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' r- * * 4 .. j. Sr* - * << '"i.ii - PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT -.-A - >' :?*' >-^r^>SKal is*#-, uv.',> ."&' * .*, > ' i -- '* INDUSTRIAL.HE&LTH NEWS " -"- ,,, . . - aas -.. . - *~ # *'V.. ';><' \< - #' . ' fe WC - - \./;;"3r^;>"^.. -: prj^"vV-' *. ;WE'* ,4 >\, - .i -;-'v ,, ,., NOVEMBER, 1970 (VoL 34, No. 11) i* ` *; n IV*.S4> --' * ^: c*/^t'v /* ;" i?- - j* --. ^ yit :* * . INDUSTRIAL HEALTH FOUNDATION 8331 CSNTBX AVZNUX. -:- WTTSBUHGH. PA. 18233 - r,-r- *. "*** -V > , * .* 4 N * V. 01 1'32 505B FOUNDATION FACTS rr,\ sitf r -j' ; c: N0VEJBER 1970 a* \-.'<C :.'i .1 -:.ti fcv; tftf ffWHS- We welcome three new members Into the .Foundation: j nr uaivgen- *0 T *d Vj : '<*: k: - 'r-.'itff * df tv. Argonaut Insurance Company (Menlo Park, California) International Lead ZInc Research Organization (New York, N. Y.) **'** ' General Cigar Company, Inc. (New York, N. Y.) 0 .-frnvr.,;, --y: SIW ACTIVITIES: IHF's Manager of Occupational Medicine Services, Dr. Daniel C. Bratm, assisted a member company In Chicago on November 5-6 by providing con sultation on a health-related matter. " vi ' Mf ..'t Dr. Robert T. P. deTreville, President; Mr. John A. Jurgiel, Industrial Hygiene Engineer; and Dr. Braun continued field surveys for the IHF/ATMI Respiratory Study (see Industrial Rygiene Digest. January 1970, p. 111). They participated In several research planning meetings held In Charlotte, North Carolina, on November 17-18 and 25 concerning this study. IHF Scientific Advisor, Dr. Ian T. T. Biggins, of the University of Michigan was present for the latter meeting. Dr. deTreville was Invited to speak to the Cone Mills Plant Managers at their meeting In Greensboro, North Carolina, on November 10 on the subject of the study IHF Is conducting for the American Textile Manufacturers Institute and also about the Foundation's overall program for oployee health conservation. Dr. deTreville; Mr. Barry M. Bauson, Executive Vice President; and Dr. Paul Groms, Director of IHF Research Laboratory, met with representatives of the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, November 12-13, to Investigate possibilities of collaborative efforts on research projects of mutual Interest. Dr. Gross spoke to a class of students at the Center of Toxicology of Vanderbilt University In Nashville, Tennessee, on "Pnetmnconlosls", Noveetoer 18. He attended a n i -Cl to 01 132 5058 HUflfflmFflCIL 1970 :-s . * i i AUirt b \J *J anting of the American Conference of Sovemnental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limits Conmlttee In Cincinnati on Novesfcer 19-20. - Mr. Beam met with the Chairman of the Coenlttee^orrJolnt Accreditation of Occupational Health Programs In Industry, Dr. Lee B. Grant of PPG Industries, on November 11 to complete details of the final draft of the by-laws for this Independent agency. The draft was ' presented to a meeting of the Cobb?ttee"1iTwashihgton?d?C?,"X>vaS>er if?rffcfiw attended. (sre-oUtj,; if.wHl ssinuar.T % * L V '! wsOf dataas*.? ont. beei fanaJrwmjnl .*.** JANUARY 19* 2D* & 2L J971i. Circle this date on your calendar .to attend the 7th sngineering Dieaueeional sponsored by the Foundation's Engineering Committee. The program this year Is on "Environmental Measurements", and the DIScusslonal Is open to. representatives from IHF aiember nmpaiiles and Invited guests from Indistry.^ Pre1lBrfnary~pro"~ grams containing registration forms have been mailed to Foundation members. If,you need ;uI-l additional Information, please contact Mr. John A. Jurgiel at IHF headquarters. ***' .-*r a: > .-v ;i .i . . ^ TLVs: Pages 111' - xli'of this Issued ThresliaTd'*i3fifiP* Values of Airborne Contaminants and Intended Changes aoopted'by the American Conference m> fn.1 of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for 1970 which were reprinted by permission for the ' convenience of Foundation members. ' - .it. ir;. i Jo INDUSTRIAL HK31ENE HIGHLIGHTS- VOUFE I - S2Q.QQ per copy . Order from: Quantity dieoomdte mailable on sequent ' . Induetrial Bealth Foundation, 5232 Centre Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232 :-- nr rj. .** .r . ." < * * V V e2l f>d ia #nws*`.ar: j.r- , .. ;.vy:' 01.132 5053 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FEATURES RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND PULMONARY FUNCTION IN UELDERS -- TOBACCO AND HEALTH -- EXERCISE ANO CAROIAC DEATH -- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ANO CORONARY HEART DISEASE -- POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTE FOR PHOSPHATES IN DETERGENTS -- SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF PHOSGENE EXPOSURE -- LOU-FREQUENCY NOISE THRESHOLDS -- NOISE - FOURTH FORM OF POLLUTION -- INDUSTRY'S ROLE IN THE CLEAN HATER BATTLE -- DEACTIVATION OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST CONTROL CATALYST -- GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NEW HEALTH OCCUPATIONS -- SAFETY OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN HOUSEHOLD AEROSOLS - THE HAZARD OUE TO OUTUARO LEAKAGE OF OXYGEN FROM A FULL FACE MASK -- ABST. ABST. ABST. ABST. ABST. ABST. ABST. ABST. ABST. ABST. ABST. ABST. ABST. 1264 1266 1268 1269 1280 1282 1297 1298 1315 1324 1336 1343 1344 TABLE OF CCflTENTS THIS ISSUE CONTAINS ABSTRACT NUMBERS 1234 - 1350 In Meraoriam - Dr. Alice Hamilton........................................................................................................................ i IHF Membership News and Activities Armco Steel Corporation Meets a Challenge............................................................................................. 11 Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants For 1970...............................................................................Hi News Items.................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Coming Events .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Legal Developments................................................................................................................................................... 6 Books, Pamphlets and Notices........................................................................................................ B Industrial Medical Practice ................................................................................................................................ 12 Chemical Hazards.................................................................................... 16 Industrial Dusts....................................................................................................................................................... 16 Physical Aspects of the Environment ................................................................................................................ 21 Radioactivity and X-Radiation ............................................................................................................................ 22 Environmental Measurements, v............................................................................................................................. 23 Preventive Engineering........................................................................................................................................... 25 Comunlty Air Hygiene........................................................................................................................................... 28 Management Aspects................................................................................................................................................... 31 Accidents and Prevention.............................................. 34 Index.......................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Addresses of Journals Abstracted........................................................................................................................ 40 IHF UaCOMES EDITORIAL MATTER FROM ALL MEMBER COMPANIES PERTAINING TO INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PROGRAMS, PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS 01 132 5060 Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 IN MEMORIAW ALICE HAM I LTON- 1269-1970 Alice Hamilton, who has been credited by medical journals with having founded, al most single-handedly, the field of Industrial medicine, died on September 22, 1970, in her 102d year. Her solitary yet formidable explorations into the occupational hazards of a newly industrialized America and her comnitment to the social reform movements of her time remain impressive to us in this era of multidisciplinary approaches and supermultiple authorship. She was an advocate of reason and compassion in an ailing world whose symptoms had little in common with her epidemiologic studies of lead toxicity and mercury poisoning. In 1895, after medical studies in Ann Arbor, she went to Europe to study pathology and bacteriology under Hans Buchner and returned to Johns Hopkins after a year abroad for more work, this time with Simon Flexner. But she decided she would never amount to more than a "fourth-rate bacteriologist" and therefore resolved to make for herself "a life full of human interest." She began work at the clinic associated with Jane Addams's Hull-House in a Chicago still shaken by the Haymarket bombing and its associated labor unrest, with streets peopled with strange revolutionaries-in-exile and the immigrant poor. Or. Hamilton's unique investigations in Industrial hygiene, spanning membership on the 1910 Illinois Occupational Disease Commission to studies of the viscose rayon in dustry published in 1940, convinced her that the fault of occupational hazards lay with managerial ignorance and indifference, and not in corporate avarice. When the skeptical vice-president of a Chicago lead company once demanded proof of her allegations that many workers in his "model plants" were being poisoned by the white-lead dust that they breathed, she searched through hospital records and the city's Serbian, Bulgarian and Polish quarters and returned to his office with the necessary evidence. The shocked official initiated drastic reforms, which included hiring physicians to examine each lead worker weekly for signs of poisoning. She was appointed to the faculty of Harvard, the first the University ever granted to a woman and was appointed professor emeritus (sic) upon her retirement from the University in 1935. Or. Hamilton visited Europe several times between World Wars and documented her misgivings about postrevolutionary Russia and pre-Munich Germany in her fascinating autobiography. Exploring the Dangerous Trades, published in 1943. The vitality of this remarkable figure in American medicine is evident in a remark made to S. J. Woolf, of the New York Times Magazine, in 1949; "If you are going to sketch me. I'll take off my hat, for nothing dates one so much as a hat, and I refuse to be dated." --Cond. from Editorial by J. J. Elia, Jr. New Eng. J. Med. 283:993-994 (Oct. 29. 1970) Industrial Hvolenc Digest November 1970 IHF MEMBERSHIP HEWS AND ACTIVITIES ARMCO STEEL CORPORATION MEETS A CHALLENGE Armco Is taking a real hard look at their policies to see what it is about business that turns off those who should be some of the best candidates for tomorrow's business leaders. They are venturing out of the comfort of the corporate conference room to talk with students and faculty; to listen to what today's young people are saying and thinking and planning. There are already many points of contact between any large company and the colleges and universities that train the young people that will be needed to run that company in the years ahead. Recruiters are sent to 120 schools each year. Armco takes part in scholarship pro grams; they use faculty members from nearby schools to conduct evening training programs; they employ as many students as they can during simmer months to help out when their vacation schedules are heavy. These things are routine for many companies. But this is no longer enough. Armco believes that' In the 1970's they will need to maintain direct contacts with as many good schools as time and manpower permit. They are encouraging management people to keep in touch with their schools. They need to know the outstanding teachers at schools that are important to them. Face-to-face contacts between those who teach and learn on the campus and those in business are perhaps as important to the campus as to management. Recently Armco has discovered a group of excited young people--extremely intelligent and hard-working young people--who want to spend their summer developing worthwhile contacts between the campus and Industry. They have been exploring together the possibilities of developing some kind of on-going program that would be productive for them, for the company and for the coamunities where they all live and work. Their objective is to create a better rapport between education and business. They want to try to develop ways for students to use business as a live laboratory in which they would receive college credit--and they additionally want to have courses at college about business more in tune with the real world situation--not just theory. Similar programs are underway at both Ohio University and Miami University through the Ohio Fellows Program. Another way Armco is developing rapport between campus and company is by conducting a variety of programs focused on our environment. They invited groups of students and faculty to come to various plants for a short program describing their air and water pollution efforts and a tour of the facilities that are either installed and operating or being constructed. They had a great response with participants of delegations from.8 universities. Armco is proud of their pollution control work. As a leader in this field they want to share this effort with various publics, but particularly--students--because they car '-o. Since 196S $1.00 out of every $10 spent to build new steelmaking equipment has gone In: *w devices to protect our environment. Many of their plants are now approaching the point at which they can hones tell their neighbors--"the Job Is done." --Cond. from "Partners for Progress" C. Ullliam Verity, Jr., President Armco Steel Corporation 11. 01 132 S062 III' 2*2" s 51 rs si 5% foi Z lil* li! *li* 11r 5 2-S S c Oka* :&Sj isugfa .2 * ,*s2s a j ".- 5 I E i-5-: g * * at o g S f s a - g "3 ~u *9 es * 6 8 $1*:o 2 e5 o e 5 A> ofa ff- m 5 S* n9SES :s.-s Ills 3S * 4 " s all? El Q __ 23 ;is. 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H--H-3 HJHJ ?l*6 2 J= b h00i ] tl <* 3J S* 2 w 3*c o > SsJ. -3 i a 5 if U 3 2;2 o e ti O S * * 32 t2r-- if * H ;8b if if i; 2 m2 2 % H o _#w2-` Z S u pVCj i o- ,, y r^5s 1 I S.!E Sill ee 2" og = a * _* S Se3 S e a w e 3 s2 * u a llsJ (B.2? Su 3 2v B K * jO 9 V h If rs. o ip CO HI III & & E & I.. 88 IS s" m a %s 2 Es * if U o lE J- w 2 ylesa fta o > o" Ute .J - & If - & a& E 5I i! j? f Oo 6 * 2 IE <B I * * O if 1 h ee 2 E*K " 22o1 E t. la 3 52 h. H > aJ H h. M aS eP 6 Bi o s. fiasal a E. fi o ii: la a ill l!*. |st i ?2.'S S?sE 2 25; I l8lgso I 2 it - a 3tsS si s d % = I *5 8. :i sf g o s; > J U O W N u. a H M ?! O o o l 1 W S 3 I 11 2 > u si S=s*| :5^ S* 8 g~ .8 Ia *e o E o 2 . os s :i HU > . |co O 2 IB Z>,,** k. as X XI E E! j 3 |l| H n as *i 1| f: =. I 1| e I E El i" I f Sir# 5 ai^ss Sis' s E S I 5 8. CO > S 8 e- j S s - w 5 O * |I J* 2 S"5e? JB ft g k c ES ,:ooo oS. S 2 * a. - o I 5 * 5 si -- -- *' >! B Sjs S S 1 8BI M f) ZT w aw 1155; ->"55 = 0 11 U M B) O - a a j? 5 | a 2b 2ft I O a | 8 g 8r a e 2 c ais a S 2 E IScl e Z U,H , a b k k " 9 i 2 e z o -- >> * c S? nl 2 2 O sps 0. w U =" a = SJ o ^ O (o H > > > S < l|S St P la s'js'F K O o. a Ik 8 E ^ 8 9 * W -T 8< 2 Ilf wa; s ASi-ff ' N a la 2*5 o aN 2 , la a 2 e E Z O to jz <a tr r b 4? >> J 1 H N Herbert E. StoUnger, Ph. D., Chairmen . WlUlam D. Wagner, Recording S ee'*; Novenfcer, 1970 Volume XXXIV Number 11 Industrial Health Foundation 5231 Centre Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST LITERATURE AND NEWS NEWS ITEMS 1234 HEDEX: A BREAKTHROUGH IN MEDICINE. A research and development program called MEDEX (Medecin Extension-extension of the physician) is breaking down barriers to extending the capacity of physicians to provide more and better care to patients. Early in 1969, MEDEX recruited a group of former military medical corpsmen. These men have become the prototypes of a totally new health professional to help ease the manpower crisis in the delivery of medical services. MEDEX recruits are performing many physician tasks that do not actually require a physician's sophisticated training and intricate decision-making experiences. They are taking histories, doing parts of the physical examination, applying and removing casts, mak ing hospital and nursing home rounds, assisting at surgery, performing selected diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, making house calls~on the same schedule as the physicians with whom they are working. They extend the physicians' capacities at any time of day or night, seven days a week. Although the evaluation is not yet completed, the assumption of a significant number of physician tasks by MEDEX has engendered unexpected enthusiasm by the physicians and nurses with whom the men work. More important, however, is the almost universal patient acceptance of this new professional. The technological tools developed by MEDEX take on additional significance as the gap continues to widen between the need and the capacity to deliver health care services. It represents one of the few hopes many nations have of extending quality medical care to more of their people. --Hospital Tribune 4, Sept. 21. 1970 1235 A DEVICE DESIGNED TO TRAP UP TO 99* OF PARTICLES EMITTED BY INCINERATORS. A device designed to trap up to 99* of particles emitted by incinerators and oil burners will be made and marketed by Union Environmental, Inc., Philadelphia, a subsidiary of Union Corporation. The company has acquired exclusive U.S. and Canadian rights for the Norwegian device. Exhaust gases pass through a fan which forces dust particles as small as 1 micron into a plenum housing where they drop into a soot bln. Air Is cleaned several times through centrifugal action and ejected. Costs will be 25 to 30X less than for systems with similar efficiency. Union says. --Chem. Eng. News 48, 33 (Aug. 31, 1970) 1236 SOME C0W0N SENSE RECOM1ENOATIONS FOR THE COAL INDUSTRY. Many concerned citizens in the coal fields were apprehensive about some long awaited recooaendations for the coal Industry by the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. It turns out that the recom mendations are laced with good common sense, and everyone interested In a strong coal industry and in cleaner air and water can be optimistic for the future. The environmental council suggests: Federal research and development on sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxide control technology should be 0.1 132 5073 1. Industrial Hygiene Digest Novenfeer 1970 ; accelerated. Studies, of better coobustlon methods to reduce oxides of nitrogen are also needed; A more balanced researchand development program. to hasten the development of more efficient energy ; processes -- gasified coal, fluidized b*-: coobustlon breeder reactors, and nuclear fusion all hold ' I premise; The Nation heeds to use Its fut -esources more effectively through development of a national { energy polity; Incentives to accelerate : austry support for research and to stimulate corrective ` actions should be considered. The environmental council is optimistic over coal's'future, an opinion j shared by leading coal Industry executives. The council estimates that the amountof coal used for j power by the year 2000 will be four times greater than it is today., It points out that natural gas I and residual fuel oil are far too scarce for power; generation purposes. --Dominion News Sept. 1, 1970 j 1237 NOISE CONTROL LESS COMPLEX THAN THAT OF AIR AND HATER. , j Contrary to what many people may think, noise is relatively easy to abate. There are not many experts I on noise in the country, because it Is not a form of'pollution that has received much attention, but i most of those who have looked Into the possibilities of ^lessening the mounting din in which we. live say that the causes of noise are neither as complex and'difficult to .deal with as those of air pol lution nor as costly to cure as those.of water pollution. The two main reasons for current lack of progress in noise abatement, they contend, are the general apathy of governments and the public to ward the problem and the expenditures--however rodest in some cases--that would have to be made to control noise. Most specialists in noise abatement suggest that Itiis properly a matter for the * Federal Government. They reason that since most noise is created by prlvately owned machines, which wear out and must be replaced every, few years, the best way to attack: the, noise problem is to pass Federal legislation encouraging or requiring manufacturers of sound-producing equipment to meet as yet unformulated noise, standards. This approach, to the problem would be analogous to the ever- strlcter emissions standards that are now being federally Imposed on auto makers. The Johnson Administration originally proposed.to fix a noise limit of 85dbA, with higher levels permitted for short periods. The proposal was so opposed, especially by high-noise Industries such as textiles, that the Nixon Administration agreed to a. maximum permissible level of 90 dbA. That Is, 5 db on the A scale more than most otologists regard as safe over prolonged periods. : --Hospital Tribune 4, Sept. 21, 1970 Editor's Note: Dr. Joseph Sataloff, Professor of Otolaryngology at Jefferson Medical College, In his paper at the 34th Annual Meeting of the.Industrial Hygiene Foundation In 1969; stated that "the American Standards Association (ASA) Sub-Cbomittee based its proposal (85dBA) on audiometric data from only one investigation on a populatlon of American workers. The other publications cited In Its bibliography are chiefly laboratory studies !fraai England and the Netherlands and not the result of field Investigations. Such limited studies should not; In my-opinlon, qualify as the basis for. establishing American noise standards.; . .Other (or additional) audibmetric date are needed upon which valid conclusions can be based, as any errors In technlque or conclusions may have very faf- reachlng effects, not so much In marginal losses of hearing as an.excessive.and perhaps unnecessary costs of engineering controls and personnel changes." v? --H. C. C. 1238 NEW TEST MAY CUT EMPHYSEMA TOLL. Any way one looks at them, the statistics on emphysema are grim. Twenty years ago, fewer than 1,500 Americans died of the baffling lung disease. This year, 30,000 may die of It, making It the fastest growing major disease in the ,U. S. Even allowing for the possibility that more, emphysema cases are' being reported because doctors are more actively, on the lookout for the disease'; this" Increase Is alarming. Now a California researcher may be on the tereshold of a mass screening test that could sharply reduce the toll--even though the cause of emphysema remains'a iqystery,'arid there is no 01 132 5074 2 Industrial Hygiene Digest____________ _________________________________________________ .November 1970 known cure. One use of the mass screening test might be to weed out people who run special risks of contracting emphysema if they have to work under smoky or dusty conditions. Early detection is vital In fighting emphysema, a disease in which the lungs are irreversibly damaged. They lose their elasticity and jam open. "Emphysema develops so insidiously," says the National Heart & Lung Insti tute, "that many victims are completely unaware that anything is seriously wrong until 50X or more of their lung function has been completely destroyed." In studies of 1,500 persons with no clinical signs of emphysema, it has been found that 5X had an inherited deficiency of a natural enzyme called alpha-antitrypsin. When more than 160 emphysema patients were tested, it was found that no fewer than a quarter were deficient in this enzyme. This alpha-antitrypsin deficiency definitely pre disposes people to emphysema. But It does not become apparent until they have been exposed to cigarettes or some other Irritant. Illness, Including tuberculosis and cancer, as well as one of today's most connon medications, birth control pills, can all mask a lack of the enzyme. A study of the antitrypsin levels or workers in dusty and non-dusty jobs compared with the incidence of emphy sema in the two groups has been proposed. Such a study could be used to lay the groundwork for preemptoyment tests so that workers who are genetically prone to emphysema will not be assigned to jobs that are dangerous for them. --Business Week (2141) pp. 88-90 (Sept. 12, 1970) 1239 HYDROXYL RADICAL KEY TO AIR POLLUTION. Dr. Donald H. Stedman, chemist. Ford Motor Company, and his colleagues have shown quantitatively that the hydroxyl radical, water, and carbon monoxide all play important roles in the sequence of steps leading to the oxidation of nitrous oxide to nitrogen dioxide. The findings, he says, raise ques tions about current methods of auto emission abatement and the applicability of previous ideas to smog formation. Hydrocarbon-carbon monoxide emission control has thus far been the major basis for air pollution abatement. As a result, total hydrocarbons from automobiles in the Los Angeles atmos phere, for example, have been substantially reduced, but nitrogen oxide levels have increased. Furthermore, there has been no substantial smog alleviation. Dr. Stednan claims. The Ford chemists thus suggest that nitrogen oxide control should take priority in the near future. --Chem. Eng. News 48, 13-14 (Sept. 21, 1970) 1240 SOVIETS DESIGN ENGINE THAT CUTS AIR POLLUTION. A new automobile engine that is said to reduce air pollution from exhaust gases to an "absolute minimum" has been designed in the Soviet Union. The powerplant has been tested by a government cotnnlssion and reconmended for production. Chambers attached to each of the cylinders ensure the complete burning of gasoline. A small quantity of fuel comes in and, when Ignited, bums as a lean air/gas mixture In the cylinders. Ordinarily, internal combustion engines cannot operate effectively on such a mixture. In addition to reducing pollutants, Soviet engineers claim the innovation saves 10X on fuel. Rated at 130 hp, the engine Is intended for trucks of the Russian ZIL-130 type. Be cause the new powerplant differs only slightly from those now being built. It will be easy to intro duce into present production lines. --Ind. Research p. 45 (Sept. 1970) 1241 SYNTHETIC WATER CLARIFIER CLEARS MAJOR HURDLE. Thw widespread use of alum--a term used in water treatment to denote aluminum sulfate--and iron salts for clarifying municipal drinking water may soon give way, at least In part, to synthetic materials. Nalco Chemical Company has received Public Health Service clearance to begin marketing a synthetic coagulant for potable water clarification. The material, trade-named Nalcolyte 607, is a cationic polyamine. Though PHS acts only in an advisory capacity (states set their own criteria for water treatment chemicals), approval by the agency Is tantamount to general acceptance. PHS clearance 3. 01 132 5075 Industrill Hygiene Digest NoveirCer 1970 comes only after extensive toxicity testing; Nalco has conducted such tests and 1$ confident that its material is safe for potable water use. Nalcolyte 607 produces a relatively hard, integral floe that is more difficult to break up than alien floes, and even when the Nalcolyte floe does break up, it will reform. --Chem. Eng. News 48, 17 (Aug. 31, 1970) 1242 GETTING NOISE POLLUTION OFF THE PAYROLL. Judging by the experience of one large insurance company, "Quiet Please" may well become the rallying cry of cost accountants and other men of efficiency. When it eliminated irritating but comnonly accepted office sounds (e.g., office machinery wheezes, elevator whines, air-conditioning whirrs), this company found that typing errors dropped 29 per cent, machine operator mistakes fell 52 percent. absenteeism fell 37 per cent and employee turnover dropped 47 per cent. The only things that went up were efficiency, morale and cooperation, according to a report published by the National Management Association. --Signature p. 17, Aug. 1970 1243 FDA EXTENDS BAN ON CYCLAMATES. On 14 August the Food and Drug Administration extended its ban on cyclamates, an artificial sweetener to include all dietary foods and fruits. Cyclamates have been found to be a cancer-inducing drug in experimental animals. The FOA ban requires that all foods and drugs containing cyclamates be off the market as of 1 September 1970. The decision is a reversal of a previous FDA ruling that would have permitted foods containing cyclamates to be sold to diabetics and dieters on a prescription basis after 1 September. The earlier ruling, which took effect In January, was based on the conclusion that, for some diabetics and dieters, use of cyclamates could be safe If the intake of the drug was limited to less than 780 milligrams per day. --Science 169 , 962 (Sept. 4, 1970) 1244 POLLUTION HAZARDS FROM METALS. The Federal Government -- and Indeed several states -- are now closely looking at the environmental impact of a dozen or more metals. Apparently heading the federal list of possible water polluting metals are lead, cadmium, and arsenic. Senator Philip A. Hart (O.-MIch.) argues that lack of federal regulatory authority is not at the heart of the toxic metal pollution problem and that guidelines for harmful levels of industrial effluents can be set and violators brought to court. However, the Administration's chief water pollution spokesman, Carl Klein, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, contends that there is an obvious need for the President's recomnendations for enactment of precise effluent requirements to abate and reduce discharges, for example, of lead and arsenic. He also points out that the scientific coemunlty still has not settled on how much arsenic, lead and cadmium may be released Into water. Surgeon General Jesse Steinfeld probably put the question of hazards from toxic metals In the best perspective by telling the Hart subcomnlttee that the problem of the health effects of toxic metals Is a legitimate area for concern, but not a legitimate cause for hysteria. --Chem. Eng. News 48, 12-13 (Sept. 7, 1970) 1245 ATMOSPHERE OXYGEN "OK" DESPITE POLLUTION INCREASE. After completing a three-year study of the atmosphere. Dr. Lester Machta, a scientist with the En vironmental Science Services Administration, and Ernest Hughes, a scientist at the National Bureau of Standards, conclude that there Is Just as much oxygen In the atmosphere -- 20.946J-- as there was 60 years ago. Thus, the theory that hianan civilization might be doomed because pesticides and chemical pollutants have reduced the ability of plant life to produce needed oxygen must be placed on the back shelf -- at least for the time being. Machta and Hughes' experiment compared atmospheric analyses as far back as 1910 with measurements made over the past three years. They concluded that since 1910, "changes with time over the globe appear to be either zero or smaller than the uncer tainty In the measurements." --Ind. Research p. 26, Aug. 1970 4. (11 132 Industrial Hygiene Digest Novenfcer 1970 1246 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE HOUSEHOLD USE BANNED. Carton tetrachloride use In household products Is banned by the Food and Drug Adninistration ef fective this fall. The FDA had previously determined In 1968 that Inhalation of the chemical poses a variety of health hazards. Including liver damage. An earlier order to ban its use was postponed because of Industry objections. --Am. Med. News 2, Aug. 31, 1970 1247 MICROORGANISMS CONSUME OIL IN TEST SPILLS. A method of cleaning up oil spills by accelerated microbial biodegradation -- in effect "eating up the oil" -- is being developed by Dr.Edward N. Azarowicz of Bloteknika International, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia. Called Petrodeg, the petrol eun-degradlng agent contains a mixture of 20 microorganisms -- one of marine origin and the rest terrestrial organisms. The agent also contains necessary chemical nutrients for microbial growth, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. The microbiological species In the mixture were selected for their capacity to metabolize oil hydrocarbons rapidly and completely. Laboratory and field tests In salt water and brackish river estuaries -- at water temperatures between 55* and 84* F. -- show that Petrodeg completely cleans up every kind of oil tried in as little as four days. --Chem. Eng. News 48, 48-49 (Sept. 7, 1970) 1248 180 TONS OF OLD BOTTLES USED FOR GLASPHALT ROAD. More than 180 tons of old glass bottles supplied by the Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, Inc., are being used In paving a 600-foot-long strip of busy roadway, 20 feet wide, at the University ofMissouri's Rolla campus. At the rate of two bottles per pound, this means that students, faculty and school visitors will be driving -- safely -- over about 720,000 crushed bottles and jars used as asphalt aggregate. The product's name Is derived from the crushed glass which Is used in place of gravel and stone ordinarily mixed with standard asphalt. In this further evaluation University researchers will test the glasphalt strip for skid resistance and durability under normal traffic and weather conditions for a period of at least two years. Glasphalt, GCMI reports. Is only one of many possible reuses for waste container glass. The most promising outlet right now appears to be in the bottle-making process itself. Glass container industry research indicates that crushed waste glass, or "cullet'' as it Is called, can constitute 30 per cent or more of the raw materials needed to make new bottles. Salvaged glass containers also may be used in the production of home building materials, such as bricks, building blocks and glass wool insulation, as well as in vitrified sewer pipe, reflector material for signs, glass beads and even as grit for chickens. --Natl. Glass Budget 86, 9-10 (Aug. IS, 1970) 1249 LASER CANES FOR BLIND PERSONS DEVELOPED. The Laser Laboratory of the University of Cincinnati Medical Center, internationally renowned for years for the stud|y of the safe use of lasers, has contributed its part In the perfection of a laser cane to be used as a mobility aid by the blind. It Is to be emphasized that the laser cane is still under investigation and, uhen perfected,will aid the blind In detecting objects ahead of, above, and below their paths. A pulse of three to ten watt infrared coherent light emitted from three lasers located just below the curved handle of the cane is reflected from obstacles and detected by three photodiodes situated nine Inches below the cane's transmitters. The photodiodes are behind receiving lenses which focus the returning light beams. A sensory stimulator which produces a poking sensation on the Index finger of a right-handed user Is located on the right side of the cane between the transmitters and the receiving optics. This signal warns the user of hazards ahead. Easily dis tinguishable auditory tones warn of objects above and below. The cane may be rotated 90 degrees to gauge the width of obstacles ahead. It has an extremely low rate of radiation emission well 5. 01 132 5077 Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 within safe Units for human usage. The laser cane, tested only for safety by the UC User Lab oratory, was developed under VA sponsorship by Bionic Instrunents, Inc. of Bala Cymqrd, Pa. At present there are ten canes In existence. --Unlv. of Cincinnati Med. Center News Sept. 2, 1970 1250 BARIUM ENEMAS: FOA'S NEW LOOK. In rescinding a 1964 regulation proscribing the use of tannic acid as an adjunct In barium enemas, the Food and Drug Administration has taken a constructive step that should be welcomed both by radiologists, who are particularly concerned, and by the profession at large. It was concluded that tannic acid In proper dosage Is Invaluable In "Improving barlun enema studies and any risk that might be entailed by Its use Is far less than that of the disease that might otherwise be overlooked." The public today Is appropriately protected by the FDA, but there Is a duality of sanction: that of the medical community as well as the public. The newer ruling of the FDA In this Instance, taking cognizance of "sanction from the medical coomunlty," suggests that the prospects may be brighter for cooperative endeavor. --Hospital Tribune 4, Sept. 21, 1970 COMING EVENTS Dec. 2-4 Dec. 3-4 Dec. 5-10 Oec. 6-10 Dec. 6-11 Dec. 7-11 Dec. 8-11 Dec. 10-12 Dec. 11-12 Dec. 14-15 Dec. 14-16 Dec. 26-31 Dec. 28-31 American Chemical Society Southeast-Southwest Regional Meeting, New Orleans, La. Conference on Clinical Pharmacology, Washington, D.C. American Acadeny of Dermatology, Chicago, 111. Association of State and Territorial Health Officers, Washington, D.C. International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D.C. Elements of Ferrous Metallurgy, 4th. Toronto, Canada American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, 111. American Heart Association,Council of Clinical Cardiology, 11th, Miami, Fla. American Federation for Clinical Research, New York, N. Y. American Chemical Society Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Symposium, New Orleans, La. Flow Properties of Metals, American Society for Metals, Chicago, 111. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 137th annual, Chicago, 111. American Physical Society, Stanford, Calif. LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 1252 LABOR MOVES AGAINST OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE. As contract negotiations continue between the United Rubber Workers (URW) and the Industry, press reports have focused public attention on wage hikes and extended fringe benefits. Consequently, only a handful of safety professionals outside the rubber Industry are aware that the URW's proposed contract agreement carries a landmark provision that may have a telling effect on Industrial safety and health programs. The URW seeks to establish a Joint Occupational Health Program which would be financed by the rubber companies, staffed by an Occupational Health Coomlttee consisting of three union and three company representatives, and provided data by an Occupational Research Study Group to be established at Johns Hopkins University's School of Public Health. The Joint Occupational Health Program, has already been Included In contractual agreements with three of the Industry's Big Five. Some Industrial safety pros have questioned why the rubber Industry, with more than Its share of sophisticated safety and Industrial hygiene programs, has been selected as the first Indus try to grapple with a contractual provision for a joint occupational health program. Past reports 01 132 5073 6. Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 bear out that particularly among the major rubber companies, industrial hygienists and safety di rectors ride herd on incoming materials, call for data from suppliers, conduct their own lab tests, and periodically monitor departments within plants to see that concentrations remain within safe levels. Joint management-labor safety coonittees have been operative, and the rubber industry's safety performance on the basis of IFR measurements has been consistently superior to that of indus try in general. It may be because the rubber industry has been making such an organized, sustained effort, because it has been dealing with over 1,300 different chemical compounds and itself has been frustrated by the dearth of data on so many chemicals and acutely aware of the intrinsic complexity of the problem, that Labor thought it would be more receptive to the idea than would an industry less sophisticated in matters of chemical safety. Whatever the reason, industrial health and safety pros outside the rubber industry would do well to confer with top management on the posture their companies will adopt when their turn comes, as it promises to, soon, to deal with a contractural provision calling for extended joint efforts in occupational health. --Occ. Hazards 32, 31-33 (Aug. 1970) 1253 LEGISLATING FOR AIR POLLUTION. Tough new air pollution legislation with "more deadlines per square inch than any bill I've seen," claimed for it by Senator Edmund S. Muskie (D.-Me.) has emerged from the Air and Water Pollution Sub committee after months of debate. Sent on to the Senate Public Works Conmittee, the measure was likely to remain largely intact and win approval there, possibly late last week. If Congress passes the measure, some tight timetables indeed will be set and air pollution control may yet get off the ground. A statutory deadline to achieve national ambient air quality standards within four and a half to five and a half years is asked. Performance standards for emissions from new, major indus trial plants would be set. The measure contains a possible out for industry by language calling for latest available control technology, processes, operating methods, or other alternatives to be used. Asbestos, berylliun, cacknium, and mercury are singled out by Senator Muskie as hazardous emissions for tight controls, and broad authority is also granted by the legislation to control trace metals not considered hazardous but affecting public health and welfare. Chem. Eng. News 48, 10-11 (Aug. 31, 1970) 1254 POLLUTION COVERAGE EXCLUSIONS. To clarify the coverage provided to comnercial insureds under general liability Insurance policies In pollution cases, two exclusions have been filed with state insurance supervisory authorities. The exclusions relate to claims alleging pollution or contamination of air, land or water. The filed exclusions are described by insurance spokesmen as being of a "clarifying nature" because such damages are believed to be outside the policy definition of "occurrence". The first endorsement is explicit in excluding coverage except for those instances In which damage is caused by pollution or contamination which is "sudden or accidental." The second endorsement is intended for application on General Liability Insurance Issued to insureds having operations of an "oil risk" nature described in the endorsement. From reports received it appears that the endorsements have been approved in 38 states with applications for approval pending in Arizona, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, West Virginia and the territory of Puerto Rico. --For the Defense 11, 75 (Sept. 1970) 1255 ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH. An Advisory Committee on Construction Safety and Health was established in the Department of Labor on Decenber 23, 1969. The Advisory Coanittee Is a continuing advisory body consisting of nine members appointed by the Secretary of Labor, one of whom is appointed by him as chairman. Three meebers are 7. Industrial Hygiene Oloest ' " Noyewftcr 1970 persons representative of contractors to whom section 107 of the Act applies; three menbers are persons representative of employees primarily In the building trades and construction industry en gaged In carrying out contracts to which section 107 applies; and three members are public repre sentatives selected on the basis of their professional `c technical competence and experience In the construction health and safety field. In accordance witi such rules as may be prescribed under the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act, the Advisory Counittee shall advise the Secretary of Labor, the Assistant Secretary for Wage andLaborStandafds, andany duly authorized representative of either In the formulation of construction safety and health standards and other regulations, and with respect to policy matters arising In the administration of section 107 of the Act. -Federal Register 35, 11320-11321 (July 15. 1970) 1256 NEW YORK CITY REGULATIONS ON THE SPRAYING OFMINERAL FIBER INSULATION. Clean the area before and after spraying. Enclose the area In tarpaulins during spraying. Bag ex cess material In enclosed areas. Post warning signs when spraying. Provide workers with respirators and coveralls. Appoint a full-time spraying supervisor, j Clean and seal sprayed surfaces In the ventilation system. Cease spraying If emission escapes occur. Notify Department of Air Resources before spraying. --Environ. Scl. Technol. 4, 727 (Sept. 1970) BOOKS, PAMPHL ETS, AN D NOT I CES | 1257 PATHOLOGY OF THE LUNG. 2nd Edition. . H. Spencer. Available from:' Pergamon Publishing Co.. Maxwell House, Pairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523. 848 pp. (1968) Priee: $38.00. "This second edition of Spencer's Pathology of the Lung Is truly ah encyclopedic work In the tradi tional manner. It Is a pathologists's reference par excellence . . . The book begins with a full account of the embryology and anatomy of the lung and Itspostnatal development. Congenital anomalies follow, separated by the rest of the text from hamartomas and teratomas.' Infections are covered thoroughly ... In this section,, as In all areas treated; some mention Is made not only of his tori ci. but of geographic and experimental approaches to the subject. : The other broad categories covered are emphysemas, pneumoconioses (Including pituitary snuff lung'), pulmonary hypertension, diseases of uncertain etiology and tumors. The author weighs his evldence careful1y and does not Intrude his own viewpoint at any point . . . The book Is lavishly supplied with photographs, drawings, and micro- photographs. An appendix gives several special techniques for investigation of the lung, including Gough's sections of whole lungs, Liebow's plastic Injections, and.a gelatin vascular injection method. The book deserves to retain Its place as the definitive English treatise.on the pathology of the lung. The references are up-to-date and the hew material added to the first edition justifies the active pathologists's purchase of the new second edition;" ;\A --Archives of Pathology Editor'e Note: This text wlIT make a unique contribution .especially to those engaged In teaching lung pathology. It has all of the advantages - and disadvantages - of single authorship: It,Is well organized, and Integrated with minimal conflicting data or need for cross: references. On the. other hand, its references In the area of Occupational Disease Pathology do not contain sufficiently "up to date" references in such areas covered as asbestos i(e.g. no .mention of non-specificity of so called "asbestos bodies"). In fibrous glass the far reaching and erroneous assunqrtlon Is made, based on two Isolated cases of so called "Fibre-glass Lung", that the finding of fibers In the lungs which appeared to be glass, proved that the disease present,was caused by them: similarly, under byssinosls, the author reports finding "specific rounded dust bodies, consisting of a central core of black dust surrounded by a yellowish material. . .which stains positively, for Iron. . . ." In a paper read at the British Occupatlonal.Hyqlene Society Meeting (London) In September. Dr. Paul Gross, Director of IHF Research Laboratory, reported finding similar bodies In the lungs 8*' \ 01 132 50so Industrial Hygiene Digest Novenfeer 1970 of non-occupationally exposed adults in Pittsburgh Mho were autopsied and whose lungs sediments were subsequently studied. There was no way in which the author could have anticipated the findings of Dr. Gross; however, two needs are readily apparent: (1) Some media must be found to comunicate more rapidly and more effectively the findings of studies of occupational disease pathology. Perhaps a medical version of Industrial Hygiene Highlights would be helpful. Comnents of interested Digest readers are invited in this regard as to nature of coverage; (2) There is a need for adequate controls in evaluating the significance of observations in relation to studies of single cases of disease. Recognition of this need must be made a more important goal in medical education of the future, so that authors - and readers of erroneous material in the literature - will be less likely to be led astray in such matters. --R. T. P. deT. 1258 SURFACTANT BIODEGRADATION, VOL. 3. Avenue, New York, New York 10016. R. 0. Swisher. Available from: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 95 Madison 496 pp. (July 1970) Price: S33.50. The waste surfactant problem, one small facet of the world's burgeoning pollution problem, developed in the 1950s and was corrected in the 1960s. Although the surfactants are only a small, specialized class among organic materials, the principles and techniques applied in that campaign are quite general and should be applicable likewise in attacking some of the larger pollution problems which we still face. Accordingly, this book may serve two purposes in bringing together the information which has been developed by academic, governmental, and industrial scientists around the world during the past twenty years. First, it shows the current state of knowledge and understanding of surfactant biodegradation as of mid-1969; second, it provides a useful point of departure for future work on other pollution problems. Although discussion of the environmental-waste surfactant historical back ground is confined for the most part to the U. S. situation, there is no such limitation on the coverage of the pertinent scientific and technical literature. Geographically the coverage has been world-wide to the fullest extent possible, and chronologically to mid-1969 for the major journals. An important key to developing order out of the chaos of surfactant biodegradation is the chemical structure of the surfactant. Many of the structural formulas used herein have been simplified by omission of hydrogen atoms, and sometimes by omission of bonds also, to bring out more clearly the molecular topology. For an appreciation of the actual topography, the best approach still seems to be the molecular model, properly scaled, studied during assembly as well as afterward. A newly designed Bibliography/Author Index adds a new dimension to the indexing system by its two-directional nature. Each reference cited includes its title in addition to its author and journal location, and each is keyed back to the appropriate pages in the book. This amplifies the power of the author index con siderably, since entry to the text via the author index can now be on a selective basis, with the title indicating the subject matter. Operations in the opposite direction are improved also, since the name and year citation in the text provides a much more informative referent than does a naked, anonymous reference number. --Cond. from Preface Editor's Note: This book should be of considerable value to research scientists working with surfactants and detergents in light of its comprehensive coverage of the literature now existing. Some of the techniques described for biodegradation studies may also be applied to many broader areas of pollution control. --M. C. C. 1259 SAFETY TRAINING FOR THE SUPERVISOR. J. E. Gardner. Available from: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.. Reading, Massachusetts. 144 pp. H969) Price: Not given. A compendium of case studies, simply but clearly presented, follows a series of easy reading and logically sequenced chapters on safety orientation for supervisors and their work teams. The book is not exhaustive, but Is in essence a course outline for safety training and will assist those preparing for an in-plant program. --H. M. 8. 9. A i; "flC< Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 1260 EMERGENCY. National Safety Council 1 Available from: NatlonalSafety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611. 24 pp. (1970) Artec; Not given.* Stated In this booklet's Introduction Is a definition of; the word emergency, "a sudden, unexpected occurrence demanding Immediate action". Itfurther states that "this matter of fact dictionary definition tells you what an emergency Is but It doesn't tell you how to get out of it. And It does not tel1*you about panic unreasoning fear that so often paralyzes mind and muscles. The antidote for fear Is knowledge. Knowing what to do and how to do It in those crucial moments 'demanding immediate action' can dispel panic and keep an emergency from becoming a tragedy". It Is the feeling of the National Safety Council that since a person does not have time to .consult a book in an emergency . situation It Is best to be prepared by studying this booklet ahead of time and knowing what tq do when an emergency occurs. Thirty three different types of emergencies are discussed from severe bleeding and serious burns through fire, auto accidents, gas poisoning and animal bites. The infor mation Is concise, complete and easily understood and Its size makes It.a handy pocket guide for quick reference. . i -M. C. C. 1261 WHAT YOU AND YOUR FAMILY SHOULD KNOW ABOUT DRUGS. Benco Special Edition. Available from: The Ben jamin Co., Inc., 4851 Madison Avenue, New York, New York. 10022. (1970) A-tee; $.50, bulk discounts offered. ^ Based on the federal source book "Answers To The. Most Frequently Asked Questions About Drug Abuse" ;W produced by the Departments of Oefense; Justice; Labor; Health, Education and Welfare; and the Office of Economic Opportunity this booklet .answers the 109 most frequently asked questions about drug abuse. Material covered Includes marihuana, hallucinogens, stimulants, sedatives, narcotics and a variety of --- */ volatile solvents, also nubneg, belladonna and Jimson weed. A drug glossary of 129 terms Is also included. The compactness of this booklet makes It a valuable tool In combating the present wide spread Inappropriate use of drugs of all kinds for. those who are unable or unwilling to read lengthy dlsucsslons of these problems.* ;; / --M. C. C. S; 1262 INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHS OF PNEUMOCONIOSES(REVISED 1968). International Labor Offlce. Available from: International Labor 6ifIce,, Safety and Health Branch, 154 rte de Lausanne, CH 1211 Geneve 22, Switzerland. 23 pp. (1970) Priee:'$30.00 (Including films). _ . A meeting of experts convened in 1958 by the ILO agreed on[an International Classification of Radio graphs of Pneunoconioses and selected a set of standard radiographs Illustrating the various categories of the Classification. More than 900 sets have"been distributed In 55 countries. In December 1968, on the basis of the results of an Inquiry carried out among;the users of the Classification, a number of ILO consultants,. In collaboration with experts of the European Coal and Steel Coommfty, revised the 1958 Classification and adopted the "International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses (Revised), 1968". It now consists of a "Short Classification" for clinical purposes and of an "Ex V;>; tended Classification" for epidemiological studies. The two systems are closely linked. They also selected a new set of standard radiographs to Illustrate this[revised Classification. This new set Is now available. It Is made up of 14 X-ray films, standard size, packed In a cardboard box and accompanied by a leaflet giving details of.the Classification, criteria for,Its use and'notes on the radiological technique to be followed. These films will be particularly useful.to Industrial physicians, responsible for thedetectlon of pneunoconioses^ to compensation boards, as weir as to research centres and specialists Interested In this disease. --Author's abst. Mod. ^ 132 5082 m- 10 Industrial Hygiene Oloest November 1970 1263 BOOKS RECEIVED BUT NOT REVIEWED. VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE HUMAN FETUS. G. R. G. Monif. Available from: The Macmillan Co., 866 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022. 164 pp. (1969) Price: J9.9S. ERGONOMICS IN MACHINE OESIGN, VOLS. I AND II. Proceedings of a Symposiun, International Labor Office. Available from: International Labor Office, PLO Publications), CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. (1969) Price: Not given. INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY ANO HEALTH FILMS, 6TH EDITION. International Labor Office. Available from: International Labor (Office, (ILO Publications), CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzer land. (1969) 557 pp. Price: Not given. .11 01 Industrial Hygiene Digest --, I HDUSTR 1AL .v-L ' ' M D I rSSL ~ P R A^C TVI C E -November 1970 1264 RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND PULMONARY FUNCTION IN WELDERS. (Act. 15851---------------- :-- A. Fogh, et al Am. Oeaup. Byg. 12, 213+ Groups of 156 welders and 152 controls from .the same plaints; Were"examined .la.an evaluation of the possible Influence of prolonged exposure to welding,funeis upon respiratory , symptoms and pulmonary function. No significant difference between the two groups was found in the occurrence of chronic bronchitis and In the ventilatory function as estimated from the 1 sec. forced expiratory volume. Smoking habits appeared to be an important factor in the! occurrence of respiratory symptoms in both welders and controls. The percentage of persons having symptoms Increases In both groups with in creasing use of tobacco, a tendency more pronounced for welders of the older age groups. In welders there also seems to be a relationship.between smoking.and ventilatory function. This could not be clearly demonstrated in the control group. ^ --Med. Bull. (Std. Oil N.J.)Abstracts 1265 A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL-rPATHOLOGIC STUDY 0F;THE LUNGS ANDiHEART IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE. J. H. Cullen, et al. Am. Rev. Beep. Die. 102, 190-ZO4 (Aug. 1970) . . A prospective clinical-pathologic study wai made of 60 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. The clinical criteria used did not allow differentiation of chronic bronchitis from pulmonary emphy sema in the individual patient. Patients with a low emphysema score had increased goblet cells, evidence of bronchial inflannatlon, hyperemia, and basement membrane abnormalities compared with patients who had a high emphysema score, but the Reid index was unrelated to the emphysema score. There was a good correlation between the clinical and laboratory.evidences of cor pulmonale and en largement of the right ventricle at autopsy. Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease had a larger right ventricular endocardial surface area and a thinner myocardium than patients in a con secutive series of routine autopsies. An increase in,serum bicarbonate was more closely associated with cor pulmcr.* `e than was an* increase in:hematocrit. , Cor pulmonale was not significantly related to the degree of emphysema found postmortem or to the degree of airway obstruction as determined spirometrically. >. -rAuthors' stannary 1266 TOBACCO AND HEALTH: REPORT OF SCOTTSDALE RESEARCH CONFERENCE. Alister Brass. J. Am. Med. Assn. Sir 1675-1M0 75ipr. 14. 1570)----------------' ~ > . , The pharmacology of nicotine and other tobacco smoke fractions, and their effects on animal and human tissues, were discussed at the Second Research Conference on Tobacco and Health of the AMA-ERF, held in Scottsdale, Arizona, Mqy 6 and 7, 1970. The majority of the 70 papers presented dealt with animal experiments. Many were concerned with work In progress dr projects about to be undertaken. A selection of the findings reported Is given In this article. A third AMA-ERF Conference on Smoking and Health is planned for 1972. --Cond. from text 1267 PULMONARY RESPONSES TO INHALANTS. S.Valsrub. .\ Am. Med. Aeen. 213, 1889 (Sept. 14, 1970) The repeated simplistic assertions by newscasters and concerned citizens about "air pollution," as if the air and not the lung Is the victim of the polluting inhalant, may foster the notion that a simple relationship exists between pollutants and the consequent lung damage, and that much more Is known about this relationship than Is actually the case. iOlspelllng this notion, two recent symposia on Inhalation carcinogenesis and.pulmonary responses to. inhalants provide up-to-date, information on the state of our knowledge of normal and-abnormal pulmonary responses to inhalants. They also pro vide rare insights into the methodology of their Investigations With emphasis bn the choice and " 01 132 50S4 Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 evaluation of their experimental models. Comparability is also a consideration in model systems used to study the pathogenesis of disease. Here, however. It provides only a background to the more im portant question of cause and effect relationship between experimental exposure to an inhalant and the appearance of a lesion. Can we be sure that chronic bronchitis which follows exposure to sulphur dioxide is due to the chemical agent and not to viruses or bacteria which gain entrance because of Injured defensive mechanisms? Does a similar possibility exist in interstitial pneunonitis consequent upon exposure to cadmiun? Selection of models from specific pathogen free animals may help eliminate these perplexities. --Cond. from text 1268 EXERCISE AND CARDIAC DEATH. T375T E. Jokl and J.T. McClellan. J. Am. Med. Aeen. 213. 1489-1491 (Aug. 31, Potentially lethal cardiac disease may manifest itself first by the terminal collapse. The preceding natural history of Illnesses belonging to the nosological category thus identified is distinguished by the absence of symptoms and by unimpaired physical fitness. The four cases described each of which represents a diagnostic entity of the kind under reference concern individuals of both sexes, 45, 16, 25 and 7 years respectively. In the first, autopsy revealed coronary artery atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis with myocardial involvement; in the second, underdevelopment of the entire ar terial system and a congenital anomaly of size and origin of the coronary arteries; In the third, subacute myocarditis; in the fourth, an intracardiac fibroma. The evidence raises the questions of the pathogenesis of cardiac symptoms and of the mechanisms responsible for the onset of fatal seizures of the kind reported here. --Cond. from text 1269 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE. C. D. Enselberg. Amer. Heart J. 80,137-141 (July 1970) There is no evidence that a training program can lessen the incidence of atherosclerosis, nor Is It known whether It will reduce morbidity and mortality from coronary disease; and if it does, whether It will be by virtue of increasing collateral vessels, lessening the incidence of Intravascular thrombosis. Improving the performance capacity of the heart as a punp, lessening the tendency to develop serious arrhythmias, etc. Nevertheless, training programs seem to be safe and helpful. Even if the major effect Is psychological, this alone would justify continuance and further study of such programs. --J. Am. Med. Assn. References t Reviews 1270 VIBRATION SYNDROME. Anon. Lcateet 2 , 350 (Aug. 15,1970) The Industrial Injuries Advisory Council has again been asked to consider whether disorders induced by exposure to vibration from machinery should be prescribed under the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act, 1965. In the Council's report the majority of Its members hold that these disorders should not be prescribed; but two menbers dissent. It has long been established that the chief abnormality Is a state of "white fingers" or "dead hand". Indistinguishable from Raynaud's phenomenon, and now sensibly called in the report "vibration-induced white fingers* (V.W.F.). There are other possible but less easily defined effects, such as bony cysts, neurological changes, or muscular aches In the hands and arms. Extensive Investigations were conducted between 1944 and 1949 by menbers of the Medical Research Council's former department for research In industrial medicine at the London Hospital and some other surveys have been completed since. But little new fundamental knowledge has emerged. There is no doubt at all that a causal link exists between vibration transmitted to the hands and the later appearance of V.WF. in cold conditions. Moreover, the phenomenon can be demonstrated in most of its victims sooner or later when the weather is right. The disorder may 13. Industrial Hyolene Digest NovenPer 1970 appear sane time after cessation of work with vibrating machinery. It Is generally agreed that V.W.F. Is often, perhaps usually, a minor disability; but It Is not always so. Affected men seldom have to leave their work because of V.W.F., but they may do so on medical advice or If they are frightened of possible long-term effects. Some men find themselves at a disadvantage only If they voluntarily change from a warm inside job to an outdoor one. --Cond. from text 1271 THE FIST AS AN EXTERNAL CARDIAC PACEMAKER. J.B.WIld and J. D. Grover. Lanaat 2, 436-437 (Aug. 29, 19751-------------------------------------------------------------- In three patients with ventricular asystole the hearts responded to continuous rhythmical chest pounding -- in one case for more than 40 minutes. Each blow on the chest was followed by ventricular depolarisation and systole. Metabolic acidosis did not develop, and no precautions were needed to prevent it. This method might be tried as the first line of treatment for asystole in hospitals; and outside hospitals It seems to have a better chance of success than cardiac massage as a first- aid measure for cardiac arrest. --Authors' stannary 1272 VALUE OF VECTORCARDIOGRAM IN DIAGNOSIS OF POSTERIOR AND INFERIOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS. P. Toutouzas, et al. Brit. Heart J. 31, 629-^^S (1^69) The vectorcardiogram may aid diagnosis in those few patients who have minimal or equivocal electro cardiogram changes following posterior or Inferior myocardial Infarction. The classical ECG pattern may not be present after myocardial Infarction, and this Is especially true for the absence of a pathological Q wave In the Inferior leads following inferior infarction. The ECG changes may not yet have developed in the early stages after infarction, and later on the ECG may return completely to normal. At these two extremes the vectorcardiogram Is also likely to be normal. However, when there are equivocal or minor changes on the ECG after Inferior Infarction such as T-wave changes or an rS complex Instead of a Q wave, the vectorcardiogram may show a diagnostic pattern of Infarction. The vectorcardiogram permits a much better study and analysis of the size, duration, and rate of In scription of the QRS forces. One hundred patients with the clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction were studied two weeks to three years after their acute episodes. These patients had transient rises in serun lactate dehydrogenase and definite or equivocal electrocardiographic changes of posterior or Inferior infarction. Patients with coexistent anterior infarction were not excluded from the study group. Definite evidence of Infarction was found on the ECGs of 86 of the patients. The vectorcardiograms in these subjects, although Interesting and confirmatory, did not add anything to the diagnosis. While the remaining 14 patients had equivocal changes of Infarction on the ECG, the vectorcardiogram definitely showed 9 posterior and 5 Inferior Infarctions In these subjects. --Aerospace Med. abst. 1273 EVALUATION OF AMANTADINE IN ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED A2 AND B INFLUENZA. A. A. Smorodlntsev, et al. i: Jin. Med. Aesn. 213'. 14U-11U' (Aug. 31, 1970)------------------------ In double-blind placebo-controlled studies of 404 volunteers, amantadine hydrochloride was found to be 51X effective In preventing the development of artificially Induced A2 Influenza, and 73X to 92X effective In preventing the more severe form of A2 Influenza. Milder disease was seen In those who developed A2 Influenza In spite of amantadine therapy. Serological responses were also reduced^ No significant difference was observed either between once- and twice-daily dosage or between 200 mg and 100 mg/day regimens. No benefit was observed when the start of medication was delayed until symptoms of Influenza developed. Amantadine was Ineffective against B Influenza. No safety problem was evident In any sifeject. --Authors' abst. 14. 01 Industrial Hygiene Digest 1274 OCULAR TRAUMA IN INDUSTRY. J. F. Novak. J. Occ. Med. 12 . 287-290 (Aug. 1970) November 1970 The management of an eye Injury in industry begins with an accurate and concise history which states in the employee's own words when, where, and haw the Injury occurred. The vision of both the injured and the uninjured eye is recorded both with and without glasses. The comnonest eye injury in indus try is the foreign body. Small particles which lodge on the lids or In the cul-de-sac may cause no symptoms. A particle lodged on the palpebral conjunctiva of the upper lid causes pain, tearing, and light sensitivity and can abrade the corneal epithelium as it moves over It. Chemical exposures are another cannon industrial eye Injury. The offending agent may be an acid, alkali, or detergent in the form of a gas or fune, liquid, or solid. Damage caused by acids depends upon protein affinity of the anion and the concentration of the acid. Generally, acid burns look most severe shortly after exposure and Improve with treatment and time. Acids of low pH, as sulfuric, cause more severe damage. Alkalis dissolve the corneal mucoid. Their action on the eye is insidious, with an Innocent initial appearance and worsening with time. Concentrated alkalis as lye caused inmediate and permanent damage. Abrasions of the cornea involve only the corneal epithelium. They open the eye to infection until the epithelium regenerates covering the defect. Regeneration occurs by cellular division from the intact epithelium at the edges of the abrasion, covering the defect in 48 to 96 hours. Until healing occurs, there is severe pain, marked light sensitivity and iris irritability, or even severe iritis. Eyes exposed to sufficient ultraviolet radiation, either as a single exposure or cumulatively by repeated exposures, develop a keratoconjunctivitis which has certain characteristics, a symptom complex coomonly called welder'a flash. Other sources of radiation injury are plasma torches and lasers. Lasers cause chorioretinal bums like those from solar radiation in eclipses of the sun. Contusion, lacerations and facial fractures Involving the eyes are also covered in this paper. --Cond. from text 1275 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE IN JAPANESE POISON GAS WORKERS. Reap. Die. 1&2, 173-179 (Aug. 1970) Y. Nishimoto. et al. Am. Rev. A high prevalence of chronic bronchitis and expiratory slowing occurred among former employees of a poison gas factory in Japan. Even among nonsmokers, almost one half of the men who had been exposed repeatedly to mustard gas or lewisite before 1945 had a persistent productive cough. Former poison gas workers showed a more bronchitic type of airway obstructive syndrome than ordinary patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hiroshima and Chicago, but they did not have less anatomic evidence of emphysema. Using standardized methods of study, few differences between the ordinary clinic patients in Japan and those in the United States were demonstrated when groups were matched for age, sex, and severity of expiratory slowing. --Authors' stannary 1276 POSSIBLE NEUROTOXICITY OF OXYQUINOLINE. H. E. Kaeser and R. Wuthrich. Deutaeh Med. Vachr. 95, 1685- USB (Aug. U, 1970) -- Two new cases are presented to illustrate that halogenated oxyquinoline derivatives are potentially neurotoxic. High doses, given over some length of time, may cause optical nerve atrophy or poly neuropathy. Dosage regulations must be strictly observed and long-term adninistration undertaken only if strictly Indicated. The relationship between acute complications (amnesia, confuslonal states) and otyquinollne adninistration is still unclear; individual disposition seems to play an Important role. A daily dose of 1,500 mg should not be exceeded in adults. -0. Am. Med. Assn. References & Reviews 15. Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 1277 THE RELATIONSHIP OF PARENTAL LONGEVITY TO VENTILATORY FUNCTION AND PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC RE$l>lftAT0llY DISEASE AMONG SONS. S. Deutscher and Mlllicent W. Higgens. `Am7~Rav7~Saa^~Bia. 102. 1SZP1S9 PlugT 1970)--------------- -- In the course of an epidemiologic study of the entire community of Tecumseh, Michigan, parental longevity was related to selected characteristics of men aged 30 years and more with one or both parents deceased. Death before or after age 65 was used as a crude Index of longevity. Early death of either parent was related to low values of one-second forced expiratory volune among the sons, and premature maternal death was also associated with Increased prevalence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema among the sons. Greater longevity of either parent was related to high values of ventila tory lung function among the sons. Differences In smoking habits accounted for some but not all of the relationships described. The evidence strongly suggests that constitutional factors are involved The forced expiratory volume is known to be an Index of chronic respiratory disease, but the results suggest that It Is also a biologic characteristic Independently related to parental longevity. --Authors' stannary CHEMICAL HAZARDS 1278 ISOCYANATES IN INDUSTRY. Anon. Laneat 1, 1375-1376 (June 27, 1970) The four primary isocyanates chiefly used In Industry are tolylene diisocyanate (T.D.I.), diphenyl- methane diisocyanate (M.D.I.), naphthylene diisocyanate (N.D.I.), and hexamethylene'diisocyanate (H.D.I.). Of these, T.D.I. is the most volatile and apparently the most toxic. It Is particularly used in flexible foam manufacture (fortunately isocyanates are released Into the atmosphere only during manufacture of foam, and no harm comes from the foam Itself). In high concentrations the isocyanates are corrosive and may cause Irritation of the eyes, throat, and bronchi. In addition to these purely irritative effects, asthmatic symptoms may follow continued exposures. The onset Is generally insidious, with nocturnal cough, which may progress to severe asthma precipitated by any exposure to an Isocyanate, even In minute concentrations. When the patient Is removed from the environment the symptoms rapidly disappear, but he must be barred from any further contact with the material. The mechanism of this syndrome is not fully understood: It Is coamoner In those with a history of allergy; and eoslnophllla secondary to Isocyanate exposure has often been reported. At present, isocyanates provide many puzzles. What Is the mechanism or mechanisms of the response? What are safe levels and what method of selection should be adopted for new entrants Into the Indus try? The threshold limit value of 0.02 p.p.m. was prescribed In 1961 by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, and replaced one of 0.1 p.p.m. Until more work has been done In man and linked with frequent environmental monitoring, this figure can only be provisional. Most large firms using Isocyanates have some form of medical screening, and there are good prospects that a uniform procedure may be adopted throughout the Industry. The doctor who sees unexplained asthma or bronchitis In the young non-smoker, for Instance, would be wise to make sure that Isocyanates are not concerned. --Cond. from text 1279 THE MEASUREMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO BENZENE VAPOUR. R. J. Sherwood and F. W. G. Carter. Mad. Buii. (stjnsn a. b-ioo (July woj-------- Benzene Is one of the more widely recognised occupational poisons, and Industrial exposures, coononly due to Inhalation of the vapour, have been Investigated and reported for many years. With Increasing recognition of the toxic nature of benzene has come restriction on Its Industrial uses. Generally, It is no longer used as a cocmon solvent and It is now likely to be found on a large scale only In Oi 132-50S8 Industrial Hvoiene Dioest November 1970 plants where it is manufactured, or where it is the basis of a manufacturing process. Exposure may also occur in laboratories unless personnel are properly aware of the toxic hazard. Haematological tests have been widely recommended for the surveillance of benzene workers, but as such tests give positive results only when damage has occurred, they are of little value in limiting benzene expos ure to a safe level. Moreover, such tests do not specifically identify damage from benzene. Benzene exposure can be restricted to levels at which 111-effects are most unlikely by appropriate control measures based on analysis of the air which a man breathes at work, or on the determination of ben zene in his exhaled breath, or on the measurement of benzene metabolites in his urine. Air monitor ing has been used on a limited scale for many years; for the most part this has been for special investigations of Industrial benzene hazards, but to some extent it is used routinely to monitor workers' exposure. Analysis of breath to determine the body burden of volatile hydrocarbons is a comparatively recent development, and although this has already found extensive application to assess alcohol absorption, it has only been used on a very limited scale for determination of occupational exposure. The original method of assessing exposure by urine analysis was to determine the ratio of the ethereal to the total sulphate present. A nunber of other methods have now been developed for determining more specifically the principal benzene metabolite, phenol, in urine. In the first three sections of this paper, each of these approaches to the problem has been examined. New sampling and analytical techniques have led to improvements in the sensitivity of determining exposure, and to more certainty in the interpretation of the results obtained. The fourth section describes a controlled exposure to correlate the three approaches, and compares the advantages of each. The recoomended methods are being used in extensive field studies of benzene exposure, which will be con sidered for a later publication. --Authors' intro. 1280 POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTE FOR PHOSPHATES IN OETERGENTS. Anon. Chemistry 43. 41-42 (July/Aug. 1970) A partial replacement for phosphate In detergents, which seems promising, is trisodium nitrllotriace tate (NTA). However, NTA does not by Itself have all the necessary performance properties, and, therefore, must be used in combination with the phosphates. Also many questions need answers--for example, what unforeseen pollution or other problems would it present? Of phosphates produced in this country, some 13.6X are used in detergents. --Cond. from text 1281 MERCURY POISONING: PREVENTION BY SPIRONOLACTONE. H. Selye. Science 169, 775-776 (Aug. 21, 1970) The renal tubular necrosis and calcification as well as the mortality Induced by mercuric chloride in the rat are readily prevented by prior treatment with well-tolerated amounts of spironolactone. --Author's abst. 1282 SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF PHOSGENE EXPOSURE. Anon. Mellon Inst. Sene 33, 6 (July 30. 1970) Six men suffered exposure to phosgene and their attending physician, a general practitioner in the area, treated five of the exposed men with hexamethylene tetramine, also known as methenamine and urotropine. None of these developed any measure of pulmonary edema or other expected symptoms. The sixth man who claimed he had not breathed any phosgene was not given the medication and developed pulmonary edema some six hours later, was hospitalized, and eventually became a fatality. Besides confirming the effectiveness of hexamethylene tetramine treatment for phosgene, the above has a general safety moral in that it dramatically Illustrates the value of taking every precaution. --Accident Case History No. 1658 - Manufacturing Chemists Assn. 01 17. Industrial Hvoiene Digest Novewber 1970 1283 A STOW OF MORTALITY. SYMPTOMS, AND RESPIRATORY FUNCTION IN HUMANS OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED, TO OIL MIST. T. 5. Ely. et al. J. Oee. Mtd. lZ,zSi-zfi) (duly l97fl) r 1 ' r" It Is the purpose of this report to record the findings of astudy of groups of people occupationally exposed to oi 1 -mi st concentrations in machine shop environments. The significant predictors of FVC, FEV for. the groups studied were consistently, height, age, and cigarette years, the symptom.'..In general yielded the smoking variables, as well as disease history in some cases, as the significant predictors. After the effect .of these predictors had oeen tekeh into.account, the effect of oi Insist exposure or any other job environment, as measured by the number of years on that job, was found to be not significant. It Is concluded ^aCthe practiul madiine shop oil-mist concentrations ex- peri enced oy the experimental group were not associated .with an increaseTn respiratory symptoms or a decrement in respiratory performance in that group within the sensitivity of the prevalence study described. This conclusion is not inconsistent with those of other studies or with the current Threshold Limit Value. --Cond. from text 1284 METABOLISM OF ETHYLMERCURIC CNLORIOE -- 23 Kg IN 'RATSi--V..'falfl^,',^'',Tr`':Ukita..'.;jpo*. 4 Appl. BZZSaeJi: ' 17, 151-TM (July 1970) ^ A Methods for the analysls of the mercury conpoundsin biologicilsamples were.established and applied to the investigation of the metabbllc fate of ethylmercuric chloride -- 203 Hg in rats. Analyses of mercury compounds contained in the iiver, kidney, urine, and' feces of rats treated with ethylmercuric chloride -- 203 Hg (20 mg Hg/kg.sc) indicatedthat thejcontent of organlc mercury ln the kidney was higher than in the liver, that the former increased with tlrae.andthatthe organic mercury content in feces was higher than in the urine.,,, The organic mercuiy compound in these organs and excreta was Identified as the ethylmercury derivative, and mercury'metabol1tes:other: than;1norganic mercury were not detected. The mercury compound seemed .to be bound :to protein In tike organs. --Authors` abst. 1285 METABOLIC FATE OF G0SSYP0L: THE METABOLISM OF GOSSYPOL 14 C IN LAYING HENS. C. M. Lyman. Tax. S Appl. Phamaool. 17, 160-173 (July 1976J M. 8. Abou-Oonia and Orally adninistered formyl -- ^ C-labeled gossypol was rapidly excretedJylaying hens into the urine and feces. Only a small portion was, deposited: in the.'tissues.*. A ,major part of. the .absorbed gossypol' was concentrated in the eggs. The excretion of gossypolinto the intestine via the bile seemed to be a major pathway by which absorbed gossypol was excreted/ The decarbonylation of gossypol to' carbon dioxide and appogossypol was not a major route for gossypol metabolism in the laying hen.. The time necessary to eliminate one-ha lfofthe radioactive:,gossypol (10 mg, 6.35 pCi) from^the bird body (1 kg) under the conditions used was found to be 30 hr. ? --Authors`abst. I NDUSTRIAL DUSTS 1286 COALWDRKERS* PNEUMOCONIOSIS: A REVIEW. J. Rogan. V.- Oee.Mtd. 12. 32T-324 (Aug. 1970) Coalworkers* pneumoconiosis can be defined as the tissue response to prolonged retention in the lungs of abnormal amounts of dust derived from coal-mlhinq operations in the first instance. It exists In two forms: simple, which ismuch the coamoner;',ahd complicated,whichis'-rarer. Simple pneumoconiosis is caused oy the inhalation and retention of excessive amounts of airborne dust. The causation of , complicated pneuaoconiosis has been the subject?of. much speculation and research for amny years. Many etiological theories have been propounded but nbnehasbeen proven. Therefore, rather than . recapitulate them at length, it may be more profitable to point out that the attack rate of com-' 18. 01 132 5090 industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 plicated pneunoconlosis, which invariably supervenes on a background of simple pneumoconiosis, in creases markedly as simple pneumoconiosis advances in severity. The characteristic pathological picture of simple pneumoconiosis Is of many small separate collections of dust which lie along and around the bronchioles before they open into the alveoli. The coal dust is interspersed with strands of retlculin with an occasional strand of collagen. In complicated pneumoconiosis, a single mass of collagenous fibrous tissue develops in the lung substance, usually in the upper part of the lung. Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention and Compensation Aspects are also discussed. --Cond. from text 1287 THE APPROACH TO AIRBORNE DUST MEASUREMENT IN BRITISH COAL MINES. W. H. Walton. 29. 32-36 (March 1969) Staub Reinhalt. Luft. An account is given of the changing methods of airborne dust measurement used in British coal mines and of the reasons for these changes. It Is expected that gravimetric standards and sampling pro cedures, based on the MRE Gravimetric Dust Sampler, will be introduced shortly, replacing particle number standards based on the thermal precipitator. The new standards will be derived from the results of the National Coal Board's Pneumoconiosis Field Research. The general levels of the coal face dust concentrations existing in the collieries studied by the Research are indicated. --Author's sunnary 1288 DO-IT-YOURSELF DUST SUPPRESSION SYSTEM SAVES MONEY. wrn---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- R. C. Vance. Plant Eng. 24, 84-85 (July 23, -- High levels of dust generation have long been associated with the stone processing industry, and current public opinion and legislative trends are forcing the industry to take rapid action to correct the situation. High effectiveness in dust suppression need not be equated, however, with high cost systems. In one company, it was found that by designing and building their own, superior dust control could be obtained at a minimum cost. Although there were many dust suppression systems commercially available, after checking costs and considering their fabrication and maintenance capabilities, they decided to build one. Although their do-it-yourself dust suppression system, de tails of which are given by the author, may not be as sophisticated as some of those commercially available, it saved them money and more than met their expectations. --Cond. from text 1289 CONTROLS FOR CLEAR AIR. Anon. Oac. Hazards 32, 37 (Aug. 1970) Respiratory protective devices, for all their indisputable importance, are, according to the American National Standard Institute and the Bureau of Mines, the second line of defense against airborne con taminants. First choice should be built-in dust, mist, and fume control systems. Various dust, mist, and fune control systems and their application are discussed. --Cond. from text 1290 NATURAL AIR CIRCULATION AND ITS ROLE IN DUST SUPPRESSION. (My 1969) ! L. Oppl Staub Reirdialt. Luft. 29 , 23-26 In analogy to the equation for heat exchange between the air circulating in enclosed spaces in in dustrial plants and the supplied air, and expression for the concentration coefficient is derived which gives the ratio of dust concentration within the working place range to the dust concentration in the exhaust air. The relationship between the concentration coefficient and temperature co efficient is determined on the basis of measurements carried out in metallurgical works, and values for concentration coefficients are given for characteristic heat and dust sources.--Author's stannary 19. 1 132 5091 Industrial Hvoiene Diciest ' , November 1970 1291 THE VENTURI SCRUBBER DEVELOPMENT, MODE OF OPERATION tAND POWER REQUIRBlEriTS.. Beinhait. Luft. 29, 1-i (April')969) ' : * t`* . . . . ^ -R; Nagel. 4tv* The development of the Venturi scrubber from the turn of the century is described and its mode of operation is then considered.' A difference is made here between the impact effect, which mainly occurs in the throat during lateral injecting and affects coarse particles, and the contact and dif fusion effect, which. In the case of axial Injecting, and as-a result of fine atomization, is the main effect occurring in the diffuser. The power*requirements are also discussed. The Venturi scrubber is considered as a part of a pneumatic conveying plant, that is, as an acceleration path at the feeding point. Some general conclusions are,then drawn from these considerations. ! --Author's summary 1292 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE MEASUREMENT ANO CONTROL OF SUSPENDED OUST IN dOAL MININ&. H. Breuer. Staub Beinhait. Luft. 25, 22-32 (March 196$) " ! ' The BAT Instrument with preliminary separation of rionrespirable dust by a cyclone is used for de termining the characteristic value for fineness of suspended dust and of its components. This characteristic value makes it possible to show the influence of particle size distribution on the scattered-light intensity for fine dust, measured by means of a Tyndall cone, and on the scattered light Intensity for konimeter dust samples, measured [photometrically. The measured values for fine dust, obtained by gravimetric dust measuring instruments of different preliminary separations, comprise the different particle size distributions of suspended dust and also the different sepa ration characteristics of the prel1minary:separatore> In the.;case of suspended dust precipitation from an air current by water drops, and also in the case of dust removal by suction and orecioitation in dust removal installations, the particle slze dlstributlon has essentlal influence on tne separation efficiency. --Author's summary 1293 WET SCRUBBERS: DEVELOPMENT AND TEST STAND RESULTS. Beinhait. Luft. 29, 8-13 (March 19691 H. Becker. H. Breuer and L.-H. Engels. 3t*uc The requirements with regard to the methods and designs to be. used in dust removal technology for coal mining are to a large , extent .unknown in other, branches of industry . Oust separators based on . wet methods were the main object ofthe investigations carried out in recent years. The paper shows the capacity ranges for low-pressure; mediun-pressure!and high-pressure wet dust separators, and also the functional relationships obtained for separation .under, specific, conditions. The aspects to be considered In the selection of the dust separators Investigated are discussed, and characteristic relationships for the efficiency of wet dust separators are sunmarized. --Authors' sunnary 1294 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENTS FOR SUCTION REMOVAL OF DEPOSITED DUST IN UNDERGROUND MINES. H.-D. Bauer. Staub Beinhait. Luft. 29, 38-44 (March 1959) . !>--' '"""T------ - ' 1 Four different ranges are distinguished as regards the removal of deposited dust in-underground coal mining. (1) Dust removal by suction from a flat floor j in most cases covered with concrete (for example, in the range of a shaft),;, (2) Dust removal by suction from an uneven floor usually covered with crushed rock (for example, in the main galleries); (3) Oustremoval by suction from uneven floor which In most cases is not covered with crushed rock (forexample, In working galleries); (4) Dust removal by suction from sides of a gallery. Development of a practical experience with dust suction apparatus and dust separation devices suitable for the first three cases are reported. No solution has as yet been found of the problem of dust removal by suction from the sides of galleries. --Author's sunufy 20 01 132 5092 Industrial Hygiene Digest Noveneer 1970 1295 SILICOSIS, OUST CONDITIONS AND DUST CONTROL IN SWEDEN. (Jan. UH)---------------------------------------------------------------------- A. Ah 1 mark. Stead) Reinhalt. Luft. 29, 1-6 ~ A survey is given of the morbidity of silicosis in Sweden during the last years in correlation to the population exposed to dust in various occupations and their times of exposure. Airborne dust and its concentrations of SiOg was examined in altogether about 19,000 gravimetric and impinger samples from about 900 representative sampling sites in mines, stone industries, construction work, steelworks, foundries, and ceramic industries. The best conditions were found in steel foundries and in the porcelain industry (90S of sampling sites "acceptable"), the worst in the quartz industry and in construction work (45-50S "acceptable" sites). Periodic examinations of airborne dust are reconmend- ed in industries with a dust hazard. + 5) mg/m3 . The amount of total dust as a rule should not exceed 90/(XSi0, --Author's sumnary 1296 OIRECT X-RAY DIFFRACTION QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF QUARTZ IN INDUSTRIAL DUST FILMS DEPOSITED ON SILVER MEMBRANE FILTERS. Jean Leroux and C. A. Powers. Stead Reinhalt. , 58-31 (May 1969) This new technique permits the direct analysis of quartz in samples covering a circular area of 8 cm^ and weighing between 0.2 and 1.0 mg. These samples are collected at the source in the respirable size only. They are analysed by reference to standard samples of quartz obtained by a method dis cussed in a preceding paper. Use of pure silver membrane instead of organic filter and of molybdenum radiation instead of other conmonly used radiations, such as Cu, Co or Cr radiations is discussed. The method is accurate and sensitive with samples containing 10 /jg of quartz/cm . --Authors' sumnary PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 1297 LOW-FREQUENCY NOISE THRESHOLDS. 447-453 (March 1969) N. S. Yeowart, M. E. Bryan and W. Tempest. /. Sound Vib. 9, The absolute threshold of hearing for octave bands of noise with centre frequencies from 125 to 4 Hz has been determined. The results show that the noise threshold behaves in a similar fashion to the tone threshold, but below 32 Hz noise thresholds are more sensitive by a small but significant amount. A hypothesis is advanced that from about 15 Hz downwards the detection process changes and depends on the hearing of individual pressure peaks in the signal presented. Approximate calculations and some experiments on electrical detector circuits with some of the known properties of the ear both agree reasonably with the experimental result that for the 4 Hz octave the noise threshold is 4.1 - 0.5 dB more sensitive than the tone threshold. --Authors' abst. 1298 NOISE-FOURTH FORM OF POLLUTION. S. S. Miller. Environ. Sai. Teehnol. 4, 720-722 (Sept. 1970) Like other forms of pollution, noise is a by-product of twentieth century technology. But unlike other forms of pollution, noise is not persistent, not cumulative, and not transported over great distances by the atmosphere. Noise dies out rapidly once the noise generation process stops. There are essentially 3 ways to reduce noise. The first approach is to reduce noise at the source. Examples of this are the design and production of quieter aircraft engines, highway tires, Industrial machinery and home appliances. A second approach is operational in nature. This approach is being followed by major airlines in their normally scheduled flights by following certain noise abatement takeoff and landing procedures at major airports in the country. The enclosure of machinery with sound absorbing materials is an example of the industrial operational noise reduction pattern already practiced by some industries. The third is personnel protection through the wearing of devices such as ear plugs or ear muffs. In some cases, the second and third approaches are combined to reduce exposure to the lowest practicable levels. --Cond. from text 21. 01 132 5093 Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 1299 LIST OF "A" SCALE NOISE MEASUREMENTS. Anon. Safety Standards 19, 21-25 (Sept./Cct. 1970) Early in the 1950's, a survey of industrial noise was conducted to assess the occupational hearing loss potential at that time. Measurements were made at 580 employee locations in 40 different plants of 12 diverse manufacturing industries. The tables show the A-weighted sound levels of noises measured at machine and work areas for each industrial group. These A-weighted sound levels, which were calculated from octave band sound pressure levels, are intended only to be indicative and those found elsewhere in similar circunstances may be quite different. Safety Standards continues this list from the last issue. --Editors' abst. 1300 EVALUATION OF ANTIMOTION SICKNESS DRUGS: A NEW EFFECTIVE REMEDY REVEALEO. Aerospace Med. 41, 932-933 (Aug. 1970) C. D. Wood and A. Graybiel. Three single drugs (one used in three dosage levels) and three drug combinations were compared in their effectiveness to prevent motion sickness under standardized stress conditions in a slow rota tion room. An unexpected finding was that a combination of promethazine 25 mg with d-amphetamine 10 mg had the same range of effectiveness as that found in earlier studies (and confirmed here) for scopolamine 0.6 mg plus d-amphetamine 10 mg. When scopolamine was tested alone, halving the "usual" dose (0.6 mg) reduced its effectiveness about one-fifth and doubling the usual dose increased effec tiveness by 29 percent: thus the optimum dose of scopolamine appeared to be approximately 0.5 mg. Betanistine hydrochloride (4 mg) was ineffective and cinnarizine (50 mg) was of small benefit. --Authors' abst. RADIOACTIVITY AND X-R A D I T I 0 N 1301 THE HAZARDOUS EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON THE EYE. B. Tengroth. Coe. 4 Med. Hazards in Opthal; Eur. Soc. Opthoi, Cong; 3rd. Proa. 336-342 (1969) Discussion of the present state of knowledge concerning the effect of laser radiation on the eye. Investigations conducted for the purpose of developing safety regulations are mentioned. Other studies were started in order to quantify the amount of light necessary to cause coagulation for retinal detachment surgery. The transmission of laser light through the optical media of the eye is considered. It is found that very little is known about the character of some physical phenomena connected with high photon densities and what they actually mean in biological tissues. It is con cluded that, because of the present lack of knowledge in the laser field, it is difficult to defend the use of the laser in surgery. --Aerosp. Med. Abstracts 1302 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION. FTM7. -41?-42B (1969)----------------------------- M. N. Stein. Soa. Photo-Opz. Inst. Eng. 13th Ann. Sym. Discussion of the biological hazards arising from the use of laser technology. It is pointed out that the eye is undoubtedly the most vulnerable organ to exposure because it Is often a part of the system or apparatus being employed. Although a single accident, mild lesion on the retina will produce only a small blind spot In the visual field of the injured person, it is undesirable. An additional hazard may arise from transscleral exposure to a relatively intense laser beam. Although the surface effects may be a simple bum, which can be treated and will heal with relatively little permanent damage, it has been discovered In experiments with rabbits that occasionally a severe and unusual form of cataract is produced. It is noted that perhaps one of the most urgent requirements in the biomedical field is for a source of basic data on the physical properties of biological tissue, cells, and cell components. --Aerosp. Med. Abstracts *01 132 5094 Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 * % 1303 US AIR FORCE PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVELS FOR LASER IRRADIATION. J. A. Carpenter, et al. Aren. Environ. Health 20. 171-176 (Feb. 1970) As the laser has progressed from an interesting phenomenon to viable engineered systems with a myriad of applications, the concern of the medical community has increased in regard to the biological effect of hunan exposure to laser irradiation. The focusing effect of the eye and the great degree of collimation in a laser beam characterize occular exposures as the principal hazard. It has been well established that the deposition of large energy or power densities upon the human retina will create lesions which could cause permanent blindness. The Surgeon General's Office of the US Air Force has addressed Itself to this problem, and the establishment of a biomedical research program to attain a solution has resulted at the US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine. Monkeys were utilized as experimental species, due to their comparable optical quality to hunan systems. Tabula tions are given for the safe laser radiation exposure levels for ruby, neodymium, argon, and carbon dioxide lasers. --Cond. from text ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 1304 MONITORING CARBON MONOXIDE IN AMBIENT AIR. Aeon. 20, 310-311 (May 1970) R. S. Ajemian and H. E. Whitman. J. Air. Poll. Control Using a sequential air sampler and plastic bags, ambient air samples can be collected for monitoring carbon monoxide levels over a 24-hr. period. The carbon monoxide concentration is determined by catalytic conversion to methane and the methane Is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. --Authors' abst. 1305 A SIMPLE, PORTABLE DEVICE FOR THE CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF THE CONCENTRATION OF SUSPENDED MATTER AND TRACE GAStS IN THE OUTSIDE AIR. M. Benarie and D. Bodin. r.,,f* 26-29 (June I9E97------------------------------------- -- An instrument l.s described in which an air stream is generated by catalytic oxidation of methanol. In this way the air can be sucked through an electroprecipitator or through a layer of gas absorbent. The amount of aspirated air is about 1000 times the methanol mass. --Authors' sunmary 1306 PREPARATION OF THIN DUST LAYERS FOR X-RAY EMISSION AND DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS. Jean Leroux. Reinhalt. Luft. 29, 33-36 (April 1969) Staub A device and technique have been developed for preparing thin dust coatings (10 /ig/an2 to 25 mg/cm2 ) in a minimun of time (3 to 10 seconds), with a minimun of space (bench space of device: 30 X 15 X 60 cm) and of material. Samples obtained are used as standards In direct analysis of air pollution and Industrial dust samples by X-ray emission and diffraction. --Author's abst. 1307 MECHANISMS OF FORMATION OF SULFUR OXIDES IN COMBUSTION. A. Levy, E. L. Merryman, and W. T. Reid. Environ. Sai. Teahnol. 4, 653-662 (Aug. 1970) The chemistry of sulfur oxidation processes Is reviewed with respect to the kinetics and mechanisms of the various processes Involved. Sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, methyl sulfide, and methyl mercaptan oxidation processes are examined. Detailed examination of the kinetics and mechanism of hydrogen sulfide oxidation Is made based on slow reaction, fast (explosion) reaction, flash photolysis, and flame microstructure studies of hydrogen sulfide--oxygen systems. Special attention 23. 01 132 5095 Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 Is given to the role of the lower oxides, S0,wd SjO, in-developing the mecnanisms of S02 formation. The inhibiting effect of S02 on a number of combustion processes and tfie homogeneous formation and depletion of SO, in flames via the reaction of 0 atoms with S02 and S03 are also reviewed. --Authors' abst. 1308 METHODICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF DUSTFALl MEASUREMENTS. A. Deuber, A. Gilgen and E. Grandjean. Rainnalt. Luft. 29, 21-28 (April 1969) Stamp The tests carried out with different measuring methods to be used for measuring dust precipitation In Zurich led to the selection of the Bergerhoff Instrument. It results from experiments carried out with the instrunent that sulphur oxide and nitric oxide are oxidised In the apparatus to sulpha* tlons of nitrations. Investigations Into the problem of installation of measuring points have shown that is Is difficult to select measuring points at ground level; in Zurich roofs have, therefore, been used for this purpose. It has been found that the height above the roof level is important; as a result of tests 2 m have been recoomended as the suitable height. A method is proposed for de termining the minimum nunber of measurements talcing into account specific accuracy requirements; the method omits requirements as to the forr of measuring values distribution. --Authors' suninary 1309 A STUDY OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG: EFFECT OF S02 AND WATER VAPOR CONCENTRATION IN THE i-6uTRiE/N(5x/502 SYSTEM. W. E. Wilson, Jr. and A. Levy. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. 2(1 3&5-390 (June 1970) ' ~ There is an appreciable chemical interaction between S02 and photochemical smog which depends on the concentration of S02 and water vapor. The rate of decay of S02 concentration is greatly Increased in the presence of photochemical smog. With 0.75 ppm S02, a light-scattering aerosol is produced in dry systems and systems at 22 and 55X relative humidity (RH). Aerosol is not observed until after the N02 peak has been reached and the NO concentration has fallen to a very low value. The formation of aerosol corresponds in time to the region of most rapid decrease in the S02 profile. In systems at 65X RH or with smaller amounts of S02, no light scattering is observed, but the percent age of S02 disappearing Is greater. In relatively dry systems the presence of S02 results in a general slowing down of the photochemical smog reactions. In systems containing water vapor concen trations comparable to those found in the atmosphere, the inhibiting influence of S02 on the smog reaction is less pronounced. However, the maximun concentration of oxidant produced by the photo chemical smog reactions is significantly lower when S02 is present. --Authors' abst. 1310 GASEOUS NITROGEN C0MPOUN0 POLLUTANTS FROM URBAN AND NATURAL SOURCES. E. Robinson and R. C. Robbins. J. Air Poll. Control Attn. 20, 303-306 (May 19701 Major aspects of the circulation through the atmospheric environment of a ntinber of gaseous nitrogen pollutants have been estimated. Including source magnitudes, residual atmospheric concentrations, and scavenging processes. The compounds considered include the major nitrogen oxide pollutants, as well as amnonia and nitrous oxide. Background concentrations of the various nitrogen compounds have been estimated. In the global atmospheric nitrogen cycle, pollutant emissions of N02 play only a minor role relative to the natural sources. The atmospheric nitrogen cycle is apparently dominated by natural emissions of amnonia, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide. Scavenging mechanisms for removing nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere include surface reactions, the formation of nitrate and anmoniun aerosols, and the biological reduction of nitrous oxide. Photochemical processes in the stratosphere are well known in the nitrous oxide cycle, but they appear to be less important than biological processes. --Authors' abst. 24. Industrial Hygiene Digest Novwitter 1970 1311 THE DETERMINATION OF FORMALDEHYDE, ACROLEIN, AND LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ALDEHYDES IN INDUSTRIAL EH155I6N5 ON A SlNGCTtfiLLECTIOH SAMPLE. D. A. Levaggl ana M. Feldstein. J. Air. Poll. Control Aaan. 2S, 3T2-3V5"THay"TS7fl J--------------- Formaldehyde, acrolein, and low molecular weight aldehydes are collected in IS NaHSO^ solution in Greenberg-Smith or midget impingers from industrial effluents. Efficiency of collection is excellent when two impingers are used in series. Formaldehyde is measured in an aliquot of the collection medium by the chronotropic acid procedure, acrolein by a modified mercurie-chloride-hexylresorcinol procedure, and C2-C5 aldehydes by a gas chromatographic procedure. The method permits the analysis of all C^-Cg aldehydes on a single collection sample. Data on aldehyde concentrations from a variety of effluents are presented. --Authors' abst. 1312 FLEXIBILITY OF X-RAY EMISSION SPECTRQGRAPHY AS ADAPTED TO MICROANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. J. Leroux and M. Mahmud. J. Air Pell. Control Aaan. 20 , 402-404 (June 1970) Methods previously published by this laboratory for analyzing thin dust coatings of airborne par ticulates have been further evaluated, as applied to vast air pollution surveys. It was demonstrated that choice of glass fiber filters adapted to high-volume samplers restricts the analysis to a limit ed mutter of elements, such as lead. More flexibility and versatility are attained through the use of organic membrane filters mounted in small plastic monitors which permit multi elemental analysis at least as accurately as with other popular but time-consuming techniques. These qualities of speed and accuracy allow shorter intervals of sampling which are normally required for better statistical assessment of broad air pollution surveys. Sensitivity of the technique reaches a value close to 0.05 jjg/m , while time of analysis required is about five minutes per element after receipt of the sample. --Authors' abst. PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING 1313 COMBUSTIBLE GAS DETECTORS. D. R. McFee. Safi. Safety Seoa 102, 55-60 (Aug. 1970) In areas where combustible gases are used combustible gas detection systems are an indispensable part of safety. Well-designed process equipment should employ engineered safeguards that compensate for leakage and accidental release. Unfortunately, neither man nor his designs are perfect, and leaks and accidental releases sometimes go unnoticed -- especially when detection equipment is not utilized. The recent and quickly expanding use of liquified gases, such as liquid hydrogen, makes the need for safe, reliable detection systems imperative and has caused a renewed interest in com bustible gas detectors. Fire and explosion potentials of many of the gases make assured detection a necessity. Such assurance can be accomplished through proper evaluation and procedures for evalu ating several combustible gas detection systems (for hydrogen and propane) are described in this article. Each characteristic or feature of the gas detection system related to safety was examined. Test specifications were established, and each system was evaluated relative to that characteristic or feature. --Author's introduction 1314 CROSS-CONNECTED SYSTEM SAVES WATER AND DOLLARS. W. F. Koester. Plant Eng. 24, 66-67 (Aug. 20, 1970) The use of a water conservation system by a manufacturing plant to save water and money is discussed. A schematic of the water system diagram shows a very high ratio of water in circulation to water con sumed. 2B.5 million gal per day are pumped but only 1.6 million gal per day are consumed in 25. 01 132 Industrial Hygiene Digest - ' November 1970 nonrecovery processes, sanitary facilities and evaporation and drift from the cooling tower. This is about an 18 to 1 ratio of water circulated to water consumed. The ratio was considerably higher when tne steam turbogenerators were built and large puantities of water for test floor cooling were needed. It will probably increase again now, that it, is planned to resume turbogenerator manufactur ing. --Cond. from text 1315 INDUSTRY'S ROLE IN THE CLEAN HATER BATTLE. U. J. Nickel. Plant Eng. 24, 66-69 (July 23, 1970) Plant engineers have a critical stake in the search for improved environmental quality, specifically in reclaiming our water resources. The inescapable fact Is that4Industry ranks high as a polluter of the nation's water supply. There are no overnight cure-alls for our water,quality dilemma. But bold, innovative steps and decisions are being made today to attain the momentum needed tomorrow. Ideally, a process for treating wastes from an Industry should: (1) Effect the removal of the pol lutant at minimuR cost. (2) Provide for the economical recovery of any valuable byproducts. (3) Permit the recycling of recovered materials, including water. (4) Operate at mininhan cost, arid (5) Require relatively low capitar Investment. In attacking,their water pollution problems, indus tries and cities can work out anrangeinents mutually!beneficial by teaming up in joint treatment systems. ,, , --Cond. from text 1316 , CRITERIA FOR THE INSTALLATION OF LABORATOTY FUME H006s. ! b!, Feiner. (Bec.-ras?)-------------------- ---"/T,;'; V/--; Ind. fiyg. Rev. 11. 17-19 The increasing sophistication of industrial ^research and development, particularly in the electronic and aerospace industries, has resulted in a marked.Increase in the use of laboratory fume hoods to meet special needs. Since industrial, research and development laboratories are under the jurisdic tion of the State Labor Department, plans for laboratory hood exhaust systems must be submitted for approval. This article contains criteria and recommendations based on the experience of the Division of Industrial Hygiene in evaluating the design and effectiveness of various types of laboratory hoods. ! --Cond. from text 1317 "GAS OIFFUSER" -- A CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING METERING DEVICE WITH A DIFFUSION RATE RANGING FROM jig TO mg. H. Kettner. Stauo Reinhalt. luft. . 29, 26-30, (Apri) 1969) . * - _ A gas sroportloning instrument has been! developed which operates on the basis of diffusion through a permeable, mechanically controllable material , at a diffusion rate from jig to mg per hour. With the help of this instrument it is possible to imitate In a simple way the concentration of injurious material as it occurs in working places and in the atmospheric air. The cartridges filled previously with sulphur dioxide and chlorine deliver'uniform quantities of material at constant temperature; charging with other gases and liquids has been tested;! --Author's stannary 1318 CLOSEUP ON RESPIRATORY PROTECTION. . .A MATTER OF LIFE AND-BREATH. Anon. Ooc. Hazards 32, 34-38 (Aug. 1970)----- ------------------ !------------ . /. .. ,, ---- ":! ' / ~' Safety directors, manufacturers, and Bureau.of Mines experts describe what is new in respiratory protective equipment and how best to use it. :, , --Editors' abst. Industrial Hvoiene Digest November 1970 1319 SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF FLY ASH AND S02 FROM GAS STREAMS BY A SHAFT-FILTER-SORBER. et al. Environ. Sai. Technol. ' 4, toUtt (Aug. 1576)---------------------------------------------- R. L. Zahradnik, A shaft-fliter-sorter has been shown to be an effective device for the simultaneous removal of SO^ and fly ash from gas streams. A shaft-filter-sorter consists of a bed of slowly falling sorbent peb bles through which a gas stream to be cleaned passes horizontally. A number of tests that use alkalized alumina as sorbent have shown that complete SOg removal and 99 + X filtration efficiency are possible at gas mass velocities of 150 lb./hr. ft.^ and dust loadings in excess of 3 grains per s.c.f. The SO2 removal is predictable on the basis of static bed experiments, and a design curve based on this prediction is presented as a means of projecting removal efficiencies at higher gas velocities. --Authors' abst. 1320 PENNSYLVANIA MOVES TO SOLVE SOLID WASTE PROBLEM. (Tuly/Aug. I97C7 H. Steigman. J. Environ. Health 33, 85-88 Pennsylvania is completing a plan for a statewide solid waste management system based on 11 regional plans which in turn have county and multi-county plans fed into them. The plan was assisted by a solid waste planning grant from the Bureau of Solid Waste Management, PL 89-272. The Pennsylvania legislature recognized the need for a regional approach to solid waste management and passed a solid waste management act in 1968 which provided for 50 per cent grants to local government for planning solid waste management systems and further required them to implement their plans. The staff of the state health department has provided technical assistance to governmental jurisdictions, private industry and non-profit organizations to develop area-wide solid waste management plans, recycling of waste materials, transportation by rail and truck, as well as developing studies and investi gations of special problems. The Pennsylvania Solid Waste Management Act passed July 31, 1968, provides for planning and regulation of solid waste storage, collection, transportation, processing and disposal systems. The act provides for protecting the urbanized and urbanizing areas of the state from pollution and public health hazards emanating from improper handling of solid waste. In implementing the Act, the governor appointed an advisory committee which worked with the Health Department staff to develop the first guidelines for solid waste management by municipalities. These guidelines indicated the task descriptions required and included the location and description of the study area, transportation network, solid waste generated and where they are located, the proposed solid waste management system with schedules for adoption and capital costs. Two years are allowed to complete and submit solid waste management plans. That means they will be submitted for review and approval by January, 1971. --Cond. from text 1321 THE EFFECT OF ODOR CONTROL ON A KRAFT MILL ENERGY BALANCE. JaST." "207 37S37S" (June 1970)--------------------------------------------- J. E. Roberson. J. Air Poll. Control Any mill will have its own unique considerations; therefore, capital cost, operating cost, and acceptable emission levels must all be considered before arriving at a total evaluation of a recovery odor control system. Further, the energy costs in this paper are based on new recovery and multiple effect evaporator installation and assume that the turbine generator condenser is not operating at minimun condensing load. Modifications to existing recovery boiler or evaporator systems may drastically influence these energy costs. However, the annual fuel cost differences and chemical savings illustrate that these may be significant and should be considered in a proper evaluation. Other evaluations on some of these cases have been prepared which indicate that the newer designs omitting the direct contact evaporator may be economically justified. --Author's sumnary modified 27. Industrial Hygiene Digest Novembe 1970 1322 WATER-POLLUTION CONCLAVE AIRS NEW TREATMENT SCHEMES. R. Remfrez. Tm)---------------------------- Chem. Eng. 77 , 40,42 (Sept. 7. San Francisco's International conference on water-pollution control highlighted a coagulating agent that works over a broad pH range, a sludge treatment method that may yield an animal food, and a biological-chemical process for wastewater cleanup. At a session on phosphate removal, data were presented to show that wastewater can be Improved by adding lanthanum salts Instead of more-conven tional coagulating agents--e.g., alumlnun, calclun anil Iron salts. Discussion of a new method for Improving the processability of activated sludge caugjit the audience's attention. --Cond. from text 1323 VENTILATION METHODS FOR CONTAMINANT CONTROL. Anon. .7a*'Z. Safety Seut 102 , 46-54 (Aug. 1970) Industrial dusts and fumes., in one sense, present a problem of microcosm in the ecology question: We are Introducing new Ingredients Into our work environments faster than we can cope with their effects. The evolution of new chemicals, materials, and processes brings a new Importance to control of dusts and fumes. Not only are we Introducing new substances; we are beginning to realize the long-term effects of some older ones. This paper presents an outline of various methods that are available^ and a comprehensive discussion on exhaust and ventilation procedures. --Cond. from text C 0 M M U N 1 T Y A IR HYGIENE 1324 DEACTIVATION OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST CONTROL CATALYST. R. M. Yarrington and W. E. Bambrlck. J. Air Poll. Control Agan. 20, 398-401 (June 1^70) ,,; A catalytic converter for controlling automobile exhaust emissions was evaluated In California In 1964. Results from this fleet test and subsequent analysis of the spent catalyst are presented. Statistical analysis of dynamometer test results Indicates a strong effect of tetraethyl.lead content of the gasoline on activity decline.' Analysis;of spent catalyst revealed that both surface area and accumulated lead are major factors In activity decline. Above 100 m*/g a further increase in surface area at constant lead level resulted In a decline in activity. --Authors' abst. 1325 A CORRELATION OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF PLUME RISE. Poll. Control Aeon. 20 , 391-397 (June 1970} J. A. Fay, M. Escudler, and D. P. Hoult. J. Air Data from 137 sets of plum observations, comprising nearly'1500 data points, are correlated with two simple formulae. These formulae, one for the buoyancy-dominated rise region and the other for the stratification-dominated levelled-off region of a plume, represent, an approximate form of the entrainment theory for the case of uniform atmospheric' stratification and zero wind shear. The observations were made, of pluses whose source strengths ranged from 0.4 to 111 Mw and which were emitted from'stacks of heights between 21 and 183 m. The two formulae are found to correlate the data equally well-over all values of the stack exit and meteorological parameters, provided only that the bulk mean velocity of the stack gases exceeds the mean wind speed by at least 201. The ratio of observed to calculated plume rise Is found to be distributed log normally about the mean value. The median rise at large distances downstream was found to differ Insignificantly from that given by the effective stack height formula recommended recently for large buoyant plumes. Based upon the correlation, two formulae are receumended for computing median plwe rise at all distances downstream of the stack. The formulae include an-estimate of the expected uncertainty in the predicted rise. --Authors' abst. as. , 01 132 5100 Industrial Hygiene Digest Novwitter 1970 1326 TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING THE OXIDES OF NITROGEN. L. C. Hardison. j. Air Poll. Control Aatn. 20. 3?M82 (June ' ~ Oxides of nitrogen (NO^) constitute a family of air contaminants. Much of this comes from automo biles and fuel-burning processes. However, chemical and manufacturing processes, while a relatively small contributor to the problem, also cause such nuisances. This paper will touch briefly on the broad aspects of the problem and will deal specifically with the major techniques currently being applied. The paper first deals with the properties of oxides of nitrogen, particularly as they per tain to air pollution. It then describes the principal way in which nitric acid is produced in the U.S., since the manufacture of nitric acid Is a prime source of nuisance problems. The practical solutions now available for solving the N0x emission problem as It pertains to nitric acid plants are detailed. The principal system now used, catalytic reduction, is fully discussed, including detailed sections on the following design criteria: Color freedom, fuel conversion, and temperature rise. Two-stage reduction Is outlined as the solution now available when there is pressure to great ly limit emissions, e.g., to 200 ppm, without regard to color. For those industries using nitric acid to carry out a chemical reaction of one sort or another, both catalytic and thermal reduction systems are described, along with the situations under which each is most applicable.--Author's abst. 1327 RELATIONSHIP OF HYDROCARBONS TO OXIDANTS IN AMBIENT ATMOSPHERES. E. A. Schuck, et al. J. Air Poll. Control Aatn. 20. 237-302 (May 1970)-------------!--------------------- The relation of ambient levels of hydrocarbons to the products of atmospheric photochemistry has proved to be an elusive problem. Models to account for the photochemical processes are available based on laboratory examination of simulated atmospheres. Likewise, dispersion models are available which, for nonreacting species, can predict air quality given knowledge of emission rates and mete orological variables. However, integration of the dispersion model with the photochemical model is as yet an unsolved problem. In this study an empirical approach was applied in which the only assumption made was that there exists a relationship between early morning average hydrocarbon con centrations and subsequent maximum hourly average oxidant concentrations. A direct examination of all available days in several cities shows that, at any given hydrocarbon level, there exists a limit on the amount of oxidant which can be generated. Specifically It shows that the average 6:00-9:00 A.M. concentration of 0.3 ppm C nonmethane hydrocarbon can be expected to produce a maximun hourly average oxidant concentration of up to 0.1 ppm. --Authors' abst. 1328 POTASSIUM FORMATE PROCESS FOR REMOVING S02 FROM STACK GAS. Taohnol. 4, 757-765 (Sept. 1970) P. M. Yavorsky, et al. Environ. Sei. A new process has been developed for removing sulfur dioxide from stack gas, and encompasses absor bent regeneration and sulfur recovery. In stack gas scrubbing, sulfur dioxide is adsorbed by a con centrated potassium formate solution at 200 F., producing thiosulfate. The spent scrubber solution Is transferred to a regeneration unit where the thiosulfate Is reacted with additional formate at 540 F. to produce hydrosulfide. The potassiun hydrosulfide is stripped with carbon dioxide and steam to release hydrogen sulfide from which elemental sulfur is recovered In a Claus reactor. After stripping, the remaining solution of potassium carbonate and bicarbonate is regenerated to potassium formate by reduction with carbon monoxide at a pressure (Including steam) of 1000 p.s.I.a. at 540 F. The formate solution is then recycled to the scrubber. Advantages Include an all-liquid re cycle system, no gas reheat, and mild conditions for regeneration and sulfur recovery. --Authors' abst. 29. r\ j Mr-' W+i 1 !-<ii \; V Industrial Hygiene Digest 1329 KISH AND FUNE CONTROL AND COLLECTION IN A BASIC OXYGEN PLANT. Aeon. 20. 293-2S6 (Hay 1370) v"'-"`v Ll A. Thaxton. November 1970 if,. Air Ml. Control Today, production of steel by tne basic oxygen process contributes appreciably to the total United States steel production. In 1968. approximately 46,000,000 tons were produced by this method. The Inherent operations in this process have created entirely new air quality control problems and added new twists to the familiar ones. ; This;paper places emphasis on the air quality problems which are Inherent tn the transfer of hot metal from bottle; car to charging ladle. Many codes have. In the past, allowed dust and fune emission during hot metal transfer, pouring, and charging operations. Most areas of the United States now or subsequently will require control of these operations. Two compensating factors are that as a shop brings under control the iclsh and fumes from the reladling operation, the in-house Industrlal hyglene problems anrreduced appreciably as are the complaints of the mill neighbors. A successfully; operable "klsh and, fume control[ and collection system* must be predicated on six basic parameters. They are: (1.)'Control of.material at the hood-ladle Interface. (2) transport of captured mateHa 1 to a suitable.dust and fume arrestor, (3) the extinguishment of incandescent particles of carbon, (4) the essentially total removal from the gas stream of fine and klsh, (5) the mechanical and electrical control of a system designed as such to present no Inter ference with normal production procedures, and (6) the final disposal of the collected material. * ' ! --Author's abst. 1330 THE MEDICAL AN0 BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF EXHAUST GASES FROM MOTOR VEHICLES. Reinhalt. Luft. 2$, 11--16 (June 1969) , ' .. - " E. Stresemann. Staub Motor-car exhaust gases affect more and more the hygienic conditions In Europe. The acute and chronic biological effects of these emissions are diseased on the basis of investigations carried out in laboratory or by medical and epidemiological methods. The effects of the individual com ponents of motor-car exhaust gases are presented, and the basically different nature of acute and chronic effects is discussed in detail.' Conclusions with respect to preventive hygiene follow from the final consideration. 58 references".: > --Author's stannary 1331 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY TO DETECT AND EVALUATE AIR POLLUTION. DAMAGED P0NDER0SA PINE. R. N. Larsh, P. R. Miller and S. L. Wert. 7TA%r~PoirrCon^T~AMen. 20 , 289-292 (May 1970) Forest stands in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California have been damaged severely by oxidants from Los Angeles smog. Ozone was isolated as the principal toxic oxidant. On an estimated 25,000 acres.of damaged forest land, ponderosa pine is the most affected tree species. It has been reported that .'damage symptoms on pine are comnonly exhibited by short, chlorotic needles, accelerated needle abscission, and high branch.mbrtality. A feasibility study was conducted with aerial photography to attempt eventual^development of a rapid survey technique for estimating the economic impact of oxidant damage on ;ponderosa pine In these mountains. Four aerial films and five photographic scales were employed. Anscochrome 0-200 color film at scales of 1:7920 and 1:1584 was considered optimum for damage detection and evaluation, respectively. --Authors' abst. modified 1332 ON REDUCING THE EMISSIONS OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN THE EXHAUST GASES OF OTTO ENGINES. K. E. Kllnksiek. Staub Reinhalt. tuft. 29, 17-26 (dune 1964), i - The author gives a survey of problems occurring and of practical measures taken in the motor-car * industry to reduce emissions. The Influence of legislature, concerning motor-car exhaust.gases, on 1 X, v. ;:--C 30. 01 132 5102 : . :> -' : - ra  " ;t |: .. Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 the development of motor-vehicles is discussed in particular. New requirements with regard to re search and development planning, and with regard to design and testing departments are outlined. The tasks of quality control in serial production and in service have been considerably extended by the introduction of emission control. --Author's suninary 1333 EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM CONTINUOUS INHALATION OF OZONE ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS. Toe. A Appl. Pharmacol. 17, 189-20Z (July 1970) R. A. Jones, et al. Rats, guinea pigs, monkeys, dogs, and mice were exposed to 0.26 to 3.0 mg/m3 of ozone in 2 series of studies totaling eight 90-day continuous Inhalation exposures and to 4.6 mg/m3 in 1 study using re peated exposure of 8 hr/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Minimal changes were noted at 0.34 mg/m3. Mortality occurred at concentrations higher than 0.34 mg/m3 in all species but the dog, and non specific inflanmatory changes, primarily in the lungs, were noted that appeared to increase in incidence and severity with increasing concentration. --Authors' abst. 1334 PIGEONS: A NEW ROLE IN AIR POLLUTION. M. F. Tansy and R. P. Roth. J. Air Poll. Control Attn. 20. 307-309 (May l97t A pilot study was conducted to determine the lead content of the various tissues and organs of two groups of wild pigeons. One group was obtained In the City of Philadelphia. The other group was captured in rural Jefferson County, Pennsylvania. Tissue and organ lead content of both groups was assayed by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Each bird was carefully examined to deter mine the possible presence of imbedded or ingested lead. None was found. The mean lead content per unit weight of the hard tissues of the city pigeons was significantly higher than the corres ponding values for the rural birds. The blood lead content of the two groups (a parameter which is often assayed in screenings of chronically exposed human populations) did not reflect a significant difference. Possible sources of lead Intake were examined and references to past literature were cited which indicate that the most significant general source of biological lead is probably at mospheric. The routine examination of wild animals that may harbor disease-producing organisms or vectors is a- comnonly accepted procedure. The authors advance the proposition that the ubiquitous presence of certain animal pests, notably pigeons, may lend itself to a similar monitoring of the chronic uptake of atmospheric metallic pollutants. --Authors' abst. 1335 PROTECTING INTERIORS FROM POLLUTION. 0. Gordon and 0. Standley. Arehiteo. s Eng. Neve 11, 30-31 (Jan. 1969)------ ---------------------------------- -- Air pollution, comnonly thought of as an outdoor problem, also affects the quality of Indoor air. To properly control interior pollution, the entry route of the pollutants must be determined and pol lutant control must be an internal part of the design. Control methods, emission control and their costs are discussed. --Cond. from text MANAGEMENT ASPECTS 1336 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NEW HEALTH OCCUPATIONS. T. C. Points. J. An. Med. Aeen. 213, 1169- TT7TlAug. 17, 1976)------------------------------------------- -- One approach to Increasing the supply of health services is rational delegation of some of the physician's traditional functions in delivery of health care. Such an approach Involves reallocating duties between the physician and other health personnel to achieve the best use of skills at each level, and often results in reducing the time input in education required to perform a given health 31. 01 132 5103 Industrie Hygiene Digest ' 1 Noventer 1970 ! service. This reallocation of duties can tike place In two wa/s: by Expanding the medlcel service j role of existing health occupations, or by creating and recruiting for new career roles to assist " , the physician. Accordingly, the American Medical Association (AMA) Council on*Health Manpower, through Its Consulttee on Emerging -ealth Manpower, has undertaken responsibility for evaluating the need for and proper role of specific new types of health personnel. To provide a consistent frame of reference from which to conduct Its evaluation of such new occupations, the Council on Health Manpower prepared "Guidelines for Development of New Health Occupations," which specify the desirable I steps to be taken and questions to be resolved by anygroup or Institution attempting to develop a new health career. These guidelines, which were adopted by the AMA House of Delegates, are reprinted In their entirety at the conclusion of this report. The guidelines In no way represent minimum ' r standards to be met in the development of a new health occupation, but rather suggest optimums to be striven for by the group concerned. , --Cond. from text | 1337 FIRST ENVIRONMENT REPORT GOES TO CONGRESS. Anon. :Chm. Eng. tleue' 48, 29-30 (Aug. 17, 1970) "Our environmental problems are very serious. Indeed uK^nt, but they do not justify either panic or hysteria," comnents President Nixon on the first annual report of the'Council of Environmental . Quality to Congress. . "The problems <are,highly complex," he continues,' "and their resolution will | require rational, systematic approaches, hard work, anid patience." At the outset, the council points j out that there are Insufficient environmental quality Jlndlcators or systems to monitor the environ- t ment with any degree of accuracy.. Lack of measurement tools prevents an assessment at this time , j of the status and trends of the major environmental.,problems. Industrial water pollution control j costs, excluding those for waste heat, from power production, are estimated at $3.3 billion over the next five years. Annual operating costs for Industry will 90 from $515,million in 1969 to $715 j million In 1974. Another $2 billion may be necessary, to, prevent,thermal pollution; The paper, j organic chemicals, petroleum; and steel industries account for more than half of the volume of Indus trial wastes discharged Into the nation's waterways;; President* Nixoncomnents In a message to Con- j gress accompanying the report, that "we face the prospect of ecological disaster." Russell E. Train, chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality agrees, but adds that environmental deterioration can be reversed "If we make the necessary national conmitment." --Cond. from text 1338 ALCOHOLISM: RESOURCES FOR HELPING TtlE PROBLEM DRINKER. ` National Industrial Conference Board, Inc. Ind. Med. 4 Surg. 39, 280-244 (July -lS^O) ; - ; !. I- As It is now recognized that alcoholism cannot be cured, only arrested, many methods of control are i needed. The present'article lists apd describes means available to employers for aiding the alco 1 holic, who may be found In all ranks of*the organization;: Every medical director will find this \ material of benefit. --Author's abst. i 1339 THE JOINT-CURRICULUM FOR SYSTEHS-SAFETY ENGINEERING. R`. L. Street, M. L. Johnson and H. E. lynch. ] 5oc. sdfMty Eng. 15, 28-31 (Jily 1570) i . ! In 1969, the U.S. Any Materiel Connand joined Texas A4M University in. a safety-engineering graduate- I- program designed to provide an accelerated training program In systems-safety engineering for graduates who had already attained a bachelor degree in electronics, aerospace, mechanical, electri cal, or other engineering specialties. The authors.aretactual participants In this new joint ven ture; thus they are able to describe In detail each phase and each semester of this unique*joint venture. They claim not only Its usefulness In accelerating training In oystem-deslgh, but also Its unique advantages In promoting original research. Complete evaluation of this program will not be I 32. 01 132 Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 possible until after the first class has graduated (in June 1971) when feedback can be received from tne various installations that have employed these graduate safety-engineers. It is felt, however, that the end-product will be a highly competent engineer of professional status, a graduate who is capable both of integrating into any team for system-development and of influencing decisions. In .this way not only does the end-product of the development meet the purposes for which the system was created, but it also presents to the government, the user, and the public a system that instills confidence in the inherent safety posture of the design. --Authors' surinary and conclusion 1340 THE ATTITUDE CREATES THE SITUATION. H. Blanchard. Areh. Emriron. Health 21, 113-116 (Aug. 1970) Time magazine's cover story in the issue of February 21, 1969, criticizing the quality of health services rendered in this country was no news to those genuinely concerned with providing the care we know how to give to the sick and disabled. Only a month before the Time story appeared, the American Journal of Public Health published a hard-hitting article by Walter Reuther, the late President of the United Automobile Workers of America, in which he wrote, "Health care in America is in deep crisis -- not because we lack the resources, not because the medical profession lacks the competence; we are in crisis because we lack a sound, modem, universal system for financing and providing comprehensive, high-quality health care." Were the combined impact of the two articles to compel meaningful attention to the real situation, they would make a notable contribution to every body's well being. For example, the various components of the health establishment might examine their concepts and practices from every angle: (a) To determine if the health care now given meets today's needs; (b) to find out If the services rendered are those desired; and (c) to enlarge both the scope and creative intelligence spent on health care. Nothing would refute mounting criticism of the health establishment and foster favorable public opinion more quickly than community aware ness that such an analysis was honestly in process. Change must come. As one outcome of our current world-wide revolution, millions of men and women are demanding attention and services which they have never had before. Yet, despite recognition of the need for the kind of care that will do an effective job in terms of our times, despite pleas in all media and all places for "comprehensive medical care," the record indicates that we have had more talk about one of comprehensive care's basic elements, ie, prevention, than any meaningful action to achieve it. Has the time not come for the hospital to set about altering its image from that of an essentially sickness-oriented center to that of a health-oriented center? Care for the sick, to be sure, but equal concern for the well to prevent sickness from occurring. This apparently still advanced philosophy of care would entail massive change in emphasis throughout the health ranks but, however difficult to implement, it would answer the demands of our time as no other health proposal has yet done. Many hospital administra tors will argue that their staffs are so overworked with doing -- which, in many cases, is true -- that they have neither time, money, nor facilities to undertake the additional responsibilities which a new prevention-oriented concept would require. From their point of view, the necessary conmmity cultivation would only Increase the already exorbitant demands on the hospital. To com pound their apprehension, the fearful suspect that the new pressures would be not only for beds but for additional programs for which they lack personnel and equipment. This attitude may be under standable but It Is archaic and Intolerable. A mindful observer must wonder at the nimber of officials desensitized by the delusion that they are somehow imnune to the revolutionary social changes already in progress around them. A recent survey of some 300 mediun-size hospitals In se lected areas across the country conducted by Market Research Associates under the author's direction gives strong support to the premise that the required change of attitude toward health might well start with Improved coomunicatlon between the medical establishment and the lay community. This survey gives considerable indication that the average hospital really does not know how to speak to the nonpatients in the cooaunlty, so it does not speak to them at all! --Cond. from text 33. 01 132 5105 Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION 1341 THE RESUSCITATION ANO INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE SEVERELY INJURED. 0. R. Boyd and F. A. Folk. J. Oca. Med. "ft, 262-2*6 (July 1970) "I" --" The initial approach to the management of the severely Injured isresuscitative. Only after adequate stabilization of all life-threatening problems can the physician direct his`attentions to the matters of diagnostic evaluation. The basic approach to these problems has been outlined. The need for ".' :X` ' continued and Intensive observation of these critically 111 patients is emphasized. The clinical response to these resuscltatlve measures will give additional clues and provide a basis for further diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Prevention of Injuries Is the Ideal, but accidents do happen. Orderly management, planned at leisure to be executed promptly In an emergency, will yield the greatest survival and minimize the duration and extent of disability. --Authors' summary 1342 A 6UI0E TO EMERGENCY PLANNING AND DISASTER CONTROL. M. Krlkorian. J.-Am. Soa. Safety Eng. 15, ! TT31 (Aug1870)----------------------------------------- " ' " * i Advanced planning is the key to controlling emergencies.and disasters in any work-place; for this reason such a plan should be a basic part of every safety and accident-prevention program. The author first presents the general guidelines to follow in setting up a disaster-control plan and that presents a step-by-step outline of specific actions to be taken -- Including an organization chart ' showing how to assign individual responsibility for each step in the plan. Highly valuable as a checklist. .--Author's summary 1343 SAFETY OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN HOUSEHOLD AEROSOLS. G. W. Flero and M. A. Johnsen. Soap i Chan. Spec. p. 48 (6ct. 1969) ' "T ' The potential hazards associated with the use of the petroleum hydrocarbons propane, n- and Iso- | butane in aerosols are toxicity and flammability. Toxicity may result from single or repeated ex- > posures which may Involve inhalation, aspiration, oral: or Ingestive toxicity, and contact with the j skin or eyes. Considerations of the flamiability hazards of hydrocarbon propellants far overshadow those of inhalation. A slight danger from' inhalation toxicity appears to conmence with n-pentane and increases about 3-fold with each step up the homolpgous paraffinic series to nonane. Tests i with rats conducted by Or. H. M. Gerarde demonstrated that aerosol sprays and foams containing hydrocarbon solvents do not present a significant aspiration hazard. The acute oral LOgg of these j solvents indicates a low order of toxicity. The dermal response to hydrocarbon propellants may be frostbite, photosensitivity, and synergism with other active materials. The effects of selected solvents upon the eyes are listed. --Med. Bull (Std. Oil N.J.) abstracts 1344 THE HAZARD DUE TO OUTWARD LEAKAGE OF OXYGEN FROM A FULL FACE MASK. 0. 6. Griffin and D. J. Longson. i Arm. Ocaup. Syg. 12, 147+ (July 1969) ] Oxygen leakage from full face masks was determined over the range of pressure found in breathing j > apparatus fitted with a manual relief valve. This type of apparatus may permit sufficient outward leakage to create a flamiability hazard from 2 of the 4 types of mask examined. There is less leak- j age from cushion seal masks, and It Is likely to be harmless If the pressure does not exceed about j 1.2 kN/m (12 cm on water gauge). The. relief valve on the breathing apparatus used has an extremely high resistance to flow, resulting in substantial leakage from all 4 types of mask when the relief valve is operated. Rapid Ignition of human hair and the face mask occurred at oxygen leakage rates j as small as 0.25 1/mln. The need for careful choice of full face masks, for correct fit, and for breathing apparatus supplied.with a well-designed automatic relief valve Is stressed. --Med. Bull. (Std. Oil N.J.) abstracts 34. 01 132 5106 Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 1345 AVIATION PATHOLOGY IN GENERAL AVIATION. (July 1970) T. C. Brown and J. C. Line. Aerospace Med. 41, 74B-753 ~ Autopsies as part of the data collection for crash injury studies, began in Australia in 1951. Since 1962 autopsies have been held on all victims of general aviation fatal accidents as an essential part of accident Investigation. Pathologists with a forensic science background have been appointed as aviation pathologists. The program* has been of value in detecting pilot incapacity, in providing evidence of accident sequence, in providing the basis for modifications in existing aircraft and in suggesting design requirements. Alcohol, but not carbon monoxide, has been found associated with some fatal accidents. As virtually all Australian accidents are investigated, and since the investigation includes the recording of details of injuries in injury-producing accidents and autopsies in fatal accidents, the resulting data represent an unbiased record of the in-use performance, including the crash protection performance, of general aviation aircraft. --Authors' abst. 1346 HOW TO CONTROL STATIC ELECTRICITY IN WORK CLOTHES. 0. A. Lyttle. Environ. Control S Safety Hgmt. 140, 36-37, 45 (Aug.' I97UJ------------------------------------ -- Latest research on fabrics for work clothes reveals a new way to control dangerous static and reduce fire and explosion hazard. Fabrics incorporating static control answer one of the challenges of static electricity in industry. They minimize the charge build-uo on an individual moving around in or re moving his work clothing. An electrostatic charge built up by scuffing, or any residual charge already on the individual when he puts on garments made from static control fabrics, must be reduced with other static control procedures. --Cond. from text 1347 AN EVALUATION OF THE HAZARD CREATED BY NATURAL DEATH AT THE WHEEL. Susan P. Baker and W. U. Spitz. Seu Engl. J. Med. 263, 405-4M"(Aug. 20,'1S7BJ------------------------ Assessment of the hazard associated with sudden natural death of drivers suggests that the magnitude of the problem does not warrant costly and restrictive control efforts. Investigation of 591 collisions that caused fatal injuries to drivers or pedestrians revealed that none of them resulted from natural death at the wheel. Natural death of a sober driver apparently does not entail measurable risk of death or severe injury to his passengers or other persons. Collisions caused by these deaths are relatively :V- infrequent, representing less than 6 per 10,000 motor-vehicle collisions. Nonfatal medical impairments still need to be explored more precisely before driver examinations and restrictions can be considered justified and effective. --Authors' abst. 1348 INTEGRATION OF THE MEDICAL TEAM WITH THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION UNIT. V. A. M. Hunt. Aerospace Med. 417 745-747 (July 1970)--------------------------------------------------------- The paper opens with a brief stannary of the position and powers of the Accidents Investigation Branch in the United Kingdom. It emphasises the importance of meticulous examination of all available information and the value of close participation by medical experts, both with respect to autopsies and other aspects of aviation medicine. It points out that not many states put into practice the formation of a Human Factors Group during an Investigation, as suggested by the International Civil Aviation Organisa tion (ICAO). The paper emphasises the importance of recording the location of bodies with respect to the general wreckage and the retention of clothes and personal belongings with the bodies until after the autopsies are completed and the importance of permitting autopsies to be carried out without delay. The paper concludes with a request for help In assessing why well trained crews on occasion make gross errors in emergency and for assistance in assessing the effect of fatigue and emotional stress. It suggests that a memorandum should be prepared for the guidance of police, coroners and pathologists on the part that medical participation can play in accident investigation. --Author's abst. 35. 01 132 5107 ' vv;`- ".V? V^'v- SjSr, Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 1349 NEW POSSIBILITIES IN COAL MINE COMMUNICATIONS*,-Anon. Emiron. Control i Safety Hgmt. 140, 34-35 (Aug; i97o>------------------ ---' - -- ' Experiments with two-way wireless transmission of code messages from underground mines may lead to a system replacing conventional wire coonunicatlon and could have special significance in emergency sit uations in underground coal mines when conventional wire,conriunications are either disrupted or fail to function. One of the industry's problems until now has been that there was no practical way to transmit high frequency radio signals through ttie ground except at enormous power levels. The system Just unveiled used low frequency signals to accomplish the two-way communication. --Cond. from text 1350 INTERPRETATION OF CARBOXYHAEMOGLOBIN FOUND AT POST MORTEM IN VICTIMS OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS. Blackmore. Aerospaot Mod. 41, ^5/-75& (July 1970)- . 0. J. The problems of the interpretation of carboxyhaemoglobin saturation as determined on blood taken at post : mortem are discussed with relation to errors In methodology; the normal range; endogenous production of carbon monoxide; range of carboxyhaemoglobln saturatlon following Inhalation of the products of com bustion and the differentiation between carboxyhaemoglobin subsequent to inhalation of fire and tobacco smoking. Measurement of the carbon monoxide content of a specimen by gas chromatography and comparison with the total haemoglobin content as determinedly atomic absorption spectrophotometry and spectro photometry is the method of choice... Using this technique a carboxyhaemoglobin saturation in excess of 8X Is outside the range observed in accident victims not associated with fire. Anomolies can occur in which low carboxyhaemoglobin saturations are observed following inhalation of fire as deduced from pathological and anatomical findings.' Carbon monoxide is produced sporadically in stored blood speci mens, although at 40*C none was produced in 21 days following deliberate contamination of samples. Staining erythrocytes for the presence of carboxyhaemoglobin has proved a useful adjunct In the assess ment of time between Inhalation of carbon monoxide and death. --Author's abst. I s1 , t 01 132 5109 36. ;ySRiiiiwxmmmm Industrial Hygiene Oigest November 1970 INDEX Accident(s) airplane interpretation of carboxyhemoglobin in victiRB 1350 use of autopsies for data collection 1345 automobile caused by natural death at wheel 1347 investigation unit integration of medical team 1348 Acrolein determination in industrial emissions 1311 Aerosols, household safety of petroleun hydrocarbons 1343 Air circulation, natural role in dust suppression 1290 Air pollutants, microanalysis flexibility of x-ray emission spectrography 1312 Air Pollution analysis of catalytic converter for controlling exhaust emissions 1324 correlation of observations of plume rise 1325 damage to ponderosa pine 1331 determination of Industrial emissions 1311 effects of long-term inhalation of ozone 1333 effect on quality of indoor air 1335 exhaust gases from motor vehicles 1330 formation of sulfur oxides in combustion 1307 gaseous nitrogen compounds 1310 investigations of dustfall measurements 1308 kish and fume control and collection in oxygen plant 1329 measurement portable device 1305 preparation of thin dust layers for x-ray diffraction analysis 1306 monitoring carbon monoxide in ambient air 1304 reducing emissions in motor vehicles 1332 relation of hydrocarbons to oxidants in antoient air 1327 removal of SO. from stack gas 1328 role of pigeons 1334 sulfur dioxide in photochemical smog 1309 techniques for controlling oxides of nitrogen 1326 Alcoholism resources for helping problem drinker 1338 Aldehydes, low molecular weight determination in industrial emissions 1311 Amantadine, evaluation in artificially induced A. and B influenza Automobile c 1273 accidents, caused by natural death at wheel 1347 emissions medical and biological importance 1330 reduction 1332 exhaust, deactlvitatlon of control catalyst Aviation 1324 medicine accident Investigations 1348 autopsies as data for crash Injury studies 1345 interpretation of carboxyhemoglobin in accident victims 1350 Benzene vapor measurement of occupational exposure Book(s) emergency ergonomics in machine design, vol. 1 ergonomics in machine design, vol. 2 international catalogue of occupational safety and health films, 6th edition international classification of radio graphs of pneumoconioses (1968) pathology of the lung safety training for the supervisor surfactant biodegradation viral infections of the human fetus what you and your family should know about drugs British coal mines airborne dust measurements Bronchitis prospective clinical-pathologic study 1279 1260 1263 1263 1263 1262 1257 1259 1258 1263 1261 1287 1265 Carbon monoxide, monitoring in ambient air 1304 arrest, use of chest pounding as first aid measure 1271 death, and exercise 1268 infarct, vectorcardiogram a diagnostic aidl272 Chest pounding use as first aid measure in cardiac arrestl271 Chickens, toxicity of qossypol 1285 Cigarette smoking report of conference on tobacco and healthl266 Coal mi nets) communications, new possibilities 1349 British, airborne dust measurement 1287 underground, suction removal of deposited dust 1294 significance of particle size distribut1onl292 Coalworkers' pneumoconiosis, review 1286 Combustible gas detectors for safety 1313 Cownuni cations new possibilities in coal mines 1349 Contamination control, ventilation methods 1323 Detergents potential substitue for phosphates Diffuser, gas continuously operating metering device Disaster control guide Drugs, what you should know (bk. rev.) 1280 1317 1342 1261 airborne measurement In British coal minesl287 conditions and control In Sweden 1295 control systems 1289 do-it-yourself suppression system 1288 efficiency of wet scrubbers 1293 measurement and control In coal mining 1292 operation and power requirements of Venturi scrubber 1291 preparation of thin layers for x-ray diffraction analysis 1306 quartz, x-ray diffraction analysis 1296 suppression, role of natural air circulation 1290 suction removal of deposited in under ground arines 1294 Dustfall measurements. Investigations 1X8 01 132 5103 Industrial Hygiene Digest November 1970 Electricity, static control in work clothes Emergency (bk. rev.) planning guide 1346 1260, 1342 Kish, control and collection in oxygen plant 1329 Kraft mi 11 energy oalance effect of odor control 1321 Emissions) im industrial formaldehyde, acrolein, low molecular laboratory fume hoods. : criteria for installation Laser -.v. 1316 weight aldehydes 1311 .. irradiation, permissable exposure levels 1303 spectrography, x-ray ' radiati on flexibility for microanalysis of air pollutants Emphysema 1312 biological effects hazardous effects on eyes Lung disease ^ , 1302 1301 prospective clinical-pathologic study chronic obstructive of lungs 1265 1 in.Japanese poison gas workers' 1275 Engineering, systems*safety 1339 : prospective.clinical-pathologic study 1265 Environmental health, federal programs 1337 Lung(s) y- ,"'i thylmercuric chloride -- zo3 Ho ;:W, metabolism in rats 1284 pathology (bk.rrev.) pulmonary response to inhalants 1257 1267 Exercise, and cardiac death 5 1268 Exhaust automobile, deactivation of control Machine shoos, exposure to oil mists Mask. full lace " ----------- 1283 catalyst 1324 outward leakage of oxygen 1344 gases of motor vehicles Mercury , medical and biological Importance 1330 > compounds, analysis in rats 1284 reduction of harmful substances : 1332 poisoning, prevention by spironolactone 1281 ^hazardous effects of laser radiation 1301, 1302 Hist control systems 1289 ocular trauma in industry 1274 Motion sickness, new effective remedy 1300 Face mask, full outward leakage of oxygen First aid emergency (bk. rev.) * severely injured Fly ash removal from gas streams by shaft- fllter-sorber Formaldehyde determination in Industrial emissions Fume control collection in oxygen plant systems hoods, laboratory criteria for installation 1344 1260 1341 1319 1311 1329. J289: 1316 Gas detectors, combustible diffuser, continuously operating metering device Gossyool. metabolism in laying hens 1313 )317 1285 Nitrogen V ' compound pollutants, gaseous : urban and natural sources , oxides, techniques for. controlling ; Noise*'IK 'V- '.v : fourth form of pollution list of "A" scale measurements thresholds, low frequency 1310 1326 1298 1299 1297 Odor control ; effect on kraft mill energy balance , ; 1321 . 011 mist, occupational exposure 1283 foibahts - ~ - . relationship,to Hydrocarbons in ambient airl327 , Oxides.'nitrogen, technioues for controlling 1326 "^Oxygen: % . ... outward leakage from full; face mask 1344 Oxyouinoline. possible neurotoxicityr 1276 OzoneV long-term continuous inhalation y ..effect-on experimental animals .1333 Pathology i 1ung (bk ;v rev.) > Pennsylvania i .-.y - , . 1257 Health care, changes in attitudes occupations, new 1340 guidelines for development 1336; Hearing thresholds determination Heart disease, coronary .. 1297,' relation to physical activity . 1269 Hoods, laboratory fume criteria for installation Hydrocarbons ,1316 petroleum, safety in household aeroso1sl343 relationship to oxidants in ambient airl327 Indoor air pollution, protection Industrial use of isocyanates Influenza, artificially; Induced A, and evaluation of amantadine -- Inhalants, pulmonary response International classification iof radio- SCflfiEr_r_g_T__a__^__t-_n_n_'._M ___.u__M __uwn'iaB'^-i'im Isocyanates, in industry , 1335 1278, B . 1273 1267 1262 1278 - i; management of solid waste problem 1320 J Petrol etm hydrocarbons ,: safety in household aerosols 1343 Phosgene'exposureV successful treatment ' 1282 Phosphates - ; potential substitute in detergents ' Z: 1280 Photochemical sniog. study of sulfur dioxide > 1309 Physical activity - cardiac death - " , 1268 relation to coronary heart disease 1269 ~*Pigeons.inew role in air pollution . 1334 Pine; oonderosa - - air pollution'damaged 1331 Plume rise, correlation of field observations!325 . Pneumoconiosis ; "y coalworkers'.review 1286 1 ntemational class 1 f1 cation of radiographs (bk. rrev.), y-':.- . ' - 1262 Poison oas workers. Japanese chronic obstructive lung disease .1275 Ponderosa pine, air Pollution damaged 1331 38. . ) Industrial Hygiene Digest Potassium formate process removal of SO- from stack gas Pulmonary function, welders 1328 1264 Quartz dust, x-ray diffraction analysis 1296 Radiation, laser biological effects hazardous effects on eyes pererissable exposure levels Respiratory disease, chronic nonspecific prevalence among sons protective equipment symptoms, welders Resuscitation, severely Injured 1302 1301 1303 1277 1318 1264 1341 Safety accelerated training program training for the supervisor(bk. rev.) Scrubbers Venturi, operation and power requirements wet, efficiency Shaft-fl 1 ter-sorber removal ol fly ash and S02 from gas streams Silicosis, In Sweden Solid waste, Pennsylvania management system Spironolactone, use to prevent mercury poisoning 1339 1259 1291 1293 1319 1295 1320 1281 correlation of observations of plune rise Static electricity, control In work clothes Steel production, klsh and fume control and collection ---------- 1325 1346 ^329 Sulfur dioxide in photochemicalsmog 1309 removal fromstack gas 1328 oxides mechanisms of formation in combust1on1307 removal from gas streams by shaft* fllter-sorber 1319 Surfactant biodegradation (bk, rev.) 1258 Sweden silicosis, dust conditions and control 1295 TLV's (threshold limit values) Threshold limit values (TLV's) Tobacco, and health report of conference p.111 p.111 1266 Vectorcardiogram diagnostic aid in cardiac infarction Ventilation, methods for contamination control Ventilatory function relationship to parental longevity Venturi scrubber operation and power requirements Vibration syndrome 1272 1323 1277 1291 1270 Underground coal mines suction removal 0/ Jepos1ted dust 1294 Water conservation, use of cross-connected system In plants 1314 39 Noyeefcer 1970 Water (Cont'd.) pollution, new treatment schemes purification, industry's role Welders respiratory symptoms and pulmonary Wet scrubbers, efficiency What you and your family should know drugs (bk. rev.1 1322 1315 funct1on1264 1293 about 1261 X-ray 3irfract1on analysis quartz dust thin dust layers emission spectrography flexibility for microanalysis of air pollutants 1296 1306 1312 01 132 5111 m. m;if'!-: .JV-r;> INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST AODRESSES OF JOURNALS ABSTRACTED Acta Cvtolooica Williams & Wilkins Co. 428 E. Preston Baltimore. Md. 21202 Administrative Hanaoement Geyer-McAllister Put. 51 Madison Ave. New York, N. Y. 10010 Advertising A Sales Promotion 740 Rush Street Chicago. 111. 60611 Aerospace Med. Aerospace Medical Assn. 2642 University Avenue St. Paul, Minn. 55114 Air Force A Space Digest Air Force Association 1750 Penna. Ave., N.W. Washington, D. C. 20006 All Clear All Clear Publishing Incorporated 299 Forest Avenue Paramus, N. J. 07652 Am. Aviation American Aviation American Aviation Publications, Inc. 1156 Fifteenth St.. N.W, Washington, D.C. 20005 Am. Ind. Hyq. Assn. J. American Industrial Hygiene Assn. Journal Editorial Office Department of Ind. Health School of Public Health The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 Am. J. Clin. Pathol. American Journal of Clinical Pathology Williams & Wilkins Co. 428 E. Preston St. Baltimore. Md. 21202 Am. J. Epidemiol. American Journal of Epidemiology Williams t Wilkins Co. 428 E. Preston St. Baltimore, Md. 21202 Am. J. Met1 American 466 Lexi: New York, >nal of Medicine a Avenue . Y. 10017 Am. J. Pathol. American Journal of Pathology P. B. Hoeber, Inc. 49 E. 33rd Street New York, N. Y. 10016 Am. J. Public Health American Journal o^ Public Health 1740 Broadway ^ New York, N. Y. 10019 t Arch. Internal Med. i Archives of Internal . 'Medicine ! 535 No. Dearborn St.- Chicago, 111. 60610 Am. J. Med. Sci. American Journal of Medical Science Lea 4 Feblger . 600 S. Washington Sq. Philadelphia, Pa. 19106 Am. Med. News American Hedical News 535 No. Dearborn St. Chicago, 111. 60610 American Mining Congress .Environmental Bull. American Mining Congress Environmental Matters Serv. Ring Building Washington, D.C. 20036 Am. Rev. Resp. Pis. American Review ,of Resplra^ tory Diseases 1740 Broadway New York, N. Y. 10019 American Scientist Scientific Research Society of America 51 Prospect St. New Haven, Conn. 06511 Anal. Chem. Analytical Chemistry 1155 Sixteenth St. Washington, D.C. 20036. Ann. Internal Med. 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