 400 50 10 1300 9.0 : 11700 400 55 11 1445 9.0 13010 400 . 60 - For.Smoke Pipe and otheT dimensions, see pages 37 of "Ideal Fitter." For good chimney construction and ts influence on boiler selection, see pages 235 and 236 of "Ideal Fitter!" * Height of boiler, 63 inches. Width of boiler, 76X inches. -. For selection of proper size boiler, see pages 240-251 of "Ideal Fitter." . . Ratings Developed When Available Fuel Is Burned-in 8, 10 or 12 Hours .' Steam RatingWater Rating TIME 5 Sec 6 Sec. 7 Sec 8 Sec. 9 Sec. 10 Sec 11 Sec- 5 Sec 6 Sec. 7 Sec. 8 Sec. 9 Sec 10 Sec. 11 Sec. 12.Hours 2600 3250 3900 4550 5200 5850 2080 2600 3120 3640 4160 4680 1735 .2170 2600 3035 3470 3900 6500 5200 4335 4400 5500 6600 7700 8800 9900 3520 .4400 5280 6160 7040 7920 2935 3670 4400 5135 5870 6600 11000 8800 7340 275 American Radiator Company______________ Heating Equipment American Radiator Company Heating Equipment Interior View of S-79-T'lS Boiler IDEAL 79-inch Water Tube Boilers Without Ideal Smoke Preventing Device. (Furnished With or Without Ideal Metallic Jacket) IDEAL Water Tube Boilers are made in four series, ranging in Steam from 600 to 15,000 sq.ft,, and in Water from 975 to 24,750 sq.-ft. They specially lend themselves to installation in battery form. IDEAL Boiler ratings comform with the rating formula of the A, S. H. V. E. Steam Boiler Number Rating Sq. Ft. Total . Number Length of Sec Inches tions See "L". Grate Area Sq. Ft. Outlets. Number and Size Inlets Number and Size Safety Valves Number and Size S-79-T-7 . 7000 7 48 22.96 1-10 1-4 1-4 S-79-T-8 S-79-T-9 8000 9000 8 54 26.24 1-10 1-4 \-5I4A-2}4 9 60 29.52 l-to 1-4 1-3K, 1-3 S-79-T-10 10000 10 66 32.80 1-10 1-4 1-4, 1-3 S-79-T-U 11000 11 72 27.88 1-10 1-4 1-4, 1-3 S-79-T-12 12000 12 78 31.16 1-10 1-4 1-4,. 1-354 S-79-T-13 13000 13 84 31.16 1-10 1-4 2-4 S-79-T-14 14000 14 90 34.44 1-10 1-4 2-4 S-79-T-15 15000 15 96 34.44 1-10-- ------ 1-4.. 3-3K Height of water line, 67 inches. Height of boiler, 81 yi inches. Water W-79-T-7 11550 7 48 22.96 1-10 . 2-10 W-79-T-8 13200 8 54 26.24 1-10 . 2-10 W-79-T-9 14850 9 60 29.52 1-10 2-10 W-79-T-10 16500 10 66 32.80 1-10 2-10 W-79-T-11 181S0 11 72 27.88 1-10 2-10 W-79-T-12 19800 12 78 31.16 1-10 2-10 W-79-T-13 21450 13 84 31.16 1-10 ` 2-10 W-79-T-14 23100 14 90 34.44 1-10 W-79-T-15 24750 15 96 34.44 1-10 2-10 For list prices see Current Trade Discount Sheet. Safety Valve sizes accord with A. S. M. E. boiler code. Factors Determining Boiler Capacities (derived from actual tests) Number of Sections in Boiler..........7 8 9 10 11 12 13. Fuel available, lbs..;............................. 189216 243 270 297' 324 351 Evaporative Power.'lbs............................. 9.25 9.25 9.25 9.25 9.25 9.25 9 25 Total Steam from one fuel charge, lbs..1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 Chimney Area (sea level), sq. in_____ 480 480 576 576 672 672 672 Chimney height, ft.._......... -...................... 6S 70 70 70 75 75 80 . For Smoke Pipe dimensions and assemblages, see page 54 of "Ideal Fitter" catalog. 14 378 9.25 3S00 784 80 15 406 9.25 3750 784 85 ..For good chimney construction, and its influence on boiler selection, see pages 235 and 236 of "Ideal Fitter" catalog. . 'For selection of proper size boiler, see pages 249-251 of "Ideal Fitter" catalog. . 276 Rear View of T-79-15 Boiler IDEAL 79-inch Water Tube Boilers (Furnished -With or Without Ideal Metallic Jacket) With Ideal Smoke Prevention Device IDEAL Water Tube Boilers are made in four series, ranging in Steam from 600 to 15,000 sq. ft., and.in Water from 975 to 24,750 sq. ft. They specially lend themselves to installation tn battery form. IDEAL Boiler ratings conform with the rating formula of the A. S. H, & V. E. ' Steam J Boiler Number Rating Sq. Ft. Number of Sec tions Total Length Inches See "L" Grate Area Sq. Ft. .Outlets Number and Size Inlets Number and Size Safety Valves Number and Size T-79- 9 T-79-10 T-79-11 T-79-12 T-79-13 T-79-14 T-79-15 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 60' 29.52 1-10 1-4 1-3K-1-3 66 32.80 1-10 1-4 1-4, 1-3 72 27.88 1-10 1-4 1-4. 1-3 78 31.16 1-10 1-4, 1-3X 84 31.16 1-10 1-4 2-4 90 34.44 1-10 1-4 2-4 96 34.44 1-10 1-4 3-3 % Height of Water Line. 67 inches. Height of boiler, 81 % inches. Water T-79- 90 14850 9 60 29.52 1-10 2-10 T-79-100 16500 10 66 32.80 1-10 T-79-110 18150 11 72 27.88 1-10 2-10 T-79-120 19800 12 78 31.16 1-10 2-10 T--79-130 21450 13 84 31.16 1-10 2-10 T-79-140 23100 14 90 34.44 1-10 2-10 T-79-150 24750 15 96 34.44 1-10 For List Price; see Current Trade Discount Sheet. Safety Valve sizes accord with A. S. M. E. boiler code. . 9 10 11 12 13 Fuel available, lbs-. . 243 270 297 324 351 .9.25 9.25 9.25 9.25 9.25 ' Total steam from one fuel charge, lbs--..... .2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 Chimney area (sea level), sq. in.,,.................... . 576 Chimney height, ft....................................................--. 7. -0 576 70- 672 672 75- , . 75,, 672 , 80 For Smoke Pipe dimensions and assemblages, see page 54 of "Ideal Fitter catalog. 14 378 9.25 3500 784 80 For good chimney construction, and its influence on boiler selection, see pages 235 and 236 ot 15 - 406 9.25 3750 784 85 ideal ! For selection of proper size boiler, see pages 249-251 of "Ideal Fitter" catalog. 277 American Radiator Company Heating Equipment VENTO HEATERS ^Regular Section--(Width 914")--Ratings and Free Areas 30-INCH SECTION Height 30 Inches--8 Square Feet 60-INCH SECTION Height 60 11-16 Inches--16 Square Feet 5-Inch Centers of Sections Number o Square Feet Standard 44% of Face Number o 5-Inch Centers of Section Stack Surface Net Air tWidth Space in of Stack Square' Feet in Inches Stack Surface Net Air Space in Square Feet in Inches 10 11 13 16 18 80 ` 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 4.60 5.06 5.52 5.98 6.44. 6.90 7.36 7.82 8.28 8.75 9.21 50 55 60 . 65 70 75 80 -85 90 95 100 40-INCH SECTION Height 41 1-64 Inches--10.75 Square Feet 10 107.50 6.20 11 118.25 6.82 12' 129.00 7.44 13 139.75 8.06 150.50 8.68 161.25 9.30 16 172.00 9.92 182.75 10.54 193.50 11.16 204.25 11.78 20 215.00 12.40 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 50-INCH SECTION Height 50 29-32 Inches--13.5 Square Feet 10 160.0 9.21 so 11 176.0 10.13 55 12 192.0 11.05 60 13 208.0 11.97 65 14 224.0 12.89 70 15 240.0 13.81 75 16 256.0 14.73 80 17 272.0 15.65 85 18 288.0 16.57 90 19 304.0 17.50 95 20 320.0 18.42 100 72-INCH SECTION Height 72 Inches--19 Square Feet 10 190 11.04 SO 11 209 12.17 55 12 228 13.27 60 13 247 14.35 65 14 266 15.46 70 15 285 16.58 75 16 304 17.70 17 323 18.78 85 18 342 19.88 19 361 20 380 22.10 100 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 135.0 148.5 162.0 175.5 189.0 202.5 216.0 229.5 243.0 256.5 270.0 7.68 8.45 9.22 9.99 10.76 11.53 12.30 13.07 13.84 14.59 15.36 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 tNoTE: -- Add to the width of stack 2>5 inches for staggering of stacks. ' Actual Weights: -- 8.20 pounds per square foot actual, 9 pounds per square foot shipping weight. Please ask for special and complete catalog: "Engineers Data on Vento Radiators." 278 The Famous Vento Heater. Now the standard for the heating of moving air American Radiator Company Heating Equipment IDEAL Packless Radiator Valves (Patents Pending) For Low Pressure' Steam or Water Heating No packing of any kind is used. A metallic bellows allows the raising and lowering of the stem, but provides a flexible metal wall between the interior and exterior, thus making it steam, water or air tight at all times. The Ideal Packless Radiator Valve prevents damage to floors, walls, ceilings, and drapes. There is- no "packing" to wear out and cause leaks around the stem. Saves the maintenance cost of repacking other types. Inexpensive insurance against dam age to buildings. Turns so easily that it can be opened or closed with the finger tips. Equipped with new cool grip handle, hard rubber finish, which will not crack, break, or become loose. . Especially adapted to vacuum heating. On special order a circulating hole will be drilled for hot water heating. Can be furnished with iron wheel handle. Lock and shield type can be furnished at extra charge. . IDEAL Airid Siphon Valve (Patent Pending) For Venting Low Pressure Steam Radiators Sectional View of Valve The Airid Valve represents a great forward step in vent ing steam radiators. This invention has maderppsible`-a simplified construction which, gives Engineers the best air valve ever produced at a reduced cost. The perfect design of the Ideal Airid Siphon Valve has come through study "of areas and free passages. Under flooded radiator conditions the valve vents without leak because the large separating chamber "A" allows separa tion of the air and water. The seat at "B" requires no guide for the pin, thus eliminating the water pocket around the seat which causes sputtering and leaking. By increasing the area "G" between the float and shell to proper proportions, it was .discovered that the valve would siphon or drain perfectly without a by-pass from the stem to the air space at the top of the shell. It is non-adjustable and made entirely of metal. ' Tenants cannot tamper with it. Highly nickeled and polished. Made complete in our own factories under our own inspection and test. Guaranteed for five years. . 279 Heating and Ventilating Apparatus Bayley Mfg. Co. 732 Greenbush Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin Heating, Ventilating, Air-Washing, Exhaust and Drying Equipment Separate bulletins are issued on Air Washers, B. T. U. Heaters, Dryers, Chi nook Heaters, Plexiform Fans, Exhaust Fans, Disc Fans, Air Washers. These will be furnished on request. The Com pany also furnishes engineering service in connection with the application of any of the products manufactured. Plexiform Fans A well-balanced fan for ventilating public, office and industrial build ings, mines, tun nels, etc., and for heating, drying and air washing systems. Space and power econ omy are some of the advantages it offers. Chinook Heaters The Bayley Chinook Heater is a tubewithin-a-tube radiator without return bends, elbows or nipples. Circulation is established from the steam chamber through the inner tube, and back through the outer tube to the return chamber. Used in connection with the Plexiform fan, also for direct and indirect radia tion, and for cooling water. . Bayley Turbo-Air Washer The superiority of this Washer is in the atomiser, which- atomises the liquid by means of a rapidly rotating cone with pins at its Periphery. Clogging is eliminated, as the water is delivered to the ;cone through a nozzle with a large orifice and at low pressure. The non-clogging feature as sures a steady, uniform spray, which insures intimate contact between the air and the sPray. No screen in pump intake. Atomizer fits any air washer. Washers made in various sizes for washing air or gases and . for use in chemical plants. 280 Heating and Ventilating Ilg Electric Ventilating Company GENERAL OFFICES AND WORKS 2880 N. Crawford Ave., Chicago, 111. DISTRICT SALES OFFICES NEW YORK 13 Park Row CLEVELAND, 1314 Schofield Bldg. DETROIT, 203 Owen Bldg. PHILADELPHIA, 327 Commercial Trust Bldg. PITTSBURGH, 1024 Bessemer Bldg. Branches in all principal cities llg Direct-Connected Blowers Sizes 25" to 90" For any current and voltage llg Type P Blowers Sizes 10", 15", 20" For Pressures from to 2^ llg Self-Cooled Motor Propeller Fans Sizes 12" -to 72" For any current and voltage Ug Type V Blowers * Sizes 10", 15", 20" For small volumes at low pressures Ugair Unit Heaters . The Unit Heater with the Ilg Self- Cooled Propeller Fan 281 Heating and Ventilating The Herman Nelson Corporation Main Office Moline, Illinois Sales Representatives in all Principal Cities The Univent Unit Heating & Ventilating Systems* To the Engineer: Owing to the fact that each room is treated separately, Uni vents offer an extremely simple and satisfactory solution of the heating and ventilating problem. Having determined upon a Uni vent system, the Engineer can prepare his preliminary sketches without further thought to heating and ventilating, knowing that he will not have to tear down his building to install it, or be handi capped in meeting his estimated cost by the addition of space or expensive construction. The Engineer can present his scheme of heating and ventilating to his prospective client in acomprehensiye manner without the necessity of preparing elaborate and costly plans. The Univent manufacturers are prepared to furnish reliable estimates which can be predetermined from preliminary sketches. Moreover* the fact that the building construction need not be materially changed, assists the architect and engineer to make much closer estimates of cost for the entire building. A copy of the Architects' and Engineers' Univent catalog containing complete engineering data will be sent upon request. It will enable the Engineer to prepare complete heating and ventilating plans and specifications with little effort, and the Univent manufacturers will be glad to co-operate to the fullest extent. Finally, the Univent system simplifies the work of installation, eliminates the, complex problem heretofore encountered with other systems in balancing the air distribution, and assures a satisfactory ventilating system. 282 The Herman Nelson Corporation Heating and Ventilating A few of the buildings in which the Univent system has been installed during 1920-21. A complete list of Univent Installations furnished upon request. Town Kind of Building Town Kind of Building , State of California ..School Martinez .......................... ............... State of Colorado Denver ..V.................... .................... ..School State'of Connecticut Seymour ..... New Haven ..School ..School State of Minnesota Hackensack .. ...........:................ School Minneapolis. ...... ....................School Sleepy Eye ...,r.................... .................. School St. Paul .................................... School State 6f Missouri Kansas City .. '........ ........ h....... ..School St. Joseph ........... ....... a*......is........ ..School State of Idaho Rexburg State of Illinois ..School . State of 'New Jersey Hawthorne .... Paterson_....... Union Hill .... ..School ..School ..School East Moline ......................................... School f School Moline .................................... ... f (2) Banks ( Office Rock Island............................... (3) Schools Sheffield ........................-....................... School State of Iowa . State of New York Jamestown ................................. (S) Schools Sloan ............................................(2) Schools Stella ................. School Tonawanda ............................................ School Utica ..............................................(2) Banks Yonkers ..................... School Ainsworth ..................................-.......School Clinton ............................... ........(2) Schools Creston .......................................................................... School Coburg ....................................... ..School Des Moines ..........................................School Hedrick ............................................................................. School Glidden .................... ........................................................School Patterson ...................................................................... School Redfield -......................................... --School Stennett .......................... .............. -.......School State of Ohio Columbus .............. State Senate Chamber Cuyahoga Falls ..................................School Lima .................................. Club Maple Heights ...... School Youngstown ........................................ School State of Oklahoma Ringling ..School ' State of Kansas Topeka ....................................... (2) Schools State of Maryland Baltimore ..School State of Pennsylvania ..School Avoca' .............................. --.... ..School Glen Lyon ............................... Nanticoke ................................. (2) Schools New Castle .........................................School Pittston ..........................I.......................School Vandling ............................................School State of Michican Detroit .......... --- ....................Office Bldg. Grand Rapids ....... .......... ........(5) Schools State of Washington Mt. Vernon ..School 283 Heating and Ventilating Apparatus York Heating and Ventilating Corp. 250 South Broad Street Philadelphia Metal Drying Trays, Blast Cates, Damper Quadrants, Dust Collectors Humidifiers The Bahnson Company Winston-Salem, N. C. New York Sales Office, 437 Fifth Avenue Bahnson- Humidifiers The Bahnson Company specializes on Bahnson Humidifiers, which are supplied in units of only one size. Varying con ditions of use are met by mechanically interchangeable motors for different cur rent supply, and by supporting hangers for mounting the machines on round columns, square columns, walls, or for support from ceiling or floor. the disc depends on the peripheral speed of the disc, and is practically independent of the amount of water fed to the machine, Bahnson Humidifiers possess the unique feature of an adjustable water supply. The percentage of the feed water thrown out in particles is the same regardless of the actual amount of such feed water, so that without sacrificing York Metal Drying Trays York Cyclone Dust Collector Made in all sizes with or without sup porting frame. York Metal Drying Trays, with patented nesting corners, may be stacked on a batten as high as desired without liability of toppling. They can then be moved as a unit without rehandling each individual tray. The patented nesting corners enable York trays to be stacked evenly, one above the other; provide uniform space between trays, thus insuring perfect air circulation, without use of shelves, special trucks, etc. The nesting corners add to strength and rigidity of the tray and are hollowed out permitting easy and thorough cleaning. York Damper Quadrant York Quadrant will securely hold large dampers firmly in any desired position. York trays can be furnished with solid or perforated bottoms; made of steel, copper, brass, aluminum or any special metal. Catalogue furnished on request. York Blast Cates Note a special feature of the York Blast Gate,--the thumb adjusting set screw for holding gate in any desired position. Complete Blower Sytem, f,,r VenUlaUag or Exhausting, built and installed 284 Reproduction unretouched photograph of Bahnson Humidifier in operation Bahnson Humidifier mounted on corner of square column Each Bahnson Humidifier is a com plete, self-contained humidifying unit, operated by its individual motor, with its own accurate, dependable humidity control. On one end of the motor shaft is a conical disc sixteen inches in dia meter and on the other end a propeller type fan. Water, preferably at pressures below twenty-five pounds per square inch, is fed through the controlling me chanism to the center of the revolving disc and is thrown by centrifugal force from the rim of the disc against a series of stationary copper teeth surrounding but not touching the disc. This impact breaks up the water into very fine par ticles which, in the form of mist or fog, are blown out into the room by the fan. The water is actually evaporated in the room itself. Since the speed of the water striking efficiency the evaporation may be. ad justed at any point from a few drops per minute up to the maximum capacity of the humidifier. The horizontal movement of air pro duced by the fan renders it easy to aixrange an equipment of Bahnson Hu midifiers so as to get a complete circu lation all around the room, and the com bination of this circulation with the automatic control on each unit insures not only constant humidity, but also re markably uniform distribution. The Bahnson Company's engineers will gladly submit proposals based on archi tect's drawings or sketch plans. The number of units required in any room depends upon the length, breadth and ceiling height, the process carried on in the room, and the relative humidity re quired at a specified temperature. 285 Insulation, Heat Celite Products Company 53 W. Jackson Blvd. NEW YORK, 11 Broadway BOSTON, 79 Milk St. BUFFALO. Mutual Life Bldg. CINCINNATI. Union Central Bldg. CLEVELAND. Bulkley Bldg. DENVER. Syraes Bldg. DETROIT. Book Bldg. Chicago LOS ANGELES, Van Nuys Bldg. MINNEAPOLIS. 251 Sixth Ave., So. NEW ORLEANS. Whitney Central Bank Bldg. PHILADELPHIA. Bulletin Bldg. SAN FRANCISCO, Monadnock Bldg. ST. LOUIS, Railway Exchange Bldg. SIL-O-CEL Insulation prevents heat loss due to the radiation of heat through the walls and settings of all types of heated equipment. It is used as an in sulating backing for the refractory lin ing and is laid up between fire brick and outer walls. Tests of the insulating value of SIL O-CEL prove it to be one-tenth as con ductive as fire brick inch for inch. It is unaffected by temperatures which com pletely destroy other forms of insulation and it will stand a direct heat of 1600 degrees F. without shrinkage. SIL-O? CEL does not melt until 2,930 degrees F. (1610 degrees C); it is sufficiently compressable and elastic to take up the strains due to expansion and contraction; it will not fuse, settle or shrink when placed against the highly heated refrac tory lining. . Boiler Insulation The efficiency of a boiler depends on the differential temperature between the water in the boiler and flue gases and the amount of radiant energy given off by the fuel bed and luminous flames. The amount of heat radiated from a boiler setting is usually given by authori ties as small and is, therefore, many times disregarded. The actual loss, how ever, is high, since the loss of heat low ers the differential temperature and hence the boiler efficiency. because heat cannot be absorbed effectively from boiler flue gases which are colder than from 500 de grees to 600 degrees F. Radiant energy is absorbed most readily by the boiler since it requires no material agency for its propagation and does not depend on convection; but this radiant energy is absorbed by the brick work as well as the boiler and is lost by radiation from the settings, unless measures are taken to prevent it. Tests of Insulation Savings Tests of insulated and uninsulated equipment prove the saving secured through SIL-O-CEL. With an internal temperature of 2500 degrees F. and a room temperature of 100 degrees F, the exterior of an uninsulated wall showed a heat loss of 872 B.t.u., whereas the heat loss of the exterior of the insulated wall was only .338 B.t.u. This difference of 534 B.t.u. corre sponds to a saving through SIL-O-CEL insulation of 43 pounds of coal, 4.3 gal lons of oil, or 867 cubic feet of natural gas for each thousand, square feet of radiating surface each hour. Engineering Service An engineering department is main tained for the purpose of providing ad-; ditional data on any specific heat insulat ing problem which may confront you, and the services of our technical staff are available at all times without cost or ob ligation. Address the nearest office given above. 286 Insulation Robert A. Keasbey Company Main Office and Warehouse: Bank and West Streets , New York City Branches: 100 Catherine St., Syracuse, N. Y. . 300 Asylum St'., Hartford, Conn. Pipe and Boiler Coverings, Heat and Cold Insulation Contracts Executed . Argentum Insulation For Underground Piping 85% MAGNESIA PIPE COVERING ASBESTOS ROLLER SUPPORT .^WATER-PROOF vAARGENTUM STAPLES WATER-PROOF CEMENT LOWER HALF OF ASBESTOS ROLLER SUPPORT SHOWING ROLLER PLATE AND BALLS This System provides a simple and logical method of insulating underground steam or hot water pipes in connection with Central Heating Plants, large Insti tutions, Schools, Universities, Hospitals, Garages, etc. This type of insulation in a modified form is excellent for piping running in unexcavated portions or buried in ground subject to dampness under buildings. Specifications, data and prices furnished upon request. 287 Pumps Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Buffalo, N. Y. BRANCH OFFICES: NEW YORK, N. Y., 39-41 Cortlandt St. . PHILADELPHIA, PA., 1303 Land Title Bldg. ST. LOUIS. MO., 515 Chemical Bldg. CINCINNATI, O., 607 Mercantile Library Bldg. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., 120 South Ninth St. BOSTON, MASS., 88 Broad St. CLEVELAND. OHIO, 368 Kirby Bldg. DENVER, COLO., 1716 California St. PITTSBURG, PA., 917 Union Arcade LOS ANGELES, CALIF., 636 H. W. Heilman Bldg. . DETROIT, MICH., Coon DeVisser Co. CHARLOTTE, N. C-, J. W. Fraser & Co. CHICAGO. ILL., 562 W. Washington Blvd- NEW ORLEANS, LA., Woodward Wight St Co. WASHINGTON, D. C., Washington Loan & KANSAS CITY, MO,, 3- F. Pritchard & Co. Trust Bldg. - Canadian Blower & Fo rge Co., Kitchener, Ont. PRODUCTS: Centrifugal Pumps for all purposes--Single and Double Suction, Single ..and" Multistage, Horizontal and Vertical. Steam Pumps--Duplex and Simplex, Inside Packed and Outside Packed. Vacuum Pumps and Condensers. Class "S" double suction centrifugal pump. Horizontally divided casing. Ex tensively used with air washers, and for circulating systems and booster service. Duplex steam pump and receiver. En tirely automatic. Can be furnished for high or low boiler pressure. Centrifugal condensation return pump and receiver. Also built vertical with receiver pit. Especially adapted for low pressure boilers. Automatic in operation. Automatic sump pump. Self contained. Ball bearing thrust with automatic oil lubrication. Complete Catalogs will be furnished upon request. 291 Pumps, Vacuum Heating The Nash Engineering Company South Norwalk, Conn. U. S. A. SALES OFFICES INDIANAPOLIS--Humt-Mausur Building KANSAS CITY--Mutual Building LOS ANGELES--218 East Third Street MINNEAPOLIS--501 5- Sixth Street MONTREAL--8-1 InspecUr Street NEW ORLEANS--521 Baronne Street NEW YORK---350 Madison Ave, PHILADELPHIA--Stock Exchange Building PORTLAND--224 Pine Street BOSTON--185 Devonshire Street BUFFALO--1044 EHicott Square CHICAGO--122 Monadnock Slock WASHINGTON--710 CLEVELAND--326 Frankfort Ave., N. W. PALLAS--Dallas Bank Building DENVER--Boston Building DETROIT--Kerr Building HOUSTON--Southern Pacific Building PITTSBURGH--Oliver Building SALT LAKE CITY--Dooly Building SAN FRANCISCO--Sharon Building SEATTLE--Z20 Railway Exchange ST. LOUIS---Chemical Building TOLEDO--136 Huron Street TORONTO--Kent- Building 14thI, Street, WN ' Jennings HYTOR Vacuum Pumps for Return Line Heating Systems, remove air and water and automatically return water to boiler or hot well. Pump consists of two independent units --a Hytor turbine air pump and a Jen nings centrifugal water pump--combined in one casing. Air and water are . pumped separately, thus saving in horse power is over 50% and cost of current is reduced proportionately. Require one-third the space necessary for other apparatus. Interior parts bronze. Moving parts revolve without contact, supported on annular ball bear ings mounted outside casing. Furnished direct connected to standard electric motors or for belt drive, also with steam turbine designed to operate at steam pressure of 75 lbs., but this can be varied. Turbine units are designed to discharge condensate against boiler This new addition to our well known line has ample capacity for 4,000 square feet of equivalent direct radiation. Because of simplified design, in con nection with quantity production, this unit is being sold at a price never before possible in a pump_ of this capacity. Equipped with solid bronze air rotor, rotor housing, water impeller and shaft. Only necessary to make three connec tions: ` 1. Return main, 2. Water dis charge, 3. Air discharge. Air capacity 3 eu. ft. per min., meas ured at 10" mercury vacuum. Pump at same time handles 6 gals, water per min. from vacuum of 10" mercury against 10 lbs. gauge pressure at pump. Under these conditions pump requires Y\ h. p. motor. pressure not exceedin_g 20 lb.s... , Write foir Bulletin anud mPriUceos,. Standard Sizes and Capacities Jennings Hytor Vacuum Pumps Size M IVater Capacity Square Feet Air Capacity gals, per min. direct equivalent cu.bic feet 10 lbs. pres Actual rad"iat"ion surface P er mi-n. 180 F.- Horse Power 5.000 8.000 16,000 26,000 40.000 65.000 100,000 150.000 250.000 3 6 11 19 25 42 75 90 180 11 22 35 60 90 140 200 400 .6 .9 1.4 2.0 2.8 3.9 9. 10. 19. 292 R. P. M. 1700 1800 1800 1800 1200 1200 1200 900 720 Horse Power of Motor 1U 15* 2 3 5 10 10 20 Pumps The Trane Company Let Crosse, Wis. Chicago, New York, Boston, Cleveland, Buffalo, Salt Lake City, Philadelphia, Detroit, Washington, D. C., Portland, Ore., Seattle - The Trane System of Vapor Heating, Patented Heating Specialties - Trane Automatic Electric Pumps, For All Purposes Trane Condensation Pumps Pump--All pumps are high grade centrifuge) units of guaranteed capacity as stated for pump number shown. Motor--All motors used are of wellknown standard makes, guaranteed by the manufacturers. Repulsion induction motors supplied for single phase instal lations. capacities Minimum Maximum Number Gallon per Minute (toiler Pressure Dscttr. 400 Series--4,000 Sq. Ft. of Radiation 600 Series--.O00 Sq- Ft. of Radiation Weijrhi ) Series--8.000 Sq- Ft. of Radiation 600-3000 Series Trane Condensation Pump 1000 Series--10,000 Sq. Ft- of Rsdiaiic 1010 lOoJistl l!O<MJO0 1050 1S00 Series--15,000 Sq. Ft. of Radiation Coupling--Flexible leather coupling is used between motor and pump. Automatic Float Switch;--All units are equipped with the Trane Automatic Float Switch, double pole contact type. Receiving Tank--All units, except the 400 Series, are equipped with heavy cyl indrical steel tanks; 30 gallons capacity for 600 to 1000 Series, inclusive, and 40 gallons capacity for 1500 to 3000 Series," inclusive. 400 Series units are equipped with 10-gallon, elliptical, cast iron tanks. Base and Tank Stands are made of best grade grey cast iron, substantially ribbed and reinforced. 2000 Series--20.000 Sq. Ft. of Radiation 3000 Serie*--30,000 Sq. Ft. of Radiation 3JO01tO5 30*0 53003400 50-60 10-60 SSOO-O600 $0-60 JOSO 3060 S06O S0-60 293 Radiators Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co. Bulletin Building Philadelphia, Pa. Fowler & Wolfe Wall Radiators Made in 6 sizes, as follows: 10 sq. ft Section; 24"xl354"x3^s"; in Plain pattern only; vertical and horizontal forms. 9 sq. ft. Section; 24"xl3"x3j4"; in both Plain and Ornamental patterns; vertical and horizontal forms. 7 sq. ft. Section; 24"xl254"x3"; in both Plain and Ornamental patterns; vertical and horizontal forms. 6 ft. sq. Section; 21"xl254"x3"; in both Plain and Ornamental patterns; vertical and horizontal forms. 5 sq. ft. Section; I7"xl2j^"x3"; in both Plain and Ornamental patterns; vertical and horizontal forms. sq. ft. Section; 17"x9f4"x3"; in both Plain and Ornamental patterns; vertical and horizontal forms, but assembled in vertical form only. The construction of Fowler & Wolfe Wall Radiators, embracing large cross and smaller intersecting tubes, (originated and patented by us), insures effective circulation, therefore high efficiency, in whatever form assembled or used. All of our radiation is tested twice before shipment at 100 lbs. water pressure. For steamship and special service, it may be tested, specially, at water pressures up to 250 lbs.; and on special order, can be furnished in extra heavy sections to withstand water pressures up to 400 lbs. -. It can be installed in bay windows of practically any angle, by means of special ells which we carry regularly in stock and can be curved, by mitering, to conform to any circular window or space of a radius not less than six feet. Our No. 30 Adjustable Hanger (illustrated), has swinging hook providing for expansion and contraction of radiator and is adjustable, upward or downward, one inch, by means of a set screw, such adjust ment being possible after the radiator is erected. Top of hanger is cross slotted for head of tie bolt, to hold the top of the radiator securely. This Hanger is made to accommodate all forms and makes of Wall radiation, and, by the use of special hooks, Single Column and Two Column radiators. Length of Hanger 17l/i in- Weight 6 lbs. 5 oz. Distance from bottom of Hanger to bottom of radiator, (when hook is at lowest point), 4^6 in. Distance from wall to back of radiator 154 in. Our catalogue "F*' fully illustrates and describes our radiators and, for supporting same, an extensive variety of Hangers, (adjustable and non-adjustable), Supports, etc. to meet practically any requirement. Radiators Minnesota Radiator Co. Plant and Home Office: Duluth, Minn. Manufacturers of Minnesota Radiators "Standard of the Northwest" O ne Col. A ll Heights T w o Col. A ll Heights Four Col. 44, 38, 26, 22, 18" Four C ol. 16" Four Col. 20" Five C ol. 18, 16, 13" Measure^ meats of Sections and . Tappings 2 75 x. (3 -2P U4u) T-_U*, o o ----------;-----pi/) WidfhLegslo. D* 4X 5a 214 5 S 38 in. Sr 32 in. 2J5 26 in. 2 ? 23 in. * fe n in. .2 " ; 20 in. SC " --- 1--8--i-n--.---S 16 in. O 13 in' 36l4 304 241* 21H 18*4 7X 7M 2% 5 41M 35 H 29K 23 K 20K 17K 9 9i4 VA 5 41M 35K KA 23 y. 20Y* 17A 12 2A 5 414 35A r>A 23 A 19K 15A 13% 12 12X 2A 3 13 13* 3 5 17K *D is Distance from floor to Center of Tapping Supply and Return, Inches. AUo.w in. for each bush ing. Center legs on radiators of 20 section in 5 col. and 25 sections on one, two, three and four column. 13 13K 3 3 isn 13H 104 Miraco Hangers for any make of Radiators. Fastens to wall with one bolt (or more), side adjustment at top and bottom. No labor to assemble. No bolts to furnish or pipe to cut. Vertical adjustment at bottom easy to make. Our solid steel back avoids breaking of plaster on furred ,, walls. No. 2632 Col. ^ No. 79 Wall No. 2632 for 26" and 32" Col. Radiation..,.$1.35 No. 3845 for 38" and 45" Col. Radiation.... 1.45 No. 79 for 7 and 9' Wall Radiation................. 90 295 1 Radiator Hangers Healy-Ruff Company Minneapolis, Minn. AGENTS IN THE FOLLOWING CITIES: Amsterdam, N. Y., Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Davenport, Denver, Des Moines, El Faso, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Knoxville, Eos Angeles, Milwaukee, New Orleans, New York, Oakland, Omaha, Rochester, Rocky Mount, N. C., . St. Louis, Salt Lake City, Seattle, Syracuse, Wichita. CANADA--Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg. Manufacturers of E-Z Radiator Hangers Style H 1. One B'olt 2. Invisible Washer 3. Horizontal Adjustment 4. Vertical Adjustment 5. Adjustable for Baseboard . 6. Made for Wall, and Column Radiation E-Z Radiator Hangers are suitable for Wall and all Column Radiation, are designed for Vertical and Horizontal alignment, and also designed to antici pate the use of temperature control valves. Washer at top makes hanger abso lutely invisible. Style "H," shown above, places the radiator 2J-4" from the wall and provides for baseboard adjustment. Style "R" places the radiator 1*4" from the wall but is not adjustable for baseboards. i Typical Specifications Where Baseboards are used. All radiation, unless otherwise noted, shall be supported on wall by means of E-Z Radiator Hangers, Style "H," ' as manufactured by the Healy-Ruff Com pany, Minneapolis, Minnesota, or equal and approved in^wjriting by the Archi tect, arranged to support the radiator 2*4". from the wall and with baseboard adjustment. ; Where Baseboard Adjustment is not . desired. All radiation, unless otherwise noted, shall be supported on wall by means of E-Z Radiator Hangers, Style "R," as. manu factured by the HealyRuff Company, Minne* apolis, Minnesota, or equal and approved in writing by the Archi tect, arranged to sup port the radiator V/t inches from the wall. Style H 296 Radiator Traps Sarco Co., Inc. Woolworth Building, New York Buffalo, Philadelphia," Cleveland, Detroit, 'Chicago, Boston Radiator, Blast and Steam Traps, Temperature Control Sarco Radiator Traps Sarco Temperature Regulators The Sarco Radiator -- For maintaining a con stant temperature of Trap, type liquids and atmosphere. "E," is a de velopment of Substantially constructed on same thermostatic the Sarco Steam Trap used every principle as the steam trap Sarco (not illustrated or described here; full par where for high and low ticulars furnished on re quest). pressure. It Type is factory adjusted and can be used on vapor or vacuum heating systems, any degree of vacuum or any pressure up to 20 pounds. Absolutely no adjustment necessary. The Operation--Slight in crease in temperature of surrounding liquid or at mosphere expands operat ing fluid, producing a . thermo-element consists of a spirally cor rugated tube large in diameter within which is contained a volatile liquid under vacuum. The expansion element is sus- by the cap. One end of valve stem is fastened to expansion head; other end carries socket holding free revolving ball valve head. A powerful hydraulic pres' sure tending to clost valve; a decrease in tem perature contracts fluid and gradually open* valve. Type T.R.21 fr. Air Ducts and Tanks Sarco regulators operate steam, water or gas valves. '' cylinder strainer is fitted to body. When steam is off, the valve is open. When steam comes in contact with out side of thermo element the volatile liquid i Uses--They are being widely adopted and are suitable for public institutions, schools, hotels, packing houses, canning is vaporized and the vapor pressure moves the valve downward to its seat. Valve Remains closed until condensate reaches the trap, causing volatile liquid to condense and open valve. Steam factories, bottling works, paper mills, gas condensers and producers,, ammonia stills, hot water service tanks, blast heat ers, etc. .' closes valve and the cycle is repeated Temperature Control Specifications whenever condensate collects. The . Sarco Radiator Trap is made in two sizes, Yt' and capacities up to 200 and 800 square feet direct C. I. Size . In. Face to List Weight Face of Price Lbs. Valve,In- T. R. 21 List Price K. R. 14 radiation, respectively. . SARCO RADIATOR TRAP SPECIFICATIONS SUe, inches Length over all inches Distance, center of Inlet to face of Outlet, inches K iH IK K 3% IK K X I1 Ku 6 7 2X 7 2X 9 3R 13 4# 22 5 28 6 37 7 X 51 8X 81 13K 132 isK 158 . 18 $75.00 80.00 8S.O0 90.00 95.00 100.00 ns.oo 130.00 170.00 225.00 275-00 $60.00 65.00 . 70.00 75.00 85.00 95.00 110.00 125.00 165.00 215.00 265.00 Distance, center of Valve to face ' of Outlet, inches 2K . 2K Write for Steam Trap Bulletin Write lor description of New SARCO THERMOMETERS 297 Sheet Metal Workers Carrier Qmstrnctioq INCORPORATED 750 Frelinghuysen Ave. Newark, N. J. SHEET METAL ARTISANS Design) Fabrication and Installation Light Machine Work, Acetylene and Electric Welding. Special Work requiring Unusual Facilities and Expert Workmanship. Carrier Diffuser Outlets and Aertite Doors. The Carrier Construction Company is equip ped with every facility for the fabrication and installation of sheet metal work, light machine work, acetylene and electrically welded work, pipe work, and special apparatus involving work of this general character. We are not in position to accept contracts for standard pieces, except in large quantities, nor do we solicit small repair or maintenance work. But we are especially well fitted to undertake new work of special nature, such as duct systems for heating and ventilating in stallations ; exhaust systems for buffing and grinding wheels, and for the removal of shav ings, dust, fumes, gases, or vapors; collecting systems; and similar work involving the fabri cation of sheet metal up to J4-inch plate--and heavier in certain instances. '. We are experienced in design as well as construction, so that we can undertake to collaborate with the client in the fabrication of special apparatus. . We invite correspondence and we will be glad to send descriptive catalog upon request. We manufacture in quantity, for sale to the trade, the Carrier Diffuter Outlet and the Carrier Aertite Door. Both are die-stamped of best galvanized metal and furnished ready for installation. ` The Aertite Door is neat, strong and air-tight. Tt adds greatly to the appearance of the job and is so easily installed, by merely clinching the flanges, that the saving in labor practically pays for the door. Made in three sizes, I0"xl6", 16wx24" and 24"x36~. The scientifically designed Diffuser Outlet, with adjustable volume vanes, not only improves the appearance of the whole job, saves labor and installa tion expense, but affords uniform air diffusion over entire area of outlet, at any degree of opening. Made in five sizes, 9"xl0", 10"xl5", 15"xl5", I5"x21" and 15"x27". Prices upon request. Prompt delivery from stock. 298 Specialties ; 1 ~' ^ American District Steam Company actteftAiornecsAKO work* North Tona\vanda.N.Y Adsco System of Steam Heating and Adsco Heating Specialties Adsco System of Atmospheric Steam Heating below the water line, and the top open ing for connection to the vent from the system. Unusually economical whether steam supply is from Individual Boiler or from Central Station; requires no radiator traps, vacuum pumps or other compli cated devices; operates under atmos pheric pressure--return lines being vented to the atmosphere. Adsco Graduated Radiator Valve . Adsco Union Elbow This elbow is used for discharge con nection on all radiators, no valve or return traps of any kind being required on the return connection in the ADSCO SYSTEM. The elbow is YA in size for all radiators. - Adsco Safety Valve Made in ffi size only to supply steam to the specific amount of radiation in all standard sizes of radiators up to the equivalent of 200 sq, ft. of direct radiation with S ounces steam pressure at the valve. Made in three designs-- Handwheel, Lever Handle or Lock and Shield. The valve is so calibrated that with radiation properly set and with 5 Provides quick relief for excess boiler pressure, resulting from leaving the ash pit door open or from other accidental causes. The valve is set at the factory to blow off at 18 ounces pressure, and is then sealed. It can easily be adjusted for lower pressures of 15 and 13 ounces. The boiler connection is 154"- ounces pressure at the valve, 80% of the I Adsco Mercury Gauge radiator will be filled with steam when the valve is wide open, the lower portion ' This gauge is specially designed for of the radiator acting as "economizer indicating pressures on the ADSCO surface" to extract the heat from the condensate before it passes off into the return lines. System and should be connected to the main steam supply pipe, or if desired may be installed in a convenient location on any supply riser. The pipe connec The valve opens fully with a three- tion is J4". quarter turn of the handwheel or lever handle and a pointer plainly indicates Engineering Data the position of the valve so that the operator knows at a glance to what pro portion the valve is open. With this arrangement the operator can control at will the amount of radiating surface to be filled with steam. ` To make the valve interchangeable for Ask for Bulletin No. 1S9-VE for in formation as to arrangement of piping, proper pipe sizes to install for various amounts of radiation, also other valuable and interesting facts regarding vapor heating. all sizes of radiators, it is provided with I Other Adsco Products a graduated disc in the outlet, which is .marked with the amount of radiation to !be supplied and which is readily inter For use in construction of under ground stpam distribution lines: Expan changeable for different amounts of radiation. sion joints, crosses and tees, expansion variators, Duplex Sleeve Guided Type expansion joint for superheated steam, Adsco Damper Regulator condensation meters, St John Steam Pressure meters, steam pipe casing, also This regulator consists of a weighted copper float incased in a cast iron shell which is tapped for Ji-inch connection at top and 1%-inch at bottom. The bottom opening is for connection to the boiler flanged fittings. For data regarding heating a group of buildings from a Central Heating Plant ask for Bulletin No. 20-VE. 299 Specialties C. A. Dunham Co. Administrative and General Offices: 230 East Ohio Street, Chicago Factories at Marshalltown, Iowa, and Toronto, Ont., Canada - BRANCH SALES OFFICES: . Birtniogbam, Bostop, Cheyenne, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Davenport, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, El Paso, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Louisville, Milwaukee, Minneapolis,. New York, Philadelphia. Pittsburgh, Portland (Ore.), Rochester, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Troy, Washington. . C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd. . . General Offices and Factory, Toronto, Ont. BRANCH SALES OFFICES: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Vancouver . London, England 233 A Regent St., W. I. FOREIGN SALES OFFICES: St. John's Newfoundland 406 Water Street . Paris,. France . 64 Rue du Rochet . Manufacturers of Specialties for The Dunham Systems of Heating Products Specialties for use in connection with The Dunham System of Heating, known according to its several adaptable forms as The Dunham Home Heating System; The Dunham Return System and The Dunham Vacuum System--all two-pipe systems, and The Dunham Air. Line System. These specialties are Dunham Radiator Traps; Durtham Blast Traps; Dunham Air Line Valve; Dunham Return Traps; Dunham "D" Style Medium Pressure Traps; Dunham Packless Radiator. Valves; Dunham Reducing Pressure Valve; Dunham Vacuum Pump; Dun ham Vacuum Pump Governor; Dunham Air Eliminator; Dunham Oil Separator; Dunham Suction Strainer; Dunham Air ! Vent; Dunham Damper Control. j Thermostatic Disc, is securely placed in the cover. The Trap has a large valve opening. There are no detached loose parts in. the path of flow, nor sliding con tacts, nothing to gum up, and no guide or pin to obstruct the valve opening. The action of the disc is positive and the valve seats squarely. The body is stan dardized, also the cover and disc, giving the further advantage of interchangeable parts. &UNIMM The working part of the Trap, the heating" service Thermostatic Disc, is fully exposed to i the actual conditions within the radiator Dunham Service is; First, Advisory--' and it, therefore, responds instantly to when making contact and soliciting busi ness. Second, Supervisory--during con any change taking place therein, prevent ing waste of unused steam. . struction period.. Third, Adjustive--in the sense of rendering aid to the user. . This Service is delivered through 52 It is made in five sizes and for varying pressures not to exceed ten pounds gauge. Branch and Local Sales Offices through Dunham Packless Radiator Inlet Valve out the United States and Canada, back of which organization are two modern and complete factories. Dunham Heat ing Service co-operates intimately with Consulting Engineers, Architects and Heating Contractors. This is a bona fide Packless Valve and not dependent upon springs and packing rings. Dunham Radiator Trap The Dunham Radiator Trap is distinc tive in the simplicity of its construction. It consists of two major parts, a body and a cover. The operating member; the The Dunham "built up" bel lows makes this possible. The expansion member is a made-up dia phragm constructed of special phosphor , 300. C. A. Dunham Co. Specialties bronze formed under . pressure. The curves of the corrugations are especially designed, to uniformly distribute the mo tion-over the several flat surfaces of the member. This admits of more motion {or a given length. It is strongest where, strength is needed and has great flexibility. _Jn manufacture the metal is not weakened by excessive strains. In being formed to shape, its elasticity is increased. A distinct fea ture is the distance., between the folds, which is sufficient to make the entire member self-cleaning. It is a valve of unusual lines, making it attractive in ap pearance. The valve can be opened or closed in seven-eighths of a turn. . It is now made in patterns for use at top or bottom radiator connection. | The Dunham Home Heating System This is specially for the home or small | building.' It uses steam at very low presi sure, not over eight ounces. Steam is I admittetd into the radiator by the DunI ham Packless Radiator Valve, where it is retained by the Dunham Radiator Trap i until it has given off its heat, when, as: , water, it passes through the trap together with the air, and back to the boiler through the return piping. The air is re leased by the Dunham Air Eliminator, | and the water returns naturally to the j boiler. Hot water pattern radiators with I top inlet connections are required. The end of each steam main is vented through a Dunham Trap into the return piping, and is dripped through wet or dry drip pipe directly back to the boiler return header. Dunham Medium Pressure Trap The Dunham Return System "D" Style This System differs from the Home This embodies the principles so successfully used in the Dunh a m Radiator Trap, and is just as simple and satisfactory. . It is used almost exclusively i n hospitals and kitchens for dripping.steril izers and steam cooking apparatus, where steam is used at a pressure of more than ten (10) pounds and less than fifty (50) pounds gauge. Heating System in that it makes use of the Dunham Return Trap in place of the Dunham Air Eliminator, which intro duces the added feature of a positive, automatic return of water to the boiler when if is desired to raise the steam pressure. '' . The feature of a positive return under varying steam pressures makes this Dun ham System particularly adaptable to apartment houses, small hotels and med- . ium size commercial buildings, schools and churches. This System makes pos sible the modernizing of old one-pipe and two-pipe gravity systems, and eliminates 'the sputtering, leaking air valves which Dunham Air Line Valve An automatic air valve for use on radi ators, but only in connection with air line piping into which it must discharge. are such trouble makers in these old heat ing jobs. . The Dunham Vacuum System Simplicity is the key note of Dunham Positive in action, opening for passage of design. There is the system of steam air, and closing against steam. Non- mains and piping to supply all radiation, adjustable. Its principle of operation is identical with the Dunham Radiator Trap. - and the return piping to carry away the air and water of condensation by" means of. a vacuum pump. Steam mar be sup- plied direct from boiler, or through a Dunham Air Line System Dunham Reducing Valve, where .boiler This is a one-pipe steam system using a Dunham Air Line Valve on each radi ator, with a system of air line piping which may discharge the air by gravity, or be attached to ah air line Vacuum pressure is too high for direct service. Or exhaust steam may be used, supple mented by live steam through a Reduc ing Valve. . Bulletins - Pump. This system is particularly adapt Bulletins of standard architectural size able in making old one-pipe heating sys- i with detailed information covering each terns more efficient. It is easily and System, and all products, including economically installed, and. insures the roughing-in dimensions, will be furnished quick removal of air from the radiators. on request. ', 301 Specialties Donnelly Systems Co. 9 Murray Street New York, N. Y. Temperature Control by Fractional Damper Regulators and Fractional Distribution Valves. Impulse Check Valves, Thermo-Differential Valves, and other Specialties for One and Two-Pipe Systems, Vacuum Return Line Systems, Gravity and Forced Hot Water Circulation Systems. The practical and theoretical experience of 37 years has developed the Donnelly Sys tems and the Donnelly Speci alties. orifice being such that a complete discharge of the air and water is at all times effected and a constant differ ence in pressure be tween the branch steam and return lines of one-half pound is always maintained. The general theory of design and con trol of the steam circulation in all Don nelly Systems is based upon the recog nized principle that in small systems there are, for short runs and for a limited number of automatic return valve de vices, no appreciable differences or losses in pressure. In other words, small sys tems have always proved simpler and more satisfactory in operation than larger- systems. Therefore all Donnelly gravity and vacuum return line plants are divided into groups of convenient and restricted size. The former are provided with a Thermo-Float Air Valve and the latter with a Thermo-Differential Valve for each group. The early recognition of this principle led to the design of the Impulse Check Valve, which is used at the return out lets of all radiators and coils in all Donnelly Systems, preventing any water or steam from entering the radiator from the return piping. It is an Automatic Needle Valve, the size of the orifice through the seat being properly proportioned to the pipe size and to the rated capacity of the valve. The normal operation of the valve is .the same in all systems, the weight over area of the - disc and the size of the The entire operative mechanism of the Im pulse Valve is enclosed in a heavy removable tube which is inserted in a standard valve body and the valves are guaranteed for five years. . The Thermo-Differential Valve, 'used in Vacuum Return Line- Systems is conr structed as shown. It is made with a standard safety valve body and has a restricted seat which is proportioned to the capacity of the valve. The tfalve disc is provided with an impact surface,. . as in the Impulse Valve, and with a cup-shaped portion for -holding the weights, together with- a central. ro<J which acts as a guide for the vaporizing fluid thermostat. The opening in the bottom of the valve is. intended as a cleanout and should be provided with a nipple and cap. A small leakage open ing is provided in the seat so that the system will drain when shut down. ; A Thermo-Differential Valve is,in stalled in each branch return so that no water, air or steam can pass into the main return without being properly regu lated in pressure and flow. ' We will be glad to furnish catalogs or leaflets completely describing our speci alties and their applications. ._ 302 Specialties Excelso Specialty Works ,. . 119 Clinton Street Buffalo, N. Y. Excelso Indirect Water Heater, Fire Pot Generators, Rotary Hack Saw Tools The Excelso Water Heater consists of a heavy .copper coil heating j element fitted in a cast jiron shell by means 1 of patented ground joint connections. All parts are interchange able and easily acces sible. Connected on the outside of steam or vapor boilers the Ex , celso elminates the fire jpot coil and insures a ! constant supply of 1 domestic hot water all during the heating season at an even temperature. ' The Excelso method generating do mestic water is so satisfactory and the expense so trifling that boiler manufac turers are providing special tappings in their boilers and heating engineers gen erally are recommending its use. The Excelso Heater can be p* easily connected below the water line of any steam or vapor heating boiler in any new or old installation. Also used fori heating water or other Shotas Excelso connected to round type of steam or vapor boiler. The storage tank may be located either in basement or any floor liquids with live steam up to 25 pounds. above. Typical Installation of Steam or Vapor | Boiler Dimensions--Price List--Capacities Size of Heater 11 12 13 14 IS Length, in. 10J4 14 11}4 15 19i4 Diameter, in. 5 5 6lA 6J4 6J4 Shell openings 1" 1" 1 Vs" 154"' \lA" Coil openings 54" 54" 1" 1" Weight, lbs. 17 23 31 39 46 List Price $30 $40 $50 $60 $70 Heating Water Below Water Line of Steam or Vapor Boilers Size of Heater 11 12 13 14 15 Tank Capacity 30 45 60 90 120 Temperature rise 100 degrees in 3 hrs. Heating Water With Live Steam Size of Heater 11 12 13 14 15 Tank Capacity 50 75 100 150 200 Temp, rise 100-3 hrs.-5 lbs. pres. Instructions for Ordering Heaters Many tanks are installed too small and heaters should always be ordered to correspond with work required and not size of tank. Also make liberal allow ance if circulating system is used. Excelso Rotary Hack Saw Tool Boilers may be easily and quickly tapped by means of the Excelso Rotary Hack Saw Tool. Each-Tool cuts . holes for either Hack Saw Blade 1", 1J4" or 1J4" pipe tap. Price, $7.50 net, includ ing 6 blades, 2 of . each size. Excelso Fire Pot Generator Pot Generator fits any type hot water ` boiler or hot air fur nace and is so de signed as to be en tirely above fire. f Note that the shell' i of the Excelso is .. connected below tar the water line and . that the boiling water from the steam or vapor boiler flows down through the heater and heats the domestic water which circulates up through the copper coil. View Made in two sizes-' and in both cast iron and brass. Size No. 1: Up to 40 gal. capacity. Size No. 2. Over 40 gal. capacity. 303 Specialties Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Boston Waterbury, Conn. New York Philadelphia Chicago Los Angeles Hoffman Controlled Heat Hoffman Venting, Modulating and Termostatic Valves Hoffman Differential Loops - In the Hoffman Series of Air Vents there is a specially designed valve for every type of steam heating. The basic principle embodied in the design of all Hoffman Ven tilating and Thermostatic Valves is that of an all-metal thermostatic member, having one or more flexible diaphragms, and containing a volatile or heat-sensitive fluid. Slight temperature changes cause the fluid to expand or contract, there -(a) Valve Pom by closing or opening the valve. -(2) Seat Plug -(0 Valve Pin All Hoffman Valves have a wide pressure range in which they operate with the same degree of accuracy since the internal fluid pressure in the thermostatic member maintains a constant relation ship with the external steam pressure throughout '3) Outer She.u the whole range of pressure for which each valve is intended. Hoffman Valves are automatic, non-adjustable and are guaranteed to properly function for a period of five years from date of installation. (9)Valve Seat -(6)Valve Port -(s) Float ji Valve Pin (s) Bottom of Outer Shell (t) Radiator Engaging Nipple 00 Swivel Joint No. 1 Hoffman Siphon Air Valve For one pipe gravity systems. Freely vents all air but prevents escape of steam or water, connections. List Price, $1.90 (3)SrTiNG (a) Brass Tube (7)Chamber Port (i)Special Spring Brontf.DiaphragM No. 2 Hoffman Siphon Air and Vacuum Valve Prevents return of air to radiator when once vented. Makes a vacuum system from a one-pipe installation. connections. List Price, $4.50 304 . Hoffman Specialty Co. Specialties Correct application Nos. 1 or 2 Hoff man Valve for one-pipe gravity or vacuum steam heating, on steam-type radiators. Correct application Nos. 1 or 2 Hoff-man Valve for one-pipe gravity or vacuum steam heating, on water-type radiators. No. - 3 Hoffman Air Line Valve For use in Air Line Sys tems of Paul type. A hot radiator and cold air line always main tained. %" male connection--%" female connection. List Price, $2.50 Correct application No. 3 Hoffman Valve for Air Line gravity or vacuum steam heating, on steam-type radiators. Correct application for No. 3 Hoffman Valve for Air Line gravity or vacuum steam heating, on water-type radiators. Hoffman Specialty Co. Specialties No. 4 Hoffman Quick Vent Valve For quick venting mains, blast coils or for any service where water is not a factor. Vent port %" dia. Pipe connection either H" or y4". last Price, $2.80 No. 5 Hoffman Quick Vent Float Air Valve Permits quick vent in return line vapor systems or for service where water is encountered and must not be permitted to pass through the vent port. Pipe connections W- Specify A" port for pressures of 3 lbs. or over; A" port for less than 3 lbs. List Price $8.00 No. 6 Hoffman Quick Vent Float Air and Vacuum Valve Is adapted for venting return lines and for other service where return of air to the system is not desirable. Pipe connec tions W- Specify A" port for pressures of 3 lbs. or over; A" port for less than 3 lbs. Last Price, $12.00 The No. 4 Hoffman Valve is suitable for venting steam or vapor lines, when water is not encountered, nor vacuum required.. . Fig. 1 shows correct applica tion of Nos. 4, 5 or 6 Hoffman Valve for venting end of steam or vapor main. Fig. I Fig.- 2 shows correct applica tion of Nos. 4, 5 or 6 Hoffman Valve for venting indirect radiator. Fig. 3 shows. correct applica tion of Nos. 5 or 6 Hoffman Valve for venting False Water line loop, providing by-pass for draining or cleaning. The No. 5 Hoffman '.Valve is suitable for venting steam'or vapor lines where water might be encountered. The No. 5 valve will freely vent _ air and close against steam or water.' ~ The No. 6 Hoffman Valve operates the same as No. 5 valve except that it closes after venting air, preventing re turn of air to the system. 306 Fig. 4 shows correct applica tion of Nos. 4, S or 6 Hoffman Valve for venting steam coil in stor age tank. Hoffman Specialty Co. Specialties 11)Valve Body (7)CaGE- (51Spacing Ping Oi) Special Spring Bronze Diaphragms' (4)Valve Pin (to) Valve Port '/*- SECTIONAL View (elValve Body Cap (9)Flat Phosphor ' Bronze Spring '6)Thermostatic Chambers OHJnion Nut (12) Cage Port HOFFMAN RETURN LINE VALVES No. 8 and No. 9 Special Operative Features The Hoffman Return Line Valve positively distinguishes between steam, air and water, freely passing the air and water but stopping the steam. It is non- adjustable. The thermostatic parts are interchangeable and may be shifted- from onq valve body to another of the same size without affecting the proper operation of the valve. Under atmospheric conditions the thermostat is set to maintain a wide open valve at 200 degrees Fahr., but, when steam, under atmospheric conditions (i. e., no pressure) but with a temperature of 212 degrees reaches the valve the thermostat fully and completely expands, tightly closing the exhaust port of the valve. . -. . One of the chief features of the Hoffman Return Line Valve is its consistency of operation within a pressure range of from 13" vacuum to 50 pounds pressure. Within this range, condensation at a temperature of 10 to 12 less than the tem perature corresponding to the steam pressure will cause a full valve opening! . In determining the valve capacity for blast coils-the condensing power of such coils should be calculated on the basis of being four to eight times greater than radiator cast iron surface, the minimum outside temperature determining which factor to use. ;. 307 Hoffman Specialty Co. Specialties Fig. 1 shows application of No. 8 awd 9 Hoffman Valves for venting and dripping indirect radiator into gravity or vacuum return fine. Fig. 6 shows the proper application of No. 8 or 9 Hoffman Valves for dripping storage tank coils into gravity or vacuum return. Cooling leg to be at least four feet or more in length. Fig. 2 shows application. of No. 8 Hoffman Valve for venting indirect radiator into air line, dry or vacuum return, ' Figs. 7 and 9 show typical methods of drip ping ends of mains or branches into gravity or vacuum returns, thru No. 8 or 9 Hoffman Valves. Cooling leg to be at least four feet or more in length. Fig. 3. Dripping heel of riser thru dirt strainer and venting thru No. 8 or 9 Hoffman Valve into gravity or vacuum return. Cooling legs wherever shown, must not be less than 5 feet long. - Fig. 8 shows application of No. 8 Hoffman Valve for venting end of steam main into dry return. . Figs. 4 and 5 show proper application of No. 8-or 9 Hoffman Valves for dripping coils. Dirt strainers should be used when steam Pressure exceeds 5 pounds. 308 Hoffman Specialty Co. Specialties The No. 7 Hoffman Ad justable Modulating Radi ator Supply Valve is used at the supply end of a direct radiator to control the heat. Made in Yu" size for use on radiators up to 200 sq. ft. capacity. The No. 7 Hoffman Adjustable Modulating Valve, as shown, has a TopDial Plate, a Dower Dial Plate and a Rotary Sleeve. Top of Hoffman Modulating Valve showing ' Graduated Dial The Top Dial Plate is attached to the Rotary Sleeve and is movable when the Lock Nut is loosened; the Lower Dial Plate is stationary and has 20 Gradu ating Marks, which, when exposed to view, indicate that the opening in the Rotary Sleeve corresponds to the area of the Outlet Port in the body of the valve. When the Lock Nut is loosened and the Top Dial Plate turned by means of the handle, the Rotary Sleeve gradu ally diminishes the Outlet Port area. When the 20 Graduating Marks are exposed to view, the Outlet Port area is sufficient to supply vapor for 200 square feet of radiating surface in 70" room temperature with two ounces pres sure at the radiator. With a decrease in the number of Graduating Marks ex posed to view, the Outlet Port is corre spondingly diminished, so that when IS Graduating Marks show, the Outlet Port will pass sufficient vapor to supply 150 square feet of radiation; 10 Graduating Marks, 100 square feet; S Graduating Marks, SO square feet. Hoffman Modulating Valve with Lever Handle List Price, $6.00 . The Top Dial Plate is graduated in quarters from "SHUT" to "OPEN." As the handle is turned from "SHUT" to "OPEN" the valve disk is raised, un covering-the portion of the Outlet Port indicated by the fractional graduation on the Top Dial Plate. JO? Hoffman Specialty Co. Specialties NO. 7 HOFFMAN MODULATING VALVE To Specify By Name: A? . Furnish and install on the supply end of each radiator, a No. 7 Hoffman Adjustable Modulating Valve, equipped with Jenkins Disk and Rotary Sleeve. To Specify By Description: Furnish and install on the supply end of each radiator a Y" rotary sleeve, graduated, leakless, valve, made of best steam metal, rough body, finished trimmings, nickel plated all over, and equipped with lever handle, Jenkins disk and union. Valve to be fitted with dials indicating port area and fractional control. . Also furnished with Wood Wheel Handle, Lock Shield with Removable Key and Extension Stems and Handles. i All Marks exposed IS Marks exposed 10 Marks exposed 5 Marks exposed 200 sq. ft. 150 sq. ft. 100 sq. ft. 50 sq. ft. ' 310 Hoffman Specialty Co. Specialties No. 10 The No. 10 Hoff man Vapor Valve positively distinguishes between air, steam and water, freely venting the air no matter whether this air is hot or cold but instantly closing against the pressue of steam. It also closes tight against water leak age when water comes against the valve but opens wide for the free passage of air at' pres sure less than one pound and opens its -ft" post the instant the water drops away from it at pressure of 5 pounds or less. It is automatic, non-adjustable and dependable in all the functions it is designed to meet. List Price, $25.00 The No. 11 Hoffman Vapor Valve operates the same as the No. 10 Vapor Valve except that it is provided with a vacuum valve, as shown, which pre vents the return of air to .the system when once vented. List Price, $28.00 No. 11 The Hoffman Differential Loop is a safety device. Automatic, Non-Adjustable, made entirely of metal without moving parts or mechanical device of any kind. On a properly designed installation it should never function. It is the watchman of the water line always on guard and makes vapor heating safe because it insures a constant unvarying boiler water line by maintaining a fixed pressure differential of 10 oz. between the main steam line and the return air line of the "Vapor Heating System" when the boiler pressure is above 10 oz. No cracked boiler sections--where the Hoffman Differential Loop is used. The sectional cut clearly shows the mechanical construction of the Differential Loop. . v 311 Hoffman Specialty Co. Specialties The Operation of the Hoffman Differential Loop is peculiar, inasmuch as it absolutely maintains an unvarying water line in the boiler, independent of boiler pressure, that is no matter whether the boiler pressure is 8 oz. or 5 lbs. the water line in the boiler will maintain at a constant level. It also maintains, when the boiler pressure is more than 10 oz. a fixed pressure difference of 10 oz. between the main steam line from the boiler and the main air return line from the radiators. In other words the pressure in the steam main is always 10 oz. ahead of the pressure in the return line when the boiler pressure is above 10 oz. The maintenance of this pres sure difference between the steam main and the return line insures a continuous flow of steam into and through the radiators. It also means that should an out-of service radiator be put into service when the boiler pressure is 1 lb. or over, that this radiator will heat just as quickly under boiler pressure of 1 lb. or over as it will when boiler pressure is maintained at 8 oz. because the pressure at the inlet valve is 10 oz. more than the pressure at the outlet valve. Hoffman Specialty Co. DATA AND LIST PRICES Specialties Angle StyleSize No. 8 Angle No. 8 Straightway No. 8 Offset.......... O Ancrle............. A" A" Right or Left Offsets Diameter Valve Port_ A" A" A" U."* Maximum Capacity Square Feet A 200 211 200 211 200 211 firm 3* Dimensions B \$2 114 ill 1A List Price $6.00 6.00 6.00 800 Figs. 1 and 2 show application of Nos. 8 and 9 Hoffman Valve for venting Blast Heaters into gravity or vacuum returns. __ t cVirews anolication of No. 9 Hoff- Fig. 2 Fig. 4 shows application of No. 9 Hoff man Valve for dripping steam or cook ing kettles into gravity or vacuum return. 312 Fig. 3 313 Hoffman Specialty Co. Specialties Hoffman Specialty Co. Specialties mobuutino Aadlt*3 <? n ARC GRHRAALe -~HOffM*NvMMQ.wOe UVKTtMli TYPICAL METHOD OF INSTALLING HOFFMAN EQUIPMENT FOB VAPOR HEAT CONTROL . HOfftiAtt MFfEREKTtAV.WA.TU _ ..... "CONTROL. -/ /i - RETURN UH ''STEAM MAINE ^HfTUBN V.IK6 *tl HORpnoa 314 31S Specialties, Steam Kieley & Mueller Co., Inc. 34-38 West 13th Street New York City Agents in al! principal cities. Manufacturers of Steam Specialties Pump Governor . Reducing Valve The illustrated specialties make a com plete economy outfit, reducing steam from High to Tow pressure; ultilizing the exhaust and returning all condensa tion back to boilers automatically. In addition thereto, we carry a complete tine of various Reducing Valves for . Steam, Water and Air. Tank Controllers High and Low Pressure Damper Regu lators, Return and non-return traps for all pressures. Back Pressure Valves for Condensing and non-condensing Engines. Float and Pump Governor Valves. Con trolling devices for Liquid Ammonia and Brine. Our No. 27 catalogue and information on your difficult problems, furnished on request. . 316 Specialties MUD' ------- - 1901-1907 So. Western Avenue Chicago Power and Heating Specialties for Controlling Pressures and Flow of Steaiz&, Watef, Air or Gas Pressure Reducing Valves IpAlcar Vacuum-Vapor Pressure Regulating Valve, Full Area Fig. Nos. 165-175 6 Fra.c.e. Center to Size Dim. Btm. Too u 1 3*S 15 4 15 154 154 154 VA 2 4 15 454 15 5 17 154 154 2 254 8 18?4 5 3 954 19 554 3-4 1054 20 654 4 5 6 7 12 1254 13 14<4 20 2054 21 2154 654 7 754 8 8 16 2254 854 10 1854 2454 1054 512 211V42 2954 w10/524 Fig- Nos. 155 Sizes 1x2 154x2 1/4x2 154x3 Fan Dim. 5. 5 5 754 Center to Btm. Top 17 2 ' 17 2 ' 17 2 18 454 2x4 254x5 3x6 4x6 854 954 1054 1154 1854 1954 1954 20 454 5 554 6 4x8 5x8 SxlO 6x8 1054 1254 1254 1454 20 2054 2254 21 7 7 854 8 6x10 1454 2254 854 6x12 8x12 1454 1654 2254 23 1054 11 ^------ ^, Valves in standard pattern suitable for initial pressure up to 125 lbs. and re- ucing to service pressure 0-10 lbs. Valves for service pressure above 10 lbs. aecSifypeFciigfy. NFiogs., N23o5s-.24255.5-265 Single Seated Valves on dead end service such as ooking tables, kitchen utensils, laundry mangles, etc. Specify Fig. Nos. 185-195 jingle Seated Valves on dead end service where reduced pressure is below 10- lbs. Distance Specify Fig. 685 Center of for pressures up Size 54 54 1 154 154 Capacity Lto. Water Per Hr. 450 660 1,050 1.650 3,600 5,100 6,250 7.650 Capacity Inlet and So. Ft. Outlet to to 30 pounds. Radiation Bottom Fig. 695 for pres 1.500 854 sures from 30 to 2,200 9 125 pounds. 3.500 1054 Fig. 70S for pres 5.500 1054 sures above 150 12.000 1155 17,000. 1254 pounds. Fig. 715 for 22.500 1254 special low 25.500 19& pressure. ,1/c.iucr Steam Trap, Reversible Seat Ask BfourllelittienraAtu--reT.wo Pipe Vacuum Heating System. Bulletin B--Vapor Heating System. , Bulletin C--Air Line Vacuum Heating System. Bulletin D--Packless Radiator Valves. Bulletin E--High and Low Pressure Steam Traps. Catalog 25--Heating, F ower and. Plumbing Specialties. "" norm t Specialties Ttyonash-'wfounker Co. Chicago monash New York Thermostatic Return Line Traps, Adjustable and Non-Adjustable Automatic Air Valves for Radiators, Packless Radiator Supply Valves Monash Ten Year Guaranteed Return Line . Traps The distinctive feature of the Monash Thermostatic Trap is the Diaphragm, a separate and independent unit, so held in place that it minimizes the possibility of fracture or rupture. The No. 35 Trap here illustrated is made with the expanding element on either side of the seat. This is the same dia phragm that has been in use in the Continental and Com mercial National Bank, Chicago, since the fall of 1914 and not one of these thirty-three hundred diaphragms has been re moved for any cause whatsover, so that the upkeep cost has been nil, and the performance efficiency one hundred per cent. This record speaks for itself. Monagh Thermo Re turn Lane Traps Made With By-pass and Clean out Feature. Guaran teed For Ten Years On Pressures Op To 25 Pounds. For Mains, Risers, Drips, Blast Coils and in Industrial Plants. . Many Thousands in Use the Past Fifteen Years. No. Size 40 Vz in. 42 H >n. 44 1 in. Sq. Ft. Radiation 350 1500 5000 Lbs. Water Per Hr. 108 475 1560 Monash No. 6 Four-Way-Drain Adjustable Lock-Shield, Self . Cleaning Automatic Steam Air Valve has given excellent results for more than twenty years. Guaranteed . for; ten years in writing. The Four-Way-Drain clears the valve of . ^all. sendinient and water o.f condensation by capillary attraction '''.'preventing flooding of floors and other damage. How to Specify-- ."To...each radiator attach a Monash No. 6 Four-Way-Drain, Lock- V shield, Self-Cleaning, Automatic Air Valve, guaranteed in writing. ' for ten years, and on Mains and Risers, use Monash Thermo No. 27 Quick Venting Valve." Monash Non-Adjustable No. 1 Automatic Air Valve with removable syphon, permitting the valve to be cleaned and the syphon replaced. Sensitive and quick in action, made of heavy metal with base and nipple cast in one piece and the body of the heavy shell screwed into the base. Guaranteed in the hands of the users for five years. 318. Specialties O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. 880 Third Street Milwaukee, Wis. Packless Graduated Valves, Ball-Check Return Elbows, Thermo-Nickel Return Traps, Air Exhausters, Vacuum Valves, Vacuum Pressure Gages, Differential Return Traps, The operation of the "O-E" Perfect Vapor Vacuum-Pressure System is very simple: vapor generated at boiler passes up through main supply pipe and is ad mitted to radiator at top through the "O-E". Packless Graduated Valve. Water of condensation is returned . to boiler through a j4-inch "O-E" El bow. In passing through- the Elbow the water is first trapped' by means of a wall .or dia phragm cast in the ' Elbow, outside of the radiator, making a water seal which holds the vapor in radiator and prevents it from short cir cuiting into the return main. Should the Supply Valve of radiator be closed 1^e."0-E" 1m _______ proved Perfect SMFiilSaa PacklesJ&'.Gradu- . ated VaJye jsi abso lutely packless and-never requires .packing. ;'It isttested by air and water itesf before shipment. It is quick open ing, tittle more than one-ha!f i .turn fully opens or closes it. Sand blasted and nickel plated. The handle being ^ made of hard rubber, will not crack and is always cool and easy to operate. The gradu ated dial and pointer admit - of partial opening so that just the amount of heat desired can be ob tained. AU valves are fitted with composition and condensation form a vacuum any water that might be in the return pipes is prevented from returning to radiator by the "O-E" Patent Elbow, which is equipped with a small brass ball opetating on a smooth guide or track, and so arranged that when a vacuum takes place in radiator ball will immediately roll against port and close it.. Elbow is noiseless in operation, as water seal is discs on a swivel seat without extra charge. Graduation Supply Disc will be attached when specified, at slight additional cost. Standard Sises Y"....................................-Ust, Each $4,25 y4*................. "" s.oo 1 "..... .................... " ,4 6.00 1)4"..................................... " " 7.50 , below ball, which is an important feature. As soon as Supply Valve is again opened ball rolls off of seat allowing condensa. tion and air to pass easily and freely into return main. An air vent is tapped in the slot of the screw stop in the return elbow Which not only allows air to es cape freely into return system when Supply Valve is open, but also equalizes the pressure on both sides of Water Seal, thus preventing it from syphoning out, which it might otherwise do. All air and condensation pass through main return pipe in basement to a point above boiler where air is separated from-' water by means of "O-E" Patent Air Exhauster. The "O-E" Improved Air Exhauster and Vacuum Valve is simple and very sensitive, operating as follows; ` Being connected at a high point above where the return main enters boiler, all air in the system seeks outlet at the Air Exhauster, which is open when there is any air in the system, and as soon as all air is exhausted and heat comes in contact with the Carbon Post in Ex . booster, same expands and forces the Special Bronze Ball against the seat, closing the p.ort. When closed'system will cool slightly causing a vacuum which will hold ball oh seat. - As' soon as vacuum is lost ball will roll away from seat and permit air to escape freely and quickly. The Improved cap locks the expan sion post after it i$ properly adjusted and also holds post in. a rigid horizontal position,- All Exhausters are set for ordinary use, but can be adjusted to suit any particular system to which they are attached. All Exhausters are .threaded for--J-incb I. P. both inlet and outlet. ' Made in one size only, 1 inch, each $10.00. The "O-E" Perfect Capacity 2500 square feet. , Ball - Check Water Seal Union Elbow We Also announce the Thermo-Nickel Return Trap, a combination thermo static trap with a ball-check and many with Adjustable Air ______ new features. Ask for descriptive Vent is made in one size only, Y"> each .bulletin. $3.00/ Capacity 250 square feet. 319 Specialties Sterling Engineering Co. 419 Third Street Milwaukee, Wis. Thermostatic Traps, Packless Valves, Return Traps . Sterling Thermostatic Trap . The Sterling Thermostatic Radiator Trap is designed for use on both vacuum and vapor heating systems. It is an all brass trap constructed with a vertical diaphragm with a flat seat. The ex pansion of the diaphragm closes the trap against the steam pressure. The vertical seat is a self-cleaning feature as dirt and scale after passing the seat drop down into the return line instead of collecting inside the trap. The dia phragm is the result of long and careful experiments. The metal is carefully tested before being used and the greatest care is exercised by skilled mechanics to insure perfection in each diaphragm. They are guaranteed to function prop erly for a period of at least live years. Capacities and Sizes No. Size Capacity 1 2 3 4 A Up to 100 sq. ft. rad. A-- 100 to 200 sq. ft. rad. H 200 to 500 sq. ft. rad. 1 500 to 1000 sq. ft. rad. Steiico Slide Valve Return Trap . The Sterlco Slide Valve Return Trap differs in principle from other return traps on the market by utilizing the sliding type of valve and besides draining return lines of heating systems and re turning water to boilers, it will lift liquids to higher levels where steam or air pressure is available. Size Return Traps 1' 2 3 Sq. Ft. Surface 2000 4000 7000 Inlet ' and Outlet 1 2" 2" Steam Connect. VC VC Va" Vent Connect. A A A 320 Sterling Graduated Packless Valve The Sterling Graduated Packless Radi ator Valve is of the Jenkins Disc Type. A half turn of the handle will open or close it. A graduated dial indicates the degree of opening through the valve. The valve is neat in appearance, easily dismantled as all parts are threaded and screwed together and does not require packing. These valves are furnished with either lever or wooden wheel handles or with lock and shield. Capacities and Sizes No. Size Capacity A Ax Vz Up to 40 sq. ft. rad. B C D E F G 1 xA l%xl 1*4x1% 14x1% Mx % 1 xl 40 to 100 sq. ft. rad. 100 to 150 sq. ft. rad. 150 to 200 sq. ft. rad. 200 to 250 sq. ft. rad. Up to 40 sq. ft. rad. 40 to 100 sq. ft. rad. Height 14" 16" 18" Length Overall 20H" 26" 32" Shipping Weight ISO 190 250 List Price $100.00 125.00 150.00 Specialties Thermograde Valve Company General Office and Factory: Watertown, Mass. Branch Offices in all Principal Cities Steam Heating Systems, Hot Water and Automatic Steam Specialties PRODUCTS: less in operation and self cleaning. It Thermostatic Traps Float Return Traps will not pass steam but will relieve air and condensation from the units of Modulation Valves radiation, maintaining their efficiency at Full Opening Valves Hot Water Valves all periods. Dirt Strainers Automatic Electric Pump and Receiver High Pressure Steam Traps Automatic Boiler Return Trap Automatic Air Vent Trap Blast Traps . The Special Return | automatically, re turning the water of condensation to the boiler at all : times regardless of Trap operates I the pressure on The Thermograde Modulation system of heating is a two pipe system adapted for use in connection with either live or ex haust steam where | the boiler, keeping i the system free | from air and pre venting the loss of steam. the water of condens ation is returned to the boiler mechani cally, or by gravity. It is adapted for use in all classes of build ings, high grade residences, apartment buildings, schools, hospitals, office build ings, factories, in fact any building where heat is desired. The Belvac Thermofier is a float operated trap and is used mainly on vacuum systerns. It passes no steam but the air and water are released as fast as they accumulate in the units. The trap is never closed The Modulation Valve has no stuffing boxes to leak, does not require repacking from time to time and with its self against their free pas sage, they are positively and immediately removed. . indicating dial, hand regulation can easily be maintained. The new improved Auto Valve is factory adjusted but is so constructed that adjustments can be made at in stallation if neces sary due to un usual conditions existing. This valve is made entirely of bronze, highly nickel plated. It has a hand spun "phosphor bronze diaphragm, no The Modulated Hot Water Valve has a self-indicating dial and can be adjusted to regulate the flow to the various units --this means hand temperature regula tion for gravity or forced circulation hot water heating systems. . Our interest does not lie merely in selling a number of valves and traps-- we aim at real service. Each and every . installation must be an asset, and in our twenty years of experience we have made thousands of satisfied users. springs, entirely automatic, noise . Send for literature, 321 Specialties, Heating The Trane Company 'Cbosso, Wis. Chicago, New York, Boston, - Cleveland, Buffalo, Salt Lake City, Philadelphia, Detroit, Washington, D. C., Portland, Ore., Seattle The Trane System of Vapor Heating, Patented Heating Specialties " Trane Automatic Electric Pumps, For All Purposes Trane Direct Return Trap . For returning the water of condensa tion of any heating system to the boiler during periods when pressure difference between, boiler and return pipe is such as to prevent the returning of the condensation by gravity. This efficient device' allows steam to enter the trap whenever the trap body becomes filled with -water, thereby equalizing the pres sure and allowing the water to return to the boiler by gravity. The Trane Direct Return Trap mech anism is all inside the case, as shown in the accompanying cut. Because of its simple, efficient construction this trap requires no attention after being in stalled. Note that it has no stuffing boxes, outside joints, or weights. Complete detailed drawings for install ing are furnished with each trap. Trane Thermeta! Radiator Trap The distinctive feature of this trap is that it has no diaphragm. In all other respects, there is no radical departure in its entire construction from the best accepted principles of radiator trap con struction. Eliminating the diaphragm Semi-sectional view of trap, showing Thef' metal member in Position, This trap Jias a safety factor of fourteen. eliminates all source of trouble. This trap is fully as sensitive as the delicate diaphragm type of trap, yet so rugged that it is not injured by high pressure. The thermostatic member in the Trane Trap is made entirely of metal. No liquids are used, and nothing can. happen to render its force inoperative. Use it on all two-pipe vapor or vacuum systems, in residences, apartments, hotels, factories, warehouses, garages, schools, churches, hospitals, offices, etc. Trane Thermetal Traps meet the highest engi neering standards as well as the practical need for an absolutely dependable and permanent radiator trap. Trane Direct Return Trap in Section. Rote that this trap has no stuffing boxes, .outside joints, or weights. Bulletins on other specialties, on The Trane System of Vapor Heating* and on Trane Pumps are obtainable for the asking. 322 Specialties, Heating Warren Webster & Company Camden, N. J. Branches in All Principal Cities Heating Systems, Heating and Power Specialties The Webster Heating Specialties in clude : Radiator Traps--Sylphon Bellows and Diaphragm ' types-- for the automatic re moval of air and water from radiators, coils, blower sections and other forms of ap paratus emit ting heat due to condensa tion of low pressure steam. Heavy-duty Traps for discharging unusually large volumes of air and water from low-pressure radiating units. This is a float trap with a built-in thermo static trap in the air-pass. For steam pressures ranging from 15 to 50 lb. per sq. in. a similar trap is known as the Webster High Differential Heavy-duty Trap. Modulation Vent Traps are used in Modulation and other Open Return Heating Systems for ensuring the auto matic removal of air from the return and the discharge of the condensation to the boiler, when the pressure differ ence between the boiler and the main return is normally less than the available gravity head between the return main and the boiler. Where the design of the system re quires a continuous operating steam pressure varying from two or three pounds to occasionally ten pounds, or .where special grades of fuel make it difficult at times to maintain a low steam pressure, even with careful firing, the Webster High-duty Vent Trap is in stalled. This trap alternately frees the system of air and returns the condensate to the boiler regardless of the pressure in the boiler or in the return piping. Miscellaneous Specialties for Webster Double-Service Valves for accom plishing the two-fold purpose of draining down-feed risers and supplying steam to radiators at adjacent points. Modulation Valves are especially de sirable as radiator supply valves where graduated or.mod- u1ated heating as well as quick heating are the objectives. Quick-opening Radiator Valves are of the highest quality of construction and are similar to Modulation Valves without the graduation feature. High-pressure Sylphon Traps are used for draining sterilizers, kitchen equipment or other apparatus using steam , at pressures up to 100 lb. per sq. in. Heating Systems include Oil Separators, Grease and Oil Traps, Dirt Strainers, Suction Strainers, Lift Fittings, Vacuum Governors, Air-Separating Tanks, Hydro pneumatic Tanks, Vacuum Controllers, Conserving Valves, Low-pressure Boiler Feeders, Damper Regulators, Water Ac cumulators, Expansion Joints, Vapor Economizers, etc. - Webster Power Specialties include Feed Water Heaters, Heater Meters, Steam Separators, etc. See our Service Bulletins or Data Books for complete description of ap paratus, and its application to Webster Systems. .323 Stokers and Grates The Automatic Furnace Co. Dayton, Ohio v NEW YORK, N. Y. PITTSBURGH, PA. Branch Offices CHICAGO, ILI-. ATLANTA, GA. ST. PAUL, MINN DETROIT, MICH. Manufacturers of Smokeless Furnaces, Chain and Shaking Grates motion, which is sufficient to clean the grate surface of ash and clinker, and a Showing Dayton Coal Feeder Applied to Hori zontal Fire Tube Boiler PRODUCTS Model Automatic Smokeless Fur naces; Model Chicago Chain Grate; Dayton Coal Feeder; Culver Shaking and Dumping Grate; Model Acme Steam Engine. ' THE DAYTON COAL FEEDER automatically feeds the coal onto any grate. It gives an even distribution of fuel over the entire grate surface and the fuel saving never amounts to less than 15%. Burns the lower grades of fuel that usually go to waste at the mines. " The saving in fuel will repay the in stallation cost in a short time. It is simple in design and practically fool proof. It reduces the amount of labor required. Practically no maintenance cost. It is easily and quickly installed with out change in the boiler setting at com paratively small cost. CULVER SHAKING'AND DUMP ING GRATE has both a shaking Culver Shaking and Dumping G rale . dumping motion in which every other ; grate raises up and the others drop down. When in this position the grates can be rocked, which breaks up the largest and hardest of clinker, and as an 8-inch opening is afforded everything on the grates is dumped into the ash pit. THE MODEL AUTOMATIC SMOKELESS FURNACE is of the well-known side feed inclined grate type and is suitable for the larger heavy duty units. It is entirely automatic, cleaning the ash and clinker from the fire as well . as feeding the fuel to the fire. Heavy overloads can be carried due to the fact that the fire is always dean and as the cleaning mechanism will handle the dirtiest of coal the refuse from the mines can be burned instead of wasted. The design is simple, strong and dur able and no parts, except the grate bars, are exposed to the heat of the fire. Shown below. ' This Company also manufactures the MODEL CHICAGO CHAIN GRATE. It is of rugged, heavy construction and is designed to stand the trying service of boiler room equipment. Detailed description will gladly be sent on request. 324 Stokers Boston, Worcester, Murphy Iron Works Founded 1S78 Detroit, Michigan ` Branch Offices : New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Paul, Denver. Buffalo, Cleveland, General The Murphy Auto matic Furnace is par ticularly adapted for use in office buildings, hotels and schools. It saves 15 to 25% of coal over hand-fired methods--it eliminates the smoke problem. The labor saving de pends on the number of men employed. Where only one man is employed there is, of course, no saving, but he can devote more of his time to other duties. Description The correctness of the principle upon which the construc tion of the MURPHY AUTOMATIC FURNACE is based has been demonstrated by 44 years of stoker experience. Improvements have been made from time to time which have in creased its efficiency- and durability. With the MURPHY AUTOMATIC FURNACE, complete combustion pre vents smoke and ensures high CO= re sults. All ash and refuse are removed automatically. This means a clean fire and high efficiency at all times. The MURPHY FURNACE does away with the necessity for opening furnace doors and thereby eliminates the admission of cold air; the coal supply to the furnace is under absolute control and automatic regulation; it is a Natural Draft Fur nace and requires no expensive fan or blower equipment. Adaptability The Murphy Furnace is designed for any type of boiler in units from 50 h.p. up. It is exceedingly flexible and effici ently handles variable loads and over loads up to 200% of boiler rating with minimum attention and without forced draft. Maintenance Maintenance cost is low; averaging about 10 cents per B.H.P. per year. The magazines and fronts are protected by fire brick; the coking plates by air passing under them; and the clinker grinder, grate bearer and grates by ex haust steam and air, thus ensuring ample protection to all working parts. Installations A few of the many Murphy installa tions in office buildings, hotels and schools. Hamm Building, St. Paul, Minn. Cleveland Discount Bldg., Cleveland, O. State Office Building, Lansing, Mich. Parliament Buildings, Ottowa, Canada. Edison Building, Chicago, 111. Lafayette Hotel, Buffalo, N. Y. Blackstone Hotel, Chicago, 111. Union Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh,'Pa. Congress Hotel, Chicago, 111. Statler Hotels, Cleveland, O., Detroit, Mich., and Buffalo, N. Y. University of Michigan, Ann Harbor, Mich. 76 School buildings in Detroit. 33 Schools in Cleveland. 325 Temperature Regulation Honeywell Heating Specialties Company Wabash, Indiana Manufacturers of Honeywell and Arco Temperature Regulators for Residential or other Heating Plants--Hot Water, Vapor, Steam, -or Hot Air. J The Honeywell Tem perature Regulator is an automatic device which opens and closes the dampers of the heater (any type) whenever the room temperature varies one degree from that for which the Regulator is set. . The Honeywell Tem perature Regulator has but two parts, the thermostat and the motor. The thermo stat is placed on an inside wall at some central location and electrically controls the operation of the motor, which is lo cated near and con nected to the heater. The automatic regula tion so effected insures a constant tempera ture, day and night, minimum fuel con sumption and maxi mum comfort and health. The cost of operation, even with the electric motor models, is negligible. The Regulator is made in three types, Gravity Motor, Spring Motor, and. Elec tric Motor; and nine models, three of each type. The first model of each type is equipped with plain thermostat, re quiring manual adjustment for day and night temperatures. The second model of each type is equipped with one-day clock pattern thermostat which auto matically brings the room temperature to the degree for which the Regulator is set, at any predetermined hour. The X third with model of eight-day each type is equipped automatic thermostat which automatically regulates both the day and night temperatures, at any pre determined degree and hour, without manual adjustment of any kind. PRICES . Including all wire, chain, pulleys, brackets, etc., necessary for installation. These prices are subject to trade discounts. Gravity Motor Models Model G-4, Plain non-automatic night-to-day temperature regu lation ..............................................$38.00 Model G-6, One-day clock pattern thermostat, automatic night-to day temperature regulation........ 45.00 Model G-8, Eight-day automatic thermostat, automatic night-to day and day-to-night tempera ture regulation .............................. 58.00 Spring Motor Models Model 4, Plain non - automatic night-to-day temperature regula tion ....... ...................................:..... $45.00 Model 6, One-day clock pattern thermostat, automatic night-to day temperature regulation........ 52.00 Model 8, Eight - day automatic thermostat, automatic night-to day and day-to-night temperature regulation ....................................... 65.00 Electric Motor Models Model 14, Plain non - automatic night-to-day temperature regula tion ............................................... $70.00 Model 16, One-day clock pattern thermostat, automatic night-to day temperature regulation....... 77.00 Model 18, Eight - day automatic thermostat, automatic night-to day and day-to-night tempera ture regulation .............................. 90.00 A. C. Electric Motor with Cover Removed 326 Temperature Regulation MAIN OFFICE MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Service Branches in Principal Cities Manufacturers of Temperature Controlling Devices In addition to the standard line of Minneapolis Heat Regulators for use in residences for the control of the central heating systems, this Company manufac tures the special devices shown below which have a wide range of uses in spe cial work. Our engineering department is always at the service of the profession in working out special adaptations of these devices. Model No. 70 Pressure Regulator Cut 2 shows the construction of the Pressure Regulator. Simple, rugged and sturdy in construction. It can be set at any point at will to keep a given pres sure, as for example 3 pounds, or to keep the pressure always within a certain range, as not less than 4 ounces nor over 1 pound. . Model No. 65 Hot Water Thermostat This Model is especially made for the control of domestic hot water supply in residences, apartments, hotels, etc. It can be used to control a coal heater in summer and steam valve in winter. It will give an accurate and dependable control. It is long-lived and fool-proof. Can be used with Minneapolis A. C. or spring motors. Other Uses Control of hot water boilers in resi dences in connection with room thermo stat control. Enamelling and bake ovens, dry kilns, glue, oil, paraffin and chocolate vats. Refrigerating systems, etc. Description Size--Diameter, 4 inches; extension, 2 or 4 inches standard; scale 50 degrees to 400' degrees; extreme temperature, 0 to 500 degrees. Extensions can be furnished up to 24 inches with special scales to suit any requirements. The Pressure Regulator used in con nection with a thermostat is the ideal in stallation in connection with house heat ing plants, whether steam or vapor. There are two independent sources of control working on the boiler, both temperature and pressure. For example, the termostat in the room is set at 70 degrees and. the pressure control at Yi pound. When the temperature reaches 70 degrees the dampers of the heating plant will be closed even though the pressure is only 54 ounce. And vice versa, in the morn ing or whenever the fire is being forced the pressure will be built up faster than the rooms are warmed, the pressure reaching % pound before the temperature reaches 70 degrees. Then the Pressure Regulator closes the dampers and the vapor or steam will continue to raise the temperature. This prevents the over heating that at times will occur when only the temperature control is used. Pressure Regulators are not only ap plicable to heating plants, but also to any type, .of pressure control, compressed air tanks, etc. Standard range is 0 to 5 pounds, but special ranges for other pres sures desired can be furnished at a slight additional cost. 327 Temperature Cbntrol Specialists in Automatic Heat Control GENERAL OFFICES AND FACTORY: GENERAL EASTERN OFFICES: CHICAGO, ILL. NEW YORK, N. Y. 2719 GREENVIEW AVENUE 126 EAST Wh STREET BOSTON. MASS. CINCINNATI. OHIO DETROIT, MICH. DES MOINES, IOWA MINNEAPOLIS. MINN. EL PASO. TEXAS CLEVELAND. OHIO BUFFALO.. N. Y. BRANCHES AND SERVICE STATIONS: ROCHESTER. N. Y. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. ST. LOUIS, MO. PITTSBURGH. PA. SEATTLE. WASH. KANSAS CITY, MO. SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH INDIANAPOLIS, IND. CHARLOTTE. N. C LOS ANGELES. CAL. BUTTE. MONT. MILWAUKEE WIS. PORTLAND, ORE. BALTIMORE. MD. PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE CANADIAN POWERS REGULATOR CO., LTD., TORONTO, ONT. BRANCHES: MONTREAL, WINNIPEG, CALGARY, VANCOUVER Products and Services ' Automatic Temperature Controlling Systems, applying them, under the super vision of the Powers engineers, to the heating plants, new or old, in residences, offices, factories, schools, institutions, and to any other condition of artificial heat ing where uniform temperature is desired. Automatic Heat Regulating Devices for controlling hot water and other tank heaters, hot water lines, shower baths, mixing hot and cold water, cold water and steam, and other operations of a similar character. Heating systems, and the requirements for temperature control, vary widely in detail. Special study should be given each case, so that its particular require- merits may be intelligently handled! Much of the dissatisfaction experienced with some temperature regulating apparatus is due to the attempt to force a ready made inflexible system or device to meet special requirements, taking no account of the conditions peculiar to the situation to be treated: . Temperature Controlling Appliances Powers thermostats are accurate in their working and will maintain their adjustment. They are of the vapor disk type, exclusive with Powers regula tors, and the only type not thrown out of adjustment by extremes of temperature or long disuse. For over 30 years this has been the stand ard of thermostatic con trol by which all other methods are measured. In design, Powers thermostats are second to none in beauty and perfection of finish; in size, as small as is consistent Residence with the reliability so nee- Thermostat . essary in such instruments; in opera tion, sure, with gradual or positive action, as conditions require. Diaphragm . radiator valves, diaphragm mo tors, mixing dampers and other equipment are especially r u g g e d in construction, depend able, and durable; built regardless of ex pense, wherever strength is needed for efficiency and long service. Motive power used in these systerns is compressed All-Metal Radiaioi Valve air. The company builds its own air compressors, operated by steam, electricity or water, and characterized by their re liability, noiseless operation, perfect con trol and long life. Installations Installations of Powers systems are invariably made by this company. At each branch of fice is main tained a com petent engineer ing and erecting force, sparing no expense to maintain the highest effi ciency. Powers special devices, however, are easily installed by any engineer or plumber. Valve Attached to Radiator The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control Prices Price for Powers Reg ulation covers the system installed complete, and is only named after a care ful study of the require ments. . Our price is not lowest, but no other sys tem will be found as effi cient and economical. Customers are served with the sole aim of get ting results for them; and experience shows that satisfactory service from a temperature controlling system is of much more importance than its first cost. tions. Self-contained, requiring no water or other auxiliary operating power. All metal. .Of great durability, guaranteed accurate and positive in action: Very easily installed. Largely used on hot water tanks and heaters, glue heaters, paraffin and grease tanks, etc. No. 12 Regulator, same as No. 11, with lever instead of spring equipment. On request, it is furnished complete with chains and pulleys, for control of damp ers of auxiliary coal burning tank heater, both heat sources being controlled with one regulator. ^ Thermostat Bulb Mo. 11 Regulator Mixing Dampers Ttihirnl 7installation of No. 11 ReaulatCr For more detailed information on No. 11 or No. 12, ask for Bulletin No. 129. Specifications I An opportunity is solicited to submit to any architect or engineer a detailed. specification, accompanied by a guaran teed price, to cover complete system of temperature control installed, the price to hold if specification is used. This guarantees full protection to the client against advantage being taken of a close specification. This company will gladly collaborate with architect or engineer in preliminary plans. As specialists in tem perature control, The Powers Regulator Co. has unusual facilities for solving problems in this particular field. Tank Temperature Regulation No. 11 Regulator controls temperature of liquids of all kinds under all condi Price List, No. 11 and No. 12 Regulators Complete with Valves Size of valve, in. Price Size of valve, in. Price % X $60.00 65.00 70.00 3 3A4 $100.00 110.00 120.00 \X 75.00 5 \% 80.00 6 2 90.00 8 175.00 . 200.00 250.00 2A 95.00 . Screwed union valves up to inclusive. 2-in., 2Xrin. and 3~in., screwed iron body; larger sizes, iron body flanged. Flexible connecting tube is 6 ft. long for sizes lyi in. and smaller; 8 ft. for 2 to 4 in. inclusive; and 10 ft. for larger sizes. Extra charge for special lengths. Bulb lengths, 14 to .24 in. requiring 1-in. and lX~in. tapping. Liberal discount to the trade. ". 329 The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control Water Line Temperature Regulation Shower Bath Controller nished complete as This device furnishes absolute thermo2 illustrated, with Warm static control of the water supply to unions, strainers, shower- baths, either singly or in gangs. and check valves, Water Outlet Entirely automatic in operation, and ready to connect. thermostatically controlled against scald ing. Will cut off hot water completely if cold water supply fails. Made in several sizes, to control from 1 shower to SO. The larger sizes may be installed in the hot water line, to prevent extremely hot water from going to the bathroom, sav ing wear and tear on the fixtures, but permitting the kitchen and laundry to take it as hot as may be desired. Fur- Regularly f u r nished with maxi mum temperature adjustment of 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Higher adjustment furnished when specified. Always state purpose for which controller will be used. wSr * Adjust Here Shower Bath Controller Smaller sizes, full nickel finish. Larger sizes, black enamel or alum inum finish. _pRI_CE LIST. POWERS SHOWER BATH CONTROLLERS No. Description Pipe Sizes Inlet, Outlet Capacity, gals, per min. Price Nickelplated brass body, screwed connections .... Nickelplated brass body, screwed connections.... Nickelplated brass body, screwed connections .... Galvanized iron bodies,painted, Hanged....con nections - - ........ ...........-- Galvanized iron bodies, painted. Hanged.con nections- - _...--......... . Galvanized iron bodies, painted, Hanged con nections Galvanized iron bodies, painted", flanged con nections..^.. K X 1 IX IK 2 2K Individual X shower $100.00 1 25 125.00 IK 50 150.00 IK SO 175.00 2 100 185.00 2K 150 200.00 2K 200 225.00 Capacities are based on 40 lbs. water pressure. Liberal discount to the trade. For more detailed description ask for Bulletin No. 124. Thermostatic Water Heater A safe, sure and accurate method of heating water with high pressure steam. Thermostatically controlled. Adapted to workmen's wash sinks, shower baths, etc., in factories, mines and other industrial plants, and to a great variety of purposes where a supply of warm or hot water of a specified temperature is desired at ir regular intervals. Thermostatic Water Heater Warm Water Outlet s, Live Steam Inlet Clean Oat Plus Adjustment PRICE LIST, STEAM AND WATER MIXERS Pipe Sizes No. Inlet, in. Capacity. Shipping gals. weight, Outlet, lbs. Steam Water in. Price Typical Installation If Thermo- static Water Heater in Work men's Wash Sinks 1 2 1 IK X 1. X 1 w.uwai uuvuuut W ViK Vic tion ask for Bulletin No. 137 330 25 40 60 $100.00 75 150.00 Trade Publication A Monthly Journal ok Engineering Procress 1123 Broadway, New York The Heating and Ventilating Mag azine is devoted to the engineering progress of the industry and is con-. ducted in the interests of consulting, heating and ventilating engineers, contractors, central station heating engi neers, engineers, of school boards, archi tects, manufacturers, etc. The subscrip tion price is $2.00 per year. Following are the partial contents of a typical issue: The Weak Spots in Direct-Indirect Heat ing, E. Vernon Hill (Significant Re sults of a Test of Air Conditions in the Greentown, Ind., High School). Novel Scheme for Regulating the Hu midity in an Airplane Propeller Fac tory, A. C. Knauss (Details of the Air Conditioning Apparatus Devel oped at the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis.). What About Ozone? III. E. Vernon Hill and John T. Aeberly, (Details of the Recently-Completed Tests to De termine the Status of Ozone). Standard Specifications for Chimney Construction (Text of the Modei Ord inance Promulgated by the National Board of Fire Underwriters and Ap proved by Eleven Engineering and Trade Associations). . New Rulings for Public School Ventila tion in Pennsylvania. Legal Decisions. Research Department. Steam Required to Operate Sterilizing and Cooking Apparatus. Checking Readings of Condensation : Meters. Velocities and Friction Losses in Ven tilating Ducts. Steam Required in a Blower Line in a Railroad Roundhouse. Correspondence! Chats with Uncle Ben (Cooling Water with Chemicals). The Weather for November, 1921. Through its membership in the Asso ciated Business Papers, Inc:, The Heat ing and Ventilating Magazine has sub scribed to the following Standards of Practice for Business Papers, as estab lished by that body: The! publisher of a business paper should dedicate his best efforts to the cause of business and social service, and to this end should pledge himself: 1. To consider first the interests of the subscriber. 2. To subscribe to and work for truth and honesty, in all departments. 3. To eliminate, so far as possible, his personal opinions from his news columns, but to be a leader of thought in his editorial columns and to make his criti cisms constructive. 4. To refuse to publish puffs, free reading notices, or paid write-ups; to keep his reading columns independent of advertising considerations, and to meas ure all news by this standard: "Is it real news ?" 5. To decline any advertisement which has a tendency to mislead or which does not conform to business integrity. 6. To solicit subscriptions and adver tising solely on the merits of the pub lication. Through its. membership in the Audit Bureau of Calculations, the circulation of The Heating and Ventilating Maga zine is guaranteed, both as to the number of paid subscribers and to the proportion of subscribers in each branch of the industry. . This journal is also the publisher of The Heating and Ventilating Magazine Standard Data Sheets, now numbering over 222 sheets, covering a wide range of subjects connected with heating and ventilation. . These sheets are sold at S cents each, or by the set, according to subjects. 331 Valves The Dole Valve Company 1923-1933 Carroll Avenue Chicago/ 111. Manufacturers of a Complete Line of High Grade Packless Radiator Valves and Automatic Air Valves Packless Radiator Valves Dole Packless Radiator Valves are made in a large variety of suitable pat terns to meet all requirements of any kind of Steam or Hot Water Heating System. All patterns embody same con struction, the design only being changed to conform to the required pattern. Wood knob handle* finely finished; no metal to come into contact with hand. Stem in one piece; shoulder under packless disc is part of stem, and shoul der above disc is part of bonnet. Stem does not rise or lower; seat disc holder only rising and lowering on double spiral thread when stem rotates, its free work ing permitting coming to a positive seat when closed. This feature also prevents grease and dirt being carried through. Spring is case tempered and carries tension of 75 to 100 pounds when com pressed in valve. Spring rests on top of bonnet shoulder, held in place by lock nut on top of ball bearing feature. This continually pulls seat on stem against packless disc, which, together with small seating lip on upper and lower shoulders that imbeds itself in packless disc, in sures tightness, preventing leakage of air, steam or water. Spring casing of high grade brass finely machined. Ball bearing feature, consisting of iron steel balls set between specially hardened bronze, allows high ten sion in spring while per mitting valve to operate freely--an exclusive Dole feature. Packless disc is. of special composition; made expressly for this valve. Owing to valve construc tion there is practically no wear on disc, as is proved by discs which have been in operation for 16 years with no apparent wear or de- _ terioration. Dole Angle Valve With Union All Patterns of Dole Packless Valves Are Constructed on this Basic Principle. Discs are specially made according to different formulas for steam or hot water so that it is necessary to specify type of system when ordering. Bonnet is extra heavy metal with very strong hexagon, allowing plenty of metal where wrench is used. General construction comprises high est grade brass and bronze metals. Every valve seated and tested on 80 to 90 pounds steam pressure. Roughing-in dimensions as nearly standard as com patible with present variations of dif ferent manufacturers. Packless disc, spring and ball bearing features are standard on all patterns and inter .. changeable. Right and Left Hand Corner , Valve With Union 5-4"--...............$3.45 V/4"............. ,,$6,95 Vs"--.............. 4 25 r........ ............. 5.15 154"............. .... 8.95 2".................. ,,14.25 Graduated or Modulating Valve With Union A"-- .......,...$4.15 U4"..............,.$7.40 H"-. ............. 4.80 l"........ ............. 5.75 1A".................. 9.10 2"...................,,14.10 Wood Wheel Straight-Way Gate Valve With Union Vz"....,...........$3.40 114"..... ,,$6.75 y4"-- ............. 4.05 U4"................. 8.25 i"........ ............. 5.30 i"................... ,.11.90 Angle Valve With Union A"-. .............$3.15 1J4".............. .,$6.25 v4"~. ............. 3.90 v........ ............. 4.70 1A".............. ... 8.15 2"................... .,13.00 Globe Valve With Union Vs"- .............$3.15 1!4".............. ,.$6.25 y4"- ............. 3.90 1".....:.. ............. 4.70 \A".............. ... 8.15 2"....................,13.00 Wood Wheel Gate Valve With Union y4".... .............$4.45 154".............. ,.$7.40 \"...................... 5.80 1A".............. ... 9.00 2".............. .....$13.00 Lock Shield Valve With Union Same list as Wood Wheel Valves, but add 5% to net prices. Keys, 30 cents each, net. Graduated Lock Shield Valve With Union Vo?..................$4.15 V/4"................. .$7.40 y4"..:.............. 4.80 We".................. 9.10 1"................... 5.75 2"...................... 14.10 Keys, 30c each, net. 332 The Dole Valve Company Valves Shure-Vent Air Valves List Price, Each $2.00 2--Seating Screw projects down into the chamber of valve far enough to form a guard which prevents dirt and flake working into the valve seat. 3--Seating Pin extends well up in the The Dole ShureVent Air Valve is an efficient automatic air valve in which has been overcome screw which forms a guide that insures a positive closing seat. 4--The Float made of light but strong annealed brass--rising when water en ters the valve and positively prevents the possibility of in flood. terrupted action 5--Inner Chamber of float contains through accumula exactly the proper amount of expansion tion of dirt, rust and liquid which expands and forms a gas corrosion, or the oc the instant steam comes in contact with casional annoying it--float rises and valve is closed tightly. stoppage known as 6--Finely Drawn Brass Shell, closely water-logging. corrugated to form free passage of air and give natural drain for water. Float contains a specified amount of 7--Expansion Diaphragm is made of what is commonly known as expansion special spring bronze. Its convex shape liquid. When air is expelled and steam permits the float to drop the exact dis approaches the heat vaporizes liquid. tance necessary for free expulsion of air This expansion presses down diaphragm from the system while cold. The instant in bottom of float and closes valve- the air is expelled steam strikes the float. Water flooding into valve raises the The heat then converts the liquid into a float and also closes valve- The cooling gas that expands this diaphragm forcing of liquid , reduces pressure on diaphragm the pin at the top against the seat thus and opens valve. Similiarly, the drain positively sealing the outlet against the ing of water also opens valve. This escape of steapi. . thermostatic and mechanical action is 8--Float Rest of drawn brass, shaped simple, positive and thoroughly auto and soldered info the base to form a matic. perfect rest for the float yet giving free passage for draining water back into Water-logging, caused by a vacuum radiator--the bottom being aligned with ,,,at top of valve holding water in valve, inlet to the valve insuring complete is overcome by the Dole emergency push drainage of the valve. button. Pressing down this button, and 9--Heavy Drawn Brass Base threaded releasing immediately, will break the on the inside to which the outer shell vacuum and drain the water. No re is screwed and soldered. This arrange moval or adjustment of valve or parts ment makes a positive non-leakable con necessary. nection of the utmost durability. Every valve properly sealed, adjusted and tested before leaving factory and each valve is guaranteed for the life of 10--Push Button threaded and brazed to seat stem of the hand vent--impos sible to remove or get out of adjustment. 11--The Hand Vent. Should water the heating system. logging ever occur with a Dole Valve the owner or tenant merely pushes the The Twelve Super button--and adjusts his own complaint, ior Features of has abundant heat and is always satis ' Shure-Vent .Air fied. The vent seat is held firmly in Valves place by a bronze spring of permanent tension precluding all possibility of leak 1--Double Cap ar age. This hand vent feature- alone is rangement which sufficient reason for using the Dole forces downward all Shure-Vent Valve. air escaping from 12---Heavy Brass Nipple of Inlet se inner cap. This ar curely brazed to the base and threaded rangement overcomes with true cut standard one-eighth inch, the reasons for the iron oipe thread which conforms to the usual dust streak on established standard tap on all makes Sectional View wall above. of radiators. 333 . Valves The Fulton Company Knoxville, Tennessee : BRANCHES: . NEW YORK. Hudson Terminal Bldg. 50 Church Street DETROIT Book Bldg. Washington Boulevard CHICAGO Wrigley Bldg. Michigan Boulevard Representatives in All Principal Centers Patentees and manufacturers of Sylphon products. Sylphon Temperature and Pressure Regulators, Thermostats for regulating temperatures of homes by warm air furnaces, steam or hot water, boilers; Temperature Regulating Radiator Covers; Automatic Air and Vent Valves; Packless and Leakless Valves and other Heating Specialties Advantages All Sylphon devices em body the seamless, one-piece bellows of drawn metal shown at right. There is not a bit of solder through out its length--no chance for-leaks or breaks.- It is a feature found exclusively in Sylphon Products. Sylphon diaphragms or bellows are made in sizes ranging from to 12" O. D. No. 345 Sylphon Packless Radiator Valve This valve cannot leak water, steam or air around the stem, and is known as our Government type. Turning stem and its support are completely surrounded by the, 2-ply laminated Sylphon one-piece metal bellows, capable of being elongated as', the stem , descends and of being compressed as the stem rises. The operating . parts are completely inside this protecting Sylphon bellows which forms, a forever-tight seal between the main pas sage way and the stem opening.- The valve is packless, not socalled, but absolutely packless. It is fur nished with a non-burning handle of rosewood finish: : Ask for Bulletin RPV 3 No. 365 Sylphon Leakless Radiator Valve It is absolutely tight against air, steam and water, and. is just what its name implies -- leakless. Contains no packing or springs, the stem rising through an opening that never requires packing, being enclosed within the valve body by the rugged, dependable 2-ply laminat ed Sylphon bellows which contracts 01 expands as the stem screwed up or down. Sylphon Leakless and Packless Valves are espec ially adapted to vacuum heating, steam and forced circulation hot water. Non-burning handle of rosewood finish. Furnished in angle, corner, globe, lock and shield, and other special types. Ask for Bulletin RPV 3 No. 465 Standard Type Radiator Valve A standard radiator valve of unusual quality as we use the same body, tail nut and tail pipe used in the Leakless Valve, which are of a superior quality to those generally made for standard valves. Ask for Bulletin- RAV 3 No. 536 Sylphon Radiator Air Valve An improved radi ator air valve with large thermostat and float which renders it extremely powerful and positive in action. It is pleasing 1 in de sign, rigid in construc tion and durable. The active principle is the Sylphon bellows which for many years has been used . by this company in all of its heating boiler special ties. The Sylphon bellows -will not buckle or - distort and will never lose its efficiency. Has ample movement, thus insuring tight closing of the valve. It is so durable that, practi-. cally speaking, it will never wear out. Ask for Bulletin RPV 3 ' 334 The Fulton Company Valves No. 931 Temperature Regulator For nearly all requirements where liquids are heated by steam, and especial ly industrial uses. Regulators are regu larly furnished with a temperature range of 140 degrees to 180 de grees Fahr. Special reg ulators can be furnished with adjustment for 20 degrees above or below the operating point for temperatures not lower than 20 degrees nor higher than 320 degrees . Fahr. No. 931 Regulators are furnished regularly in sizes from l/t" to 2J4" inclusive.. Upon application, a a chart will be furnished showing size of regulator for any given condition. Ask for Bulletin RT 3 No. 45-A Water Regulator . Used to control the dampers on hot water heating boilers. Sim ple, accurate regula tors which will control the draft so as to maintain a constant temperature of the water at any point be tween 120 degrees and 220 degrees Fahr. They prevent the temperature of the water from rising higher than necessary, insuring faucet water or even temperature every hour of the day. They prevent the generating of steam in the system, thus eliminating the disagreeable sputtering and blowing off when the faucet is open. Ask for Bulletin RD 3 friction in the moving parts and prevents the regulator from fluttering. The regu lator is made entirely of metal and has no perishable rubber diaphragms. Ask for Bulletin RD 3 Sylphon Regitherm The most powerful room thermostat on the market. Requires no electricity, compressed air or clockwork to operate. Responds to slight changes in temperature of air and is used to control valves, dampers and shut ters. Works smoothly, never by jerks and is noiseless in operation. Requires no attention. Standard range 60 degrees to 80 degrees Fahr. It is largely used in offices and industrial plants. Small and neat in appearance, being 6" wide by 7j4" long. Ask for Bulletin RR 3 The Ja-Nar Radiator Cover Made.of fine furniture steel, lined with heat insulating material. Completely covers hot water and steam radiators. Can be installed in old homes as easily as in new. Furnished in light or dark oak, mahogany, walnut and various tinted enamels, or to match any interior wood-, work. Furnished in three types: 1st, Auto matic Temperature Control; 2nd, Man ually Operated Temperature Control; 3d, Uncontrolled Type. . The controlled type Ja-Nar Radiator cover is equipped with a thermostatic de vice which opens or closes the shutters to regulate the heat sent out into the room. This is absolutely automatic in operation and can be set to operate at any comfortable temperature desired. No. 925 Vapor Damper Regulator Extremely powerful and sensitive. It will control any pressures as low as 2 oz. and any dampers found on the average boiler. The extra flexible Sylphon dia phragm is 12 in. jn diameter, giving 100 sq. in. effective area, and is fitted with a compensating device which overcomes Ask for Pamphlet on the Ja-Nar Specification Data" . . Send for our "Specifications of Value" which gives complete engineering data rn regard to the above products. 335 Valves Detroit Lubricator Company New York DETROIT. UjS.A. ''' Chicago . San Francisco Largest Manufacturers of Radiator Valves in the World NEW OFFERINGS FOR 1922 Detroit Packless Radiator Valves Bellows Type mings, nickel plated, Jenkins Brothers discs. Detailed information including roughing-in dimensions on request. Specify "Genuine Detroit" Packless Radiator Valves, Bellows Type. . Detroit Boiler Draw Off Cocks This improved cock has an outlet which is slightly inclined, to facilitate ' attachment of a hose, if desired. A more pleasing line of Packless Radiator Valves for steam, hot water, vapor and vacuum heating systems. The Detroit Packless Radiator Valves, Bellows Type, have no rotating or slid ing parts exposed to the steam or water. The operating parts are completely en closed in a strong, elastic brass bellows which expands and contracts as the valve is opened and closed. Steam, . It has a stuffing box which prevents any leakage and consequent flooding of floor when unscrewed. The seat is a metal to metal and has been heavily reinforced, so that it cannot be distorted should excessive pressure be used when the cock is installed. Specify "Genuine Detroit" Boiler Draw-off Cocks and get something better. water or air cannot pass through this metal barrier and leak through the Detroit Improved Multiport Valve stem opening. Conversely, no air can get into the system through the Radiator Valve, which is so necessary for a per fect and economical working vacuum system. The metal Bellows is of an improved type and will last as long as the heating plant itself. A new and better design of handle is offered for the first time. It is a hard A supply valve for use in vapor heat-_ rubber finished, molded type which will ing, with a self-contained double gradu- ' not break or lose its finish and which is ation. non-conductive of heat. . It will not work One graduation, made at time of in loose on the stem. stallation, adjusts inlet opening to pass The workmanship and finish of The the exact amount of vapor needed to Detroit Packless Radiator Valves, Bel meet the maximum requirements of the lows Type, are of the highest grade. individual radiator to which it is at They are of compact and pleasing ap tached. pearance, and due to the absence of ' The other graduation, that for heating complicated and friction-producing mech any portion of the radiator desired, is anism, turn very easily when being ;attained by the movement of the lever opened or closed. ]handle between the range of "on" and Manufactured in angles, right and left '"off" indicated on the dial. hand corners and globes, one half to. two inch sires. The price is attractive. 1 Specify "Genuine Detroit" Multiport In satin finish with polished trim Valves for your vacuum work. . 336 Valves, Boilers, Specialties Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Liggett Building New York City Factories: Eastwood, Syracuse and Oswego. N. Y.; Huntingdon Pa Branch Offices: New York, Brooklyn, Syracuse, Newark, Worcester, Boston, Philadelphia, Detroit. Radiator valves, high pressure valves, hot water valves, hot water thermometers, pressure gauges.__________________ The Pierce Packless Valve A Few of Its Outstanding Features The stem disc (See the illustration) is made of fibre and is heat, steam and moisture proof. It is carried on a stem seat which is an integral part of the stem. This stem seat receives uniform pressure from a spring thereby seating and sealing the disc on the machined under-surface of the valve top. Steam and water cannot escape. iTQP NUT The steam disc can be renewed in a few minutes (if after years of service there appears need of re newal) with-i out shutting' off or inter fering with the steam line. The valve opens and closes with one turn of the handle. The type provided with lever handle grad uated dial is widely used on vapor systems. Provision is made for modulation with exact rela- tiqn to conditions. UNION nipple! BALL JOlflt UNION VALVE SEATDIAPHRAGM FILLETS PIPE END (HEXF; DY----------------- Sectional View Valoe with Wood Wheel TOP NUTHANDLE CASTING WOOD HANDLE HANOLE SCREW 'HANOLE BURR LOCK NUT. The Pierce Valve is of heavy propor tions with strong hex's and walls. It is made from high grade bronze castings and nickel plated before assembly, there by avoiding deposits of nickel salts in working parts. Its joints are graphited before setting up and are accordingly easy to take apart. All parts are machined to precision under gauge limits and inspection. Valoe with Lever Handle and Graduated Dial 337 . Valves, Radiator The Sandusky Packless Valve Go. Sandusky, Ohio ' Sandusky Packless Radiator Valves for Steam, Hot Water, Vapor and Vacuum Heating Systems The PACKLESS feature employed in the design of SANDUSKY PACKLESS RADIATOR VALVES is exactly the same as that used for the past five years in the construction of SANDUSKY PACK LESS globe, gate and angle valves for steam pressures up to 300 pounds. Thou sands of these valves in service today under high pressure have thoroughly demonstrated their ability to remain per manently steam-tight, air-tight and water tight under the most severe conditions. By referring to the cut it will be noted that the stem (A) is provided with a hemispherical shoulder (D) which is held in contact with the 45 degree seat in the bonnet (E) by means of spring (B) acting on stem (A) through handle hub (C) . The stem (A) is non-rising and when the valve is being opened or closed the hemispherical shoulder on the stem rotates on its seat in the bonnet. This forms a perfect metal to metal ground joint between the stem and bonnet at (D) and prevents any possibility of leak age around the stem. Graduated Type with Lever Handle Fig. 32 The SANDUSKY PACKLESS GRADUATED RADIATOR VALVE illustrated above fulfills in every way the requirements of an ideal valve of this type. They may be fully opened or closed with seven-eighths turn of the handle and are equipped with an indicator which is graduated to show the opening through the valve. All SANDUSKY PACKLESS valves are guaranteed to give satisfactory inlet valve service and we stand ready AT ANY TIME to replace any SAN DUSKY PACKLESS RADIATOR VALVE which should fail to give entire satisfaction. List Prices and Roughing in Dimensions FIGURE 31 Size X" 1" IX" . IK" 2" Center to Top 3 'A" 3 M" W" 54 "H" Center Center v to to End Bottom Tail Piece i A" 1H" l H" 2 'A" 2 y," 2W 3 'A" 3H" 4 A" 4 H" List Price $ 3.90 4.70 6.25 8.15 13.00 Sectional View Fig. SI Angle Type with Wood IVheel Size X" .1" IX" 338 FIGURE 32 Center to Top Center . to Bottom. Center to End Tail Piece '2 A" 2X" 2H" a" 1 4" 2X" 3X" 3Vs" List Price $4.80 5.75 7.40 !) t ! 1} f 1 Valves Scott Valve Mfg. Co. Detroit, Mich. Manufacturers of Scott's High Grade Valves for Steam, Water, Air and Gas Scott Exhaust Relief and Back Pressure- Valves The Scott water sealed Automatic Ex haust Relief and Back Pressure Valve shown below is one of the well-known Scott products. This valve is rigid in construction and it has been designed so that there are no parts that will become loose inside and foul the valve. The ample water seal makes it especially adapted for use with condensers, and vacuum heating systems. The outside air cushioned dash pot gives it a positive cushion and makes it noiseless. Blue prints will be furnished to Engineers. Scott Gate Valves Scott Gate Valves are made in both brass and iron, in pressures in 100, 125, 150, 175 and 250 pounds and are also made for Hydraulic pressures up to 5,000 pounds. These valves are fitted with the Scott cylindrical two-piece disc or solid wedge, and we can furnish the Michigan pattern with parallel seats if desired. . Chicago Hot Water Radiator Valves These valves are heavier than most Hot Water valves and can be connected without distortion. The tail pipe is long, so that-the nut can be backed beyond the face of the' joint, making connection easier. The cone below the stuffing box allows the valve to be packed under pres.sure and is more serviceable than most so-called Packless Valves. Scott Steam Radiator Valves The steam valves are made with or without tail pipes in Angle, Globe, Off Set, Corner (right or left) and with lock shields when desired. The construction is heavy and with long tail pipes. They are highly finished. Scott Pop Safety Valves Scott Pop Safety Valves have given excellent service for over thirty years. They are all that the name "Safety" im plies. Long springs are used in them so that they will readily take care of excess pressure. The discharge capacities stamped on them is very conservative. The valves are made to A.S.M.E. speci fications. Besides the valves mentioned we can furnish valves for almost any purpose. 339 Ventilating Motors The Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Albany, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore, Md. . Birmingham, Ala. Bluefield, W. Va. Boston, Mass.- Buffalo, N. Y. Butte, Mont. Charleston, W. Va. Charlotte, N. C. Chattanooga, Tenn. Chicago, 111. Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland,. Ohio Columbus, Ohio Dallas, Tex. DISTRICT OFFICES: Dayton, Ohio Denver, Colo. Des Moines, la. Detroit, Mich. Duluth, Minn. El Paso, Tex. Fresno, Calif. . Houston, Tex. Indianapolis, Ind. Jacksonville, Fla. Kansas City, Mo. Louisville, Ky. Los Angeles, Calif. Memphis, Tenn. Milwaukee, Wise. Minneapolis, Minn. . New Orleans, La. New York, N. Y- Niagara Falls, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. Rochester, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. Salt Lake City, Utah San Francisco, Calif. Seattle, Wash. Syracuse, N. Y. Tucson, Ariz. . Washington, D. C. (Gov. Office) Wilkesbarre, Pa. Toledo, Ohio Motors and Control for all Kinds of Ventilating Equipment, ' . Elevators, Pumps, etc. SK Motors Driving Ventilating Fans in ' Pennsylvania, New York. The Westinghouse Electric & Manu facturing Company is in position to furnish complete electrical equipment for operating ventilating appliances, from the small blower for ventilating a single room to the automatic system for conditioning the air for the largest building. The motors and controllers offered for . this service have been especially designed to suit the power and speed character istics of fans and blowers. At the same Ventilating Equipment in Seaboard National Bank, New York. time, quietness of operation has been retained. The long experience of Westinghouse in making successful applications of ventilating equipments, is at the service of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and they are invited to submit their ventilating problems to us for recom mendations of electrical equipment that will produce the most satisfactory re suits at minimum cost. Data Desired in Appl ng Ventilating Motors Kind of Current. A. C.--Voltage, Phase, Frequency. D. C.--Voltage. Type, make, speed and size of fan or blower. Motor speed. Constant or Varying Speed. If the latter, the speed range and horse-power required at normal'or maximum speed. Method of Connection. Intermittent or Continuous Service. 340 Water Heaters The Patterson-Kelley Co. 101 Park Avenue New York City . Preheaters, Heat Exchangers, Heaters for Chemicals, Gases, Oils. Coolers for Brine, Chemicals, Gases, Oil and Water. Hot Water Heaters for all purposes. Pool Heaters and Converters. The Patterson Combined Hot Water Service and Storage Heater, Type B, is for any service where requirements . for hot water are not constant, or where a large volume must be stored for sud den heavy demands. General Specifications '. Constructed like a high grade boiler--of heavy steel plate. Steam inlet and outlet chamber is a heavy grey iron casting. Tube head is a heavy, steel forging into which both ends of each tube are expanded. Tubes are of pure, cold drawn seamless copper and `fl- shaped to provide against contraction and expansion. Heater is for any service and in any required size per tables below. Write us for engineering advice. ___________________ ' . No 1S 2S 3 S- ' 4S 5S 6S 7S 8S 9S 10 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 S 17 S 18 S 19 S 20 S 24 x 48 24 x . 60 24 x 72 24 x 84 30 x 60 30 x 72 30 x- 84 30 x 96 30 x 120 36 x 72 36 x 96 36 x 108 36 x 120 36 x 144 42 x 72 42 x. 84 42 x 96 42 x 108 42 x 120 STORAGE CAPACITIES Approx. Wt. in Lbs. ' 94 . 650 118 7.50 . 141 850. . 164 950 180215 875 1000 255 1150 285 1300 360 1500 310 1250 365 415 1400 1550 475 1700 500 1850 640 2100 430 1500 500* 1650 575 1800 650 1950 720 2200 . No. 21 S 22 S 23 S' 24 S 25 ` S 26 S 27 S 28 S 29 S 30 S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 S 37 S 38 S 39 S 40 S Dimensions xn Inches . 42 x 144 42 x 168 42 x 192 48 x 96 48 x 120 48 x 144 48 x 168 . 48 x 192 54 x 120 54 x 144, 54 x 168 54 x 192 60 x 120 60 x 144 60 x 168 60 x 192 72 x .174 84 x 168 96 x 168 96 x 192 Capacity in Gals. 860 1000 1155 750 940 1125 1300 1500 1190 1425 1665 1900 1400 1700 2000 2240 .3000 4000 5200 6000 Approx. Wt. in Lbs. 2450 2800 3100 2600 2925 3350 3840 4200 3500 3900 4300 4700 4300 4950 5600 6200 7000 8700 10000. 11000 . HEATING CAPACITIES--40 F. to 180 F -- Steam at Atmospheric Pressure. No. 1H 2 IT 3K 4H 5H 6H 7H 8H 9H 10 H nh 12 H 13 H 14 H Gallons t>er Hour 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 . 700 800 1000 -- - 1250 1500 1750 Approx. Wt. in Lbs. 200 215 235 255 285 315 350 370 400 425 450 500 550 600 No. 15 H . i6 i-r 17 H 18 H 19 IT 20 It 21 H 22 IT 23 IT 24. H 25 H 26 H 27 H 28 H Gallons per Hour 2000 2500 . 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 7500 10000 12500 . 15000 20000 25000 Approx. Wt. in Lbs. 700 800 900 1050 "1200 -.-1350 1500 1750 2000 3200 3800 4500 5100 5800 NOTE.--To specify Type B. Heaters, combine fbe numbers of the required storage and heating capacities. For example, "One Patterson Type B. Heater with No. 22 S. and No. 17 H." has 1000 gallons storage with 3000 gallons hourly heating capacity. '341 Water Heaters Ross Heater & Mfg. Co. Buffalo, N. Y. Represented in all principal cities. Heaters, Condensers, Coolers, Strainers, Heat Exchangers and Expansion Joints for all services. Ross Radial Flow Instantaneous Heater . Instantaneous Heaters cover a very wide field; in fact a large per cent, of services can be taken care of with this type even though no attempt is made to carry a supply of the heated liquid in reserve or storage. A few of the services are; Hot water service supply for hotels, factories, hospitals, schools, apartment buildings, etc. Water for hot water heating systems for either forced or gravity circulation. Oil for pipe lines, storage stations, fuel oil burning apparatus, etc. Boiler feed water for high or low pressure. Water for swimming pools. Sugar juice in cane or beet sugar houses. Chemical compounds of all kinds, etc. Straight tubes are used and they are accessible at both ends. Ross Storage Type Heater The Ross Storage Heater meets a condition where it is desirable to store up and have in reserve a supply of hot water. This heater is made in various com binations of storage tanks and heating elements so as to meet any condition of service. The heating element is located on the bottom and extends practically the full length of the tank. The entire heating element can be removed for cleaning or repairs. The tubes are straight and expanded into both tube sheets, one of which is of the floating type. 342 Ross Heater .& Mfg. Co. Expansion Joints . The Ross Crosshead-Guided Expansion Joint is a high grade fitting for taking care of the expansion and contraction in pipe lines due to changes in temperature. These Ross fittings are made for all pipe sizes. The above sectional view shows the construction, the principal feature being the guiding of the slip tube to insure perfect alignment in its travel through the packing box, which is extra deep. The periphery of the slip tube flange is machined to an accurate fit with the machined inner surface of the guide. Accessibility to the packing box is obtained by unbolting the guide from the main body flange and shoving it back over the main pipe. The flanges are of the well-known Van Stone type. The Ross fitting can be packed without removing same from the pipe line. It is provided with limit rods to prevent the slip tube pulling out of the packing box. All holes drilled from templates--not cored. The Ross Crosshead-Guided Expansion Joint is suitable for pipe lines conveying saturated or superheated steam, water, oil, air, or any fluid subjected to changes in temperature. These fittings are built in three general types--Low Prssure Cast Iron for pressures of 125 pounds and lower; High Pressure Cast Iron for pressures from 125 to 250 pounds; High Pressure Cast Steel for extra high pressures and tempera tures. All of the above types of joints can be supplied either in the single or double fitting and with or without anchor bracket. The length of traverse varies from 4" to 16", depending upon the size and type of fitting. The following table gives the dimensions in inches of the more popular sizes of single expansion joints. These dimensions referring to the above line cut. Size 1 Joint | Flange D ia. ' , a 45 A T Dimensions Ross Single Low Pressure Expansion Joints B c E F G HK j L NR D Bolts J\ i\ 0 <6 3 3A 4 4A s 6 7 8 9 10 12 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 IS A isH 16 1654 2AA 24 A 26 27 A 27% 2754 7 7A 8 8 8 11A HA 12 12% 12% U% 7% 7A 7% 8 854 13 13 14 IS% IS% 1554 1054 1154 12 1254 13 1554 1654 1754 2054 21 2454 554 254 454 6 * 254 454 654 54 2A 4 54 654 54 3 5 7 54 3 5 8 54 3 A 6 8f4 54 3A 6 9A H 5 8 10 Vi 54 554 9 1054 54 5 54 9 1254 A 6 10 5 5 5 554 5 54 654 654 854 10 10 1054 254 2A 254 3 3 354 354 5 554 554 6 54 454 54 454 54 454 54 5 54 5 A 9% 54 9 A n 844 54 554 % 954 54 954 754 '54 4 6 854 % 4 7 9 54 8 7A 954 54 8 7 A 10 . 54 8 8A 11 54 8 y ya 1254- 54 8 1054 1354 A . 8 1154 15 54 12 13*4 16 - Ji 12 1454 19 H 12 Dimensions Ross Single High Pressure Expansion Joints 3 8 25 3A 8 26 4 8 26 4A 8 26 5 8 27A 6 8 26 A 7 8 27A 8 8 29A 9 8 30 10 8 30 , 12 8 31 UA 13A 12 14 12A 13K 12% 1354 12A 1454 12A 14 13 1454 13 54" 1554 14A 15*4 14*4 1554 15 16 13A 14 15 1554 17 1854 20 2154 2354 2354 27A 7A 7 54 54 754 54 854 H m 54 9*4 H 1054 i 1154 . i 1154 l 1254 l 14 l 3 3A 354 354 354 554 5 A- 554 554 5 54 554 5 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 9 554 654 654 654 654 -894 854 854 10 10 10 3 54 10 3A 54 10 3 54 A 954 354 54 954 354 54 1054 5 54 1 954 554 1 954 554 1 1054 S'/s 1 954 554 154 954 5 *4 IV* 10 854 9 10 1054 11 12 A 14 15 16.*4 is A 2054 H8 54" 8 A8 54 8 A8 H 12 H 12 H 12 l 12 16 154 16 654 7 54 7% 8 V2 954 1054 11% 13 14 15*4 1754 Water Heaters Stack Heater Co. Boston, Mass. Engineers Manufacturers Water Heaters for All Domestic and Industrial Requirements The Stack Instantaneous- Steam Water Heater is a simple, yet efficient device, for supplying clean hot water. - Steam does not mix with the water, it merely transfers its heat to the water in the copper tubes. Steam is used only while water is being drawn. No moving parts or expansion joints. Works efficiently on exhaust or high pressure steam Special Stack Instantaneous Steam Water Heaters are built to order. Full information will be furnished upon request. , The Stack Indirect Heater, at practically no cost, heats the domestic hot water to a uniform temperature, using the house heater as a heating medium. --* The domestic hot water passes through the copper coil in the heater and the hot water from the house heating plant flows around the copper coil. The two waters never mix. All coils tested to 600 pounds pressure and the cas ings tested to 250 pounds pressure at our factory. Instantaneous Steam Water Heater (Capacities 10 to 2000 gal. per minute) Full information, including installation diagrams, will be furnished upon request. Boiler Room, Trumbull Hospital, H. F. Kellogg, Arch. Installed by Eastern Power & Heating Corp. 344 Water Heaters Thermal Appliance Co. 342 Madison Ave. New York, N. Y. "TACO" WATER HEATERS for Domestic Service and for Hotels, Apartment Houses, Institutions, Mills, Factories, Industrial Plants and Restaurants Domestic TACO Water Heaters (External Type) for use with steam heating boilers Range Boiler Shipping Size Suitable Weight No. for Gals. Lbs. Special 30 30 12 1 40 18 2 80 28 3 160 53 List Price $15.00 20.00 30.00 50.00 Standard Domestic "Taco" Heater Installation: Note the simple piping. Flo-Line TACO.. Water Heaters (External Type) for use with steam or hot water heating boilers Range Boiler Suitable for Size No. 01 02 03 Gals. Skipping With With Weight List Steam Water Lbs. Price 60 20 18 $25.00 - 120 40 28 35.00 240 80 53 55.00 Universal . "Taco" Water installed. Heater as . TACO Universal (Firepot Type) Water Heaters for connection to steam or hot water house heating boilers. Made of malleable iron, tested to 250 pounds pressure. Type, Studs Range on centers Boiler Size No. 9-30 9-60 6-9-30* 6-9-60* 3-30f 3-60t as below Suitable List Inches ' for Gals. Price 6" 30 . $8.00 6" 60 . 14.00 None 30 8.00 ' None- 60 14.00 ' None 30 8.00 . None 60 14.00 Will fit any boiler with either 6, . 9, or more inch center to center coil openings. . t Will fit sectional boilers with 3 inch center to center coil open ings or can be used with hot air furnaces. Special No. 30 Domestic "Taco*' No. 02 Flo-Line "Taco" Heater No. 9-30 Universal "Taco" No. 6-9-60 Universal "Taco" "Toco" Automatic Heater Built in both high and low pressure types in 12 sizes from 100 to 10,000 gallons per hour capacity: TACO Automatic Water Heaters for supplying hot water in quantity Heat water as it flows through. Operate on live or exhaust steam. Used with or without storage tank. Automatic themostatic valve con trol. Prices on request. 345 Water Treatment Apparatus Anti-Corrosion Engineering Co., Inc. 117 West 54th Street, New York, N. Y. Apparatus I'or Removing and Preventing Rust in Hot and Cold Water Systems Deactivation Substantially all of the internal corro sion, pitting, bursting and choking of domestic hot water systems, and much of the destructive internal corrosion of economizers, feed systems, boilers, etc., of power and industrial plants, is caused by the action of FREE DISSOLVED OXYGEN in the water. The removal of this oxygen renders the water non corrosive; our process is termed "DE ACTIVATION"; the water is termed "DEACTIVATED WATER." Free oxygen is carried by all natural waters as a constituent of the air which dissolves from the atmosphere. The amount of oxygen is usually enough to saturate the water and depends princi pally upon temperature and pressure and to a small degree upon the salts in the water. The curve herewith gives the solubility of oxygen in pure water from zero to atmospheric pressure and from zero to 212 degrees F. For other pres sures the solubility is about in propor tion to the pressure. Metals 20 per cent, eaten away by rust are generally useless and cost about $2.00 per pound to replace, so that 1.000 gallons of raw water may cause $7.50 worth of damage. The removal of this free oxygen re duces corrosion in proportion to the per cent, of oxygen removed. Our apparatus removes 90 to 95 per cent, and is guaran teed to remove 85 per cent. Among the many installations where deactivation is saving pipe are the fol lowing :-- Hudson Terminal Buildings, New York City. Land Title Building, Philadelphia. Passyunk Operation (500 houses) of the Girard Estate, Philadelphia. Bonnie Burns Sanitarium, New Jersey. United Engineering Societies Building, New York City. Power Plant installations for Stone &' Webster. ' Anti-Corrosion Engineering Co. Water Treatment Apparatus Deaerating Deactivator The machine shown below is for re moving the free dissolved oxygen from water, thereby rendering it non-corrosive, without the use of chemicals. This gas- free water is used in domestic systems and for power and industrial plants. In domestic systems it prevents corrosion, removes accumulated rust in old pipes and obviates air slugs and air binding. In power plants it prevents corrosion, stops scoring and increases condenser efficiency. In the industries it prevents rust discoloration of products. . Principle of Operation The water to be treated is heated to a temperature just below boiling point and is then thoroughly agitated by spraying over a series of pans in the top section. Under this treatment the gases bubble out and are carried away by a vent to the atmosphere. The treated water is cooled as it leaves the machine by an exchange of heat with the incoming raw water in the bottom section. This par tially heats the raw water, which is then brought up to an automatically controlled and recorded temperature in the low pressure steam heater or center section. Constant water level is maintained by an automatic governor attached to the raw water inlet. Construction Shells of steel, fully protected from raw water by high temperature enamel or copper sleeves. All exchanger and heater coils of copper. All other internal parts of cold rolled copper or bronze. ' This apparatus may be set on the roof, or upper floors, sufficiently high to de liver the treated water by gravity, or in the basement with a pump for delivery. In the application shown by the small diagram, raw water is bypassed from a roof tank through the machine and thence out and down to the heaters in basement, thus protecting heaters and all piping. This type of apparatus is especially applicable where a constant supply of steam is available. Full specifications, capacities, dimen sions, weights, etc., will be provided upon request. Deoxidizing Deactivator This apparatus is based on the princi-' pie of forcing the water to expend its corrosive power on cheap material in an accessible place instead of on valuable and inaccessible pipe. The water to be rendered non-corro sive is first heated in any suitable man ner--steam, coal or gas beaters. It then passes into a tank which is almost com pletely filled with deactivating, material. There the hot water produces all the rust it can, the rust falling to the bottom of the tank or adhering to the deactivating material. In order that the water may not carry finely divided particles of rust in suspen sion, it first passes through a coagulite tank before it enters the heater. In this tank it absorbs a minute quantity of co- 347 Anti-Corrosion Engineering Co. Water Treatment Apparatus agulite--just sufficient to coagulate the particles of rust, thus insuring clear water. In small supply systems designed to operate at low velocities, no further ap paratus is required to produce non-cor rosive water. In the case of large build ings in which sudden peak loads may occur, this, apparatus is used in conjunc tion with a filter. Anti-corrosion filters are especially designed for use on hot water and have, a very low internal re sistance. The apparatus is generally located, in the basement near the hot water heater. It is connected to the sewer lines so that the deactivating tank and the filter can be blown off and washed out as required. The Deoxidizing Deactivator can be used with steam, coal or gas as the source of heat. Modifications of this apparatus can be had to meet any condi tion. Specifications, capacities, dimensions, weights, etc., will be provided upon re quest. How To Estimate Hot Water For Buildings Allow per H. W. fixture per day--For apartments, 25 gallons for high class, 20 gallons for medium class," and 15 gallons for tenements. For transient hotels, 60 to 80 gallons. For apartment hotels, 40 to 50 gallons. For institutions, 50 to 75 gallons. For offices with private basins in rooms, 15 to 20 gallons; and for offices without private basins in rooms, 40 to 50 gallons. i Allow for maximum hour demand in percentage of daily consumption, TO per cent, for apartments, apartment hotels, institutions and offices, and 7 per cent. , for transient hotels. Add for laundries one gallon per piece of laundry, and for kitchens one gallon per maximum hour per person served. Water Treatment Apparatus The Permutit Company 440 Fourth Ave. New York Apparatus for removing hardness from water and preventing the formation of scale in hot or cold water systems ' Soft Water for Every Purpose A Permutit Water Softener will give your clients a bountiful supply of spark ling soft water for any purpose, either personal or industrial, no matter how hard and unsatisfactory the available supply is. Size A Permutit Water Softener is a metal shell or tank, containing Permutit materral, that is connected into the house sup ply line. It is offered in two sizes and six styles, which give an unlimited range of capacities according to the hardness of the water and quantity to be softened. Largest size requires 3'rO" x 6'-6" floor space and 6'-0" head room. Smallest size 2'-0" x 5'-6" floor space and 6'-0" head room. This includes necessary room for operation. Regeneration Permutit material is not consumed by the softening process, but is regenerated periodically and used for an indefinite length of time. When it has softened its designated quantity of water, com mon cooking salt is run through the Per mutit bed. The salt restores the Per mutit material to its original condition, and after draining off the surplus, it is in exactly the same condition it was at the beginning. The amount of atten tion required is but a few minutes a week, and anyone can learn to turn the necessary valve correctly. Capacity Softeners are customarily de signed with capaci ties to operate a week to ten days between regenera tions. Meters are not included in standard equipment but are furnished on order, as most houses have meters. Where no meters are used, the time for regeneration is determined by a soap test that is simple and accu rate. '' Softeners may be located in the base ment or any other convenient spot, and can be connected into the water supply line by any plumber. They are usually placed directly in the main feed line with a simple by-pass arrangement of valves. Sewer Connection Sewer connection is customarily in the form of an open sump to avoid the back ing up of sewer gases, but it is not neces sarily confined to that form. Pressure - Standard designs are constructed to operate under pressures up to 100 lbs. per sq. inch. The normal pressure drop through the Softener does not exceed 5 lbs. Material and Workmanship Softener shells are made of steel. All valves are of the Crane and Jenkins standard, and workmanship throughout is the highest quality. Our many refine ments in design and construction make a Permutit Softener a permanent and dependable fixture that will outlast the plumbing system into which it is con nected. Information Required for Estimates To properly estimate the size, capacity and cost of a Permutit Water Softener for any household the following infor mation is required: 1. Number of people in house (in cluding servants if any). ' 2. Height of ceiling in basement or . other location. 3. Source of water supply, i.e., city, well, river, lake, etc. If the water supply is that of any good sized city we have an analysis in our files, otherwise we need a half-gallon sample of the water, forwarded in glass or earthenware. 349 INDICES 351 352 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 Index to Society Standards Committee Reports and Technical Papers from the Society's Transactions . Report of Special Committee on Standards for Flanged Fittings and Flanges ............ ............. ..................... ................................ ........... Report of Committee on Standardization of the Use of the Pitot Tube................... 1..................... .'...........................U............ . Report of Committee on Standard Method of Measuring the Velocity of air through Warm Air Registers when the Anemometer is Used.......................... ............. ............................. . Report of Committee on Temperature Code for Testing Heat ing Systems ................................... Synthetic Air Chart.................................................................. Modus Operandi of the Synthetic Air Chart.................................... Code for Testing Low Pressure Heating Boilers, Revision of 1919 .........;........................... ..................;........;..... ............................... Report of Committee on Uniform, Contract and Specifications Report of Committee, on Code for Testing Direct Radiation . Heating Plants ..................................... '............. .................. ............ Report of Committe'e on Standard Sizes of Steam and Return Mains ............................................ Report of Comrhittee on Minimum Ventilation Requirements for Public and Semi-Public .Buildings ifor Legislation Purposes.................................... :........... .................................................. Report of Committee on Code of Ethics................................... .......... Report of Committee on Automatic Heal Control.......................... An Ordinance for Construction of Chimneys.................................. High Temperature Drying............................. .................,............ ............ Burt S. Harrison The Temperature ofEvaporation...:...................... Willis H. Carrier Comparison of Pipe Coils arid Cast Iron Sections for Warming Air ............ :...;............ ............ ..:................v........... :................................ John R. Allen Theory of Heat Losse's from Pipes Buried `Deeply in the Ground.......:........................................ .-...............,................... ........... John R. .Allen . Water Pipe Sizes for Plumbing Fixtures, Branches and Mains WalterS. Titntnis Recent Developments in Warm Air Furnace Heating.................... F. R. Still PAGE ' 10 13 17 17 13 19 27 31 31 31 ' 32 33 34 35 49 61 . S3 . 84 89 96 '. Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 353 Index to ' General Data Section page Introduction ......................................................--.I...........................................- 107 Heat Losses from Buildings............... ..................................................... 109 Window Leakage ...... ............................................. -..................................... Stephen F. Voorhees and Henry C. Meyer, Jr. Transmission Constants for Building Materials................... ---....... HO 113 A Test of the Conductivity of Window Shades............. ;................. 116 John R. Allen Selection of Radiation................................................................................. ' 11S Heat Emitted by Direct Radiation: Single-Column Radiators ......................................... .................-- 119 Two-Column Radiators ....... 120 Three-Column Radiators ............ ........,......................................... .:. 121 Four-Column Radiators ............. :.............................. -................... 122 Hospital Radiators--Two-Column ...................................... 123 Wall Radiators --...................................... 124 Window Radiators .......................................;.......... --........................ ,125 Conversion Factors .............. --................................. --.................- 126 Heating Surface, Standard Cast Iron Radiation............................. 127 Effect of Humidity on Heat Transmission from Radiators...... 128 Effect of Air Circulation............................ -.......................... -..... -........... 128 Effect of Painting............. 1................. ............ -............................................ 128 Warming the Radiator........................ ........................ ............................... 129 ''Effect of Enclosing the' Radiator.................................. ................-.......... 130 Effect of Position of Radiator.................................................. ,............ 132 Heat Losses from Buildings-------.....'................. 1........................ -.......... 133 The Boiler ............................ -......................... --...............:........... --.......... 135 Chimneys ..................... --...................................................... .......-........-....... 135 Some Causes of Poor Draft in Chimneys............................................ 136 Pipe Sizes for Steam Heating.............. --............................. ................ Tables Pages 139 to 145, inc. 137 Flow of Steam in Pipes............... ................... ---.........-............................ 146 Methods of Equalizing Boilers...................-............................................ 142 Water Hammer .......................................................... -................................ 147 Care of Steam Boilers......................................-.......................................... < 148 Pipe Sizes for Gravity Hot Water Heating............................ ............ 149 Friction of Water in Iron Pipes and Elbows........................... ......... 149 Expansion Connections ................................................. :............................ 150 Steam Connections ........................... :.......................... -............................... 151 Typical Radiator Connections............................................................-- 152 Dimensions and Capacities Steam Vacuum Pumps........................- 153 Pump Suction Lifts...... :....................................-.............------..................153 Properties of Saturated Steam................................................................. 154 Useful Data ................ . ........... ----............................................................. 155 Circumferences and Areas of Circles........................-............................ 159 Systems of Weights and-Measures..................... .......................... :........ 160 Properties of Air..................... ............................................-............. -.......... 164 Psychrometric Charts: Low Temperature .................................--.......................-.......... -..... 183 High Temperature ....................................................;......................... 184 Psychrometric Tables................................................................................... 185-192 1922Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, Modern Engineering and Equipment Practice (Pages 193 to 210, inc.) Directory of Consulting Engineers (Pages 212 and 213) Catalog Data Section (Pages 215 to 349, inc.) (See Index to Advertisers) Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 355 Index to Modern Equipment AIR COMPRESSORS, ELECTRIC AND HYDRAULIC ' PAGE Johnson Service Co..................... 257-261 AIR CONDITIONING EQUIP MENT American Blower Co......... ,......... :. 267 Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. 216-217 Carrier Air Conditioning Co. of America .......................................... 268 Carrier Engineering Corp............ 218-219 Drying Systems, Inc.......................... 264-265 W. L. Fleisher & Co................. 220 AIR WASHERS American Blower Co........................ Bayley Manufacturing Co............ Buffalo Forge Co--..................... 267 280 268 Carrier Air Conditioning Co. of America ........................... -............ 268 Hersh Bros. Co................................... 270-271 B. F. Sturtevant Co......................... 273 BAKING EQUIPMENT, HIGH TEMPERATURE Drying Systems, Inc....................... 264-265 BOILER FEEDERS PACE Warren Webster & Co................... 323 COLLECTORS, DUST Buffalo Forge Co.............................. 268 Carrier Construction Co................ 298 Hersh Bros. Co................................... 270-271 York Heating & Ventilating Corp................ 284 CONDENSERS Ross Heater & Mfg. Co................ 342-343 COOLERS, BRINE Patterson-Kelly Co. ........................ 341 Ross Heater & Mfg. Co..,.--..... 342-343 DAMPERS, FIRE Carrier Construction Co. 298 DAMPERS, MIXING Carrier Construction Co................ 298 Powers Regulator Co....................... 228-230 York Heating & Ventilating Corp....................................................... 284 BLOWERS (See Fans) DEHUMIDIFiERS (See Air Conditioning Equipment) BOILERS Ames Iron Works............................. 221 American Radiator Co................... 274-279 Continental Heater Corp.............. 222-223 J. F. Davis & Sons Co................... 224 Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc.......... 226-227 International Heater Co__ ______ 225-232 Kewanee Boiler Co .--...... ............ 234-239 Keystone Boiler & Foundry Co. 225 Monitor Bi-Loop Radiator Co-- 240-241 L. J. Mufller Furnace Co.............. 233 Oil City Boiler Works................... 242-243 Wm. H. Page Boiler Co................. 244 Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp.................... 245-337 Prudential Heater Co..................... 246 Reading Heater & Supply Co.... 247 Richardson & Boynton......... .......... 248 H.' B. Smith Co.--............................. 350-353 Standard Heater Co--.................... 249 Thatcher Furnace Co............. .......... 256 United States Radiator Corp....... 254-255 DIFFERENTIAL LOOPS Hoffman Specialty Co.................... 304-315 DRYING EQUIPMENT American Blower Co:...................... 267 Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. 216-217 Buffalo Forge Co.............................. 268 Carrier Engineering Corp............ 218-219 Drying Systems, Inc.......................... 264-265 W. L. Fleisher & Co....................... 220 B. F. Sturtevant Co.......................... 273 DRYING EQUIPMENT, VARNISH Drying Systems, Inc.............. ........... 264-265 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Sprague Electric Works............... Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co....................-............ ....................... 266 340 356 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 ENGINES, STEAM ' PAGE American Blower Co....................... 267 Ames Iron Works......................... 221 Buffalo Forge Co............................... 268 Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp........................................................ 245-337 B. F. Sturtevant Co..................:...... 273 EXHAUSTERS (See Fans) EXPANSION JOINTS American District Steam Co....... 299 Ross Heater & Mfg. Co................. 342-343 Warren Webster & Co..................... 323 FANS American Blower Co....................... 267 Bayley Mfg. Co................................... 280 Buffalo Forge Co.............................. 268 Electric Blower Co............................ 269 Hersh Bros. Co................................... 270-271 Ilg Electric Ventilating Co......... 281 B. F. Sturtevant Co........ .......... 273 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co......................................... 340 HEATING AND VENTILATING EQUIPMENT PAGE American Blower Co....................... 267 American Radiator Co................... 274-279 Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. 216-217 Bayley Mfg. Co...............................................280 Buffalo Forge Co....................... i..... 268 Carrier Air Conditioning Co. of America ............................................. 268 Carrier Engineering Corp.............. 218-219 W. L. Fleisher & Co............. .......... 220 Hersh Bros. Co.................. 270-271 . Ilg Electric Ventilating Co......... 281 International Heater Co................. 228-232 Herman Nelson Corp........ .............. 282-283 B. F. Sturtevant Co.......................... 273 York Heating & Ventilating Corp......... ..................... ,...................... 284 HUMIDIFIERS (See Air Conditioning Equipment) Buamhnisyoun Co............................................ 285 INSULATING MATERIALS Celite Products Co......................... Robt. A. Keasbey Co.................... 286 287 FURNACES, AUTOMATIC Automatic Furnace Co................... Murphy Iron Works......................... METERS, STEAM American District Steam Co...... 324 325 METERS, WATER 299 GOVERNORS, PUMP . H. S. B. W.-Cochrane Corp......... 262-263 Kieley & Mueller, Inc..................... 316 MOTORS, DIAPHRAGM GAGES, MERCURY Fulton Co............................ Johnson Service Co................ 334-335 257-261 American District Steam Co....... 299 Powers Regulator Co............... \ GAGES, VACUUM PRESSURE MOTORS, ELECTRIC 328-330 O.-E. Specialty Mfg. Co...._.......... 319 Sprague Electric Works................. B. F. Sturtevant Co..................... 266 273 HANGERS, RADIATOR Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co...........; 294 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co......................................... 340 Healy-Ruff Co...................................... Minnesota Radiator Co................... 296 295 OUTLETS, AIR Carrier Construction Co................ 298 HEATERS, INDIRECT American Blower Co........................ York Heating & Ventilating Corp.......................................... 267 284 American Radiator Co................... 274-279 PIPE FITTINGS Bayley Mfg. Co.....i............................. Buffalo Forge Co............................... 280 Crane Co.................... 268 288-290 Carrier Engineering Corp.............. 218-219 PIPING, INDUSTRIAL B. F. Sturtevant Co.......................... 273 Carrier Engineering Corp............. 218-219 HEATERS, LIQUID Patterson-Kelly Co............................ 341 HEATERS, SPECIAL Patterson-Kelly Co............................ 341 Ross Heater & Mfg. Co................. 342-343 PUMPS Buffalo Steam Pump Co.............. 291 Nash Engineering Co....................... 292 Thermograde Valve Co................... 321 Trane Co- ........ 293-322 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. CO.........;.................... .. .... 340 A .m Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 357 RADIATORS PAGE American Radiator Co..................... 274- 279 Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co............ 294 ' Kewanee Boiler Co............................ 234-239 Minneapolis Radiator Co.............. 295 Monitor Bi-Loop Radiator Co..... 240-241 Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp....................................................... 245--337 Reading Heater & Supply Co....... 247 H. B. Smith Co................. :................ 350-353 U. S. Radiator Corp....................... 254-255 REGISTERS L. J. Mueller Furnace Co.............. 233 REGULATORS, DAMPER Carrier Engineering Corp............ 218-219 Fulton Co. .............................................. 334--335 Johnson Service Co.......................... 257--261 Powers Regulator Co..................... 328-330 REGULATORS, HUMIDITY American Blower Co............... 267 Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. 216-217 Carrier Engineering Corp............ 218-219 W. L. Fleisher & Co...................!.... 220 Johnson Service Co.......................... 257-261 REGULATORS, PRESSURE Fulton Co. ................................... -........ 334--335 Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. 327 REGULATORS, TEMPERATURE American Blower Co....................... 267 Atmospheric ConditioningCorp. 216-217 Carrier Engineering Corp.............. 218-219 Donnelly Systems Co........................ 302 W. L. Fleisher & Co....................... 220 Fulton Co.................. 334-335 Honeywell Heating Specialties Co............... ..........................i................. 326 Johnson. Service Co.......................... 257-261 Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. 327 Powers Regulator Co....................... 328-330 .Sarco Co., Inc..................................... 297 REGULATORS, WATER Fulton Co................................................ 334-335 ROTARY HACK SAW TOOLS Excelso Specialty Works............... 303 SEPARATORS, OIL H. S. B.' W.-Cochrane Corp......... 262-263 Warren Webster & Co..................... 323 SEPARATORS, STEAM H. S. B. W.-Cochrane Corp.......... 262-263 SHEET METAL WORKERS PAGE Carrier Construction Co................ L. J. Mueller Furnace Co........ . B. F. Sturevant Co.............. . York Heating & Ventilating Corp.................................. 298 233 273 284 SPECIALTIES, HEATING American District Steam Co....... 299 Donnelly Systems Co.................. 302 C. A. .Dunham Co.............................. 300-301 Excelso Specialty Works............... 303 Fulton Co............................................... 334-335 Hoffman Specialty Co....................... 304--315 Johnson Service Co............. --,....... 257-261 Kieley & Mueller, Inc..................... 316 McAlear Mfg. Co..................:........... 317 Monash-Younker Co....................... 318 O-E Specialty Mfg. Co................... 319 Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp...................................................... 245--337 Sterling Engineering Co................ 320 Thermograde Valve Co................... 321 Trane Co..........................1...............-..... 322 Warren Webster & Co..................... 323 STOKERS Automatic Furnace C............. Murphy Iron Works........................ Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co.................. 324 325 340 STRAINERS, DIRT Thermograde Valve Co................... Warren Webster & Co............. --- 321 323 THERMOSTATS Fulton Co............... --.......................... 334-335 Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. 326 Johnson Service Co.......................... 257-261 Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co.. 327 Powers Regulator Co....................... 328-330 TRADE PUBLICATIONS Heating & Ventilating Magazine 331 TRAPS, RADIATOR, RETURN, THERMOSTATIC American Blower Co....................... 267 American District Steam Co..... 299 H. S. B. W.-Cochrane Corp......... 262-263 C. A. Dunham Co.............................. 300-301 Hoffman Specialty Co.................... 304-315 McAlear Mfg. Co............................ 317 Monash-Younker Co........................ 318 O-E Specialty Mfg. Co.................. 319 Sarco Co., Inc..................................... 297 Sterling Engineering Co............................ 320 Thermograde Valve Co.................. 321 Trane Co................................................ 293-322 Warren Webster & Co................... 323 . 358 ' . . . Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Engineers Guide. 1922 UNIT HEATING AND VENTIL- ATING APPARATUS '-T' ' . PACE Herman Nelson Corp________ ____ 282-283 , VALVES. AIR American Radiator Co.________ 274--279 Crane Co.L 288-290 Dole Valve Co.-...________ 332-333 C.. A. Dunham & Co_____________ 300-301 Fulton Co._________________________ 334-335 Hoffman Specialty Co................... 304-315 Monash-Younker Co. ____________ 318 Monitor Bi-Loop Radiator Co_ 240-241 Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp 245-337 Warren Webster & Col----------------- 323 VALVES, AIR LINE Hoffman Specialty Co 304--315 VALVES, BACK PRESSURE Crane Co. ...:_______ 288-290 H. S. B. W.-Cochrane Corp____ 262-263 , Kieley & Mueller, Iric___________ 316 Scott Valve Mfg. Co_____________ 339 VALVES, REDUCING PACE Crane Co._____________________ :___ 288-290 Johnson Service Co. 257-261 Kieley & Mueller, Inc.;....... --...... . 316 McAlear Mfg. Co___________ _____ 317 VALVES, RETURN LINE Crane Co. _______ _ 288-290 Hoffman Specialty Co..'__________ 304-315 VALVES, SAFETY Crane Co. _________ -- 288-290 Scott Valve Mfg. Co________ ____ 339 VALVES, THERMOSTATIC Donnelly Systems Co------------ ------ 302 C. A. Dunham Co_____________ 300-301 Fulton Co. _________ ___; 334--335 Hoffman Specialty Co 304--315 O-E Specialty Mfg. Co---------------- 319 Powers Regulator Co___________ 328-330 Warren Webster &' Co_______ .__ 323 VALVES, CHECK Crane Co. 1_____________________ 288-290 VALVES, VACUUM Donnelly Systems Co_____________ 302 VALVES, DIAPHRAGM Fulton Co. ___________________ ____ 334-335 Johnson Service Co--__ ____________ 257-261 Powers Regulator Co........... ..... 328-330 Detroit Lubricator Co____________ 336 Dole Valve Co______ __________...... 332-333 Donnelly Systems Co.____________ 302 C. A. Dunham Co 300-301 Fulton Co............................ ......... : 334-335 Hoffman Specialty Co----------- ------ 304-315 VALVES, HOT WATER Crane Co. _________________________ 288-290 O-E Specialty Mfg. Co._____-..................319 Sandusky Packless ValveCo._ 338 Hoffman Specialty Co_____ ___ 204-315 Sandusky Packless Valve Co__ 338 Thermograde Valve Co.__________ 321 VALVES, MODULATING VENTILATORS Hersh Bros. Co___________________ 270-271 L- J. Mueller Furnace Co...... ........ 233 B. F. Sturtevant Co .................... 273 Hoffman Specialty Co_________ 304-315 Thermograde Valve Co__________ 321 WATER HEATERS Warren Webster & Co______ ___ 323 H. S. B. W.-Cochrane Corp____ 262-263 VALVES, RADIATOR Excelso Specialty Works________ , 303 American District Steam Co______________ 299Kewanee Boiler Co............................ 234-239 American Radiator Co...:_________ 274-279 Monitor Bi-Loop Radiator Co... 240-241 Crane Co. ___ ;____________________ 288-290 Patterson-Kelly Co_____ _________ : 341 Detroit Lubricator Co___________ 336 Powers Regulator Co...................-- 328-330 Dole Valve Co.________ 332-333 Reading Heater & Supply Co....... 247 Donnelly Systems Co___________ 302 Ross Heater & Mfg. Co................ 342-343 Fulton Co. ............ ................._......... 334-335 Stack Heater Co.............1__________ 344 Hoffman Specialty Co _ 304-315 Thatcher Furnace Co......... ........ 256 McAlear Mfg. Co________________ 317 Thermal Appliance Co______ 345 O-E Specialty Mfg. Co................... Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. 319 WATER TREATMENT APPAR Corp................. 245-337 Sandusky Packless Valve Co..... 338 Scott Valve Mfg. Co................. 339 Sterling Engineering Co................ 320 Warren Webster & Co................ 323 ATUS Anti-Corrosion Engineering Co. 346-348 H. S. B. W.-Cochrane Corp.......... 262-263 Patterson-Kelly Co......................... _ 341 Permutit Co...................................... 349 Am. Soc. of Heat:-Vent. Engineers Guide, 1922 7? v- - 7 >Vf V* 359 Index to Advertisers American Blower Co________________ --..........-........... American District Steam Co___ ___ J................. ............ American Radiator Co....................................................... Ames Iron Works................................-.......... -.................. Anti-Corrosion Engineering Co.............. ....................... Atmospheric Conditioning Corp..................................... . The Automatic Furnace Co.................................:.......... . The Bahnson Co................................................... -.............. Bayley Manufacturing Co.............J---------- -----------Buffalo Forge Co.................................... ............................. Buffalo Steam Pump Co............. .................................. -- Carrier Air Conditioning Co. of America................. Carrier Construction Company........................-.............. Carrier Engineering Corporation..............................--. Celite Products Co...................... ............................ -........... H. S. B. W.-Cochrane Corp.................................... ........ Continental Heater Corporation..... ............................... Crane Co.................................... -................. -........................... J. F. Davis & Sons Co......................................................... Detroit Lubricator Co......................................................... Dole Valve Co......................................................................... Donnelly Systems Co..................-.................-.................. - Drying Systems, Inc........ -................................................ C. A Dunham & Co.......................................... --................ Electric Blower Co................................................................ Excelso Specialty Works................................................... Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc................................................ W. L. Fleischer & Co., Inc................................................ Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co.................................................. Fulton Co................................................................................. Healy-Ruff Co...................................... -................................ ' Delating & Ventilating Magazine Co............................. Hersh Bros. Co........ -...............-................-.......................... Hoffman Specialty Co............ ............................................ Honeywell Heating Specialties Co.................................. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co.--..... ............. ...... ............. -- International Heater Co..........................-........-..... -..... -- Johnson Service Co.........................................--.........-...... Robt. A. Keasbey Co............... ~.................------............... Kewanee Boiler Company..... ........................-------........... Keystone Boiler & Foundry Co...........;........................... Kieley & Mueller, Inc......................................................... Massachusetts Blower Co....... --.............. ...................... McAlear Manufacturing Co..................................... ;....... PAGE .. 267 ... 299 ...274 to 279 221 -346 to 348 .. 216-217 .. 324 .. 285 .. 280 .. 268 .. 291 .. 268 .. 298 .. 218-219 .. 286 .. 262-263 .. 222-223 ..288 to 290 .. 224 .. 336 .. 332-333 .. 302 .. 264-265 .. 300-301 .. 269 .. 303 .. 226-227 .. 220 294 .. 334-335 .. 296 .. 331 .. 270-271 -304 to 315 .. 326 .. 281 .228 to 232 ..257 to 261 .. 287 .234 to 239 . 225 .. 316 .. 272 . 317 360 Am. Soc. of Heat.-Vent. Encineers Guide, 1922 page Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co............... ................................!............. 327 Minnesota Radiator Co......................... ..................................................... 295 Monash-Younker Co........,........... ........... ....:............................................. 318 Monitor Bi-Loop Radiator Co....... ................... ................................ ..... 240-241 L. J. Mueller Furnace Co.................. ......................... ......................... . 233 Murphy Iron Works......................... ...:................. :..................... ............ 325 Nash Engineering Company............................. ...... ................................ 292 Herman Nelson Corp................ .............................=................................. 282-283 O-E Specialty Manufacturing Co. ....... ........................................ ........ . 319 Oil City Boiler Works............................. .......................... ........... ............ 242-243 Wm. H, Page Boiler Co......................................... ,.............................. 244 The Patterson-Ke'lly Co.........................../.............................................. 341 . The Permutit Company..... ................... .................................................. 349 Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp............. ......................................... 245-337 Powers Regulator Co........ ................... ............. -............ ...... .................... 328 to 330 Prudential Heater, Co.......................................................... i........................ 246 Reading Heater & Supply Co/...... ............................ ---------------- -------- 247 Richardson & Boynton.............................................................. .................. 248 Ross Heater & Mfg. Co............................. ........................... 1.................. 342-343 Sandusky Packless Valve Co............. i.................................................. . 338 . Sarco Company, Inc.......... --................... ................:-- ...................... 297 Scott Valve Mfg. Co....... ............................................................................ 339 H. B. Smith Qo.--........................................... .............................. ................350 to 353 Sprague Electric Works.......................................................................... 266 Stack Heater Co..................--....................................... ,.............................. 344 Standard Heater Co............................................................................. ......... 249 Sterling Engineering Co.............. ...................................... ....................... 320 B. F. Sturtevant Co............................................... :...... ............................... 273 Thatcher Furnace Co................................... ................................................ 256 Thermal Appliance Co.................................. ....:......................................... 345 Thermograde Valve Co..................... .................. ........:.................. ........... 321 Trane' Co................................................................,.......................................... 293-322 United States Radiator Corp.....i............................................................. 254--255 Warren Webster & Co.......................................................... ....................... 323 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co........... ............ ..................................... 340 York Heating & Ventilating Corp.......................................................... 284 1