Document OEoxwR20veNye9GGn8K1Eb7zj
Monsanto Chemicals
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/) AROCLOR
i!
A NONFLAMMABLE HYDRAULIC FLUID FOR
DIE-CASTING SYSTEMS
Monsanto Technical Bulletin No. P-137
March 28, 1949
"
Monsanto Chemical Company
St. Louis 4. Mo.
Aroclor* 1248, chlorinated biphenyl, the safe and economical organic hydraulic fluid for metal dlecastlng systems, eliminates the constant threat of serious fire hazard associated with the use of com bustible hydraulic fluids in the dle-castlng Industry.
This safe and economical hydraulic fluid has been In continuous satisfactory use In Individualized dle-castlng units for about ten years and In central ized systems for the past two years.
*** *
Registered In U. S. Patent Office
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HONS C78340
I. INTRODUCTION
Aroelor 1248, chlorinated biphenyl, the safe and economical organic hydraulic fluid for metal dle-castlng systerna, eliminates the constant threat of serious fire hazard associated with the use of combustible
hydraulic fluids In the dle-castlng Industry.
There are not many available noncombustible organic fluids(and only very few possess the over-all physical requirements of hydraulic fluids for dle-castlng systems. Notwithstanding the possibility of sustaining coatly fire damage when using relatively Inexpensive petroleum oils, the economics Involved In replacing petroleum oils with the more expensive noneombustlble organic hydraulic fluids Is an Important factor to the Industry. In this connection. It Is Important to emphasize that Aroelor
1248 appears to be substantially less expensive than the few other
available noncombustible organic hydraulic fluids for this purpose.
Aroelor 1248 has been used successfully In dle-castlng machines for many
years and satisfactory continuous service records on Aroelor 1248 ex
tend beyond ten years. It Is used throughout the Industry as widespread
and leading dle-casters have Installed Aroelor 1248 to replace combus
tible oils and also to replace other noncombustible organic fluids,
because of the demonstrated good performance obtainable with Aroelor
1248 and because of Its lower Initial cost and lower "make-up" require
ments In the system.
-
II. INDIVIDUALIZED DIE-CASTINQ SYSTEMS
Aroelor 1248 has been used continuously for many years In individualized
dle-castlng wilts using machines built by Lester Engineering Company (13), The Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co. (11), H. L. Harvlll Mfg. Co. (9), and the Cleveland Automatic Machine Co. (4), as well as excellent "home built" units. Frequently, these machines are equipped with vane type centrifugal pumps such as the ones made by Vickers, Incorporated (21), but other types of centrifugals may also be used.
The Vatson-Stlllman Company's (22) dle-castlng machines are used as Individualized units equipped with Ollgear piston type pumps made by The Ollgear Company (15). Aroelor 1248 Is suggested as a noncombustible
hydraulic fluid for Installations of this type.
In most Instances, the normal operating temperature of the hydraulic
fluid Is within the range of 80*-120,P. and this temperature may or
may not be controlled by Jacketed water coolers, depending on the spe
cific design of the dle-castlng machine. Most of these machines use
60-200 gallons of the hydraulic fluid and operate at pressures ranging
as high as 1,000-3,000 p.s.l.
'
2. HONS 078341
III. CENTRALIZED DIE-CASTINO SYSTEMS . A-
Aroclor 1248 has been In continuous satisfactory use for a number of years In centralized die-casting systems consisting of batteries of the ik^ehlnes connected to a central tank of the Aroclor hydraulic fluid. These systems are usually equipped with piston type pumps such as made by The Ollgear Company and have an accumulater in the line to maintain smooth operation. Such centralized systems may operate with 2,000 gallons, or even more, of Aroclor 1248. Systems of this type using Aroclor 1248 and Ollgear pumps have been In continuous service for a number of years with apparently satisfactory performance.
IV. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OP AROCLOR 1248
The physical properties of Aroclor 1248 are listed below with similar constants for Aroclor 1254. The reason for Including Aroclor 1254 Is that In some Instances, especially for viscosity considerations, It may be desirable to blend small portions of Aroclor 1254 with Aroclor 1248. For more complete data about the low vapor pressure of Aroclors, their low vaporization rates, their viscosity ranges, their noncorrosive properties, high order of stability to heat and corrosive Influences, as well as other pertinent qualities, please refer to Monsanto Techni cal Bulletin No. P-115 entitled, "The Aroclors" (14 bibliography reference).
TABLE I. Outline of Physical Properties
Aroclor 1248
Aroclor 1254
Form
Yellow tinted mobile oil
Light yellow viscous oil
Color--APHA
100 Max.
100 Max.
Acidity--Maximum (mgm. KOH/Ora.)
0.015
0.015
Average Coefficient of Expansion - cc/cc/*C.
0.00070 (25*-65*C.)
0.00066 (25*-65*C.)
DensitySpecific Oravlty 25*/25*C.
(77"/77*P.) Pounds per Oallon 25*C. (77*F.)
1.447 to 1.457 12.08
1.538 to 1.548 12.83
3HONS 078342
TABLE I. (continued)
Aroclor 1248
Distillation Range--ASTM D-20 (Mod.) Corr. *C.
Vaporization Rate gms/cra hr/100*C.
340*-375* 0.000152
Flash Point--Cleveland Open Cup *C. 193*-196* *F. 379*-384
Fire Polnt--Cleveland Open Cup C. None
Pour Point--ASTM D-97
*C. -7* f. 19.4*
Viscosity--Saybolt Universal See.
(ASTM D-88)
210*F. (98.9*C.) 130*P. (54.4*C.j
100'F. (37.8*C.)
l6'3! 69-78 185-240
Absolute Viscosity--Centlpolses 212*P. (lOO'C.) 122*P. ( 50*C.)
77*F. ( 25*C.)
4.2 25 208
A-
*
Aroclor 1254
365*-390
0.000053 None
None
10* 50*
44-48 260-340
1800-2500
8.5 146 777
V. NONCOMBUSTIBLE QUALITIES OP AROCLOR 1248
PLASH POINT. Limitations of this test for the prediction of the fire hazard of relatively nonvolatile organic fluids have been recognized by the ASTM committee (l).
FIRE POINT is a more significant measurement. The National Board of Fire Underwriters Laboratories (20) concur that fire testa more truly reflect the (lack of) fire hazard of Aroclor.
SPONTANEOUS IONITION TEMPERATURE. The combustion resisting qualities of Aroclor 1248 are Indicated by Its high spontaneous Ignition tempera ture of 704*C. (1,299F.) determined by Sullivan, Wolfe and Zlsman (19), using the convenient apparatus described by Sortman, Beatty and Heron (18).
Under Industrial use conditions the spontaneous Ignition temperature will be determined by factors Including the nature of the hot surface, the amount of liquid lmplgnlng on It, the volume of enclosed space, and the ventilation. In this connection, we wish to refer to an
.4 MCNS 078343
observation concerning the uss of Aroclor 1248 as a noncombustlbl# heattransfer medium In Aroclor heating systems. An accidental failure In one of our Aroclor heating systems demonstrated the nonflammablllty of Aroclor 1248 and Its freedom from the hazard of fire propagation.
An operator's failure to start the circulation of the heat-transfer medium when the gas heater was on resulted In excessive coll tempera tures, causing the lower coll (steel) to soften and sag into the rire chamber. A weld ruptured and Aroclor 1243 poured into the red hot fire chamber In contact with the flame. Smoke arose from the heater but there was no Internal fire. After the gas flame was cut off, the smok ing stopped.
SPRAY FLAMMABILITY. When a line ruptures In a die-castlng system where the hydraulic fluid Is under relatively high pressure, a spray or mist prevails. The possible fire hazard of Aroclor 1248 under these con ditions requires considerations not covered by the foregoing discussions relative to the material In the liquid form. In their comprehensive study, "Flammability of Higher Bolling Liquids and Their Mists", Sullivan, Wolfe and Zlsman determined the spray flammability limit of numerous swterlals In accordance with the percentage of oxygen required for com bustion. This value was then correlated with the results of Incendiary firing tests of the fluid conducted at the Naval Proving around, Dahlgren, Virginia. The per cent oxygen requirement for Aroclor 1248 combustion In the spray flammability limit studies was established at 64#. It was observed that fluids requiring over 45-50# of oxygen In the spray test failed to cause a fire In the Incendiary test. These results firmly establish the nonflammable and noncombustible qualities of Aroclor 1248. Moreover, these results on spray flammability studies seem most pertinent since they reflect conditions prevailing In the case of pressurized systems such as used in metal die-castlng. There fore, we are taking the liberty of presenting the data in the following Table II as taken from the publication by Sullivan, Wolfe and Zlsman to compare this highly significant spray flammability rating given to selected chlorinated hydrocarbons, organic phosphates, etc. Benzene and a petroleum oil are included for comparison purposes.
m
5- MOWS 07S344
Fluid
TABLE II. Flammability of Certain Higher Bolling Llaulda and Their Mists
Viscosity Flash Ft. Fire Pt.
Cs. at (cocyi) (COC) (1) S.I.T.(2)
100`F.
*P. *F.
Spray Flamma bility
Limit % Oxyxen
Naval Ordnance
hydraulic oil
O.S. 1113
41.8
315 340 505 14
Benzene
0.58
12
- 1295
12
Chlorobenzene
0.59
9
-
-- 14
o-Dichlorobenzene
0.84
165
- 2?
1,2,4-Trlchlorobenzene 1.1
260
None
>1000
44
Trlchlorodlphenyl
(Aroclor 1242)
17.7
350 633 1230 45
AROCLOR 1248 (Tetra-
chlorodlphenyl)
45.4
Diphenyl ether
2.6
Chlorodlphenyl ether 3.0
Dlehlorodlphenyl ether 4.9
Trlchlorodlphenyl
ether
8.7
Trimethyl phosphate
Trlbutyl phosphate
2.6
Trlootyl phosphate
8.1
Trloresyl phosphate 29
Hexamethyl tetra-
phosphate
38.3
Tetrabutyl pyro
phosphate Dloctylphenyl
8.9
phosphonate
11.5
Diphenyl mono (p-tert-
butyl phenyl) phos
phate
40.3
Dl-(o-chlorophenyl)
monophenyl phosphate 34.3
380
265 260 300
325 225
3s!805
500
>510
465
435
465 510
None
275 335 465
4901 245
m
685
None
720
480
720
>760
1300
-
" -
903 -
680 1170
920
845 630
1076 1296
ii
11 27 33
42 47 27 13 19
31
14
21
12
21
fl) Cleveland Open Cup 2) Spontaneous Ignition temperature
In light of the Importance of spray flammability as demonstrated to be the most significant determination of the noncombustible qualities of higher boiling fluids and their mists. It is indeed interesting to note the lack of correlation between this value and other constants, such as,
6.
HONS 078345
flash point, fire point and especially the spontaneous Ignition tempera ture.
VI. RESISTANCE OP STRUCTURAL MATERIALS TO AROCLOR 1248
The noneorroalve qualities of Aroelor 1248 and the strong resistance of structural materials to Aroelor 1248 are highly Important factors In the practical use of Aroelor as a hydraulic medium In dle-castlng sys tems. The following Table III Indicates the resistance of structural materials to Aroclors 1248 and 1254.
TABLE III. Resistance of Structural Materials To . Aroclors 1248 and 1254
Metals
1248 25'C. 125'C.
25'C . 125*1
Aluminum
Copper Magnesium
Nickel Silver Tin Zinc Mild Steel Phosphor Bronze Rad Brass Stainless Steel
Yellow Brass
R'
R
R
R
R 0R D
RR R R R
RR R R RR
RRRR
RRRR
RRRR
RR R
RR RR
R DRR DDRS
RR RR RR RR
R Re R De
RR--Excellent resistance--less than 1.0 x 10^ cm/day penetration or
0.00014 ln/yr.
,_
R --flood resistance--has penetration between 1.0 x 10" and 10 x 10
cm/day or between 0.00014 and 0.0014 ln/yr.
,
D --Doubtful resistance--has penetration between 10 x 10 cm/day and
100 x 10|yday or between 0.0014 and 0.014 ln/yr.
a --Following thP*letter Indicating resistance signifies material may
be better than indicated If totally Immersed since weight loss
is believed to come Trom oxidation of the part of test strip exposed to air.
7. MONS 078346
VII. PACKING MATERIALS AND GASKETS SUITABLE FOR USE WITH AROCLOR 1248 IN DIE-CASTING SYSTEMS
Results of accelerated laboratory tests show that Hycar P. Koroseal, Perbunan, Neoprene and various other "rubbers" are softened by Aroclors. especially at elevated temperatures. Accordingly, questions arise about the use of these materials for gaskets on dle-castlng machines using Aroclor. However, from practical experience In the operation of dle-castlng machines, It has been noted that fittings, such as the ball Joints made by Chlksan Tool Company (3). containing a small Neoprene gasket have given very good service under long continuous use when Installed In dle-castlng systems operated with Aroclor. Also, Neoprene lined, metallzed, flexible tubes used on the return lines of the dlecastlng machines appear to give good service with Aroclor. In some instances It appears almost necessary to use flexible tubes, especially on the return lines of the dle-castlng machines. If possible to do so, it would seem desirable to use rigid lines fitted with ball Joints suoh as siade by Chlksan or Barco Swivel Joints (2).
For pipe connection, welded Joints are not necessary but In the case of welded flange connections, these may be satisfactorily gasketed by the use of a thin sheet of aluminum. Various packing materials suitable for use with Aroclor at elevated temperatures Include Oarlock Packing Company's (8) #7021, 1/8 Inch asbestos fiber sheet for flange connec tions. Oarlock's #117 braided packing is used In valves and Oarlock #234 packing Is used for pumps; also. Oarlock #431 and Chevron 7050-C materials are suitable packings. Likewise. Durametalllc (6) spiral asbestos fiber may be used. Doubtless, Johns-Manvllle Corp. (12) and others have comparable packing materials which would be suitable. In all Instances, when ordering packing. It should be Indicated to the supplier that the material Is Intended for use with Aroclor 1248.
Teflon, duPont's (7) polytetrariuroethylene. Is not attacked by hot Aroclor (130*C.) and Is to be recommended as a gasket material. Thlokol Is not attacked by Aroclors at ordinary temperatures and especially Thlokol 1605-A appears of Interest for use with Aroclors In dle-castlng systems. The maximum temperature ranges at which Thlokol Is suitable are Indicated as Tollows:
Thlokol Type A - 150*-200*P. max. Thlokol Type PA - 150"-200"F. max. Thlokol Type ST - 250-300cP. max.
Dow Coming's (3) Silastic, Silicone 180 Is very resistant to hot Aroclor and use of this material Is suggested. The changes In proper ties of Silicone 180 when Immersed In hot Aroclor for 70 hours at 150*C. are summarized as follows;
8. HCNS 078347
1. Lowering of the hardness by about 20 points.
2. Improvement In the elasticity by several points.
.3. Practically no change In tensile strength.
4 An appreciable Increase In the ultimate elongation.
Other types of packing materials recommended by the manufacturer for
use in Aroclor Installations Include the following Palmetto (16) pack ings:
Hydraulic Service (Normal Temperatures)
Rod packing
0 Ring packing Flange packing
Kup packing Sheet packing ft gaskets
- Palmetto Pyramid Packing #2510
- Palmetto 0 Ring Packing #2610 - Palmetto Flange Packing #2810
- Palmetto Kup Packing #2710 - Palmetto Hl-4 Sheet Packing #2910
Heat-Tranafer Service
Rod packing
- Palmetto High Pressure Packing #2200
Sheet packing & gaskets - Palmetto Hl-4 Sheet Packing #2910
With reference to the manufacturer and also the user of dle-castlng equipment, It Is highly advantageous If the same paoklng materials
generally used with oil can be used also with Aroclor 1248. In this connection. In the case of The Oilgear Company hydraulic equipment, it Is noted that such packings as Thlokol, which Is used for gaskets,
and Oarlock #431, which Is used as ram packings on most Oilgear equip ment, can be used either with oil or with Aroclor 1248.
Tickers, Incorporated advise that all packing materials will have to be other than those normally used for petroleum base fluids to prevent
rapid deterioration, and these are available through Vickers, Incorporate: for their own equipment, or many of the suppliers of standard sealing elements.
VIII. LUBRICATION
Aroclor 1248 has lubricating properties and la used In dle-castlng systems most frequently without the addition of added lubricants. However, In the case of piston type pumps where high lubricity Is a requirement, sometimes the practice Is to add not more than 50 of a high lubricity oil to the Aroclor. Oils of this type In use are DTE medium heavy high lubricity oil and Pennsylvania Refining Company's (17) #90 VI light stock oil. Other similar oils are available for this purpose.
9
HONS 076348
Aroclor 1248 Is recognized In the Industry as an EP lubricant and Its heavy load carrying quality without seizure Is reflected by tests made with a hydraulic fluid containing a substantial proportion of Aroclor. The data pertains to results with an Almen test machine. During the
standard test, the hydraullo fluid carried the full 30-pound load nor mally used as maximum on the Almen test. The torque at maximum load
passed, average of 2 runs, was found to be 28.5 for the hydraulic fluid
bull: on Aroclor as compared with a value of 14.0 for SAE 10 motor oil.
IX. VISCOSITY
The viscosity of Aroclor 1248 seems to be within the range required In
the normal operation of many Industrial pumps and hydraullo equipment.
As previously Indicated, the viscosity of Aroclor 1248 can be increased by the addition of Aroclor 1254. In light of the Influence of tempera
ture on the viscosity of Aroclor, this factor should be given considera tion with reference to the operation of the pumps or hydraulic system
In which Aroclor Is used.
As a general Indication of the viscosity requirements for different types of pumps, Vickers, Incorporated specifies the following for use
with Its pumps:
Industrial Machinery Installations (Ambient Temperature 50UP. to 90'F.)
Type of Installation
Oil npooslty
Vane Type Pumps
Machine tools operating at 150-225 S.S.D. pressures up to 1000 p.s.l. 9 100*F.
Presses and other heavy machinery
275-315 S.S.U. 9 100*F.
Piston Type Pumps All Industrial machinery
275-315 S.S.U. 9 100*F.
Piston Type and
Ooar Type Fluid Motors
All Industrial machinery
150-315 S.S.U. 9 100*F.
Vickers recommends that the oil temperatures In the hydraulic circuit should be maintained between 60* and 130'F. If, for reasons of non operation for extended periods, the temperature drops below 60*P., the fluid should be wanned to that temperature before starting operations.
10. MCNS 07834S
Cooler* should be provided to prevent temperatures In excess of 130*F.t which will comply with the temperatures demanded by the Joint Industry Conference Hydraulic Standards, and should also avoid the necessity of having to use vent ducks from any open or semi-open reservoir.
Referring to the fact that the specific gravity of Aroclor 1248 Is greater than the similar value of average petroleum base fluids used, inlet conditions to pumps should be carefully scrutinized to Insure the absence of cavitation.
X. FILTRATION
It seems prudent to maintain clean oil regardless of the specific hydraulic fluid used In dle-castlng systems. Small particles of dirt, metal chips and sand from the castings seem to work their way Into the hydraulic fluid whether the Installation Is a new one or one that has been In service for many years. Aroclor 1248 has a tendency to suspend auoh Impurities. Although It Is not always practiced, nevertheless. It seems Important to provide adequate filtration so that abrasive particles are resnved from the system and the Aroclor 1248 Is kept clean.
Many dle-castlng machines are equipped with Internal fine mesh wire sereens. These filters are suitable for removing the larger particles, but to keep the Aroclor In a satisfactorily clean condition, the recommendatlon is to filter the Aroclor through a bed of suitably processed granular Puller's earth. There are available a number of satisfactory filtering mechanisms or oil purifiers which may be used continuously or Intermittently. Probably one of these filters available as a con venient portable model would be the most economical as It oould be used to clean the oil In a number of dle-castlng machines. Ab one example of a supplier of such equipment, we wish to refer to the Honan-Crane Corporation (10).
XI. DERMATOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
Results of standard skin patch tests using over 100 Individuals show that Aroclor 1254 Is neither a skin Irritant nor a skin sensitizer (14). V* would expect that these results would serve to Indicate that Aroclor 1248, which Is only slightly lower In chlorine content than Aroclor 1254, is also neither a skin Irritant nor a skin sensitizer.
Although-the vapor pressure of Aroclor 1248 Is quite low and for all ' practical purposes the material Is nonvolatile, nevertheless, when Aroclors are heated to elevated temperatures, vapors arise and these vapors bear a degree of toxicity and should not be breathed. This
MOMS 078350
U
consideration Is, of course, minimized In the case of using Aroclor 1248 in dle-castlng systems, which are necessarily thoroughly enclosed to prevent even the smallest kind of a leak, and the operating tempera ture Is relatively low since practical operation never exceeds about 140*F. Aroclor 1248 has been'used for over ten years In Individualized and oentrallzed dle-castlng systems with romplete freedom from any trouble or fear of any toxic effects. If Aroclor 1248 comes in contact with the worker's skin, the skin should be washed In an ordinary manner with soap and water. If the Aroclor Is sufficiently hot so as to cause a burn when In contact with the skin, the bum should be treated in the same manner as any ordinary burn. Aroclor adhering to the burned area need not be removed Immediately unless treatment of the burn demands It, In which case soap and water or repeated washings with a vegetable oil Is recommended.
****
MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY St. Louis 4, Mo.
New York-Chlcago-Boston-Blrmlngham-Charlotte-Clnclnnatl-Cleveland Detrolt-Phlladelphla-Los Angeles-San Francisco-Montreal
PCS: MAO 2M
MCNS 078351 !2.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(1) An. Soe. Testing Materials, Proc. An. Soc. Testing Materials, 34,
53 (1934).
'
(2) Barco Manufacturing Co., 1801*15 Vlnnemac Ave., Chicago, Illinois.
(3) Chlksan Tool Company, Brea, California.
(4) Cleveland Automatic Machine Co., 4900 Beech Street. Cincinnati 12, Ohio.
(5) Dow Corning Corp., 592 Saginaw Road, Midland, Michigan.
(6) Durametalllc Corp., 1936 Hall Street, Kalamazoo 24-7. Michigan.
(7) K. I. duPont de Nemours A Co., Inc., Wilmington 98, Delaware.
(8) Oarlock Packing Company, 250 Main Street, Palmyra, New York.
(9) H. L. Harvlll Mfg. Co., Harvill Building, Corona, California.
(10) Honan-Crane Corporation, Lebanon, Indiana.
(11) The Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co., 830 Marlon Road, Mount Ollead, Ohio
(12) Johns-Manvllie, 22 East 40th Street, New York l6. New York.
(13) Lester Engineering Co., 2711 Church Street, Cleveland 13, Ohio.
(14) Monsanto Chemical Co. Technical Bulletin No. P-115, "The Aroclors
(15) The Ollgear Company, 1560 W. Pierce St., Milwaukee 4, Wisconsin.
(16) Palmetto packings made by Greene, Tweed A Co., N. Wales, Penns.
(17) Pennsylvania Rerinlng Company, 2686 Lisbon Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.
(18) Sortman, C., Beatty, H., and Heron, S., Ind. Eng. Chem., 33, 357 (1941).
(19) Sullivan, M. V., Wolfe, J. K., and Zlsman, W. A., Ind. Eng. Chem., 39. 1607 (1947).
(20) Underwriters' Laboratories, "Miscellaneous Hazards No. 2498", Chicago, Illinois, 1934.
(21) Vickers, Incorporated, 1402 Oakman Blvd., Detroit 32, Michigan.
(22) The Watson-Stlllman Co., 109 Aldene Road, Roselle, New Jersey.
. HONS 078352
13